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development of retrotransposon-based markers irap and remap for cassava (manihot esculenta).retrotransposons are abundant in the genomes of plants. in the present study, inter-retrotransposon amplified polymorphism (irap) and retrotransposon-microsatellite amplified polymorphism (remap) markers were developed for the cassava genome (manihot esculenta crantz). four cassava cultivars (fécula branca, ipr-união, olho junto, and tamboara, two samples per cultivar) were used to obtain irap and remap fingerprints. twelve designed primers were amplified alone and in combinations. the 42 irap/r ...201627173210
bacteria associated with human saliva are major microbial components of ecuadorian indigenous beers (chicha).indigenous beers (chicha) are part of the indigenous culture in ecuador. the fermentation process of these beers probably relies on microorganisms from fermented substrates, environment and human microbiota. we analyzed the microbiota of artisanal beers (including a type of beer produced after chewing boiled cassava) using bacterial culture and 16s ribosomal rna (rrna) gene-based tag-encoded flx amplicon pyrosequencing (btefap). surprisingly, we found that streptococcus salivarius and streptococ ...201627168974
optimization of durum wheat bread from a selenium-rich cultivar fortified with bran.in this work the effect of bran addition (5 %, 10 %, 15 %, 20 %, 25 %, 30 %) on sensory, nutritional and mechanical properties of bread made from a durum wheat semolina enriched with selenium (cultivar pr22d89) was addressed; traditional and whole-meal bread from the same cultivar pr22d89, without any further bran addition, were also investigated for comparative purpose. in order to improve the durum wheat functional bread, different structuring agents (agar agar, gellan gum, guar seed flour, hy ...201627162413
the importance of animal source foods for nutrient sufficiency in the developing world: the zambia scenario.there have been successful interventions fortifying staple foods to mobilize micronutrients as well as agricultural efforts to raise yields of staple foods to increase food availability. zambia serves as an interesting case study because since 1961 there has been a notable decline in the availability of animal source foods (asfs) and pulses and a significant increase in the supply of cassava and vegetable oils. the shift in food availability was partly attributed to the agricultural success in h ...201627150300
cassava (manihot esculenta) transcriptome analysis in response to infection by the fungus colletotrichum gloeosporioides using an oligonucleotide-dna microarray.cassava anthracnose disease (cad), caused by the fungus colletotrichum gloeosporioides f. sp. manihotis, is a serious disease of cassava (manihot esculenta) worldwide. in this study, we established a cassava oligonucleotide-dna microarray representing 59,079 probes corresponding to approximately 30,000 genes based on original expressed sequence tags and rna-seq information from cassava, and applied it to investigate the molecular mechanisms of resistance to fungal infection using two cassava cul ...201627138000
evaluation of antioxidant activity of manihot esculenta crantz in wistar rats.the study aimed to explore the antioxidant activity of ethanolic leaf extract of manihot esculenta crantz leaves (mec) in wistar rats.201727134463
the protective effect of two commercial formats of ginkgo biloba on motor alterations induced by cassava juice (manihot esculenta crantz) in wistar rats.this study evaluated the protective effects of 2 commercial formats of ginkgo biloba on motor alterations induced by cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) juice consumption in male wistar rats.201627130308
expression of concern: sequences enhancing cassava mosaic disease symptoms occur in the cassava genome and are associated with south african cassava mosaic virus infection by a. t. maredza, f. allie, g. plata, m. e. c. rey. 201627119656
properties of cassava starch modified by amylomaltase from corynebacterium glutamicum.amylomaltase (α-1,4-glucanotransferase, am; ec 2.4.1.25) from corynebacterium glutamicum expressed in escherichia coli was used to prepare the enzyme-modified cassava starch for food application. about 5% to 15% (w/v) of cassava starch slurries were incubated with 1, 3, or 5 units of amylomaltase/g starch. apparent amylose, amylopectin chain length distribution, thermal properties, freeze-thaw stability, thermo-reversibility, and gel strength of the obtained modified starches were measured. the ...201627105125
beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae endophytically colonize cassava roots following soil drench inoculation.we investigated the fungal entomopathogens beauveria bassiana and metarhizium anisopliae to determine if endophytic colonization could be achieved in cassava. an inoculation method based on drenching the soil around cassava stem cuttings using conidial suspensions resulted in endophytic colonization of cassava roots by both entomopathogens, though neither was found in the leaves or stems of the treated cassava plants. both fungal entomopathogens were detected more often in the proximal end of th ...201627103778
line-1-like retrotransposons contribute to rna-based gene duplication in dicots.rna-based duplicated genes or functional retrocopies (retrogenes) are known to drive phenotypic evolution. retrogenes emerge via retroposition, which is mainly mediated by long interspersed nuclear element 1 (line-1 or l1) retrotransposons in mammals. by contrast, long terminal repeat (ltr) retrotransposons appear to be the major player in plants, although an l1-like mechanism has also been hypothesized to be involved in retroposition. we tested this hypothesis by searching for young retrocopies ...201627098918
sequencing wild and cultivated cassava and related species reveals extensive interspecific hybridization and genetic diversity.cassava (manihot esculenta) provides calories and nutrition for more than half a billion people. it was domesticated by native amazonian peoples through cultivation of the wild progenitor m. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia and is now grown in tropical regions worldwide. here we provide a high-quality genome assembly for cassava with improved contiguity, linkage, and completeness; almost 97% of genes are anchored to chromosomes. we find that paleotetraploidy in cassava is shared with the related rub ...201627088722
characterization of brown streak virus-resistant cassava.cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) has become a major constraint to cassava production in east and central africa. the identification of new sources of cbsd resistance is essential to deploy cbsd mitigation strategies, as the disease is progressing westwards to new geographical areas. a stringent infection method based on top cleft-grafting combined with precise virus titer quantitation was utilized to screen 14 cassava cultivars and elite breeding lines. when inoculated with mixed infections o ...201627070326
tooth wear patterns in black rats (rattus rattus) of madagascar differ more in relation to human impact than to differences in natural habitats.dietary characteristics and environmental variables are important selective factors directing ecological diversification in rodents. on madagascar, the introductions and spread of the commensal black rat (rattus rattus) can be seen as example cases to study dietary niche occupation and dietary adaptation in an insular environment. we investigate how tooth wear as a measure of dietary adaptation of black rats differs between four distinct habitats (village, manioc fields, spiny forest, and rainfo ...201627069577
