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[peculiarities of population-genetic structure of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst) from ukrainian carpathians and poles'e].genetic differences of various populations of picea abies (l.) karst.) have been studied basing on 20 allozyme loci variability. two populations located in ukrainian carpathians (1000-1500 m above sea level) and one plain, island, and scanty population of polesrye were compared. despite their different high-altitude location, geographical remoteness and population size the very low genetic differentiation (dn = 0,003-0,005) was observed. recombination variability analysis showed that populations ...200819253751
[water-holding characteristics of coniferous forest litters in west qinling mountains].by the methods of field survey and soaking extraction, the storage, water-holding capacity, water-holding rate, and water-absorption rate of the litters in larix principis-ruprechtii, larix kaempferi, picea asperate, and picea abies plantations in west qinling mountains were studied. the results showed that the litter storage in the four similar aged coniferous forests decreased in the order of p. asperate (29.81 t x hm(-2)) > p. abies (26.17 t x hm(-2)) > l. kaempferi (13.30 t x hm(-2)) > l. ru ...200819238830
microwave-assisted rapid plant sample preparation for transmission electron microscopy.the preparation of plant leaf material for transmission electron microscopical investigations can be a very time- and labour-consuming task as the reagents infiltrate the samples quite slowly and as usually most steps have to be performed manually. fixation, buffer washes, dehydration, resin infiltration and polymerization of the resin-infiltrated leaf samples can take several days before the specimen can be cut ultrathin and used for ultrastructural investigations. in this study, we present a m ...200919220692
summer temperature dependency of larch budmoth outbreaks revealed by alpine tree-ring isotope chronologies.larch budmoth (lbm, zeiraphera diniana gn.) outbreaks cause discernable physical alteration of cell growth in tree rings of host subalpine larch (larix decidua mill.) in the european alps. however, it is not clear if these outbreaks also impact isotopic signatures in tree-ring cellulose, thereby masking climatic signals. we compared lbm outbreak events in stable carbon and oxygen isotope chronologies of larch and their corresponding tree-ring widths from two high-elevation sites (1800-2200 m a.s ...200919219459
ectomycorrhizal root tips in relation to site and stand characteristics in norway spruce and scots pine stands in boreal forests.variations in ectomycorrhizal (ecm) short root tips of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) in 16 stands throughout finland were studied, and their relationships with latitude, organic layer c:n ratio, temperature sum and foliage biomass were determined. there were no significant differences in ecm root tip frequency (number per milligram of fine roots) or root tip mass between tree species or between northern and southern sites. the ecm root tip number pe ...200919203968
root proliferation of norway spruce and scots pine in response to local magnesium supply in soil.nutrient sources in soils are often heterogeneously distributed. although many studies have examined the root responses to local n and p enrichments in the soil, less research was conducted on root responses to mg patches. new roots of pre-grown mg-insufficient and mg-sufficient plants of norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) seedlings were allowed to grow into four other pots of equal size, which were placed under the tree-bearing pot. soils in the lower p ...200919203945
conifer embryogenic tissue initiation: improvements by supplementation of medium with d-xylose and d-chiro-inositol.a major barrier to the commercialization of somatic embryogenesis technology in loblolly pine (lp, pinus taeda l.) is recalcitrance of some high-value crosses to initiate embryogenic tissue and to continue early-stage somatic embryo growth. developing initiation and multiplication media that resemble the seed environment may decrease this recalcitrance. sugar and sugar alcohol analyses were performed weekly throughout the sequence of seed development for female gametophyte and zygotic embryo tis ...200919203940
effect of 3 years' free-air exposure to elevated ozone on mature norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) needle epicuticular wax physicochemical characteristics.we examined the effect of ozone (o(3)) on norway spruce (picea abies) needle epicuticular wax over three seasons at the kranzberg ozone fumigation experiment. exposure to 2x ambient o(3) ranged from 64.5 to 74.2 microl o(3) l(-1) h aot40, and 117.1 to 123.2 nl o(3) l(-1) 4th highest daily maximum 8-h average o(3) concentration. the proportion of current-year needle surface covered by wax tubes, tube aggregates, and plates decreased (p=0.011) under 2x o(3). epistomatal chambers had increased depo ...200919188008
steam explosion lignins; their extraction, structure and potential as feedstock for biodiesel and chemicals.in the present study, a steam explosion wood pre-treatment process, optimized earlier with respect to ethanol production, has been applied to both softwoods (picea abies and pinus sylvestris) and hardwoods (betula verrucosa and populus tremula). the alkaline extractable lignins have then been isolated to investigate lignin separation efficiency and lignin structure and to evaluate their potential for producing value-added products, such as biodiesel components or chemicals, in terms of the purit ...200919157871
screening of selected food and medicinal plant extracts for pancreatic lipase inhibition.lipids are important components in human nutrition; however, their increased intake contributes to the development of obesity and can lead to multiple long-term complications. pancreatic lipase (triacylglycerol acylhydrolase, ec 3.1.1.3) is a key enzyme for the absorption of dietary triglycerides. interference with fat hydrolysis results in the reduced utilization of ingested lipids, therefore inhibition of lipases decreases fat absorption. extracts from 106 species of medicinal plants, vegetabl ...200919107742
phylogeny of phaeomollisia piceae gen. sp. nov.: a dark, septate, conifer-needle endophyte and its relationships to phialocephala and acephala.dark, septate endophytes (dse) were isolated from roots and needles of dwarf picea abies and from roots of vaccinium spp. growing on a permafrost site in the jura mountains in switzerland. two of the isolates sporulated after incubation for more than one year at 4 degrees c. one of them was a hitherto undescribed helotialean ascomycete phaeomollisia piceae gen. sp. nov., the other was a new species of phialocephala, p. glacialis sp. nov. both species are closely related to dse of the phialocepha ...200919015028
effect of tree species and mycorrhizal colonization on the archaeal population of boreal forest rhizospheres.group 1.1c crenarchaeota are the predominating archaeal group in acidic boreal forest soils. in this study, we show that the detection frequency of 1.1c crenarchaeotal 16s rrna genes in the rhizospheres of the boreal forest trees increased following colonization by the ectomycorrhizal fungus paxillus involutus. this effect was very clear in the fine roots of pinus sylvestris, picea abies, and betula pendula, the most common forest trees in finland. the nonmycorrhizal fine roots had a clearly dif ...200918978075
mollusc grazing may constrain the ecological niche of the old forest lichen pseudocyphellaria crocata.this study reports on mollusc grazing of two epiphytic cyanobacterial lichens (pseudocyphellaria crocata and lobaria pulmonaria) transplanted within three picea abies-dominated boreal rain forest stands (clear-cut, young and old forests) in west central norway. grazing was particularly high in transplants located in the old forest and was almost absent in clear-cut transplants. grazing marks were absent on natural thalli on nearby spruce twigs (required creeping distance for mollusc from the gro ...200818950428
