Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| fungal phytopathogens encode functional homologues of plant rapid alkalinization factor (ralf) peptides. | in this article, we describe the presence of genes encoding close homologues of an endogenous plant peptide, rapid alkalinization factor (ralf), within the genomes of 26 species of phytopathogenic fungi. members of the ralf family are key growth factors in plants, and the sequence of the ralf active region is well conserved between plant and fungal proteins. ralf1-like sequences were observed in most cases; however, ralf27-like sequences were present in the sphaerulina musiva and septoria populi ... | 2016 | 27291634 |
| p3n-pipo, a frameshift product from the p3 gene, pleiotropically determines the virulence of clover yellow vein virus in both resistant and susceptible peas. | peas carrying the cyv1 recessive resistance gene are resistant to clover yellow vein virus (clyvv) isolates no.30 (cl-no.30) and 90-1 (cl-90-1) but can be infected by a derivative of cl-90-1 (cl-90-1 br2). the main determinant for the breaking of cyv1 resistance by cl-90-1 br2 is p3n-pipo produced from the p3 gene via transcriptional slippage, and the higher level of p3n-pipo produced by cl-90-1 br2 than by cl-no.30 contributes to the breaking of resistance. here we show that p3n-pipo is also a ... | 2016 | 27279605 |
| cell death triggering and effector recognition by sw-5 sd-cnl proteins from resistant and susceptible tomato isolines to tomato spotted wilt virus. | only a limited number of dominant resistance genes acting against plant viruses have been cloned, and further functional studies of these have been almost entirely limited to the resistance genes rx against potato virus x (pvx) and n against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv). recently, the cell-to-cell movement protein (nsm ) of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) has been identified as the avirulence determinant (avr) of sw-5b-mediated resistance, a dominant resistance gene which belongs to the class of ... | 2016 | 27271212 |
| the stripe rust fungal effector pec6 suppresses pattern-triggered immunity in a host species-independent manner and interacts with adenosine kinases. | we identified a wheat stripe rust (puccinia striiformis) effector candidate (pec6) with pattern-triggered immunity (pti) suppression function and its corresponding host target. pec6 compromised pti host species-independently. in nicotiana benthamiana, it hampers reactive oxygen species (ros) accumulation and callose deposition induced by pseudomonas fluorescens. in arabidopsis, plants expressing pec6 were more susceptible to pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pto) dc3000 δavrpto/δavrptob. in wheat ... | 2016 | 27252028 |
| establishing a crispr-cas-like immune system conferring dna virus resistance in plants. | crispr-cas (clustered, regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats-crispr-associated proteins) is an adaptive immune system in many archaea and bacteria that cleaves foreign dna on the basis of sequence complementarity. here, using the geminivirus, beet severe curly top virus (bsctv), transient assays performed in nicotiana benthamiana demonstrate that the sgrna-cas9 constructs inhibit virus accumulation and introduce mutations at the target sequences. further, transgenic arabidopsis and n. ... | 2015 | 27251395 |
| specific control of arabidopsis bak1/serk4-regulated cell death by protein glycosylation. | precise control of cell death is essential for the survival of all organisms. arabidopsis thaliana brassinosteroid insensitive 1-associated receptor kinase 1 (bak1) and somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase 4 (serk4) redundantly and negatively regulate cell death through elusive mechanisms. by deploying a genetic screen for suppressors of cell death triggered by virus-induced gene silencing of bak1/serk4 on arabidopsis knockout collections, we identified stt3a, a protein involved in n-glycosylat ... | 2016 | 27250875 |
| overexpression of cotton ghmpk11 decreases disease resistance through the gibberellin signaling pathway in transgenic nicotiana benthamiana. | many changes in development, growth, hormone activity and environmental stimuli responses are mediated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascades. however, in plants, studies on mapks have mainly focused on mpk3, mpk4 and mpk6. here, a novel group b mapk gene, ghmpk11, was isolated from cotton (gossypium hirsutum l.) and characterized. both promoter and expression pattern analyses revealed that ghmpk11 is involved in defense responses and signaling pathways. ghmpk11 overexpression in ni ... | 2016 | 27242882 |
| studying the mechanism of plasmopara viticola rxlr effectors on suppressing plant immunity. | the rxlr effector family, produced by oomycete pathogens, may manipulate host physiological and biochemical events inside host cells. a group of putative rxlr effectors from plasmopara viticola have been recently identified by rna-seq analysis in our lab. however, their roles in pathogenesis are poorly understood. in this study, we attempted to characterize 23 pvrxlr effector candidates identified from a p. viticola isolate "zj-1-1." during host infection stages, expression patterns of the effec ... | 2016 | 27242731 |
| in vivo rna visualization in plants using ms2 tagging. | intracellular trafficking and asymmetric localization of rna molecules within cells are a prevalent process across phyla involved in developmental control and signaling and thus in the determination of cell fate. in addition to intracellular localization, plants support the trafficking of rna molecules also between cells through plasmodesmata (pd), which has important roles in the cell-to-cell and systemic communication during plant growth and development. viruses have developed strategies to ex ... | 2016 | 27241752 |
| soil-borne wheat mosaic virus infectious clone and manipulation for gene-carrying capacity. | a full-length infectious cdna clone of soil-borne wheat mosaic virus (sbwmv; genus furovirus; family virgaviridae) was developed for agrobacterium delivery. the cloned virus can be agroinfiltrated to nicotiana benthamiana for subsequent infection of wheat (triticum aestivum, l.). the utility of the virus as a vector for gene silencing and expression was assessed through sequence insertions in multiple sites of rna2. virus-induced photobleaching was observed in n. benthamiana but not in wheat, de ... | 2016 | 27236459 |
| virus-induced gene silencing reveals signal transduction components required for the pvr9-mediated hypersensitive response in nicotiana benthamiana. | resistance to pathogens mediated by plant resistance (r) proteins requires different signaling transduction components and pathways. our previous studies revealed that a potyvirus resistance gene in pepper, pvr9, confers a hypersensitive response (hr) to pepper mottle virus in nicotiana benthamiana. our results show that the pvr9-mediated hr against pepper mottle virus infection requires hsp90, sgt1, ndr1, but not eds1. these results suggest that the pvr9-mediated hr is possibly related to the s ... | 2016 | 27236305 |
| regulation of the cobalt/nickel efflux operon dmerf in agrobacterium tumefaciens and a link between the iron-sensing regulator rira and cobalt/nickel resistance. | the agrobacterium tumefaciens c58 genome harbors an operon containing the dmer (atu0890) and dmef (atu0891) genes, which encode a transcriptional regulatory protein belonging to the rcnr/csor family and a metal efflux protein belonging to the cation diffusion facilitator (cdf) family, respectively. the dmerf operon is specifically induced by cobalt and nickel, with cobalt being the more potent inducer. promoter-lacz transcriptional fusion, an electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and dnase i foo ... | 2016 | 27235438 |