crop responses to elevated co2 and interactions with h2o, n, and temperature.about twenty-seven years ago, free-air co2 enrichment (face) technology was developed that enabled the air above open-field plots to be enriched with co2 for entire growing seasons. since then, face experiments have been conducted on cotton, wheat, ryegrass, clover, potato, grape, rice, barley, sugar beet, soybean, cassava, rape, mustard, coffee (c3 crops), and sorghum and maize (c4 crops). elevated co2 (550ppm from an ambient concentration of about 353ppm in 1990) decreased evapotranspiration a ...201627043481
domestication syndrome is investigated by proteomic analysis between cultivated cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) and its wild relatives.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) wild relatives remain a largely untapped potential for genetic improvement. however, the domestication syndrome phenomena from wild species to cultivated cassava remain poorly understood. the analysis of leaf anatomy and photosynthetic activity showed significantly different between cassava cultivars sc205, sc8 and wild relative m. esculenta ssp. flabellifolia (w14). the dry matter, starch and amylose contents in the storage roots of cassava cultivars were sign ...201627023871
characterization and physiological effect of tapioca maltodextrin colloid plasma expander in hemorrhagic shock and resuscitation model.plasma expanders (pes) are administered fluids to replace blood volume when massive blood loss has occured. maltodextrin from tapioca starch was selected as a study candidate to prepare a colloid pe due to an uncomplicated production process. the formulations of mixture between tapioca maltodextrin and 0.9 % sodium chloride solution were prepared and then characterized. this was to investigate the effects of a dextrose equivalent (de) and the concentration on the physical properties. storage sta ...201627015687
erratum to: sequences enhancing cassava mosaic disease symptoms occur in the cassava genome and are associated with south african cassava mosaic virus infection. 201627013466
optimization of the marinating conditions of cassava fish (pseudotolithus sp.) fillet for lanhouin production through application of doehlert experimental design.lanhouin is a traditional fermented salted fish made from the spontaneous and uncontrolled fermentation of whole salted cassava fish (pseudotolithus senegalensis) mainly produced in the coastal regions of west africa. the combined effects of nacl, citric acid concentration, and marination time on the physicochemical and microbiological characteristics of the fish fillet used for lanhouin production were studied using a doehlert experimental design with the objective of preserving its quality and ...201627004115
comparative proteome analysis of the tuberous roots of six cassava (manihot esculenta) varieties reveals proteins related to phenotypic traits.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is a staple food and an important source of starch, and the attributes of its tuberous root largely depend on the variety. the proteome of cassava has been investigated; however, to date, no study has focused on varieties that reveal the molecular basis of phenotypical characteristics. therefore, we aimed to compare the proteome of the tuberous roots of six cassava varieties that differed in carbohydrates, carotenoids, and resistance to diseases, among other at ...201626982619
investigation on furan levels in pressure-cooked foods.furan is a food processing contaminant classified as possibly carcinogenic to humans. as the occurrence of furan has been reported in a variety of foods processed in sealed containers, the objective of this work was to investigate if the contaminant can be found in home-cooked foods prepared in a pressure cooker. for that, several foods including beans, soy beans, whole rice, beef, pork, potato, and cassava were pressure-cooked and analyzed for the furan content by gas chromatography coupled to ...201326962536
characteristics of wet distillers grains on in vitro ruminal fermentation and its effects on performance and carcass characteristics of finishing hanwoo steers.two experiments were conducted to determine the nutrient composition, in vitro ruminal ammonia concentrations and ph of wet distillers grains (wdg, produced from tapioca 70% and rice 30%) and to evaluate dietary effects of fermented total mixed ration (tmr) using wdg on the performance, blood metabolites and carcass characteristics of hanwoo steers from mid fattening to slaughter. in exp. i, average dry matter (dm), crude protein, ether extract, crude fiber, ash, neutral detergent fiber, acid de ...201626949954
identification of amino acid residues of the coat protein of sri lankan cassava mosaic virus affecting symptom production and viral titer in nicotiana benthamiana.sri lankan cassava mosaic virus (slcmv) is bipartite begomovirus infecting cassava in india and sri lanka. interestingly, the dna-a component of the slcmv alone is able to infect nicotiana benthamiana causing symptoms of upward leaf rolling and stunting. one of the differences between monopartite and bipartite begomoviruses is the requirement of coat protein (cp) for infectivity; cp being essential for the former, but dispensable in the latter. this investigation was aimed to determine the impor ...201626948262
growth performance and carcass characteristics of feedlot thai native × lowline angus crossbred steer fed with fermented cassava starch residue.ten thai native × lowline angus crossbred (50:50) steers were used in a completely randomized design to receive two treatments including concentrate containing cassava chips (control) and fermented cassava starch residue (fcsr) as major carbohydrate sources. fcsr was prepared as yeast (saccharomyces cerevisiae) inoculates with exogenous enzyme addition. all steers received ad libitum rice straw and concentrate in equal proportions (1:1). replacement of cassava chip with fcsr increased neutral de ...201626942915
enhanced butanol production from cassava with clostridium acetobutylicum by genome shuffling.to obtain strains exhibiting high levels of solvent tolerance and butanol production, wild type strains of clostridium acetobutylicum butanol-producing strain gx01 and lactobacillus mucosae butanol-tolerant strain m26 were subjected to mutagenesis combining n-methyl-n-nitro-n-nitrosoguanidine induction with genome shuffling. after four successive rounds of genome shuffling, the c. acetobutylicum shuffled strain gs4-3 showing greater levels of fermentation performances (such as secreting a higher ...201626925615
classification and use of natural and anthropogenic soils by indigenous communities of the upper amazon region of colombia.outsiders often oversimplify amazon soil use by assuming that abundantly available natural soils are poorly suited to agriculture and that sporadic anthropogenic soils are agriculturally productive. local perceptions about the potentials and limitations of soils probably differ, but information on these perceptions is scarce. we therefore examined how four indigenous communities in the middle caquetá river region in the colombian amazon classify and use natural and anthropogenic soils. the study ...201726924875