pathogenicity of four blue-stain fungi associated with aggressive and nonaggressive bark beetles.abstract the pathogenicity of two isolates of each of four bark beetle-associated blue-stain fungi was evaluated after mass inoculation of about 40-year-old norway spruce trees (picea abies). trees were inoculated with a different isolate of each fungus in 1995 and 1996 at a density of 400 inoculations per m(2) in a 1.2-m-wide band on the lower bole (about 270 inoculations per tree). trees were felled 15 weeks after inoculation. in 1995, ceratocystis polonica was the only fungus that had stained ...199818944997
pine weevil feeding on norway spruce bark has a stronger impact on needle voc emissions than enhanced ultraviolet-b radiation.plants can respond physiologically to damaging ultraviolet-b radiation by altering leaf chemistry, especially uv absorbing phenolic compounds. however, the effects on terpene emissions have received little attention. we conducted two field trials in plots with supplemented uv-b radiation and assessed the influence of feeding by pine weevils, hylobius abietis l., on volatile emissions from 3-year old norway spruce trees (picea abies l. karst.). we collected emissions from branch tips distal to th ...200918775595
the chromosomal distribution of histone methylation marks in gymnosperms differs from that of angiosperms.the chromosomal distribution of seven histone methylation marks (h3k4me2, h3k9me1,2,3 and h3k27me1,2,3) was analysed in the gymnosperm species pinus sylvestris and picea abies. similarly to the situation in other investigated eukaryotes, dimethylation of lysine 4 of histone h3 is restricted to euchromatin in gymnosperms. surprisingly, also h3k9me1-a mark classified as heterochromatin-specific in angiosperms-labels the euchromatin in p. sylvestris and p. abies. the other investigated methylation ...200818679813
functional characteristics of a tiny but specialized olfactory system: olfactory receptor neurons of carrot psyllids (homoptera: triozidae).with only approximately 50 olfactory receptor neurons (orns), the carrot psyllid trioza apicalis (homoptera: psylloidea) may have the smallest olfactory system described in adult neopteran insects. using single sensillum recordings (ssr) and gas chromatograph-linked ssr, we characterized 4 olfactory sensilla forming a distinct morphological type, which together house approximately 25% of all orns. we recorded responses to extracts and single constituents from daucus carota ssp. sativus, from the ...200818653644
heterologous array analysis in pinaceae: hybridization of pinus taeda cdna arrays with cdna from needles and embryogenic cultures of p. taeda, p. sylvestris or picea abies.hybridization of labelled cdna from various cell types with high-density arrays of expressed sequence tags is a powerful technique for investigating gene expression. few conifer cdna libraries have been sequenced. because of the high level of sequence conservation between pinus and picea we have investigated the use of arrays from one genus for studies of gene expression in the other. the partial cdnas from 384 identifiable genes expressed in differentiating xylem of pinus taeda were printed on ...200218629264
lead isotope ratios in tree bark pockets: an indicator of past air pollution in the czech republic.tree bark pockets were collected at four sites in the czech republic with differing levels of lead (pb) pollution. the samples, spanning 1923-2005, were separated from beech (fagus sylvatica) and spruce (picea abies). elevated pb content (0.1-42.4 microg g(-1)) reflected air pollution in the city of prague. the lowest pb content (0.3-2.6 microg g(-1)) was found at the kosetice emep "background pollution" site. changes in (206)pb/(207)pb and (208)pb/(206)pb isotope ratios were in agreement with o ...200818597820
[genetic structure of populations of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) from ukrainian carpathians].the genetic diversity, subdivision, and differentiation of nine populations of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) in ukrainian carpathians were studied using electrophoretic analysis of variability of enzyme systems in 346 trees aged from 80 to 150 years. based on electrophoretic fractionation of enzymes extracted from seed endosperms in vertical slabs of 7.5% polyacrylamide gel, 20 loci of nine enzyme systems (adh, acp, dia, gdh, got, mdh, lap, fdh, sod) were identified, and 71 allele vari ...200718592689
superior wood for violins--wood decay fungi as a substitute for cold climate.violins produced by antonio stradivari during the late 17th and early 18th centuries are reputed to have superior tonal qualities. dendrochronological studies show that stradivari used norway spruce that had grown mostly during the maunder minimum, a period of reduced solar activity when relatively low temperatures caused trees to lay down wood with narrow annual rings, resulting in a high modulus of elasticity and low density. the main objective was to determine whether wood can be processed us ...200818554266
assessing the suitability of norway spruce wood as an environmental archive for sulphur.the aim of this study was to assess the suitability of norway spruces (picea abies l. karst.) as an environmental archive for sulphur. for this purpose spruce trees were sampled in two distinct regions of switzerland: the alps and the swiss plateau, which differ significantly with respect to s immission. wood samples were measured using two methods: laser ablation high resolution inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (la-hr-icp-ms) and inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrome ...200818534728
throughfall chemistry in a spruce chronosequence in southern poland.the chemical composition of throughfall and canopy leaching, as well as the acid neutralizing capacity and alkalinity depended on the age of norway spruce (picea abies karst) stands and season of the year. a higher amount of sulphur and strong acids was deposited to the soil in the older age classes. concentrations of so(4)(2)(-), k(+), h(+), mn(2+), fe(2+) and zn(2+) in throughfall were higher than in bulk precipitation in any season. this suggests that these ions were washed out or washed from ...200818358577
ontogenetic variation in the relative influence of light and belowground resources on european beech seedling growth.we used height growth data from a 7-year field experiment with european beech (fagus sylvatica l.) seedlings to test the hypothesis that the effects of above- and belowground resources on height growth depend on seedling size and age. photosynthetically active radiation (par) was determined by hemispheric photography, and estimates of fine root biomass of the overstory trees were used as an inverse proportional surrogate for belowground resource availability. for recently germinated seedlings gr ...200818316304
forest microsite effects on community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi on seedlings of picea abies and betula pendula.niche differentiation in soil horizons, host species and natural nutrient gradients contribute to the high diversity of ectomycorrhizal fungi in boreal forests. this study aims at documenting the diversity and community composition of ectomycorrhizal fungi of norway spruce (picea abies) and silver birch (betula pendula) seedlings in five most abundant microsites in three estonian old-growth forests. undisturbed forest floor, windthrow mounds and pits harboured more species than brown- and white- ...200818266759
