Publications

carrier herbal medicine: an evaluation of the antimicrobial and anticancer activity in some frequently used remedies.	the antimicrobial properties of some traditional carrier herbal preparations were evaluated using an agar dilution method. pitch preparations were screened against known human pathogens: escherichia coli, staphylococcus aureus, pseudomonas aeruginosa, candida albicans and aspergillus fumigatus. the results indicated definite antimicrobial activity in the pitch preparations of picea glauca and pinus contorta and provide a starting point for pharmacognostic evaluation of these species. in addition ...	1996	8771456
carrier herbal medicine: traditional and contemporary plant use.	the carrier, an athapaskan-speaking people of northcentral british columbia, occupy the sub-boreal spruce forests of the central interior. this report, which is based on field study, documents some traditional and contemporary knowledge of the medicinal use of plants by the carrier people. important medicinal plants include: abies lasiocarpa, alnus incana, arctostaphylos uva-ursi, artemisia frigida, fragaria virginiana, juniperus communis, picea glauca, pinus contorta, populus tremuloides, rubus ...	1996	8735452
biosynthesis of monoterpenes: regio- and stereochemistry of (+)-3-carene biosynthesis.	incubation of [1-3h1]geraniol with stem disks of douglas fir (pseudotsuga menziesii) and incubation of [1-3h1]geranyl pyrophosphate with both a soluble enzyme extract from douglas fir and a partially purified preparation of (+)-3-carene synthase from lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) resulted in the production of (+)-3-[3h] carene. subsequent conversion of the product to car-3-en-5-one and to 4-isocaranone followed by base-catalyzed exchange of the alpha-hydrogens established that the 3h located a ...	1993	8373196
diterpenoid resin acid biosynthesis in conifers: characterization of two cytochrome p450-dependent monooxygenases and an aldehyde dehydrogenase involved in abietic acid biosynthesis.	abietic acid is a major component of the rosin fraction of oleoresin synthesized by grand fir (abies grandis), lodgepole pine (pinus contorta), and many other conifer species as a defensive secretion against insect and pathogen attack. the diterpenoid resin acid is derived from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate via abietadiene, with subsequent oxidation of the c18-methyl of this olefin to abietadienol, abietadienal, and abietic acid. the pathway was confirmed by administering [1,2-14c]acetic acid to ...	1994	8311462
monoterpene synthases of pinus contorta and related conifers. a new class of terpenoid cyclase.	a cell-free extract from the xylem of lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) catalyzes the conversion of [1-3h1]geranyl pyrophosphate to a variety of monoterpene olefins found in lodgepole pine oleoresin. this monoterpene synthase activity is similar to previously described terpenoid cyclases from grand fir (abies grandis) and other higher plants in molecular mass (67 +/- 2 kda as estimated by size-exclusion chromatography), km for geranyl pyrophosphate (7.8 +/- 1.9 microm), and isoelectric point (4.75 ...	1994	8307957
a genomic clone of a type i cab gene encoding a light harvesting chlorophyll a/b binding protein of photosystem ii identified from lodgepole pine.	a type i cab gene encoding chlorophyll a and b binding protein from lodgepole pine (pinus contorta dougl., var. latifolia (engelm.)) has been isolated and sequenced. the gene encodes a proposed 40 amino acid transit peptide and a 234 amino acid mature cab polypeptide. there is no evidence of an intron and examination of the type-specific amino acids confirm this to be a photosystem ii type i cab gene. the coding region is highly conserved with a similar gene from scots pine, the homology extendi ...	1994	8181737
diterpenoid resin acid biosynthesis in conifers: enzymatic cyclization of geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate to abietadiene, the precursor of abietic acid.	abietic acid is a major component of the rosin fraction of oleoresin synthesized by conifer species, such as grand fir (abies grandis) and lodgepole pine (pinus contorta), as a defensive secretion against insect and pathogen attack. this diterpenoid resin acid is derived from geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate by conversion to abietadiene and sequential oxidation of the c18-methyl group of the precursor olefin to a carboxyl function. resin acid biosynthesis is constitutively expressed at high levels i ...	1994	8053674
paternally inherited chloroplast polymorphism in pinus: estimation of diversity and population subdivision, and tests of disequilibrium with a maternally inherited mitochondrial polymorphism.	we have surveyed a chloroplast dna restriction fragment length polymorphism in 745 individuals, distributed rangewide in eight allopatric natural populations of jack pine (pinus banksiana lamb.) and eight allopatric natural populations of lodgepole pine (pinus contorta dougl.). the polymorphic region of the chloroplast genome is located near duplicated psba genes. fourteen length variants were found in the survey, and these variants distinguished the two species qualitatively. variant diversitie ...	1994	8005423