the chemistry of diet: medicine, nutrition, and staple foods in imperial brazil.brazilian cuisine is much admired by present-day international chefs. however, in the nineteenth century, local ingredients and recipes were looked down upon by the portuguese colonists, as well as by visiting european naturalists. this fact, together with medical and chemical views formulated throughout the 1800s, led locally trained doctors to attribute the occurrence of countless diseases that devastated rio de janeiro to local staple foods, particularly corn and manioc flour. in the first pa ...026924333
effects of waxy rice and tapioca starches on the physicochemical and sensory properties of white sauces enriched with functional fibre.this study was conducted to examine the physicochemical and sensory properties of gluten-free white sauces (wss) prepared with waxy rice starch (wrs) or tapioca starch (ts) and high amylose maize starch (hams) as the source of resistance starch rs2 type. herschel-bulkley model (h-b) was successfully used to describe the flow behavior of wss. temperature had a notable effect on the derived from h-b relation parameters and the arrhenius equation was applied to describe changes in consistency. the ...201626920263
artificial microrna-derived resistance to cassava brown streak disease.artificial mirnas (amirna) were generated targeting conserved sequences within the genomes of the two causal agents of cassava brown streak disease (cbsd): cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) and ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv). transient expression studies on ten amirnas targeting 21nt conserved sequences of p1(cbsv and ucbsv), p3(cbsv and ucbsv), ci(ucbsv), nib(cbsv and ucbsv), cp(ucbsv) and the un-translated region (3'-utr) were tested in nicotiana benthamiana. four out of the ten am ...201626912232
transgenic rice expressing a cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) plasma membrane gene mepmp3-2 exhibits enhanced tolerance to salt and drought stresses.plasma membrane proteolipid 3 (pmp3) is a class of small hydrophobic proteins found in many organisms including higher plants. some plant pmp3 genes have been shown to respond to abiotic stresses and to participate in the processes of plant stress tolerance. in this study, we isolated the cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) mepmp3-2 gene and functionally characterized its role in tolerance to abiotic stress by expressing it in rice (oryza sativa l.). mepmp3-2 encodes a 77-amino acid protein belon ...201626909954
comparative petiole anatomy of cassava (manihot) species.in this study, we describe the petiole anatomy of six wild cassava (manihot) species, one hybrid, and two cultivars of manihot esculenta, in order to identify their dominant anatomical patterns and relate them to possible adaptations to abiotic factors in the cerrado biome. the median parts of several petiole samples were transversally and longitudinally sectioned and stained. the results include data for the taxonomic classification of the genus, including distinctive anatomical characteristics ...201626909917
[detection of syrup adulterants in prepackaged pure pineapple juice by fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy and chemometric analysis].this study was performed to establish a method that can quickly and accurately identify adulterated syrup in the pure pineapple juice. a attenuated total internal refraction-fourier transform infrared spectroscopy was used to collect the range of 900 -1 500 cm(-1) infrared spectra of 234 samples pure pineapple juice and adulterated syrup by beet syrup, rice syrup and cassava syrup. by using linear discriminant analysis and support vector machine for the identification model, comparing the full s ...201526904809
microbiological safety assessment of fermented cassava flour "lafun" available in ogun and oyo states of nigeria.the microorganisms involved in the fermentation and spoilage of fermented cassava flour were investigated. the water samples used at the different processing sites were also investigated to determine their safety status. there was predominance of staphylococcus aureus, aspergillus spp., and escherichia coli in all samples. coliforms were observed to be present in all of the processing water. in the fermented cassava flour, the total bacterial count ranged between 4.9 × 10(6) cfu/ml from eleso, b ...201326904609
genome-wide identification and expression analysis of the wrky gene family in cassava.the wrky family, a large family of transcription factors (tfs) found in higher plants, plays central roles in many aspects of physiological processes and adaption to environment. however, little information is available regarding the wrky family in cassava (manihot esculenta). in the present study, 85 wrky genes were identified from the cassava genome and classified into three groups according to conserved wrky domains and zinc-finger structure. conserved motif analysis showed that all of the id ...201626904033
data supporting the role of enzymes and polysaccharides during cassava postharvest physiological deterioration.this data article is referred to the research article entitled the role of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polysaccharides in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) roots under postharvest physiological deterioration by uarrota et al. (2015). food chemistry 197, part a, 737-746. the stress duo to ppd of cassava roots leads to the formation of ros which are extremely harmful and accelerates cassava spoiling. to prevent or alleviate injuries from ros, plants have evolved antioxidant sys ...201626900596
reactive oxygen species regulate leaf pulvinus abscission zone cell separation in response to water-deficit stress in cassava.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) plant resists water-deficit stress by shedding leaves leading to adaptive water-deficit condition. transcriptomic, physiological, cellular, molecular, metabolic, and transgenic methods were used to study the mechanism of cassava abscission zone (az) cell separation under water-deficit stress. microscopic observation indicated that az cell separation initiated at the later stages during water-deficit stress. transcriptome profiling of az suggested that different ...201626899473
characters related to higher starch accumulation in cassava storage roots.cassava (manihot esculenta) is valued mainly for high content starch in its roots. our understanding of mechanisms promoting high starch accumulation in the roots is, however, still very limited. two field-grown cassava cultivars, huanan 124(h124) with low root starch and fuxuan 01(f01) with high root starch, were characterised comparatively at four main growth stages. changes in key sugars in the leaves, stems and roots seemed not to be strongly associated with the final amount of starch accumu ...201626892156
a new alkalophilic isolate of bacillus as a producer of cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase using cassava flour.cyclodextrin glycosyltransferase (cgtase) catalyzes the conversion of starch into non-reducing cyclic sugars, cyclodextrins, which have several industrial applications. this study aimed to establish optimal culture conditions for β-cgtase production by bacillus sp. sm-02, isolated from soil of cassava industries waste water lake. the optimization was performed by central composite design (ccd) 2, using cassava flour and corn steep liquor as substrates. the maximum production of 1087.9uml(-1) was ...201726887234