vegetative buffers for fan emissions from poultry farms: 1. temperature and foliar nitrogen.this study sought to evaluate the potential of trees planted around commercial poultry farms to trap ammonia (nh(3)), the gas of greatest environmental concern to the poultry industry. four plant species (norway spruce, spike hybrid poplar, streamco willow, and hybrid willow) were planted on eight commercial farms from 2003 to 2004. because temperature (t) can be a stressor for trees, t was monitored in 2005 with data loggers among the trees in front of the exhaust fans (11.4 to 17.7 m) and at a ...200818246513
fertilization effects on mean stomatal conductance are mediated through changes in the hydraulic attributes of mature norway spruce trees.stomatal conductance was quantified with sap flux sensors and whole-tree chambers in mature norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) trees after 3 years of exposure to elevated co(2) concentration ([co(2)]) in a 13-year nutrient optimization experiment. the long-term nutrient optimization treatment increased tree height by 3.7 m (67%) and basal diameter by 8 cm (68%); the short-term elevated [co(2)] exposure had no effect on tree size or allometry. nighttime transpiration was estimated as approxi ...200818244944
fresh-stem bending of silver fir and norway spruce.the bending and growth characteristics of large fresh stems from four silver fir (abies alba mill.) and three norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) trees were studied. twenty logs taken from different stem heights were subjected to four-point bending tests. from the bending test records, we calculated stress-strain curves, which accounted for detailed log taper, shear deformation and self weight. from these curves we determined, among other parameters, the modulus of elasticity (moe), the modu ...200818171659
fungal diversity of norway spruce litter: effects of site conditions and premature leaf fall caused by bark beetle outbreak.fungi play an important role in leaf litter decomposition due to their ability to break down the lignocellulose matrix, which other organisms are unable to digest. however, little is known regarding the factors affecting components of fungal diversity. here, we quantified richness of internal fungi in relation to litter nutrient and phenolic concentrations, sampling season (spring or fall), and premature leaf shedding due to low precipitation and infestation of bark beetles (mainly ips typograph ...200818095016
root inoculation with a forest soil streptomycete leads to locally and systemically increased resistance against phytopathogens in norway spruce.soil streptomycetes are commonly antagonistic against plant pathogens. however, interactions involving increased defense responses in the host plant, leading to suppression of plant disease development, have not yet been detailed. here, the mechanisms were studied of disease suppression by streptomyces sp. gb 4-2 against heterobasidion root and butt rot in norway spruce (picea abies) seedlings. gb 4-2 promoted mycelial growth of the phytopathogenic fungus, germination rate of fungal spores, exte ...200818086220
climatic control of bud burst in young seedlings of nine provenances of norway spruce.detailed knowledge of temperature effects on the timing of dormancy development and bud burst will help evaluate the impacts of climate change on forest trees. we tested the effects of temperature applied during short-day treatment, duration of short-day treatment, duration of chilling and light regime applied during forcing on the timing of bud burst in 1- and 2-year-old seedlings of nine provenances of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.). high temperature during dormancy induction, little ...200818055441
seasonal differences and within-canopy variations of antioxidants in mature spruce (picea abies) trees under elevated ozone in a free-air exposure system.the effect of free-air ozone fumigation and crown position on antioxidants were determined in old-growth spruce (picea abies) trees in the seasonal course of two consecutive years (2003 and 2004). levels of total ascorbate and its redox state in the apoplastic washing fluid (awf) were increased under double ambient ozone concentrations (2xo3), whilst ascorbate concentrations in needle extracts were unchanged. concentrations of apoplastic and symplastic ascorbate were significantly higher in 2003 ...200818031879
diastereomeric stilbene glucoside dimers from the bark of norway spruce (picea abies).as part of a long-term study of the chemical defenses of norway spruce (picea abies) against herbivores and pathogens, a phytochemical survey of the phenolics in the bark was carried out. eight stilbene glucoside dimers, designated as piceasides a-h (1a-4b), were isolated as four 1:1 mixtures of inseparable diastereomers. their structures were determined by extensive spectroscopic means including 1d (1h and 13c) and 2d nmr (1h-1h cosy, hsqc, hmbc, roesy) spectra, and were supported by enzymatic ...200818028966
screening analyses of pinosylvin stilbenes, resin acids and lignans in norwegian conifers.the content and distribution of stilbenes and resin acids in scots pine (pinus sylvestris) and spruce (picea abies), sampled in central norway, have been examined. the contents of pinosylvin stilbenes in pine heartwood/living knots were 0.2-2/2-8 %(w/w). no stilbenes could be detected in spruce (picea abies). the resin acid contents of pine sapwood/heartwood and knots were 1-4 and 5-10 % (w/w), respectively. minor amounts of resin acids (<0.2/<0.04 %w/w) were identified in spruce wood/knots. the ...200617962750
age-dependent xylogenesis in timberline conifers.neither anatomical change nor physiological abnormalities have been observed in the cambia of older trees. however, different sensitivity and period of significant responses to climate suggest the existence of some age-related change in the patterns of cambial activity and/or wood cell formation. here, weekly cambial activity and timing and duration of xylem cell enlargement and wall thickening were compared in adult (50-80 yr) and old (200-350 yr) trees of larix decidua, pinus cembra and picea ...200817944824
decomposition and fungi of needle litter from slow- and fast-growing norway spruce (picea abies) clones.the fungal species involved in the decomposition of needle litter and their response to intraspecific genetic variation of trees are poorly known. first, we compared the needle decomposition and fungal decomposers underneath eight different norway spruce clones in situ. this experiment revealed 60-70% loss of needle mass in two years. although spruce clones differed considerably in growth (twofold height difference) and their needles differed in chemical composition, no significant difference wa ...200817943340
methyl jasmonate and oxalic acid treatment of norway spruce: anatomically based defense responses and increased resistance against fungal infection.to study the effect of chemical pretreatment on conifer resistance, 13-year-old norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) trees were treated with methyl jasmonate (mj) or oxalic acid (oxa) on the outer bark and inoculated with the pathogenic blue-stain fungus ceratocystis polonica (siem.) c. moreau 4 weeks later. both chemicals significantly reduced symptoms of fungal infection, but mj was more effective than oxa (51 versus 18% reduction in length of necrotic lesions in the phloem relative to untr ...200817938111
isolation of mitochondria from embryogenic cultures of picea abies (l.) karst. and abies cephalonica loud.: characterization of a k+(atp) channel.a valuable method to isolate and purify mitochondria from embryonal masses of two coniferous species (picea abies [l.] karst. and abies cephalonica loud.) is described. crude mitochondria from both species were shown to be intact, oxygen consuming (with malate plus glutammate, succinate and nadh as substrates) and well coupled (respiratory control ratio ca. 4). the oxidation of the substrates was only partially kcn-insensitive (alternative oxidase) in some cases. however, these fractions were co ...200817823801