| cloning and expression analysis of cinnamoyl-coa reductase (ccr) genes in sorghum. | cinnamoyl-coa reductase (ccr) is the first enzyme in the monolignol-specific branch of the lignin biosynthetic pathway. in this research, three sorghum ccr genes including sbccr1, sbccr2-1 and sbccr2-2 were cloned and characterized. analyses of the structure and phylogeny of the three ccr genes showed evolutionary conservation of the functional domains and divergence of function. transient expression assays in nicotiana benthamiana leaves demonstrated that the three ccr proteins were localized i ... | 2016 | 27231650 |
| two ugt84 family glycosyltransferases catalyze a critical reaction of hydrolyzable tannin biosynthesis in pomegranate (punica granatum). | hydrolyzable tannins (hts) play important roles in plant herbivore deterrence and promotion of human health. a critical step in ht production is the formation of 1-o-galloyl-β-d-glucopyranoside (β-glucogallin, ester-linked gallic acid and glucose) by a udp-glucosyltransferase (ugt) activity. we cloned and biochemically characterized four candidate ugts from pomegranate (punica granatum), of which only ugt84a23 and ugt84a24 exhibited β-glucogallin forming activities in enzyme assays. although ove ... | 2016 | 27227328 |
| solanum venturii, a suitable model system for virus-induced gene silencing studies in potato reveals stmkk6 as an important player in plant immunity. | virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) is an optimal tool for functional analysis of genes in plants, as the viral vector spreads throughout the plant and causes reduced expression of selected gene over the whole plant. potato (solanum tuberosum) is one of the most important food crops, therefore studies performing functional analysis of its genes are very important. however, the majority of potato cultivars used in laboratory experimental setups are not well amenable to available vigs systems, thu ... | 2016 | 27213007 |
| a gene expression microarray for nicotiana benthamiana based on de novo transcriptome sequence assembly. | nicotiana benthamiana has been widely used in laboratories around the world for studying plant-pathogen interactions and posttranscriptional gene expression silencing. yet the exploration of its transcriptome has lagged behind due to the lack of both adequate sequence information and genome-wide analysis tools, such as dna microarrays. despite the increasing use of high-throughput sequencing technologies, the dna microarrays still remain a popular gene expression tool, because they are cheaper a ... | 2016 | 27213006 |
| the 35-amino acid c2 protein of cotton leaf curl kokhran virus, burewala, implicated in resistance breaking in cotton, retains some activities of the full-length protein. | with one exception, all the begomoviruses characterized so far encode an ~134-amino acid (aa) (a)c2 protein. the exception is the "burewala" strain of cotton leaf curl kokhran virus (clcukov-bu), associated with resistance breaking in cotton across pakistan and northwestern india, that encodes a truncated 35-aa c2. the c2 protein encoded by begomoviruses performs multiple functions including suppression of post-transcriptional gene silencing (ptgs), modulating microrna (mirna) expression and may ... | 2016 | 27209537 |
| alternative splicing of rice wrky62 and wrky76 transcription factor genes in pathogen defense. | the wrky family of transcription factors (tfs) functions as transcriptional activators or repressors in various signaling pathways. in this study, we discovered that oswrky62 and oswrky76, two genes of the wrky iia subfamily, undergo constitutive and inducible alternative splicing. the full-length oswrky62.1 and oswrky76.1 proteins formed homocomplexes and heterocomplexes, and the heterocomplex dominates in the nuclei when analyzed in nicotiana benthamiana leaves. transgenic overexpression of os ... | 2016 | 27208272 |
| the conformation of a plasma membrane-localized somatic embryogenesis receptor kinase complex is altered by a potato aphid-derived effector. | somatic embryogenesis receptor kinases (serks) are transmembrane receptors involved in plant immunity. tomato (solanum lycopersicum) carries three serk members. one of these, slserk1, is required for mi-1.2-mediated resistance to potato aphids (macrosiphum euphorbiae). mi-1.2 encodes a coiled-coil nucleotide-binding leucine-rich repeat protein that in addition to potato aphids confers resistance to two additional phloem-feeding insects and to root-knot nematodes (meloidogyne spp.). how slserk1 p ... | 2016 | 27208261 |
| nicotiana benthamiana mapk-wrky pathway confers resistance to a necrotrophic pathogen botrytis cinerea. | mek2-sipk/wipk cascade, a nicotiana benthamiana mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) cascade, is an essential signaling pathway for plant immunity and involved in hypersensitive response (hr) accompanied by cell death. wrky transcription factors as substrates of sipk and wipk have been isolated and implicated in hr cell death. here, we show virus-induced gene silencing of wrky genes compromised constitutively active mek2-triggered cell death in n. benthamiana leaves. in general, hr cell death ... | 2016 | 27191816 |
| transmission blocking potency and immunogenicity of a plant-produced pvs25-based subunit vaccine against plasmodium vivax. | malaria transmission blocking (tb) vaccines (tbvs) directed against proteins expressed on the sexual stages of plasmodium parasites are a potentially effective means to reduce transmission. antibodies induced by tbvs block parasite development in the mosquito, and thus inhibit transmission to further human hosts. the ookinete surface protein p25 is a primary target for tbv development. recently, transient expression in plants using hybrid viral vectors has demonstrated potential as a strategy fo ... | 2016 | 27177945 |
| targeted mutagenesis in plant cells through transformation of sequence-specific nuclease mrna. | plant genome engineering using sequence-specific nucleases (ssns) promises to advance basic and applied plant research by enabling precise modification of endogenous genes. whereas dna is an effective means for delivering ssns, dna can integrate randomly into the plant genome, leading to unintentional gene inactivation. further, prolonged expression of ssns from dna constructs can lead to the accumulation of off-target mutations. here, we tested a new approach for ssn delivery to plant cells, na ... | 2016 | 27176769 |
| translationally controlled tumour protein (tctp) from tomato and nicotiana benthamiana is necessary for successful infection by a potyvirus. | translationally controlled tumour protein (tctp) is a ubiquitously distributed protein in eukaryotes, involved in the regulation of several processes, including cell cycle progression, cell growth, stress protection, apoptosis and maintenance of genomic integrity. its expression is induced during the early stages of tomato (solanum lycopersicum) infection by the potyvirus pepper yellow mosaic virus (pepymv, a close relative of potato virus y). tomato tctp is a protein of 168 amino acids, which c ... | 2016 | 27159273 |
| construction and validation of a dual-transgene vector system for stable transformation in plants. | in this study, we constructed dual-transgene vectors (pdt1, pdt7, and pdt7g) that simultaneously co-expressed two genes in plants. actin2 and ubq10 promoters were used to control the expression of these two genes. the 4×myc, 3×ha, and 3×flag reporter genes allowed for the convenient identification of a tunable co-expression system in plants, whereas the dexamethasone (dex) inducible reporter gene c-terminus of the glucocorticoid receptor (cgr) provided dex-dependent translocation of the fusion g ... | 2016 | 27157807 |
| tasyp71, a qc-snare, contributes to wheat resistance against puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. | n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors (snares) are involved in plant resistance; however, the role of syp71 in the regulation of plant-pathogen interactions is not well known. in this study, we characterized a plant-specific snare in wheat, tasyp71, which contains a qc-snare domain. three homologs are localized on chromosome 1al, 1bl, and 1dl. using agrobacterium-mediated transient expression, tasyp71 was localized to the plasma membrane in nicotiana benthamiana. quantit ... | 2016 | 27148348 |