rumen microorganisms, methane production, and microbial protein synthesis affected by mangosteen peel powder supplement in lactating dairy cows.four crossbred dairy cows (50 % holstein-friesian × 50 % thai native), 404 ± 50.0 kg of body weight (4 years old) and 90 ± 5 day in milk with daily milk production of 9 ± 2.0 kg/day, were randomly assigned according to a 4 × 4 latin square design to study the effect of mangosteen (garcinia mangostana) peel powder (msp) supplementation on rumen microorganisms, methane production, and microbial protein synthesis fed concentrate containing yeast fermented cassava chip protein (yefecap). the treatme ...201626885988
plant poisoning in thailand: a 10-year analysis from ramathibodi poison center.plant poisoning is not uncommon in thailand. the objective of this study was to determine the incidence, type, clinical manifestations, severity and outcomes of plant poisoned patients in thailand over a 10-year period. we retrospectively reviewed data from the ramathibodi poison center toxic exposure surveillance system for 2001-2010. a total of 2,901 poisonous plant exposure cases were identified, comprising 3.1% of the 92,392 poison cases recorded during the study period. this was the fifth m ...201526867365
two novel dnas that enhance symptoms and overcome cmd2 resistance to cassava mosaic disease.cassava mosaic begomoviruses (cmbs) cause cassava mosaic disease (cmd) across africa and the indian subcontinent. like all members of the geminivirus family, cmbs have small, circular single-stranded dna genomes. we report here the discovery of two novel dna sequences, designated segs-1 and segs-2 (forsequencesenhancinggeminivirussymptoms), that enhance symptoms and break resistance to cmd. the segs are characterized by gc-rich regions and the absence of long open reading frames. both segs enhan ...201626865712
optimization of large-ring cyclodextrin production from starch by amylomaltase from corynebacterium glutamicum and effect of organic solvent on product size.to increase yield of starch conversion to large-ring cyclodextrins (lr-cds) by amylomaltase from corynebacterium glutamicum (cgam).201626849173
assay of antioxidant potential of two filamentous fungi isolated from the indonesian fermented dried cassava.the antioxidant capacity and antioxidant constituents of two filamentous fungi (acremonium charticola and rhizopus oryzae) isolated from the indonesian fermented dried cassava (gathot) were evaluated in the present study. the antioxidant capacity of the fungal crude extracts was assessed based on the 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethyl-benzthiazolin-6-sulfonicacid) (abts) method. total phenolics were determined based on the folin-ciocalteu method, while the flavonoids content in the fungal extracts was deter ...201626848695
functional properties of filamentous fungi isolated from the indonesian fermented dried cassava, with particular application on poultry.the study aimed to evaluate the probiotic properties, antioxidant activity and fermentative capacity of acremonium charticola and rhizopus oryzae isolated from the indonesian fermented dried cassava, with particular application on poultry. a. charticola inhibited the growth of escherichia coli and aspergillus flavus. a. charticola and r. oryzae grew in potato dextrose agar (pda) adjusted to ph 3 and 8 or in pda supplemented with bile salt up to 0.8%. after soaking for 8 hr, the survival rate of ...201526839501
high-resolution identification and abundance profiling of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) micrornas.small rnas (srnas) are endogenous srnas that play regulatory roles in plant growth, development, and biotic and abiotic stress responses. in plants, one subset of srnas, micrornas (mirnas) exhibit tissue-differential expression and regulate gene expression mainly through direct cleavage of mrna or indirectly via production of secondary phased sirnas (phasirnas) that silence cognate target transcripts in trans.201626822616
comparative analysis of virus-derived small rnas within cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) infected with cassava brown streak viruses.infection of plant cells by viral pathogens triggers rna silencing, an innate antiviral defense mechanism. in response to infection, small rnas (srnas) are produced that associate with argonaute (ago)-containing silencing complexes which act to inactivate viral genomes by posttranscriptional gene silencing (ptgs). deep sequencing was used to compare virus-derived small rnas (vsrnas) in cassava genotypes nase 3, tme 204 and 60444 infected with the positive sense single-stranded rna (+ssrna) virus ...201626811902
unveiling the micronome of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).micrornas (mirnas) are an important class of endogenous non-coding single-stranded small rnas (21-24 nt in length), which serve as post-transcriptional negative regulators of gene expression in plants. despite the economic importance of manihot esculenta crantz (cassava) only 153 putative cassava mirnas (from multiple germplasm) are available to date in mirbase (version 21), and identification of a number of mirnas from the cassava est database have been limited to comparisons with arabidopsis. ...201626799216
a geographic distribution database of the neotropical cassava whitefly complex (hemiptera, aleyrodidae) and their associated parasitoids and hyperparasitoids (hymenoptera).whiteflies (hemiptera, aleyrodidae) are represented by more than 1,500 herbivorous species around the world. some of them are notorious pests of cassava (manihot esculenta), a primary food crop in the tropics. particularly destructive is a complex of neotropical cassava whiteflies whose distribution remains restricted to their native range. despite their importance, neither their distribution, nor that of their associated parasitoids, is well documented. this paper therefore reports observationa ...201526798295
proteomics profiling reveals carbohydrate metabolic enzymes and 14-3-3 proteins play important roles for starch accumulation during cassava root tuberization.cassava is one of the most important root crops as a reliable source of food and carbohydrates. carbohydrate metabolism and starch accumulation in cassava storage root is a cascade process that includes large amounts of proteins and cofactors. here, comparative proteomics were conducted in cassava root at nine developmental stages. a total of 154 identified proteins were found to be differentially expressed during starch accumulation and root tuberization. many enzymes involved in starch and suc ...201626791570
production of freeze-dried yeast culture for the brewing of traditional sorghum beer, tchapalo.freeze-drying is a well-known dehydration method widely used to preserve microorganisms. in order to produce freeze-dried yeast starter culture for the brewing purpose of african sorghum beer, we tested protective agents (sucrose, glucose, glycerol) in combination with support materials (millet, maize, sorghum, and cassava flours) at 1:1 ratio (v/v). the yeast strains saccharomyces cerevisiae f 12-7 and candida tropicalis c 0-7 previously isolated from sorghum beer were used in a mixed culture a ...201626788308
nutritional composition of fufu analog flour produced from cassava root (manihot esculenta) and cocoyam (colocasia esculenta) tuber.nutritional properties of fufu analog produced from co-processing of cassava and cocoyam were studied. cassava and cocoyam were fermented for 72 h, dried to obtain fufu flour. proximate, functional, minerals, antinutritional factor, pasting properties, and sensory evaluation of various samples were determined. the results revealed that the moisture contents of the samples showed significant difference from control with values between 6.50 and 7.30%. the protein contents (1.68-4.98%), ash (1.84-4 ...201526788301