dynamics of the xanthophyll cycle and non-radiative dissipation of absorbed light energy during exposure of norway spruce to high irradiance.the response of norway spruce saplings (picea abies [l.] karst.) was monitored continuously during short-term exposure (10 days) to high irradiance (hi; 1000micromol m(-2)s(-1)). compared with plants acclimated to low irradiance (100micromol m(-2)s(-1)), plants after hi exposure were characterized by a significantly reduced co(2) assimilation rate throughout the light response curve. pigment contents varied only slightly during hi exposure, but a rapid and strong response was observed in xanthop ...200817761355
pollen sequence from late quaternary sediments in yellowstone park.a radiocarbon-dated pollen diagram from a depression near the end of the southeast arm of yellowstone lake, wyoming, records the vegetation sequence from the retreat of late wisconsin (pinedale) ice to the present time. the tundra picea-abies-pinus albicaulis (spruce-fir-whitebark pine) parkland vegetation inferred during late glacial time changed rapidly to a pinus contorta (lodgepole pine) forest shortly before 11,550 carbon-14 years ago, suggesting a warming trend at that time. the pinus cont ...197017731592
heavy metal accumulation and phytostabilisation potential of tree fine roots in a contaminated soil.root systems of norway spruce (picea abies) and poplar (populus tremula) were long-term exposed to metal-contaminated soils in open-top chambers to investigate the accumulation of the heavy metals in the fine roots and to assess the plants suitability for phytostabilisation. the heavy metals from the contaminated soil accumulated in the fine roots about 10-20 times more than in the controls. the capacity to bind heavy metals already reached its maximum after the first vegetation period. fine roo ...200817707113
functional identification and differential expression of 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate synthase in induced terpenoid resin formation of norway spruce (picea abies).conifers produce terpenoid-based oleoresins as constitutive and inducible defenses against herbivores and pathogens. much information is available about the genes and enzymes of the late steps of oleoresin terpenoid biosynthesis in conifers, but almost nothing is known about the early steps which proceed via the methylerythritol phosphate (mep) pathway. here we report the cdna cloning and functional identification of three norway spruce (picea abies) genes encoding 1-deoxy-d-xylulose 5-phosphate ...200717687625
cloning and characterization of two different types of geranyl diphosphate synthases from norway spruce (picea abies).geranyl diphosphate (gpp), the universal precursor of monoterpenes, is formed from isopentenyl diphosphate and dimethylallyl diphosphate by the action of geranyl diphosphate synthase, one of the key branchpoint enzymes of terpene biosynthesis. three types of gpp synthase can be distinguished in plants based on sequence similarity and subunit architecture, but until now individual species have been reported to contain only one of these types. here we show that the conifer, norway spruce (picea ab ...200817673268
fine root morphological adaptations in scots pine, norway spruce and silver birch along a latitudinal gradient in boreal forests.variability in short root morphology of the three main tree species of europe's boreal forest (norway spruce (picea abies l. karst.), scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and silver birch (betula pendula roth)) was investigated in four stands along a latitudinal gradient from northern finland to southern estonia. silver birch and scots pine were present in three stands and norway spruce was present in all stands. for three fertile norway spruce stands, fine root biomass and number of root tips per s ...200717669752
network formation by rhizomorphs of armillaria lutea in natural soil: their description and ecological significance.armillaria lutea rhizomorphs in soil were mapped over areas of 25 m2 at a pinus nigra (site i) and a picea abies (site ii) plantation. rhizomorph density was 4.3 and 6.1 m m(-2) soil surface with 84% and 48% of the total rhizomorph length in the mapped area interconnected in a network at site i and site ii, respectively. at site i there were only two network attachments to pinus stumps, but at site ii many more to picea roots and stumps. anastomoses of rhizomorphs resulted in cyclic paths, parts ...200717645531
cloning and characterization of isoprenyl diphosphate synthases with farnesyl diphosphate and geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase activity from norway spruce (picea abies) and their relation to induced oleoresin formation.the conifer picea abies (norway spruce) employs terpenoid-based oleoresins as part of its constitutive and induced defense responses to herbivores and pathogens. the isoprenyl diphosphate synthases are branch-point enzymes of terpenoid biosynthesis leading to the various terpene classes. we isolated three genes encoding isoprenyl diphosphate synthases from p. abies cdna libraries prepared from the bark and wood of methyl jasmonate-treated saplings and screened via a homology-based pcr approach u ...200717624381
combining delta 13 c and delta 18 o analyses to unravel competition, co2 and o3 effects on the physiological performance of different-aged trees.combined delta(13)c and delta(18)o analyses of leaf material were used to infer changes in photosynthetic capacity (a(max)) and stomatal conductance (g(l)) in fagus sylvatica and picea abies trees growing under natural and controlled conditions. correlation between g(l) and delta(18)o in leaf cellulose (delta(18)o(cel)) allowed us to apply a semi-quantitative model to infer g(l) from delta(18)o(cel) and also interpret variation in delta(13)c as reflecting variation in a(max). extraction of leaf ...200717617829
pronounced ecological separation between two closely related lineages of the polyporous fungus gloeoporus taxicola.gloeoporus taxicola is a saprotrophic polypore that produces annual fruit bodies, in scandinavia exclusively on coniferous wood. in this study, we demonstrate the existence of two ecotypes of g. taxicola in norway; a coastal lowland form fruiting on dead logs and dying branches of standing pinus sylvestris, and a highland form largely fruiting on trunks of picea abies in moist, old-growth forests. thus, a distinct ecological separation has happened between the two forms both concerning substrate ...200717590324
estrogenic activity of 7-hydroxymatairesinol potassium acetate (hmr/lignan) from norway spruce (picea abies) knots and of its active metabolite enterolactone in mcf-7 cells.lignans are plant polyphenols which may possess anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. in particular, the lignan 7-hydroxymatairesinol (hmr/lignan, hmr) is a novel precursor of the mammalian lignan enterolactone (el). in the present study, we investigated the estrogenicity of hmr and of el in comparison to estradiol (e2), by measuring their effects on growth and apoptotic markers in the human estrogen-sensitive cell line mcf-7. hmr, el and e2 c ...200717572100
[characteristics of morphogenesis and growth processes of conifers in the chernobyl nuclear accident zone].in the article we present data on the study of morphogenesis and of growth processes of scotch pine (pinus sylvestris l.) and of norwey spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) vegetative organs after radiation exposure in the chernobyl nuclear accident zone. the anomalies in morphogenesis processes at different absorbed doses are described in detail. it is established that the death of pine forest began under absorbed dose 80-100 gy and more, mass yellowing of needles at 50-60 gy, and maximal morphosis ...200717571730