| hibiscus latent fort pierce virus in brazil and synthesis of its biologically active full-length cdna clone. | a brazilian isolate of hibiscus latent fort pierce virus (hlfpv-br) was firstly found in a hibiscus plant in limeira, sp, brazil. race pcr was carried out to obtain the full-length sequences of hlfpv-br which is 6453 nucleotides and has more than 99.15 % of complete genomic rna nucleotide sequence identity with that of hlfpv japanese isolate. the genomic structure of hlfpv-br is similar to other tobamoviruses. it includes a 5' untranslated region (utr), followed by open reading frames encoding f ... | 2016 | 27139727 |
| autophagy induction in tobacco leaves infected by potato virus y(o) and its putative roles. | autophagy plays a critical role in the innate immune response of plants to pathogen infection. in the present study, we examined autophagy induced by potato virus y ordinary strain (pvy(o)) infection in tobacco (nicotiana benthamiana). enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays revealed that the number of virus particles in the plant peaked at 2 weeks post-inoculation and then gradually decreased. additionally, the amount of virus increased significantly in the 3rd and 4th leaves distal to the inoculate ... | 2016 | 27137843 |
| actinidia chlorotic ringspot-associated virus: a novel emaravirus infecting kiwifruit plants. | by integrating next-generation sequencing (ngs), bioinformatics, electron microscopy and conventional molecular biology tools, a new virus infecting kiwifruit vines has been identified and characterized. being associated with double-membrane-bound bodies in infected tissues and having a genome composed of rna segments, each one containing a single open reading frame in negative polarity, this virus shows the typical features of members of the genus emaravirus. five genomic rna segments were iden ... | 2017 | 27125218 |
| a novel block of plant virus movement genes. | hibiscus green spot virus (hgsv) is a recently discovered and so far poorly characterized bacilliform plant virus with a positive-stranded rna genome consisting of three rna species. here, we demonstrate that the proteins encoded by the orf2 and orf3 in hgsv rna2 are necessary and sufficient to mediate cell-to-cell movement of transport-deficient potato virus x in nicotiana benthamiana. these two genes represent a specialized transport module called a 'binary movement block' (bmb), and orf2 and ... | 2016 | 27118327 |
| differential modulation of plant immune responses by diverse members of the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi hopaf type iii effector family. | the pseudomonas savastanoi pv. savastanoi ncppb 3335 type iii secretion system (t3ss) effector repertoire includes 33 candidates, seven of which translocate into host cells and interfere with plant defences. the present study was performed to investigate the co-existence of both plasmid- and chromosomal-encoded members of the hopaf effector family, hopaf1-1 and hopaf1-2, respectively, in the genome of ncppb 3335. here, we show that the hopaf1 paralogues are widely distributed in the pseudomonas ... | 2016 | 27116193 |
| a land plant-specific transcription factor directly enhances transcription of a pathogenic noncoding rna template by dna-dependent rna polymerase ii. | some dna-dependent rna polymerases (ddrps) possess rna-dependent rna polymerase activity, as was first discovered in the replication of potato spindle tuber viroid (pstvd) rna genome in tomato (solanum lycopersicum). recent studies revealed that this activity in bacteria and mammals is important for transcriptional and posttranscriptional regulatory mechanisms. here, we used pstvd as a model to uncover auxiliary factors essential for rna-templated transcription by ddrp pstvd replication in the n ... | 2016 | 27113774 |
| mir169 and its target paghap2-6 regulated by aba are involved in poplar cambium dormancy. | dormancy is an effective strategy for perennial plants in temperate zones to survive the winter stress. micrornas (mirnas) have been well known as important regulators for various biological processes. in this study, we checked the expression of mir169 members in the cambium zone during dormancy and active growth in poplar and found that they had distinct expression patterns. we identified and characterized a dormancy-specific target gene of mir169, paghap2-6. 5' race assays confirmed the direct ... | 2016 | 27111502 |
| production of functionally active and immunogenic non-glycosylated protective antigen from bacillus anthracis in nicotiana benthamiana by co-expression with peptide-n-glycosidase f (pngase f) of flavobacterium meningosepticum. | bacillus anthracis has long been considered a potential biological warfare agent, and therefore, there is a need for a safe, low-cost and highly efficient anthrax vaccine with demonstrated long-term stability for mass vaccination in case of an emergency. many efforts have been made towards developing an anthrax vaccine based on recombinant protective antigen (rpa) of b. anthracis, a key component of the anthrax toxin, produced using different expression systems. plants represent a promising reco ... | 2016 | 27101370 |
| a duf-246 family glycosyltransferase-like gene affects male fertility and the biosynthesis of pectic arabinogalactans. | pectins are a group of structurally complex plant cell wall polysaccharides whose biosynthesis and function remain poorly understood. the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan-i (rg-i) has two types of arabinogalactan side chains, type-i and type-ii arabinogalactans. to date few enzymes involved in the biosynthesis of pectin have been described. here we report the identification of a highly conserved putative glycosyltransferase encoding gene, pectic arabinogalactan synthesis-related (pagr), ... | 2016 | 27091363 |
| critical regions and residues for self-interaction of grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 protein p24. | the 24-kda protein (p24) encoded by grapevine leafroll-associated virus 2 (glrav-2) is an rna-silencing suppressor. in this work, a yeast two-hybrid system (yths) and bimolecular fluorescence complementation analyses showed that glrav-2 p24 can interact with itself, and that this interaction occurs in the cytoplasm of nicotiana benthamiana cells. to identify the functional region(s) and crucial amino acid residues required for p24 self-interaction, various truncated and substitution mutants were ... | 2016 | 27084306 |
| a plant-based transient expression system for the rapid production of malaria vaccine candidates. | there are currently no vaccines that provide sterile immunity against malaria. various proteins from different stages of the plasmodium falciparum life cycle have been evaluated as vaccine candidates, but none of them have fulfilled expectations. therefore, combinations of key antigens from different stages of the parasites life cycle may be essential for the development of efficacious malaria vaccines. following the identification of promising antigens using bioinformatics, proteomics, and/or i ... | 2016 | 27076325 |
| transient expression of viral proteins in plants using agrobacterium tumefaciens. | transient expression of viral proteins in plants is a novel alternative to other expression platforms. the viral proteins can be used as potential vaccines or in diagnostics. nicotiana benthamiana leaves or whole plants are infiltrated with recombinant agrobacterium that harbor the gene of interest. protein expression in the plants is rapid and results are obtained within 2-7 days. here we describe how to make electrocompetent agrobacterium, how to transform agrobacterium, how to infiltrate leav ... | 2016 | 27076324 |