production of a protein-rich extruded snack base using tapioca starch, sorghum flour and casein.a protein-rich puffed snack was produced using a twin screw extruder and the effects of varying levels of tapioca starch (11 to 40 parts), rennet casein (6 to 20 parts) and sorghum flour (25 to 75 parts) on physico-chemical properties and sensory attributes of the product studied. an increasing level of sorghum flour resulted in a decreasing whiteness (hunter l* value) of the snack. although the starch also generally tended to make the product increasingly darker, both starch and casein showed r ...201626787933
inversion induced manihot esculenta stem tubers express key tuberization genes; mec1, rzf, susy1 and pin2.cassava (m. esculenta) gives rise to unique underground stem tubers when stem cuttings are planted in an inverted orientation. the nutritional profile of the stem and root tubers were similar except for protein content which was higher in stem than in root tubers. rt-pcr revealed that several key genes (mec1, rzf, susy1 and pin2) involved in root tuberization were also expressed in these stem tubers. at five weeks post planting, these genes were expressed in roots and underground stems as in the ...201626785907
contribution of hippocampal area ca1 to acetone cyanohydrin-induced loss of motor coordination in rats.some vegetable foodstuffs contain toxic compounds that, when consumed, favour the development of certain diseases. cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is an important food source, but it contains cyanogenic glucosides (linamarin and lotaustralin) that have been associated with the development of tropical ataxic neuropathy and konzo. in rats, intraperitoneal administration of acetone cyanohydrin (a metabolite of linamarin) produces neurological disorders and neuronal damage in the hippocampus. how ...201726774413
performance, nitrogen balance and microbial efficiency of beef cattle under concentrate supplementation strategies in intensive management of a tropical pasture.the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of concentrate supplementation strategies on the nutritional characteristics of beef cattle in intensive management of tropical pasture. twenty-four nellore steer at 250 kg body weight (bw) were used, divided into two plots, with 12 animals in each plot. the experimental area consisted of 32 paddocks with 0.25 ha of panicum maximum cv. mombaça. the experiment consisted of 96-day experimental periods, with three periods of 32 days. the strate ...201626768894
high-throughput multiplex real-time pcr assay for the simultaneous quantification of dna and rna viruses infecting cassava plants.to develop a multiplex taqman-based real-time pcr assay (qpcr) for the simultaneous detection and quantification of both rna and dna viruses affecting cassava (manihot esculenta) in eastern africa.201626743662
protein enrichment of cassava residue using trichoderma pseudokoningii (atcc 26801).solid state fermentation of cassava residue with trichoderma pseudokoningii was conducted for 12 days. the fermentation was carried out at temperature of 24 °c and a ph of 5.0. urea and ammonium sulphate were used as nutrient sources and moisture content varied at 60 and 70 %. protein content of the unfermented cassava residue was increased from 8.4 to 12.5 % when urea was used with initial moisture content of 70 % w/v. this study showed that a maximum of 48.1 % protein enrichment was achieved u ...201526695947
diversity, physicochemical and technological characterization of elite cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) cultivars of bantè, a district of central benin.cassava is one of the staple food crops contributing significantly to food and nutrition security in benin. this study aimed to assess the diversity of the elite cassava cultivars of bantè district, determine the physicochemical properties of the most preferred ones as well as the sensory attributes of their major derived products (gari and tapioca), and compare them with the farmers' and processors' perception on their technological qualities. the ethnobotanical investigation revealed existence ...201526693522
microbial control of the invasive spiraling whitefly on cassava with entomopathogenic fungi.the entomopathogenic fungi beauveria bassiana, metarhizium anisopliae, lecanicillium lecanii and isaria fumosorosea were tested for their efficacy in managing the exotic spiraling whitefly aleurodicus dispersus (hemiptera, aleyrodidae) on cassava (manihot esculenta) during 2 seasons (2011-2012 and 2012-2013). the fungi i. fumosorosea and l. lecanii exhibited promising levels of control (> 70% mortality of the a. dispersus population). the percent mortality increased over time in both seasons. ap ...201726691465
uv-visible scanning spectrophotometry and chemometric analysis as tools for carotenoids analysis in cassava genotypes (manihot esculenta crantz).in this study, the metabolomics characterization focusing on the carotenoid composition of ten cassava (manihot esculenta) genotypes cultivated in southern brazil by uv-visible scanning spectrophotometry and reverse phase-high performance liquid chromatography was performed. cassava roots rich in β-carotene are an important staple food for populations with risk of vitamin a deficiency. cassava genotypes with high pro-vitamin a activity have been identified as a strategy to reduce the prevalence ...201526673931
risk assessment of gene flow from genetically engineered virus resistant cassava to wild relatives in africa: an expert panel report.the probability and consequences of gene flow to wild relatives is typically considered in the environmental risk assessment of genetically engineered crops. this is a report from a discussion by a group of experts who used a problem formulation approach to consider existing information for risk assessment of gene flow from cassava (manihot esculenta) genetically engineered for virus resistance to the 'wild' (naturalized) relative m. glaziovii in east africa. two environmental harms were conside ...201626667472
loss of cmd2-mediated resistance to cassava mosaic disease in plants regenerated through somatic embryogenesis.cassava mosaic disease (cmd) and cassava brown streak disease (cbsd) are the two most important viral diseases affecting cassava production in africa. three sources of resistance are employed to combat cmd: polygenic recessive resistance, termed cmd1, the dominant monogenic type, named cmd2, and the recently characterized cmd3. the farmer-preferred cultivar tme 204 carries inherent resistance to cmd mediated by cmd2, but is highly susceptible to cbsd. selected plants of tme 204 produced for rna ...201626662210
the role of ascorbate peroxidase, guaiacol peroxidase, and polysaccharides in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) roots under postharvest physiological deterioration.this study aimed to investigate the role of ascorbate peroxidase (apx), guaiacol peroxidase (gpx), polysaccharides, and protein contents associated with the early events of postharvest physiological deterioration (ppd) in cassava roots. increases in apx and gpx activity, as well as total protein contents occurred from 3 to 5 days of storage and were correlated with the delay of ppd. cassava samples stained with periodic acid-schiff (pas) highlighted the presence of starch and cellulose. degradat ...201626617011