identification and expression of the chloroplast clpp gene in the conifer pinus contorta.	the clpp gene from the conifer pinus contorta was identified and isolated from a chloroplast genomic library by heterologous hybridisation to the second exon of the chloroplast clpp gene in tobacco. dna sequencing of two overlapping clones revealed an uninterrupted 615 bp open-reading frame with 41 to 65% similarity to the clpp genes in five other chloroplast genomes and escherichia coli. the 615 bp sequence in p. contorta contained perfectly matched motifs for the serine and histidine active si ...	1994	7999999
a beta-glucosidase from lodgepole pine xylem specific for the lignin precursor coniferin.	coniferin, the glucoside of the monolignol coniferyl alcohol, accumulates to high levels in gymnosperms during spring-cambial reactivation. a cinnamyl alcohol glucoside/beta-glucosidase system is thought to play a key role in lignification by releasing the monolignol aglycones. investigation of such an enzyme system in the xylem of pinus contorta var latifolia engelm. revealed two major beta-glucosidases. one efficiently hydrolyzed the native substrate, coniferin, and the other was more active a ...	1995	7724669
polymorphic simple sequence repeat regions in chloroplast genomes: applications to the population genetics of pines.	simple sequence repeats (ssrs), consisting of tandemly repeated multiple copies of mono-, di-, tri-, or tetranucleotide motifs, are ubiquitous in eukaryotic genomes and are frequently used as genetic markers, taking advantage of their length polymorphism. we have examined the polymorphism of such sequences in the chloroplast genomes of plants, by using a pcr-based assay. genbank searches identified the presence of several (da)n.(dt)n mononucleotide stretches in chloroplast genomes. a chloroplast ...	1995	7644491
monoterpene synthases from gymnosperms and angiosperms: stereospecificity and inactivation by cysteinyl- and arginyl-directed modifying reagents.	to further define specific structural and mechanistic differences among monoterpene synthases from divergent plant sources, the stereospecificity of the enzyme-catalyzed isomerization of geranyl pyrophosphate to linalyl pyrophosphate and the subsequent cyclization to monoterpene olefins (which have been well established for monoterpene synthases from herbaceous angiosperms) were examined for monoterpene synthases from a conifer, lodgepole pine (pinus contorta). the chiral monoterpenes isolated f ...	1995	7625832
the fate of fenitrothion in a stream environment and its effect on the fauna, following aerial spraying of a scottish forest.	in order to control an infestation of pine beauty moth (panolis flammea schiff.) fenitrothion was applied at a rate of 300 g ha-1 to a forest plantation consisting primarily of lodgepole pine (pinus contorta loud.) and sitka spruce (picea sitchensis carriere) using the ultra-low volume spraying technique. the concentration of fenitrothion in the forest stream rose to a maximum of 18 micrograms l-1 within the treated area an hour after spraying, but fell to 0.5 microgram l-1 after 24 hs. there wa ...	1981	7280656
the role of plant hormones in higher plant cellular differentiation. ii. experiments with the vascular cambium, and sclereid and tracheid differentiation in the pine, pinus contorta.	in sterile-cultured explants of stems of the pine pinus contorta dougl., fusiform cambial cells differentiated entirely into axial parenchyma cells when exogenous indol-3yl-acetic acid (iaa) was omitted. the normal appearance of the cambial zone was maintained when iaa was included in the medium. the iaa-maintained stability of cambial structure suggests physiological rather than epigenetic control over vascular cambium structure. iaa was essential for the occurrence of callus growth in stem exp ...	1983	6223902
chloroplast dna polymorphisms in lodgepole and jack pines and their hybrids.	samples taken from throughout the ranges of distribution of lodgepole pine (pinus contorta dougl. ex. loud.) and jack pine (pinus banksiana lamb.) were assayed for sal i and sst i chloroplast dna restriction fragment variation. although the chloroplast genome is often regarded as highly conserved, at least 2 distinct sal i and 13 distinct sst i restriction fragment banding patterns occur in these closely related species. none of the chloroplast dna restriction fragment banding patterns observed ...	1987	3470779
spatial autocorrelation analysis of the distribution of genotypes within populations of lodgepole pine.	spatial autocorrelation analyses of point samples within two populations of lodgepole pine (pinus contorta ssp. latifolia) indicate that single-locus mature tree and pollen genotypes are distributed in a nearly random fashion for most of the allozyme loci assayed. this lack of structure in the distributions of most genotypes is consistent with outcrossing rates that are very nearly 1.0 and with estimates indicating that both pollen and seed are dispersed over long distances in lodgepole pine. ho ...	1989	2731726