| ralstonia solanacearum type iii effector ripay is a glutathione-degrading enzyme that is activated by plant cytosolic thioredoxins and suppresses plant immunity. | the plant pathogen ralstonia solanacearum uses a large repertoire of type iii effector proteins to succeed in infection. to clarify the function of effector proteins in host eukaryote cells, we expressed effectors in yeast cells and identified seven effector proteins that interfere with yeast growth. one of the effector proteins, ripay, was found to share homology with the chac family proteins that function as γ-glutamyl cyclotransferases, which degrade glutathione (gsh), a tripeptide that plays ... | 2016 | 27073091 |
| the n-terminal fragment of the tomato torrado virus rna1-encoded polyprotein induces a hypersensitive response (hr)-like reaction in nicotiana benthamiana. | the hypersensitive response (hr) is a defence reaction observed during incompatible plant-pathogen interactions in plants infected with a wide range of fungi, bacteria and viruses. here, we show that an n-terminal polyprotein fragment encoded by tomato torrado virus rna1, located between the first atg codon and the protease cofactor (proco) motif, induces an hr-like reaction in nicotiana benthamiana. agrobacterium tumefaciens-mediated transient expression of the first 105 amino acids (the calcul ... | 2016 | 27072852 |
| athd2d gene plays a role in plant growth, development, and response to abiotic stresses in arabidopsis thaliana. | the histone deacetylases play important roles in the regulation of gene expression and the subsequent control of a number of important biological processes, including those involved in the response to environmental stress. a specific group of histone deacetylase genes, hd2, is present in plants. in arabidopsis, hd2s include hd2a, hd2b, hd2c, and hd2d. previous research showed that hd2a, hd2b, and hd2c are more related in terms of expression and function, but not hd2d. in this report, we studied ... | 2016 | 27066015 |
| artificial agrobacterium tumefaciens strains exhibit diverse mechanisms to repress xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae-induced hypersensitive response and non-host resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. | xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae (xoo) rapidly triggers a hypersensitive response (hr) and non-host resistance in its non-host plant nicotiana benthamiana. here, we report that agrobacterium tumefaciens strain gv3101 blocks xoo-induced hr in n. benthamiana when pre-infiltrated or co-infiltrated, but not when post-infiltrated at 4 h after xoo inoculation. this suppression by a. tumefaciens is local and highly efficient to xoo. the hr-inhibiting efficiency of a. tumefaciens is strain dependent. strai ... | 2017 | 27061769 |
| comparison of helper component-protease rna silencing suppression activity, subcellular localization, and aggregation of three korean isolates of turnip mosaic virus. | in 2014, we performed a nationwide survey in korean radish fields to investigate the distribution and variability of turnip mosaic virus (tumv). brassica rapa ssp. pekinensis sap-inoculated with three isolates of tumv from infected radish tissue showed different symptom severities, whereas symptoms in raphanus sativus were similar for each isolate. the helper component-protease (hc-pro) genes of each isolate were sequenced, and phylogenetic analysis showed that the three korean isolates were clu ... | 2016 | 27059238 |
| digestion of chrysanthemum stunt viroid by leaf extracts of capsicum chinense indicates strong rna-digesting activity. | csvd could not infect nicotiana benthamiana when the plants were pretreated with crude leaf extract of capsicum chinense 'sy-2'. c. chinense leaves were revealed to contain strong rna-digesting activity. several studies have identified active antiviral and antiviroid agents in plants. capsicum plants are known to contain antiviral agents, but the mechanism of their activity has not been determined. we aimed to elucidate the mechanism of capsicum extract's antiviroid activity. chrysanthemum stunt ... | 2016 | 27053224 |
| the calmodulin-like proteins atcml4 and atcml5 are single-pass membrane proteins targeted to the endomembrane system by an n-terminal signal anchor sequence. | calmodulins (cams) are important mediators of ca(2+) signals that are found ubiquitously in all eukaryotic organisms. plants contain a unique family of calmodulin-like proteins (cmls) that exhibit greater sequence variance compared to canonical cams. the arabidopsis thaliana proteins atcml4 and atcml5 are members of cml subfamily vii and possess a cam domain comprising the characteristic double pair of ef-hands, but they are distinguished from other members of this subfamily and from canonical c ... | 2016 | 27029353 |
| tobacco ring e3 ligase ntrfp1 mediates ubiquitination and proteasomal degradation of a geminivirus-encoded βc1. | the βc1 protein encoded by the tomato yellow leaf curl china virus-associated betasatellite functions as a pathogenicity determinant. to better understand the molecular basis whereby βc1 functions in pathogenicity, a yeast two-hybrid screen of a tobacco cdna library was carried out using βc1 as the bait. the screen revealed that βc1 interacts with a tobacco ring-finger protein designated ntrfp1, which was further confirmed by the bimolecular fluorescence complementation and co-immunoprecipitatio ... | 2016 | 27018391 |
| molecular and biological characterisation of two novel pomo-like viruses associated with potato (solanum tuberosum) fields in colombia. | potato is the fourth most important crop worldwide that is used as a staple food, after rice, wheat and maize. the crop can be affected by a large number of pathogens, including fungi, oomycetes, bacteria and viruses. diseases caused by viruses are among the most important factors contributing to reduced quality and yield of the crop. potato mop-top virus (genus pomovirus) induces necrotic flecks in the tuber flesh and skin of potato in temperate countries. spongospora subterranea is the vector ... | 2016 | 27016929 |
| phosphate deficiency induces the jasmonate pathway and enhances resistance to insect herbivory. | during their life cycle, plants are typically confronted by simultaneous biotic and abiotic stresses. low inorganic phosphate (pi) is one of the most common nutrient deficiencies limiting plant growth in natural and agricultural ecosystems, while insect herbivory accounts for major losses in plant productivity and impacts ecological and evolutionary changes in plant populations. here, we report that plants experiencing pi deficiency induce the jasmonic acid (ja) pathway and enhance their defense ... | 2016 | 27016448 |
| identification of phakopsora pachyrhizi candidate effectors with virulence activity in a distantly related pathosystem. | phakopsora pachyrhizi is the causal agent of asian soybean rust, a disease that causes enormous economic losses, most markedly in south america. p. pachyrhizi is a biotrophic pathogen that utilizes specialized feeding structures called haustoria to colonize its hosts. in rusts and other filamentous plant pathogens, haustoria have been shown to secrete effector proteins into their hosts to permit successful completion of their life cycle. we have constructed a cdna library from p. pachyrhizi haus ... | 2016 | 27014295 |
| the unfolded protein response and programmed cell death are induced by expression of garlic virus x p11 in nicotiana benthamiana. | garlic virus x (garvx) orf3 encodes a p11 protein, which contributes to virus cell-to-cell movement and forms granules on the endoplasmic reticulum (er) in nicotiana benthamiana. expression of p11 either from a binary vector, pvx or tmv induced er stress and the unfolded protein response (upr), as demonstrated by an increase in transcription of the er luminal binding protein (bip) and bzip60 genes. upr-related programmed cell death (pcd) was elicited by pvx : p11 or tmv : p11 in systemic infecte ... | 2016 | 27011387 |