display of phytase on the cell surface of saccharomyces cerevisiae to degrade phytate phosphorus and improve bioethanol production.currently, development of biofuels as an alternative fuel has gained much attention due to resource and environmental challenges. bioethanol is one of most important and dominant biofuels, and production using corn or cassava as raw materials has become a prominent technology. however, phytate contained in the raw material not only decreases the efficiency of ethanol production, but also leads to an increase in the discharge of phosphorus, thus impacting on the environment. in this study, to dec ...201626610799
tapioca starch blended alginate mucoadhesive-floating beads for intragastric delivery of metoprolol tartrate.the objective of the study was to develop tapioca starch blended alginate mucoadhesive-floating beads for the intragastric delivery of metoprolol tartrate (mt). the beads were prepared by ionotropic gelation method using calcium chloride as crosslinker and gas forming calcium carbonate (caco3) as floating inducer. the alginate gel beads having 51-58% entrapped mt showed 90% release within 45 min in gastric medium (ph 1.2). tapioca starch blending markedly improved the entrapment efficiency (88%) ...201626592698
mapping and identification of cassava mosaic geminivirus dna-a and dna-b genome sequences for efficient sirna expression and rnai based virus resistance by transient agro-infiltration studies.geminiviruses are among the most serious pathogens of many economically important crop plants and rna interference (rnai) is an important strategy for their control. although any fragment of a viral genome can be used to generate a double stranded (ds) rna trigger, the precursor for generation of sirnas, the exact sequence and size requirements for efficient gene silencing and virus resistance have so far not been investigated. previous efforts to control geminiviruses by gene silencing mostly t ...201626581664
comparison of gene activation by two tal effectors from xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis reveals candidate host susceptibility genes in cassava.xanthomonas axonopodis pv. manihotis (xam) employs transcription activator-like (tal) effectors to promote bacterial growth and symptom formation during infection of cassava. tal effectors are secreted via the bacterial type iii secretion system into plant cells, where they are directed to the nucleus, bind dna in plant promoters and activate the expression of downstream genes. the dna-binding activity of tal effectors is carried out by a central domain which contains a series of repeat variable ...201626575863
enhancement of yellow pigment production by intraspecific protoplast fusion of monascus spp. yellow mutant (ade(-)) and white mutant (prototroph).to breed industrially useful strains of a slow-growing, yellow pigment producing strain of monascus sp., protoplasts of monascus purpureus yellow mutant (ade(-)) and rapid-growing m. purpureus white mutant (prototroph) were fused and fusants were selected on minimal medium (mm). preliminary conventional protoplast fusion of the two strains was performed and the result showed that only white colonies were detected on mm. it was not able to differentiate the fusants from the white parental prototr ...201626562446
cassava root membrane proteome reveals activities during storage root maturation.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) is one of the most important crops of thailand. its storage roots are used as food, feed, starch production, and be the important source for biofuel and biodegradable plastic production. despite the importance of cassava storage roots, little is known about the mechanisms involved in their formation. this present study has focused on comparison of the expression profiles of cassava root proteome at various developmental stages using two-dimensional gel electrop ...201626547558
amazonian delicacy tucupi is as erosive as a cola-based soft drink.acidic diets are advocated as main risk factor for tooth erosion, which could be prevented, or at least controlled, if patients were early advised. it is important to identify, hence, if possible dietary constituents regionally consumed on large scale, such as tucupi, a low-ph yellowish-green color and strong flavor delicacy made from the juice of a bitter cassava, may explain its occurrence in specific patient groups. this cross-over in situ/ex vivo study evaluated tucupi's ability to promote e ...201626547020
transition from somatic embryo to friable embryogenic callus in cassava: dynamic changes in cellular structure, physiological status, and gene expression profiles.friable embryogenic callus (fec) is considered as the most suitable material for efficient genetic transformation of cassava. heavy genotype dependence of fec induction and amenability to somaclonal variation limits the production and maintenance of reliable fec. identifying key elements involved in biological processes from somatic embryos (ses) to fec at different stages provides critical insights for fec improvement. cytological observation showed a dramatic change of subcellular structures a ...201526500668
cg gene body dna methylation changes and evolution of duplicated genes in cassava.dna methylation is important for the regulation of gene expression and the silencing of transposons in plants. here we present genome-wide methylation patterns at single-base pair resolution for cassava (manihot esculenta, cultivar tme 7), a crop with a substantial impact in the agriculture of subtropical and tropical regions. on average, dna methylation levels were higher in all three dna sequence contexts (cg, chg, and chh, where h equals a, t, or c) than those of the most well-studied model p ...201526483493
production of raw starch-degrading enzyme by aspergillus sp. and its use in conversion of inedible wild cassava flour to bioethanol.the major bottlenecks in achieving competitive bioethanol fuel are the high cost of feedstock, energy and enzymes employed in pretreatment prior to fermentation. lignocellulosic biomass has been proposed as an alternative feedstock, but because of its complexity, economic viability is yet to be realized. therefore, research around non-conventional feedstocks and deployment of bioconversion approaches that downsize the cost of energy and enzymes is justified. in this study, a non-conventional fee ...201626481161
the metabolic effects of consumption of yellow cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) on some biochemical parameters in experimental rats.the metabolism of yellow cassava (variety tms 01/1368) was investigated in male albino rats fed a diet containing yellow cassava for 7 to 28 days. there were significant increases (p < 0.05) in total and free cyanide and thiocyanate in the sera and urine samples of the experimental rats compared with the control, significant increases (p < 0.05) in serum glucose, alanine aminotransaminase, aspartate aminotransaminase, and alkaline phosphatase levels of the experimental rats compared with the con ...201526467190
enhanced direct fermentation of cassava to butanol by clostridium species strain boh3 in cofactor-mediated medium.the main challenge of cassava-based biobutanol production is to enhance the simultaneous saccharification and fermentation with high hyperamylolytic activity and butanol yield. manipulation of cofactor [e.g., ca(2+) and nad/(p)h] levels as a potential tool to modulate carbon flux plays a key role in the cassava hydrolysis capacity and butanol productivity. here, we aimed to develop a technology for enhancing butanol production with simultaneous hydrolysis of cassava (a typical model as a non-cer ...201526464582