identification of quantitative trait loci affecting virulence in the basidiomycete heterobasidion annosum s.l.identification of virulence factors of phytopathogens is important for the fundamental understanding of infection and disease progress in plants and for the development of control strategies. we have identified quantitative trait loci (qtl) for virulence on 1-year-old pinus sylvestris and 2-year-old picea abies seedlings and positioned them on a genetic linkage map of the necrotrophic phytopathogen heterobasidion annosum sensu lato (s.l.), a major root rot pathogen on conifers. the virulence of ...200717569047
acclimation of leaves to contrasting irradiance in juvenile trees differing in shade tolerance.leaves developing in different irradiances undergo structural and functional acclimation, although the extent of trait plasticity is species specific. we tested the hypothesis that irradiance-induced plasticity of photosynthetic and anatomical traits is lower in highly shade-tolerant species than in moderately shade-tolerant species. seedlings of two evergreen conifers, shade-tolerant abies alba mill. and moderately shade-tolerant picea abies karst., and two deciduous angiosperm species, highly ...200717545129
anchorage of mature conifers: resistive turning moment, root-soil plate geometry and root growth orientation.eighty-four mature norway spruce (picea abies l. karst), silver fir (abies alba mill) and scots pine (pinus sylvestris l.) trees were winched over to determine the maximum resistive turning moment (m(a)) of the root-soil system, the root-soil plate geometry, the azimuthal orientation of root growth, and the occurrence of root rot. the calculation of m(a), based on digital image tracking of stem deflection, accounted not only for the force application and its changing geometry, but also for the w ...200717545122
suppression of plant defence response by a mycorrhiza helper bacterium.the aim of the present study was to determine whether the mycorrhiza helper bacterium streptomyces sp. ach 505 could serve as a biocontrol agent against heterobasidion root and butt rot. bacterial influence on mycelial growth of heterobasidion sp. isolates, on the colonization of wood discs and norway spruce (picea abies) roots was determined. the effect of ach 505 on plant photosynthesis, peroxidase activity and gene expression, and needle infections were investigated. ach 505 was antagonistic ...200717504470
antibacterial effects of home-made resin salve from norway spruce (picea abies).resin salve made from norway spruce (picea abies) is traditionally used in folk medicine to heal skin ulcers and infected wounds. its antimicrobial properties were studied against certain human bacteria important in infected skin wounds. the sensitivity of the resin against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria was studied in vitro by methods that are routinely used in microbiology laboratories. the resin salve exhibited a bacteriostatic effect against all tested gram-positive bacteria but on ...200717504300
fungi and wind strongly influence the temporal availability of logs in an old-growth spruce forest.coarse woody debris (cwd) is a key habitat for many species in forest ecosystems. to ensure the long-term survival of such species, forest management regimes must include measures that promote dead wood dynamics similar to those of natural forests. thus, information on cwd dynamics under natural conditions is required, including data pertaining to the underlying agents of disturbance. this study examines modes of mortality, decay rates, and temporal patterns in the availability of picea abies lo ...200717489254
induction of photosynthesis and importance of limitations during the induction phase in sun and shade leaves of five ecologically contrasting tree species from the temperate zone.we examined the principal differences in photosynthetic characteristics between sun and shade foliage and determined the relative importance of biochemical and stomatal limitations during photosynthetic induction. temperate-zone broadleaf and conifer tree species, ranging widely in shade tolerance, were investigated from one locality in the czech republic. the study species included strongly shade-tolerant abies alba mill. and tilia cordata mill., less shade-tolerant fagus sylvatica l. and acer ...200717472946
using simple causal modeling to understand how water and temperature affect daily stem radial variation in trees.variation in tree stem diameter results from reversible shrinking and swelling and irreversible radial growth, all processes that are influenced by tree water status. to assess the causal effects of water and temperature on stem radial variation (deltar) and maximum daily shrinkage (mds), the diurnal cycle was divided into three phases: contraction, expansion and stem radius increment. diurnal cycles were measured during 1996-2004 in picea abies (l.) karst., pinus cembra l. and larix decidua mil ...200717472939
the effect of stand age on throughfall chemistry in spruce stands in the potok dupniañski catchment in the silesian beskid mountains, southern poland.the chemical composition of throughfall depends on the age of the norway spruce (picea abies karst) stands and season of the year. the ph of throughfall decreased and the amount of hydrogen ion in throughfall deposited to the soil increased with increasing age of spruce stands, especially in the winter season. concentrations of k+, h+, so4(2-), mn2+, and nh4(+) in throughfall were higher than bulk precipitation for the whole year and k+, h+, and mn2+ concentrations were higher in throughfall in ...200717450296
wood-decay fungi in fine living roots of conifer seedlings.the mycorrhizal basidiomycetes are known to have multiple, independent evolutionary origins from saprotrophic ancestors. to date, a number of studies have revealed functional resemblance of mycorrhizal fungi to free-living saprotrophs, but information on the ability of saprotrophic fungi to perform as mycorrhizal symbionts is scarce. here, the objective was to investigate the ability of three wood-decay fungi, phlebiopsis gigantea, phlebia centrifuga and hypholoma fasciculare, to colonize fine r ...200717388906
complex analytical approach to characterization of the influence of carbon dioxide concentration on carbohydrate composition in norway spruce needles.water-soluble non-structural carbohydrates (nsc) in the needles of norway spruce picea abies [l.] karst have been studied by using a combination of several separation techniques, having various detectors, with mass spectrometry. the intent was to find a suitable methodology that enables the characterization and determination of nsc, covering a wide range of molar masses, and being suitable to assess how ncs are influenced by both external conditions, e.g. different carbon dioxide (co(2)) concent ...200717382335
element contents in leaves of four plant species (birch, mountain ash, fern and spruce) along anthropogenic and geogenic concentration gradients.forty samples each of leaves of birch (betula pubescens ehrh.), european mountain ash (sorbus aucuparia (l.)) and bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum (l.) kuhn) as well as spruce needles (picea abies (l.) karsten) were collected along a 120 km south-north transect running through norway's largest city, oslo. concentrations of 25 chemical elements (ag, au, b, ba, ca, cd, co, cr, cu, fe, hg, k, la, mg, mn, mo, na, ni, p, pb, s, sb, sr, ti, and zn) as well as loss on ignition for the 4 sample materia ...200717379275
significance of ozone exposure for inter-annual differences in primary metabolites of old-growth beech (fagus sylvatica l.) and norway spruce (picea abies l.) trees in a mixed forest stand.the influence of long-term free-air ozone fumigation and canopy position on leaf contents of total glutathione, its redox state, non-structural proteins (nsp), soluble amino compounds, and total soluble sugars in old-growth beech (fagus sylvatica) and spruce (picea abies) trees were determined over a period of five years. ozone fumigation had weak effects on the analysed metabolites of both tree species and significant changes in the contents of total glutathione, nsp, and soluble sugars were ob ...200717357017