a three-step model for the rearrangement of the chloroplast trnk-psba region of the gymnosperm pinus contorta.	a region of the pinus contorta chloroplast genome which contains a duplication of the psba gene was characterized. from previous experiments it was known that the two copies of the psba gene were located approximately 3.3 kilobase pairs (kbp) apart, that they had the same orientation and that one endpoint of the duplication was 19 base pairs (bp) downstream of the psba stop codon. in order to determine the size and additional genetic content of the duplicated segment, both copies as well as the ...	1991	2057349
homologues of the green algal gida gene and the liverwort frxc gene are present on the chloroplast genomes of conifers.	strong hybridization signals were obtained from total dna of two conifers, lodgepole pine (pinus contorta) and norway spruce (picea abies), in a southern blot analysis using a probe derived from the chloroplast gida gene of the green alga chlamydomonas reinhardtii. the pine fragments detected by the probe were found to originate from the chloroplast genome and, as judged by the signal intensity, this was also true for the spruce fragments. sequence analysis of the hybridizing pine chloroplast dn ...	1991	1912499
duplication of the psba gene in the chloroplast genome of two pinus species.	the psba gene, encoding the d1 protein of photosystem ii, was found to be duplicated in the chloroplast genome of two pine species, pinus contorta and p. banksiana. analysis of cloned overlapping restriction fragments of p. contorta chloroplast dna showed that the two psba genes have the same orientation and are separated by approximately 3.3 kb. the nucleotide sequences of the coding and the upstream regions of the two psba copies were found to be identical, whereas the downstream sequences div ...	1991	1840637
the chloroplast genome of the gymnosperm pinus contorta: a physical map and a complete collection of overlapping clones.	overlapping restriction fragments of chloroplast dna from the conifer pinus contorta were cloned. out of a total of 49 clones, 33 comprise the minimum set required to represent the entire genome. using the purified inserts of these clones as probes in filter hybridizations, all sites for the three restriction enzymes kpni, hpai and saci in the p. contorta chloroplast genome were mapped. heterologous filter hybridizations and sequence analysis of some of the p. contorta clones were used to determ ...	1991	1682061
antigenic cross-reactivity among monoterpene cyclases from grand fir and induction of these enzymes upon stem wounding.	a major wound response in grand fir (abies grandis) sapling stems is the rapid increase in monoterpene production at the site of injury. monoterpene cyclases (synthases) catalyze the formation of monoterpenes from geranyl pyrophosphate, and total cyclase activity increases markedly on wounding. at least six distinct cyclases, producing different monoterpene products, have been isolated from wounded grand fir saplings and characterized. the predominant wound-inducible cyclase produces both alpha- ...	1992	1567222
a functional promoter shift of a chloroplast gene: a transcriptional fusion between a novel psba gene copy and the trnk (uuu) gene in pinus contorta.	a comparative transcription analysis of the chloroplast trnk-psba-trnh region of the two pine species pinus contorta and pinus sylvestris is reported. the chloroplast genome of p. contorta has previously been shown to contain a duplicated psba gene copy integrated closely upstream of the split trnk gene. this rearrangement has resulted in the gene order psbai-trnk-psbaii-trnh, where psbaii is the ancestral psba gene copy. in p. sylvestris, a species which lacks the psba duplication, transcriptio ...	1992	1302639
quantitative assessment of the bacterial rhizosphere flora of pinus contorta var. latifolia.	the bacterial flora associated with root systems of young and mature lodgepole pine was investigated by sampling forest-grown trees. counts were performed and expressed on a surface-area basis to give a more realistic comparison of organism density or activity within the control soil, rhizosphere soil, and rhizoplane. on this basis, densities increased by an order of 10(4)- to 10(6)-fold from control soil to rhizoplane, with the degree of stimulation being inversely related to root radius.	1975	1220866
characterization of the bacterial flora associated with root systems of pinus contorta var. latifolia.	root systems of young and mature lodgepole pine (pinus contorta dougl. var. latifolia englem.) were removed from forest stands and the associated aerobic bacterial flora isolated. characterization of rhizoplane and control soil isolates from these tree root systems demonstrated differences from that reported for agricultural crops. ammonifying, proteolytic, and amylolytic organisms were proportionately reduced within the rhizoplane. the rhizoplane organisms grew more slowly than the control soil ...	1978	747813