quantification of african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) and east african cassava mosaic virus (eacmv-ug) in single and mixed infected cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) using quantitative pcr.the quantity of genomic dna-a and dna-b of african cassava mosaic virus (acmv) and east african cassava mosaic virus uganda (uganda variant, eacmv-ug) was analysed using quantitative pcr to assess virus concentrations in plants from susceptible and tolerant cultivars. the concentrations of genome components in absolute and relative quantification experiments in single and mixed viral infections were determined. virus concentration was much higher in symptomatic leaf tissues compared to non-sympt ...201626456453
analyses of twelve new whole genome sequences of cassava brown streak viruses and ugandan cassava brown streak viruses from east africa: diversity, supercomputing and evidence for further speciation.cassava brown streak disease is caused by two devastating viruses, cassava brown streak virus (cbsv) and ugandan cassava brown streak virus (ucbsv) which are frequently found infecting cassava, one of sub-saharan africa's most important staple food crops. each year these viruses cause losses of up to $100 million usd and can leave entire families without their primary food source, for an entire year. twelve new whole genomes, including seven of cbsv and five of ucbsv were uncovered in this resea ...201526439260
effect of concentrate supplementation on nutrient digestibility and growth of brahman crossbred cattle fed a basal diet of grass and rice straw.an experiment was conducted in vietnam to test the hypothesis that total dry matter (dm) intake and liveweight (lw) gain would increase in a curvilinear manner with increasing amounts of concentrate offered.201526413310
aerobic cyanide degradation by bacterial isolates from cassava factory wastewater.ten bacterial strains that utilize cyanide (cn) as a nitrogen source were isolated from cassava factory wastewater after enrichment in a liquid media containing sodium cyanide (1 mm) and glucose (0.2% w/v). the strains could tolerate and grow in cyanide concentrations of up to 5 mm. increased cyanide levels in the media caused an extension of lag phase in the bacterial growth indicating that they need some period of acclimatisation. the rate of cyanide removal by the strains depends on the initi ...201526413045
prevalence and risk factors for active convulsive epilepsy in kintampo, ghana.epilepsy is common in sub-saharan africa, but there is little data in west africa, to develop public health measures for epilepsy in this region.201526401223
dietary patterns in pregnancy and birth weight.objective to analyze if dietary patterns during the third gestational trimester are associated with birth weight.methods longitudinal study conducted in the cities of petropolis and queimados, rio de janeiro (rj), southeastern brazil, between 2007 and 2008. we analyzed data from the first and second follow-up wave of a prospective cohort. food consumption of 1,298 pregnant women was assessed using a semi-quantitative questionnaire about food frequency. dietary patterns were obtained by explorato ...201526398873
tracking crop varieties using genotyping-by-sequencing markers: a case study using cassava (manihot esculenta crantz).accurate identification of crop cultivars is crucial in assessing the impact of crop improvement research outputs. two commonly used identification approaches, elicitation of variety names from farmer interviews and morphological plant descriptors, have inherent uncertainty levels. genotyping-by-sequencing (gbs) was used in a case study as an alternative method to track released varieties in farmers' fields, using cassava, a clonally propagated root crop widely grown in the tropics, and often di ...201526395668
resistance gene analogs involved in tolerant cassava--geminivirus interaction that shows a recovery phenotype.the current literature describes recovery from virus-induced symptoms as a rna silencing defense, but immunity-related genes, including the structurally specific resistance gene analogs (rgas) that may play a key role in tolerance and recovery is not yet reported. in this study, the transcriptome data of tolerant cassava tme3 (which exhibits a recovery phenotype) and susceptible cassava t200 infected with south african cassava mosaic virus were explored for rgas. putative resistance protein anal ...201526370397
somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration of cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) landraces from cameroon.a procedure to regenerate cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) cultivars from cameroon via somatic embryogenesis (se) was developed. shoot apical meristems and immature leaf lobes were used as explants on murashige and skoog (ms) basal medium containing 33 or 50 µm of the auxins picloram (pic), 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-d), dicamba (dic), and α-naphthalene acetic acid. cultivar performance was assessed using se and number of somatic embryos produced. overall, the frequency of primary som ...201526361578
physical localization of molecular markers and assignment of the 15th linkage group to chromosome 11 of the karyotype in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) by primed in situ labeling.physical localization of molecular markers and assignment of the 15th linkage group to chromosome 11 of the karyotype in cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) were achieved using primed in situ labeling. amplified signals for both the est507-1 and ssry13-5 markers were consistently observed in different stages of cell division. a comparison of the length, arm ratio, and other morphological characteristics of somatic metaphase chromosomes in karyotype analysis indicated that the est507-1 and ssry13- ...201526345763
effect of starch-beeswax coatings on quality parameters of blackberries (rubus spp.).there is increased interest in berry fruits due to health benefits, and maintenance of fruit quality for longer periods of time has been a priority. we previously found that starch based coatings applied on raspberries was associated to volatile compounds production due to anoxic conditions. the objective of this work was to design more hydrophobic coatings with reduced thickness. a starch-beeswax dispersion containing 2 % (w/v) modified tapioca starch added with either 0.5 or 1.0 % (w/v) beeswa ...201526344973
lysinibacillus louembei sp. nov., a spore-forming bacterium isolated from ntoba mbodi, alkaline fermented leaves of cassava from the republic of the congo.investigation of the microbial diversity of ntoba mbodi, an african food made from the alkaline fermentation of cassava leaves, revealed the presence of a gram-positive, catalase-positive, aerobic, motile and rod-shaped endospore-forming bacterium (nm73) with unusual phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. the analysis of the 16s rrna gene sequence revealed that the isolate was most closely related to lysinibacillus meyeri ws 4626t (98.93%), lysinibacillus xylanilyticus xdb9t (96.95%) and lysi ...201526333923