purification, characterization, and molecular gene cloning of an antifungal protein from ginkgo biloba seeds.a novel basic protein with antifungal activity was isolated from the seeds of ginkgo biloba and purified to homogeneity. the protein inhibited the growth of some fungi (fusarium oxysporum, trichoderma reesei, and candida albicans) but did not exhibit antibacterial action against escherichia coli. furthermore, this protein showed weak inhibitory activity against the aspartic protease pepsin. to design primers for gene amplification, the nh(2)-terminal and partial internal amino acid sequences wer ...200717338634
the trophic structure of bark-living oribatid mite communities analysed with stable isotopes ((15)n, (13)c) indicates strong niche differentiation.the aim of the present study was to identify food sources of bark-living oribatid mites to investigate if trophic niche differentiation contributes to the diversity of bark living oribatida. we measured the natural variation in stable isotope ratios ((15)n/(14)n, (13)c/(12)c) in oribatid mites from the bark of oak (quercus robur), beech (fagus sylvatica), spruce (picea abies) and pine (pinus sylvestris) trees and their potential food sources, i.e., the covering vegetation of the bark (bryophytes ...200717333459
arabidopsis irregular xylem8 and irregular xylem9: implications for the complexity of glucuronoxylan biosynthesis.mutations of arabidopsis thaliana irregular xylem8 (irx8) and irx9 were previously shown to cause a collapsed xylem phenotype and decreases in xylose and cellulose in cell walls. in this study, we characterized irx8 and irx9 and performed chemical and structural analyses of glucuronoxylan (gx) from irx8 and irx9 plants. irx8 and irx9 are expressed specifically in cells undergoing secondary wall thickening, and their encoded proteins are targeted to the golgi, where gx is synthesized. 1h-nmr spec ...200717322407
high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry and gas chromatography-flame ionization detection characterization of delta5-polyenoic fatty acids in triacylglycerols from conifer seed oils.edible conifer seeds can serve as a source of triacylglycerols (tgs) with unusual delta5 unsaturated polymethylene interrupted fatty acids (upifas), such as cis-5,9-octadecadienoic (taxoleic), cis-5,9,12-octadecatrienoic (pinolenic), cis-5,11-eicosadienoic (keteleeronic) and cis-5,11,14-eicosatrienoic acids (sciadonic). conifer seed oils from european larch (larix decidua), norway spruce (picea abies) and european silver fir (abies alba) have been analyzed by non-aqueous reversed-phase high-perf ...200717307191
temperature-respiration relationships differ in mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root systems of picea abies (l.) karst.root respiration has been shown to increase with temperature, but less is known about how this relationship is affected by the fungal partner in mycorrhizal root systems. in order to test respiratory temperature dependence, in particular q (10) of mycorrhizal and non-mycorrhizal root systems, seedlings of picea abies (l.) karst. (norway spruce) were inoculated with the ectomycorrhizal fungus piloderma croceum (eriksson and hjortstam, sr430; synonym: piloderma fallax: [libert] stalpers) and plant ...200717301933
interactions between extraradical ectomycorrhizal mycelia, microbes associated with the mycelia and growth rate of norway spruce (picea abies) clones.despite their ecological relevance, field studies of the extraradical mycelia of ectomycorrhizal (ecm) fungi are rare. here we examined in situ interactions between ecm mycelia and host vigour. ectomycorrhizal mycelia were harvested with in-growth mesh bags buried under norway spruce (picea abies) clones planted in 1994 in a randomized block design. mycelial biomass was determined and fungal species were identified by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and sequencing of the internal ...200717286828
nurse plants, tree saplings and grazing pressure: changes in facilitation along a biotic environmental gradient.current conceptual models predict that an increase in stress shifts interactions between plants from competitive to facilitative; hence, facilitation is expected to gain in ecological importance with increasing stress. little is known about how facilitative interactions between plants change with increasing biotic stress, such as that incurred by consumer pressure or herbivory (i.e. disturbance sensu grime). in grazed ecosystems, the presence of unpalatable plants is reported to protect tree sap ...200717279351
afforestation of abandoned farmland with conifer seedlings inoculated with three ectomycorrhizal fungi - impact on plant performance and ectomycorrhizal community.the aim of a 3-year study was to investigate whether inoculation of pinus sylvestris l. and picea abies (l.) karst. seedlings with mycorrhizas of cenococcum geophilum fr., piceirhiza bicolorata, and hebeloma crustuliniforme (bull.) quel. has any impact on: 1) survival and growth of outplanted seedlings on abandoned agricultural land, and 2) subsequent mycorrhizal community development. for inoculation, the root system of each plant was wrapped in a filter paper containing mycelium, overlaid with ...200717277941
no diurnal variation in rate or carbon isotope composition of soil respiration in a boreal forest.characterization of soil respiration rates and delta(13)c values of soil-respired co(2) are often based on measurements at a particular time of day. a study by gower et al. (2001) in a boreal forest demonstrated diurnal patterns of soil co(2) flux using transparent measurement chambers that included the understory vegetation. it is unclear whether these diurnal patterns were solely the result of photosynthetic co(2) uptake during the day by the understory or whether there were underlying trends ...200717267365
growth responses to climate in a multi-species tree-ring network in the western carpathian tatra mountains, poland and slovakia.we analyzed growth responses to climate of 24 tree-ring width and four maximum latewood density chronologies from the greater tatra region in poland and slovakia. this network comprises 1183 ring-width and 153 density measurement series from four conifer species (picea abies (l.) karst., larix decidua mill., abies alba (l.) karst., and pinus mugo (l.)) between 800 and 1550 m a.s.l. individual spline detrending was used to retain annual to multi-decadal scale climate information in the data. twen ...200717267360
frost drought in conifers at the alpine timberline: xylem dysfunction and adaptations.drought stress can cause xylem embolism in trees when the water potential (psi) in the xylem falls below specific vulnerability thresholds. at the alpine timberline, frost drought is known to cause excessive winter embolism unless xylem vulnerability or transpiration is sufficiently reduced to avoid critical psi. we compared annual courses of psi and embolism in picea abies, pinus cembra, pinus mugo, larix decidua, and juniperus communis growing at the timberline vs. low altitude. in addition, v ...200617249241
liquid medium and liquid overlays improve embryogenic tissue initiation in conifers.somatic embryogenesis (se) is expected to play an important role in increasing productivity, sustainability, and uniformity of future us forests. for commercial use, se technology must work with a variety of genetically diverse trees. initiation in loblolly pine (pinus taeda l.), the main commercial us forest species, is often recalcitrant for desirable genotypes. liquid initiation medium with no or low gelling agent or placement of the explant on gelled medium followed later by a liquid medium ...200717235557