| rhamnose synthase activity is required for pathogenicity of the vascular wilt fungus verticillium dahliae. | the initial interaction of a pathogenic fungus with its host is complex and involves numerous metabolic pathways and regulatory proteins. considerable attention has been devoted to proteins that play a crucial role in these interactions, with an emphasis on so-called effector molecules that are secreted by the invading microbe to establish the symbiosis. however, the contribution of other types of molecules, such as glycans, is less well appreciated. here, we present a random genetic screen that ... | 2017 | 26996832 |
| a plant-derived quadrivalent virus like particle influenza vaccine induces cross-reactive antibody and t cell response in healthy adults. | recent issues regarding efficacy of influenza vaccines have re-emphasized the need of new approaches to face this major public health issue. in a phase 1-2 clinical trial, healthy adults received one intramuscular dose of a seasonal influenza plant-based quadrivalent virus-like particle (qvlp) vaccine or placebo. the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) titers met all the european licensure criteria for the type a influenza strains at the 3μg/strain dose and for all four strains at the higher dosage ... | 2016 | 26987887 |
| infectious clones of the crinivirus cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus are competent for plant systemic infection and vector transmission. | cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus (ccyv), a recently identified bipartite crinivirus, causes economic losses in cucurbit plants. ccyv is naturally transmitted only by whitefly bemisia tabaci. here we constructed full-length cdna clones of ccyv (rna1 and rna2) fused to the t7 rna polymerase promoter and the cauliflower mosaic virus 35s promoter. ccyv replicated and accumulated efficiently in cucumis sativus protoplasts transfected with in vitro transcripts. without rna2, rna1 replicated efficientl ... | 2016 | 26982585 |
| identification of the subgenomic promoter of the coat protein gene of cucumber fruit mottle mosaic virus and development of a heterologous expression vector. | heterologous gene expression using plant virus vectors enables research on host-virus interactions and the production of useful proteins, but the host range of plant viruses limits the practical applications of such vectors. here, we aimed to develop a viral vector based on cucumber fruit mottle mosaic virus (cfmmv), a member of the genus tobamovirus, whose members infect cucurbits. the subgenomic promoter (sgp) in the coat protein (cp) gene, which was used to drive heterologous expression, was ... | 2016 | 26976138 |
| corrigendum: enhancement of rna-directed dna methylation of a transgene by simultaneously downregulating a ros1 ortholog using a virus vector in nicotiana benthamiana. | [this corrects the article on p. 44 in vol. 4, pmid: 23565118.]. | 2016 | 26973697 |
| potato nph3/rpt2-like protein stnrl1, targeted by a phytophthora infestans rxlr effector, is a susceptibility factor. | plant pathogens deliver effectors to manipulate host processes. we know little about how fungal and oomycete effectors target host proteins to promote susceptibility, yet such knowledge is vital to understand crop disease. we show that either transient expression in nicotiana benthamiana, or stable transgenic expression in potato (solanum tuberosum), of the phytophthora infestans rxlr effector pi02860 enhances leaf colonization by the pathogen. expression of pi02860 also attenuates cell death tr ... | 2016 | 26966171 |
| molecular and biological characterization of highly infectious transcripts from full-length cdna clones of broad bean wilt virus 1. | broad bean wilt virus 1 (bbwv-1), genus fabavirus, has a genome composed of two single-stranded positive-sense rnas of ∼5.8 (rna1) and 3.4kb (rna2). full-length cdna clones of both genomic rnas (pbenr1 and pbenr2) from bbwv-1 isolate ben were constructed under the control of the t7 promoter. in vitro derived capped transcripts were infectious in nicotiana benthamiana, chenopodium quinoa and vicia faba plants. the biological activity of viral transcripts was not affected by extra bases at the 5'- ... | 2016 | 26951858 |
| the histone deacetylase complex 1 protein of arabidopsis has the capacity to interact with multiple proteins including histone 3-binding proteins and histone 1 variants. | intrinsically disordered proteins can adopt multiple conformations, thereby enabling interaction with a wide variety of partners. they often serve as hubs in protein interaction networks. we have previously shown that the histone deacetylase complex 1 (hdc1) protein from arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) interacts with histone deacetylases and quantitatively determines histone acetylation levels, transcriptional activity, and several phenotypes, including abscisic acid sensitivity during germin ... | 2016 | 26951436 |
| asparagus irx9, irx10, and irx14a are components of an active xylan backbone synthase complex that forms in the golgi apparatus. | heteroxylans are abundant components of plant cell walls and provide important raw materials for the food, pharmaceutical, and biofuel industries. a number of studies in arabidopsis (arabidopsis thaliana) have suggested that the irregular xylem9 (irx9), irx10, and irx14 proteins, as well as their homologs, are involved in xylan synthesis via a golgi-localized complex termed the xylan synthase complex (xsc). however, both the biochemical and cell biological research lags the genetic and molecular ... | 2016 | 26951434 |
| development of tobacco ringspot virus-based vectors for foreign gene expression and virus-induced gene silencing in a variety of plants. | we report here the development of tobacco ringspot virus (trsv)-based vectors for the transient expression of foreign genes and for the analysis of endogenous gene function in plants using virus-induced gene silencing. the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene was inserted between the trsv movement protein (mp) and coat protein (cp) regions, resulting in high in-frame expression of the rna2-encoded viral polyprotein. gfp was released from the polyprotein via an n-terminal homologous mp- ... | 2016 | 26950504 |
| identification of amino acid residues of the coat protein of sri lankan cassava mosaic virus affecting symptom production and viral titer in nicotiana benthamiana. | sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv) is bipartite begomovirus infecting cassava in india and sri lanka. interestingly, the dna-a component of the slcmv alone is able to infect nicotiana benthamiana causing symptoms of upward leaf rolling and stunting. one of the differences between monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses is the requirement of coat protein (cp) for infectivity; cp being essential for the former, but dispensable in the latter. this investigation was aimed to determine the impor ... | 2016 | 26948262 |
| tobacco against ebola virus disease. | the ebola virus disease (evd), formerly known as a hemorrhagic fever and discovered in 1976, is dangerous, highly infectious disease with very high mortality. there are no licensed therapeutics against evd, although a range of medicines and therapies are currently being evaluated. during the 2014 ebola outbreak, an experimental drug named zmapp was administered on an emergency basis to seven patients of which five were recovered. currently, since february 2015, zmapp is tested in clinical trials ... | 2015 | 26946569 |
| salivary proteins of spider mites suppress defenses in nicotiana benthamiana and promote mite reproduction. | spider mites (tetranychidae sp.) are widely occurring arthropod pests on cultivated plants. feeding by the two-spotted spider mite t. urticae, a generalist herbivore, induces a defense response in plants that mainly depends on the phytohormones jasmonic acid and salicylic acid (sa). on tomato (solanum lycopersicum), however, certain genotypes of t. urticae and the specialist species t. evansi were found to suppress these defenses. this phenomenon occurs downstream of phytohormone accumulation vi ... | 2016 | 26946468 |