meristem micropropagation of cassava (manihot esculenta) evokes genome-wide changes in dna methylation.there is great interest in the phenotypic, genetic and epigenetic changes associated with plant in vitro culture known as somaclonal variation. in vitro propagation systems that are based on the use of microcuttings or meristem cultures are considered analogous to clonal cuttings and so widely viewed to be largely free from such somaclonal effects. in this study, we surveyed for epigenetic changes during propagation by meristem culture and by field cuttings in five cassava (manihot esculenta) cu ...201526322052
augmenting iron accumulation in cassava by the beneficial soil bacterium bacillus subtilis (gbo3).cassava (manihot esculenta), a major staple food in the developing world, provides a basic carbohydrate diet for over half a billion people living in the tropics. despite the iron abundance in most soils, cassava provides insufficient iron for humans as the edible roots contain 3-12 times less iron than other traditional food crops such as wheat, maize, and rice. with the recent identification that the beneficial soil bacterium bacillus subtilis (strain gb03) activates iron acquisition machinery ...201526300897
effect of cassava bioethanol by-product and crude palm oil in brahman x thai native yearling heifer cattle diets: ii. carcass characteristics and meat quality.this experiment was conducted to determine the effects of cassava bioethanol by-product (cep) and crude palm oil (cpo) on the carcass characteristics and meat quality of yearling heifer cattle. eighteen crossbred brahman × thai heifers were randomly allotted to 2 × 3 factorial arrangement consisting of two levels of cep (15 or 30 %, lcep or hcep) and 3 levels of cpo (0, 2, and 4 %). the results obtained showed that lean meat was greater (p < 0.05) in hcep-fed cattle, but bone percentage and lean ...201526292792
preparation of gasification feedstock from leafy biomass.dried leaves are a potential source of energy although these are not commonly used beside to satisfy daily energy demands in rural areas. this paper aims at preparing a leafy biomass feedstock in the form of briquettes which can be directly used for combustion or to extract the combustible gas using a gasifier. teak (tectona grandis) and rubber (hevea brasiliensis) leaves are considered for the present study. a binder-assisted briquetting technique with tapioca starch as binder is adopted. prope ...201626289326
bioenergy from stillage anaerobic digestion to enhance the energy balance ratio of ethanol production.the challenges associated with the availability of fossil fuels in the past decades intensified the search for alternative energy sources, based on an ever-increasing demand for energy. in this context, the application of anaerobic digestion (ad) as a core treatment technology in industrial plants should be highlighted, since this process combines the pollution control of wastewaters and the generation of bioenergy, based on the conversion of the organic fraction to biogas, a methane-rich gaseou ...201526233583
overexpression of the transporters atzip1 and atmtp1 in cassava changes zinc accumulation and partitioning.zinc deficiency in humans is a serious problem worldwide with an estimated one third of populations at risk for insufficient zinc in diet, which leads to impairment of cognitive abilities and immune system function. the goal of this research was to increase the bioavailable zinc in the edible portion of cassava roots to improve the overall zinc nutrition of populations that rely on cassava as a dietary staple. to increase zinc concentrations, two arabidopsis thaliana genes coding for zip1 and mt ...201526217349
[preparation technique of tetraploid of dioscorea zingiberensis synthetic seed based on embryogenic callus].to provide technical support for industrialization promotion of tetraploid of dioscorea zingiberensis, the manufacturing method for synthetic seeds of tetraploid of dioscorea zingiberensis was established and the correlated influential factors were studied.201526214862
genetic fidelity and variability of micropropagated cassava plants (manihot esculenta crantz) evaluated using issr markers.molecular markers are efficient for assessing the genetic fidelity of various species of plants after in vitro culture. in this study, we evaluated the genetic fidelity and variability of micropropagated cassava plants (manihot esculenta crantz) using inter-simple sequence repeat markers. twenty-two cassava accessions from the embrapa cassava & fruits germplasm bank were used. for each accession, dna was extracted from a plant maintained in the field and from 3 plants grown in vitro. for dna amp ...201526214457
effect of different levels of mangosteen peel powder supplement on the performance of dairy cows fed concentrate containing yeast fermented cassava chip protein.this study aimed to investigate the effect of mangosteen (garcinia mangostana) peel powder (msp) supplementation on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, ruminal fermentation, and milk production in lactating dairy cows fed a concentrate containing yeast fermented cassava chip protein (yefecap). four crossbred dairy cows (50 % holstein-friesian and 50 % thai native breed) in mid-lactation, 404 ± 50.0 kg of body weight and 90 ± 5 day in milk with daily milk production of 9 ± 2.0 kg/day, were rando ...201526205904
energy value of cassava products in broiler chicken diets with or without enzyme supplementation.this study investigated the metabolizable energy (me) intake, net energy of production (nep), heat production (hp), efficiencies of me use for energy, lipid and protein retention as well as the performance of broiler chickens fed diets based on cassava chips or pellets with or without supplementation with an enzyme product containing xylanase, amylase, protease and phytase. the two products, cassava chips and pellets, were analysed for nutrient composition prior to feed formulation. the cassava ...201526194227
applying behavioral ecology and behavioral economics to conservation and development planning: an example from the mikea forest, madagascar.governments and non-govermental organizations (ngos) that plan projects to conserve the environment and alleviate poverty often attempt to modify rural livelihoods by halting activities they judge to be destructive or inefficient and encouraging alternatives. project planners typically do so without understanding how rural people themselves judge the value of their activities. when the alternatives planners recommend do not replace the value of banned activities, alternatives are unlikely to be ...200726181059
soluble dextrin fibers alter the intestinal microbiota and reduce proinflammatory cytokine secretion in male il-10-deficient mice.prebiotic fibers stimulate the growth and activity of the gut microbiota. interleukin 10-deficient (il-10(-/-)) mice develop a colitis that is influenced by the gut microbial composition.201526180249
cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) and yam (dioscorea spp.) crops and their derived foodstuffs: safety, security and nutritional value.cassava (manihot esculenta crantz) and yam (dioscorea spp.) are tropical crops consumed by ca. 2 billion people and represent the main source of carbohydrate and energy for the approximately 700 million people living in the tropical and sub-tropical areas. they are a guarantee of food security for developing countries. the production of these crops and the transformation into food-derived commodities is increasing, it represents a profitable business and farmers generate substantial income from ...201626165549
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