temporal trends and spatial distribution of pcdd, pcdf, and pcb in pine and spruce shoots.in germany, there is a lack of consistent and comparable data for the time dependent behaviour and spatial distribution of dioxin-like and indicator pcb in ambient air, deposition and plants. the aim of this study was to improve the data on pcdd/pcdf, dioxin-like pcb and non dioxin-like pcb in spruce and pine shoots from different locations and years by retrospective monitoring. the survey was conducted with archived samples of one-year old spruce shoots (picea abies) and pine shoots (pinus sylv ...200717222447
effects of clear-cutting and soil preparation on natural 15n abundance in the soil and needles of two boreal conifer tree species.this study presents the impacts of clear-cutting and site preparation on soil and needle 15n-fractionation of scots pine (pinus sylvestris, l.) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.), karst). three microsites on different methods of site preparation were used: (i) mound (broken o/e/b horizons piled upside down over undisturbed humus), (ii) deep (exposed c-horizon) and (iii) shallow (exposed e/b horizon). we found significant differences between species, between closed forest and clear-cuts as well ...200617090488
effects of red, far-red and blue light in maintaining growth in latitudinal populations of norway spruce (picea abies).seedlings of trees with a free growth pattern cease growth when night-lengths become shorter than a critical value, and this critical night-length (cnl) decreases with increasing latitude of origin. in northern populations, the light quality also appears to play an important role and a clinal variation in requirement for far-red (fr) light has been documented. in this study we dissected the light quality requirements for maintaining growth in different latitudinal populations of norway spruce (p ...200617080632
types of ectomycorrhiza as pollution stress indicators: case studies in slovenia.mycorrhiza is the main spatial and temporal linkage between different constituents in a forest ecosystem. the functional compatibility and stress tolerance of ectomycorrhizal types is species specific, and therefore the information on the ectomycorrhizal community structure can add to the understanding of processes in forest ecosystems and can also be applied as tools for bioindication of pollution stress in forest soils. we have studied the effects of pollution (n and s) on trees and forest soi ...200717057951
exemplifying whole-plant ozone uptake in adult forest trees of contrasting species and site conditions.whole-tree o3 uptake was exemplified for picea abies, fagus sylvatica and larix decidua in stands at high and low altitude and contrasting water availability through sap flow measurement in tree trunks, intrinsically accounting for drought and boundary layer effects on o3 flux. o3 uptake of evergreen spruce per unit foliage area was enhanced by 100% at high relative to low elevation, whereas deciduous beech and larch showed similar uptake regardless of altitude. the responsiveness of the canopy ...200716996178
tree species effects on decomposition and forest floor dynamics in a common garden.we studied the effects of tree species on leaf litter decomposition and forest floor dynamics in a common garden experiment of 14 tree species (abies alba, acer platanoides, acer pseudoplatanus, betula pendula, carpinus betulus, fagus sylvatica, larix decidua, picea abies, pinus nigra, pinus sylvestris, pseudotsuga menziesii, quercus robur, quercus rubra, and tilia cordata) in southwestern poland. we used three simultaneous litter bag experiments to tease apart species effects on decomposition v ...200616995629
expression and molecular properties of a new laccase of the white rot fungus phlebia radiata grown on wood.laccases are phenol-oxidizing, multicopper enzymes produced by fungi, plants, insects and bacteria. fungal laccases are involved in ecologically important processes such as decomposition of lignocellulose (wood and plant material). in this work, in order to find out the role of fungal laccases upon wood colonisation and lignin decay, we describe expression of laccase-encoding genes in the white rot basidiomycete phlebia radiata 79, when the fungus grows on its natural substrates, that is on soft ...200616927090
cloning, characterization and localization of three novel class iii peroxidases in lignifying xylem of norway spruce (picea abies).plant class iii peroxidases (poxs) take part in the formation of lignin and maturation of plant cell walls. however, only a few examples of such peroxidases from gymnosperm tree species with highly lignified xylem tracheids have been implicated so far. we report here cdna cloning of three xylem-expressed class iii peroxidase encoding genes from norway spruce (picea abies). the translated proteins, px1, px2 and px3, contain the conserved amino acids required for heme-binding and peroxidase cataly ...200616897487
polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in pine and spruce shoots-temporal trends and spatial distribution.in the framework of the german environmental specimen bank one-year old spruce shoots (picea abies) and pine shoots (pinus sylvestris) serve as bioindicators for the atmospheric pollution. sampling is performed in two urbanized areas in western and eastern germany (warndt and duebener heide, respectively), and in seven different rural locations. prior to archiving conifer shoots are continuously analyzed for a set of 17 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (pahs). the results from the two ...200616896464
testing the unifying theory of ozone sensitivity with mature trees of fagus sylvatica and picea abies.the broad range in plant responses to chronic o(3) exposure compels a search for integrative, underlying principles. one such approach is the unifying theory proposed by reich (1987), which combines the o(3) response of contrasting physiognomic classes of plants on the basis of their intrinsic leaf diffusive conductance and, hence, capacity for o(3) uptake. physiognomic classes differ in the proportional decline in photosynthesis and growth when compared on the basis of cumulative o(3) exposure ...200616877324
white pine weevil (pissodes strobi) biological performance is unaffected by the jasmonic acid or wound-induced defense response in norway spruce (picea abies).in eastern canada, the white pine weevil (pissodes strobi peck) is a pest of several native pine and spruce species and of the introduced species, norway spruce (picea abies karst). we evaluated the feeding activities, oviposition and rate of adult emergence of white pine weevil on field-grown norway spruce subjected to jasmonic acid or wounding pretreatments. we also monitored the host-plant reaction to white pine weevil attack, jasmonic acid and wounding treatments by quantifying several mono- ...200616877323
[genetic control of isozymes in european spruces (picea abies (l) karst) of the ukrainian carpathian mountains].genetical control of the enzymes got, gdh, dia, mdh, sod, fdh, adh, acp and lap has been studied in nine natural carpathian populations of norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) using polyacrylamide gel elecrophoresis and analysis of isozyme variability in 346 trees. seventy one allel products of 20 gene loci have been clearly established. segregation analysis of the revealed allele variants confirms their monogenic inheritance.200616865984
genetic diversity of naturally established ectomycorrhizal fungi on norway spruce seedlings under nursery conditions.we have assessed ectomycorrhizal fungi colonizing norway spruce (picea abies l.) seedlings in nine forest nurseries using restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) and sequencing analyses of the internal transcribed spacers (its1-5.8s-its2) amplicons. restriction analysis of the amplified dna fragments with hinfi, mboi, and taqi enzymes allowed the definition of 17 rflp genotypes; five of them could be unambiguously assigned to thelephora terrestris, hebeloma longicaudum, h. crustuliniform ...200616826321