| nbcspr underlies age-dependent immune responses to bacterial cold shock protein in nicotiana benthamiana. | plants use receptor kinases (rks) and receptor-like proteins (rlps) as pattern recognition receptors (prrs) to sense pathogen-associated molecular patterns (pamps) that are typical of whole classes of microbes. after ligand perception, many leucine-rich repeat (lrr)-containing prrs interact with the lrr-rk bri1-associated kinase 1 (bak1). bak1 is thus expected to interact with unknown prrs. here, we used bak1 as molecular bait to identify a previously unknown lrr-rlp required for the recognition ... | 2016 | 26944079 |
| 5' and 3' untranslated regions strongly enhance performance of geminiviral replicons in nicotiana benthamiana leaves. | we previously reported a recombinant protein production system based on a geminivirus replicon that yields high levels of vaccine antigens and monoclonal antibodies in plants. the bean yellow dwarf virus (beydv) replicon generates massive amounts of dna copies, which engage the plant transcription machinery. however, we noticed a disparity between transcript level and protein production, suggesting that mrnas could be more efficiently utilized. in this study, we systematically evaluated genetic ... | 2016 | 26941764 |
| identification and characterization of plant cell death-inducing secreted proteins from ustilaginoidea virens. | ustilaginoidea virens (cooke) takah (telemorph villosiclava virens) is an ascomycetous fungus that causes rice false smut, one of the most important rice diseases. fungal effectors often play essential roles in host-pathogen coevolutionary interactions. however, little is known about the functions of u. virens effectors. here, we performed functional studies on putative effectors in u. virens and demonstrated that 13 of 119 putative effectors caused necrosis or necrosis-like phenotypes in nicoti ... | 2016 | 26927000 |
| the poplar rust-induced secreted protein (risp) inhibits the growth of the leaf rust pathogen melampsora larici-populina and triggers cell culture alkalinisation. | plant cells secrete a wide range of proteins in extracellular spaces in response to pathogen attack. the poplar rust-induced secreted protein (risp) is a small cationic protein of unknown function that was identified as the most induced gene in poplar leaves during immune responses to the leaf rust pathogen melampsora larici-populina, an obligate biotrophic parasite. here, we combined in planta and in vitro molecular biology approaches to tackle the function of risp. using a risp-mcherry fusion ... | 2016 | 26925067 |
| artificial microrna-derived resistance to cassava brown streak disease. | artificial mirnas (amirna) were generated targeting conserved sequences within the genomes of the two causal agents of cassava brown streak disease (cbsd): cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) and ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv). transient expression studies on ten amirnas targeting 21nt conserved sequences of p1(cbsv and ucbsv), p3(cbsv and ucbsv), ci(ucbsv), nib(cbsv and ucbsv), cp(ucbsv) and the un-translated region (3'-utr) were tested in nicotiana benthamiana. four out of the ten am ... | 2016 | 26912232 |
| optimization of engineered production of the glucoraphanin precursor dihomomethionine in nicotiana benthamiana. | glucosinolates are natural products characteristic of the brassicales order, which include vegetables such as cabbages and the model plant arabidopsis thaliana. glucoraphanin is the major glucosinolate in broccoli and associated with the health-promoting effects of broccoli consumption. toward our goal of creating a rich source of glucoraphanin for dietary supplements, we have previously reported the feasibility of engineering glucoraphanin in nicotiana benthamiana through transient expression o ... | 2016 | 26909347 |
| autophagy under attack. | pathogens target proteins involved in autophagy to inhibit immune responses in plants. | 2016 | 26906167 |
| plant growth-promoting traits of yeasts isolated from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of drosera spatulata lab. | microorganisms can promote plant growth through direct and indirect mechanisms. compared with the use of bacteria and mycorrhizal fungi, the use of yeasts as plant growth-promoting (pgp) agents has not been extensively investigated. in this study, yeast isolates from the phyllosphere and rhizosphere of the medicinally important plant drosera spatulata lab. were assessed for their pgp traits. all isolates were tested for indole-3-acetic acid-, ammonia-, and polyamine-producing abilities, calcium ... | 2016 | 26895872 |
| magnaporthe oryzae effectors moheg13 and moheg16 interfere with host infection and moheg13 counteracts cell death caused by magnaporthe-nlps in tobacco. | adapted pathogens are able to modulate cell responses of their hosts most likely due to the activity of secreted effector molecules thereby enabling colonisation by ostensible nonhost pathogens. it is postulated that host and nonhost pathogens of a given plant species differ in their repertoire of secreted effector molecules that are able to suppress plant resistance. we pursued the strategy of identifying novel effectors of magnaporthe oryzae, the causal agent of blast disease, by comparing the ... | 2016 | 26883226 |
| fertilization independent endosperm genes repress nbgh3.6 and regulate the auxin level during shoot development in nicotiana benthamiana. | the fertilization independent endosperm (fie) gene is required to restrict endosperm development without fertilization, and it represses flowering during embryo and seedling development in arabidopsis thaliana however, the regulatory mechanism of the fie gene in postembryonic shoot development is not well understood. silencing of nicotiana benthamiana homologues of the fie gene, nbfie1 and nbfie2, resulted in the enhanced outgrowth of axillary buds and the impairment of secondary xylem different ... | 2016 | 26873977 |
| the er-membrane transport system is critical for intercellular trafficking of the nsm movement protein and tomato spotted wilt tospovirus. | plant viruses move through plasmodesmata to infect new cells. the plant endoplasmic reticulum (er) is interconnected among cells via the er desmotubule in the plasmodesma across the cell wall, forming a continuous er network throughout the entire plant. this er continuity is unique to plants and has been postulated to serve as a platform for the intercellular trafficking of macromolecules. in the present study, the contribution of the plant er membrane transport system to the intercellular traff ... | 2016 | 26863622 |
| heterologous expression screens in nicotiana benthamiana identify a candidate effector of the wheat yellow rust pathogen that associates with processing bodies. | rust fungal pathogens of wheat (triticum spp.) affect crop yields worldwide. the molecular mechanisms underlying the virulence of these pathogens remain elusive, due to the limited availability of suitable molecular genetic research tools. notably, the inability to perform high-throughput analyses of candidate virulence proteins (also known as effectors) impairs progress. we previously established a pipeline for the fast-forward screens of rust fungal candidate effectors in the model plant nicot ... | 2016 | 26863009 |
| phenylpropanoids accumulation in eggplant fruit: characterization of biosynthetic genes and regulation by a myb transcription factor. | phenylpropanoids are major secondary metabolites in eggplant (solanum melongena) fruits. chlorogenic acid (cga) accounts for 70-90% of total phenolics in flesh tissues, while anthocyanins are mainly present in the fruit skin. as a contribution to the understanding of the peculiar accumulation of these health-promoting metabolites in eggplant, we report on metabolite abundance, regulation of cga and anthocyanin biosynthesis, and characterization of candidate cga biosynthetic genes in s. melongena ... | 2015 | 26858726 |
| production of human papillomavirus pseudovirions in plants and their use in pseudovirion-based neutralisation assays in mammalian cells. | human papillomaviruses (hpv) cause cervical cancer and have recently also been implicated in mouth, laryngeal and anogenital cancers. there are three commercially available prophylactic vaccines that show good efficacy; however, efforts to develop second-generation vaccines that are more affordable, stable and elicit a wider spectrum of cross-neutralising immunity are still ongoing. testing antisera elicited by current and candidate hpv vaccines for neutralizing antibodies is done using a hpv ps ... | 2016 | 26853456 |
| a glycosyltransferase from nicotiana alata pollen mediates synthesis of a linear (1,5)-α-l-arabinan when expressed in arabidopsis. | the walls of nicotiana alata pollen tubes contain a linear arabinan composed of (1,5)-α-linked arabinofuranose residues. although generally found as a side chain on the backbone of the pectic polysaccharide rhamnogalacturonan i, the arabinan in n. alata pollen tubes is considered free, as there is no detectable rhamnogalacturonan i in these walls. carbohydrate-specific antibodies detected arabinan epitopes at the tip and along the shank of n. alata pollen tubes that are predominantly part of the ... | 2016 | 26850276 |
| role of brassinosteroid signaling in modulating tobacco mosaic virus resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. | plant steroid hormones, brassinosteroids (brs), play essential roles in plant growth, development and stress responses. however, mechanisms by which brs interfere with plant resistance to virus remain largely unclear. in this study, we used pharmacological and genetic approaches in combination with infection experiments to investigate the role of brs in plant defense against tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) in nicotiana benthamiana. exogenous applied brs enhanced plant resistance to virus infection, w ... | 2016 | 26838475 |
| an efficient potato virus x -based microrna silencing in nicotiana benthamiana. | plant micrornas (mirnas) play pivotal roles in many biological processes. although many mirnas have been identified in various plant species, the functions of these mirnas remain largely unknown due to the shortage of effective genetic tools to block their functional activity. recently, mirna target mimic (tm) technologies have been applied to perturb the activity of specific endogenous mirna or mirna families. we previously reported that tobacco rattle virus (trv)-based tm expression can succes ... | 2016 | 26837708 |
| induction of systemic disease resistance in nicotiana benthamiana by the cyclodipeptides cyclo (l-pro-l-pro) and cyclo (d-pro-d-pro). | cyclodipeptides, formed from two amino acids by cyclodehydration, are produced naturally by many organisms, and are known to possess a large number of biological activities. in this study, we found that cyclo (l-pro-l-pro) and cyclo (d-pro-d-pro) (where pro is proline) could induce defence responses and systemic resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. treatment with the two cyclodipeptides led to a reduction in disease severity by phytophthora nicotianae and tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) infections co ... | 2017 | 26836580 |
| overexpression of a stress-responsive nac transcription factor gene onac022 improves drought and salt tolerance in rice. | the nac transcription factors play critical roles in regulating stress responses in plants. however, the functions for many of the nac family members in rice are yet to be identified. in the present study, a novel stress-responsive rice nac gene, onac022, was identified. expression of onac022 was induced by drought, high salinity, and abscisic acid (aba). the onac022 protein was found to bind specifically to a canonical nac recognition cis-element sequence and showed transactivation activity at ... | 2016 | 26834774 |
| expression of mouse mgat in arabidopsis results in increased lipid accumulation in seeds. | worldwide demand for vegetable oil is projected to double within the next 30 years due to increasing food, fuel, and industrial requirements. there is therefore great interest in metabolic engineering strategies that boost oil accumulation in plant tissues, however, efforts to date have only achieved levels of storage lipid accumulation in plant tissues far below the benchmark to meet demand. monoacylglycerol acyltransferase (mgat) is predominantly associated with lipid absorption and resynthesi ... | 2015 | 26834753 |
| focal effector accumulation in a biotrophic interface at the primary invasion sites of colletotrichum orbiculare in multiple susceptible plants. | we identified virulence-related effectors of a hemibiotrophic fungal pathogen colletotrichum orbiculare, and found that a novel interface was generated by a biotrophic interaction between c. orbiculare and the host cucumber, in which the effectors secreted from the pathogen accumulated preferentially. the interface was located around the biotrophic primary hyphal neck. here, we showed that c. orbiculare also developed this interface in a biotrophic interaction with melon, which belongs to cucurb ... | 2016 | 26829249 |
| lettuce chlorosis virus p23 suppresses rna silencing and induces local necrosis with increased severity at raised temperatures. | rna silencing functions as an antivirus defense strategy in plants, one that plant viruses counter by producing viral suppressors of rna silencing (vsrs). vsrs have been identified in three members of the genus crinivirus but they do not all share identical suppression mechanisms. here, we used agrobacterium co-infiltration assays to investigate the suppressor activity of proteins encoded by lettuce chlorosis virus (lcv). of 7 lcv proteins (1b, p23, hsp70 homolog, p60, cp, cpm, and p27) tested f ... | 2016 | 26828232 |
| the c2 protein of tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus acts as a pathogenicity determinant and a 16-amino acid domain is responsible for inducing a hypersensitive response in plants. | the role of the c2 protein in the pathogenicity of tomato yellow leaf curl sardinia virus (tylcsv) was investigated. here we report that agrobacterium-mediated transient expression of tylcsv c2 resulted in a strong hypersensitive response (hr) in nicotiana benthamiana, n. tabacum, and arabidopsis thaliana, with induction of plant cell death and production of h2o2. since hr is not evident in plants infected by tylcsv, it is expected that tylcsv encodes a gene (or genes) that counters this respons ... | 2016 | 26826600 |
| an in vitro reprogrammable antiviral risc with size-preferential ribonuclease activity. | infection of nicotiana benthamiana plants with tomato bushy stunt virus (tbsv) mutants compromised for silencing suppression induces formation of an antiviral risc (vrisc) that can be isolated using chromatography procedures. the isolated vrisc sequence-specifically degrades tbsv rna in vitro, its activity can be down-regulated by removing sirnas, and re-stimulated by exogenous supply of sirnas. vrisc is most effective at hydrolyzing the ~4.8kb genomic rna, but less so for a ~2.2kb tbsv subgenom ... | 2016 | 26812224 |
| identification, cloning and characterization of r2r3-myb gene family in canola (brassica napus l.) identify a novel member modulating ros accumulation and hypersensitive-like cell death. | the r2r3-myb proteins comprise one of the largest families of transcription factors in plants. although genome-wide analysis of this family has been carried out in some plant species, little is known about r2r3-myb genes in canola (brassica napus l.). in this study, we have identified 76 r2r3-myb genes in the canola genome through mining of expressed sequence tags (ests). the cdna sequences of 44 myb genes were successfully cloned. the transcriptional activities of bnamyb proteins encoded by the ... | 2016 | 26800702 |
| ectopic expression of arabidopsis l-type lectin receptor kinase genes lecrk-i.9 and lecrk-ix.1 in nicotiana benthamiana confers phytophthora resistance. | transgenic nicotiana benthamiana lines with constitutive expression of an arabidopsis lectin receptor kinase gene (lecrk - i.9 or lecrk - ix.1) show enhanced resistance to phytophthora pathogens, demonstrating conserved gene functionality after interfamily transfer. in plants, cell surface receptors mediate the first layer of innate immunity against pathogenic microbes. in arabidopsis several l-type lectin receptor kinases (lecrks) were previously found to function as phytophthora resistance com ... | 2016 | 26795144 |