vertical and horizontal water redistribution in norway spruce (picea abies) roots in the moravian upland.hydraulic redistribution (hr) by roots of large norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst.) trees was investigated by means of sap flow measurements made with the heat field deformation method. irrigation was applied to a limited portion of the root system to steepen gradients of water potential in the soil and thus enhance rates of hr. on completion of the sap flow measurements, and to aid in their interpretation, the structure of the root system of seven of the investigated trees was exposed to a ...200616815830
fine root biomass, necromass and chemistry during seven years of elevated aluminium concentrations in the soil solution of a middle-aged picea abies stand.toxic effects of aluminium (al) on picea abies (l.) karst. (norway spruce) trees are well documented in laboratory-scale experiments, but field-based evidence is scarce. this paper presents results on fine root growth and chemistry from a field manipulation experiment in a p. abies stand that was 45 years old when the experiment started in 1996. different amounts of dissolved aluminium were added as alcl3 by means of periodic irrigation during the growing season in the period 1997-2002. potentia ...200616806407
shoot growth of mature fagus sylvatica and picea abies in relation to ozone.epidemiological analysis of sequential growth data may be a tool in assessing ozone sensitivity of mature trees. annual shoot growth of mature fagus sylvatica in 83 swiss permanent forest observation plots and of picea abies in 61 plots was evaluated for 11 and 8 consecutive years, respectively, using branches harvested every 4 years. the data were assessed as annual deviation from average growth and related to fructification, ozone, meteorological parameters, and modelled soil water content usi ...200716793183
efficient extraction of proteins from woody plant samples for two-dimensional electrophoresis.protein extraction from plant samples is usually challenging due to the low protein content and high level of contaminants. therefore, the 2-de pattern resolution is strongly influenced by the procedure of sample preparation. efficient solubilization of proteins strictly depends on the chaotrope and detergent in the extraction buffer. despite the large number of detergents that have been developed for the use in protein extraction and ief, there is no single compound able to efficiently extract ...200616791823
diurnal and seasonal variability in radial distribution of sap flux density: implications for estimating stand transpiration.daily and seasonal patterns in radial distribution of sap flux density were monitored in six trees differing in social position in a mixed coniferous stand dominated by silver fir (abies alba miller) and norway spruce (picea abies (l.) karst) in the alps of northeastern italy. radial distribution of sap flux was measured with arrays of 1-cm-long granier probes. the radial profiles were either gaussian or decreased monotonically toward the tree center, and seemed to be related to social position ...200616740497
[pollen assemblage and palaeo-vegetation of late holocene fen in dunhua of jilin province].based on the study of pollen, stratum and 14c dating of daqiao fen in dunhua of jilin province, four pollen zones were distinguished, i.e., pinus-picea-abies assemblage (2195 +/- 70 to appromimately 2045 +/- 70 b. p., carex-pinus-betulacorylus-juglans assemblage (2045 +/- 70 to appromimately 1745 +/- 70 b.p.), pinus-corylus-carpinus-carex-ranunculus assemblage (1745 +/- 70 to appromimately 705 +/- 70 b.p.), and pinus-picea-abies-betula-carex assemblage (705 +/- 70 to appromimately 1950 ad). the ...200616706037
identification of gibberellins in norway spruce (picea abies [l.] karst.) by combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry.gibberellins a(1) (ga(1)), a(3) and a(9) were identified from extracts of shoots of 6-month old norway spruce (picea abies) seedlings by the use of sequential reverse and normal phase high performance liquid chromatography (hplc), bioassay, radioimmunoassay (ria) and combined gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc-ms). the bioassay and ria were used after fractionation by hplc to detect the ga-containing fractions, which were then examined by gc-ms. the gas identified are considered to be endo ...198716665471
effect of so(2) and o(3) on production of antioxidants in conifers.production of antioxidants was investigated in needles of fir (abies alba mill.) and spruce (picea abies (l.) karst) after exposure to low concentrations of so(2), o(3), and a combination of both pollutants. glutathione reacted most sensitively to pollutants followed by vitamin e and vitamin c. in spruce needles, the overall increase of antioxidants after exposure to air pollutants was lower than in needles of fir. so(2) was more potent than o(3). maximum increase of antioxidants was found in ne ...198616665019
buffer capacities of leaves, leaf cells, and leaf cell organelles in relation to fluxes of potentially acidic gases.since environmental pollution by potentially acidic gases such as so(2) causes proton release inside leaf tissues, homogenates of needles of spruce (picea abies) and fir (abies alba) and of leaves of spinach (spinacia oleracea) and barley (hordeum vulgare) were titrated and buffer capacities were determined as a function of ph. titration curves of barley leaves were compared with titration curves of barley mesophyll protoplasts. from the protoplasts, chloroplasts and vacuoles were isolated and s ...198616664863
methyl jasmonate treatment of mature norway spruce (picea abies) trees increases the accumulation of terpenoid resin components and protects against infection by ceratocystis polonica, a bark beetle-associated fungus.when conifers such as picea abies karst. (norway spruce) are attacked by insects or pathogens, they often respond by producing increased quantities of terpenoid oleoresin. this response can be mimicked in young p. abies seedlings by treatment with methyl jasmonate (mj). in this study, we determined the effects of mj on terpenoids and other chemical defenses of mature p. abies, and investigated whether this treatment protected trees against attack by the blue-stain fungus ceratocystis polonica (s ...200616651247
population genetic analysis of phialocephala fortinii s.l. and acephala applanata in two undisturbed forests in switzerland and evidence for new cryptic species.the genetic structure of the root endophytes phialocephala fortinii s.l. and acephala applanata was analyzed in two undisturbed forests. a total of 606 strains isolated from surface-sterilized, fine roots of picea abies and vaccinium myrtillus were examined. two new cryptic species of p. fortinii were recognized and host specialization of a. applanata was confirmed. this species was almost exclusively isolated from roots of p. abies. the index of association did not deviate significantly from ze ...200616631398
a comparative analysis of simulated and observed photosynthetic co2 uptake in two coniferous forest canopies.gross canopy photosynthesis (p(g)) can be simulated with canopy models or retrieved from turbulent carbon dioxide (co2) flux measurements above the forest canopy. we compare the two estimates and illustrate our findings with two case studies. we used the three-dimensional canopy model maestra to simulate p(g) of two spruce forests differing in age and structure. model parameter acquisition and model sensitivity to selected model parameters are described, and modeled results are compared with ind ...200616585031
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