| the p1n-pispo trans-frame gene of sweet potato feathery mottle potyvirus is produced during virus infection and functions as an rna silencing suppressor. | the positive-sense rna genome of sweet potato feathery mottle virus (spfmv) (genus potyvirus, family potyviridae) contains a large open reading frame (orf) of 3,494 codons translatable as a polyprotein and two embedded shorter orfs in the -1 frame: pispo, of 230 codons, and pipo, of 66 codons, located in the p1 and p3 regions, respectively. pispo is specific to some sweet potato-infecting potyviruses, while pipo is present in all potyvirids. in spfmv these two extra orfs are preceded by conserve ... | 2016 | 26792740 |
| role of viral rna and co-opted cellular escrt-i and escrt-iii factors in formation of tombusvirus spherules harboring the tombusvirus replicase. | plus-stranded rna viruses induce membrane deformations in infected cells in order to build viral replication complexes (vrcs). tomato bushy stunt virus (tbsv) co-opts cellular escrt (endosomal sorting complexes required for transport) proteins to induce the formation of vesicle (spherule)-like structures in the peroxisomal membrane with tight openings toward the cytosol. in this study, using a yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) vps23δ bro1δ double-deletion mutant, we showed that the vps23p escrt-i ... | 2016 | 26792735 |
| synergistic interaction among begomoviruses leads to the suppression of host defense-related gene expression and breakdown of resistance in chilli. | chilli (capsicum sp.) is one of the economically important spice and vegetable crops grown in india and suffers great losses due to the infection of begomoviruses. conventional breeding approaches have resulted in development of a few cultivars of chilli resistant to begomoviruses. a severe leaf curl disease was observed on one such resistant chilli cultivar (capsicum annuum cv. kalyanpur chanchal) grown in the experimental field of the jawaharlal nehru university, new delhi. four different vira ... | 2016 | 26780359 |
| endoplasmic reticulum stress responses function in the hrt-mediated hypersensitive response in nicotiana benthamiana. | hrt is a plant coiled-coil, nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat (cc-nb-lrr) disease resistance protein that triggers the hypersensitive response (hr) on recognition of turnip crinkle virus (tcv) coat protein (cp). the molecular mechanism and significance of hr-mediated cell death for tcv resistance have not been fully elucidated. to identify the genes involved in hrt/tcv cp-mediated hr in nicotiana benthamiana, we performed virus-induced gene silencing (vigs) of 459 expressed sequence tag ... | 2016 | 26780303 |
| a plant-produced bacteriophage tailspike protein for the control of salmonella. | the receptor binding domain of the tailspike protein gp9 from the p22 bacteriophage was recently shown to reduce salmonella colonization in the chicken gut. in this study, we transiently expressed the receptor binding domain of the gp9 tailspike protein in nicotiana benthamiana, and targeted it to the endoplasmic reticulum (er) or to the chloroplasts. gp9 was also fused to either an elastin-like polypeptide (elp) or hydrophobin i tag, which were previously described to improve accumulation level ... | 2015 | 26779243 |
| temporal and spatial resolution of activated plant defense responses in leaves of nicotiana benthamiana infected with dickeya dadantii. | the necrotrophic bacteria dickeya dadantii is the causal agent of soft-rot disease in a broad range of hosts. the model plant nicotiana benthamiana, commonly used as experimental host for a very broad range of plant pathogens, is susceptible to infection by d. dadantii. the inoculation with d. dadantii at high dose seems to overcome the plant defense capacity, inducing maceration and death of the tissue, although restricted to the infiltrated area. by contrast, the output of the defense response ... | 2015 | 26779238 |
| plant ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, play a role in nonhost disease resistance against bacterial pathogens. | characterizing the molecular mechanism involved in nonhost disease resistance is important to understand the adaptations of plant-pathogen interactions. in this study, virus-induced gene silencing (vigs)-based forward genetics screen was utilized to identify genes involved in nonhost resistance in nicotiana benthamiana. genes encoding ribosomal proteins, rpl12 and rpl19, were identified in the screening. these genes when silenced in n. benthamiana caused a delay in nonhost bacteria induced hyper ... | 2015 | 26779226 |
| application of a scalable plant transient gene expression platform for malaria vaccine development. | despite decades of intensive research efforts there is currently no vaccine that provides sustained sterile immunity against malaria. in this context, a large number of targets from the different stages of the plasmodium falciparum life cycle have been evaluated as vaccine candidates. none of these candidates has fulfilled expectations, and as long as we lack a single target that induces strain-transcending protective immune responses, combining key antigens from different life cycle stages seem ... | 2015 | 26779197 |
| promotion of bamboo mosaic virus accumulation in nicotiana benthamiana by 5'→3' exonuclease nbxrn4. | bamboo mosaic virus (bamv) has a 6.4-kb (+) sense rna genome with a 5' cap and a 3' poly(a) tail. orf1 of this potexvirus encodes a 155-kda replication protein responsible for the viral rna replication/transcription and 5' cap formation. to learn more about the replication complex of bamv, a protein preparation enriched in the 155-kda replication protein was obtained from nicotiana benthamiana by a protocol involving agroinfiltration and immunoprecipitation. subsequent analysis by sds-page and m ... | 2016 | 26779163 |
| an effector of the irish potato famine pathogen antagonizes a host autophagy cargo receptor. | plants use autophagy to safeguard against infectious diseases. however, how plant pathogens interfere with autophagy-related processes is unknown. here, we show that pexrd54, an effector from the irish potato famine pathogen phytophthora infestans, binds host autophagy protein atg8cl to stimulate autophagosome formation. pexrd54 depletes the autophagy cargo receptor joka2 out of atg8cl complexes and interferes with joka2's positive effect on pathogen defense. thus, a plant pathogen effector has ... | 2016 | 26765567 |
| salicylic acid treatment and expression of an rna-dependent rna polymerase 1 transgene inhibit lethal symptoms and meristem invasion during tobacco mosaic virus infection in nicotiana benthamiana. | host rna-dependent rna polymerases (rdrs) 1 and 6 contribute to antiviral rna silencing in plants. rdr6 is constitutively expressed and was previously shown to limit invasion of nicotiana benthamiana meristem tissue by potato virus x and thereby inhibit disease development. rdr1 is inducible by salicylic acid (sa) and several other phytohormones. but although it contributes to basal resistance to tobacco mosaic virus (tmv) it is dispensable for sa-induced resistance in inoculated leaves. the lab ... | 2016 | 26757721 |
| rna1-independent replication and gfp expression from tomato marchitez virus isolate m cloned cdna. | tomato marchitez virus (tomarv; synonymous with tomato apex necrosis virus) is a positive-strand rna virus in the genus torradovirus within the family secoviridae. tomarv is an emergent whitefly-transmitted virus that causes important diseases in tomato (solanum lycopersicum) in mexico. here, the genome sequence of the tomarv isolate m (tomarv-m) was determined. we engineered full-length cdna clones of the tomarv-m genomic rna (rna1 and rna2), separately, into a binary vector. coinfiltration of ... | 2016 | 26756828 |