Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| evidence for horizontal gene transfer in evolution of elongation factor tu in enterococci. | the elongation factor tu, encoded by tuf genes, is a gtp binding protein that plays a central role in protein synthesis. one to three tuf genes per genome are present, depending on the bacterial species. most low-g+c-content gram-positive bacteria carry only one tuf gene. we have designed degenerate pcr primers derived from consensus sequences of the tuf gene to amplify partial tuf sequences from 17 enterococcal species and other phylogenetically related species. the amplified dna fragments were ... | 2000 | 11092850 |
| diversity of domain v of 23s rrna gene sequence in different enterococcus species. | the highly conserved central loop of domain v of 23s rna (nucleotides 2042 to 2628; escherichia coli numbering) is implicated in peptidyltransferase activity and represents one of the target sites for macrolide, lincosamide, and streptogramin b antibiotics. dna encoding domain v (590 bp) of several species of enterococcus was amplified by pcr. twenty enterococcal isolates were tested, including enterococcus faecium (six isolates), enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus avium, enterococcus durans, e ... | 2000 | 11060057 |
| identification of enterococcus species and phenotypically similar lactococcus and vagococcus species by reverse checkerboard hybridization to chaperonin 60 gene sequences. | data from four recent studies (s. h. goh et al., j. clin. microbiol. 36:2164-2166, 1998; s. h. goh et al., j. clin. microbiol. 34:818-823, 1996; s. h. goh et al., j. clin. microbiol. 35:3116-3121, 1997; a. y. c. kwok et al., int. j. syst. bacteriol. 49:1181-1192, 1999) suggest that an approximately 600-bp region of the chaperonin 60 (cpn60) gene, amplified by pcr with a single pair of degenerate primers, has utility as a potentially universal target for bacterial identification (id). this cpn60 ... | 2000 | 11060051 |
| random amplification of polymorphic dna versus pulsed field gel electrophoresis of smai dna macrorestriction fragments for typing strains of vancomycin-resistant enterococci. | genetic typing of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) can be performed using a variety of methods, but comparative analyses of the quality of these methods are still relatively scarce. we here compare random amplification of polymorphic dna (rapd) analysis with pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) of dna macrorestriction fragments as examples of two of the recent and well-accepted molecular typing methods. for the latter method, empirical guidelines for the interpretation of the dna finger ... | 2000 | 11040427 |
| vancomycin resistance is associated with serine-containing peptidoglycan in enterococcus gallinarum. | in enterococcus gallinarum sc1, a low-level vancomycin-resistant strain, only monomeric muropentapeptides with a c-terminal d-alanine were detected after growth without vancomycin. in contrast, in sc1 induced by vancomycin, as well as in aib39, a constitutive vancomycin-resistant strain, monomeric and dimeric muropentapeptides with a c-terminal d-serine were detected. | 2000 | 11029446 |
| evaluation of d-xylose and 1% methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside fermentation tests for distinguishing enterococcus gallinarum from enterococcus faecium. | to determine the validity of the rapid xylose and methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (mdg) fermentation tests in distinguishing enterococcus gallinarum from enterococcus faecium, 156 well-characterized clinical isolates of enterococci (55 e. gallinarum, 91 e. faecium, and 10 enterococcus faecalis isolates) known to be of different clones were examined in a blinded fashion. species identification was confirmed by pcr of the ddl ligase genes of e. faecium and e. faecalis and the vanc1 gene of e. galli ... | 2000 | 11015378 |
| [evaluation of "helicobacter-selective-medium (nissui seiyaku)" for rapid detection of helicobacter pylori]. | we evaluated helicobacter selective agar (hsa) medium (nissui pharmaceuticals co., ltd., tokyo, japan), which has been newly developed and has been commercially available since june in 1998. hsa medium strongly inhibited the growth of possible contaminants from gastric biopsy-specimens, such as alpha-streptococci, neisseria species, enterococcus gallinarum, pseudomonas aeruginosa, corynebacterium species, capnocytophaga species, and candida albicans. cultures run in parallel with helicobacter py ... | 2000 | 11004708 |
| enterococci with reduced susceptibility to vancomycin in new zealand. | this study was conducted to determine the prevalence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in the stools of hospitalized patients with possible antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. from 176 faecal samples collected during 1997 and 1998, 66 strains of enterococci were recovered using vancomycin enrichment techniques. only six of these displayed reduced susceptibility to vancomycin (mic 8-12 mg/l). all vre were positive for the presence of the vanc gene. based on motility, pigment production and a ... | 2000 | 10980167 |
| cost-effective algorithm for detection and identification of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in surveillance cultures. | a study was undertaken to develop an easy-to-use and cost-effective algorithm for the detection and identification of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) in surveillance cultures, because the incidence of vre outbreaks in institutions across canada has made continuous surveillance a necessity. enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis carry transferable resistance genes and hence are a problem for infection control. in laboratory surveillance, however, enterococcus gallinarum and enteroc ... | 2000 | 10898139 |
| susceptibility to quinupristin/dalfopristin and other antibiotics of vancomycin-resistant enterococci from the uk, 1997 to mid-1999. | susceptibility to quinupristin/dalfopristin and other antibiotics was studied for clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) referred by uk hospitals between january 1997 and june 1999. single isolates of vre from 858 patients in 136 hospitals were received, of which 76% were enterococcus faecium and 21% were enterococcus faecalis, the remainder comprising minor species. most isolates were multi-resistant. after allowing for the effect of blood, which raised the mics of quinupri ... | 2000 | 10882701 |
| serine and alanine racemase activities of vant: a protein necessary for vancomycin resistance in enterococcus gallinarum bm4174. | vancomycin resistance in enterococcus gallinarum results from the production of udp-murnac-pentapeptide[d-ser]. vant, a membrane-bound serine racemase, is one of three proteins essential for this resistance. to investigate the selectivity of racemization of l-ser or l-ala by vant, a strain of escherichia coli tkl-10 that requires d-ala for growth at 42 degrees c was used as host for transformation experiments using plasmids containing the full-length vant from ent. gallinarum or the alanine race ... | 2000 | 10878136 |
| characterization of a highly glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus gallinarum isolate. | adequate treatment of emergency infection involving antibiotic-resistant bacteria such as vancomycin-resistant enterococcus requires a convergence of clinical and bacteriologic techniques. an isolate of enterococcus gallinarum, designated as tsgh63, is known to be uncommonly vancomycin-resistant. this study investigated the genetic determinant for this unique characteristic. | 2000 | 10870314 |
| evaluation of a new system, vitek 2, for identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci. | we evaluated the new automated vitek 2 system (biomérieux) for the identification and antimicrobial susceptibility testing of enterococci. the results obtained with the vitek 2 system were compared to those obtained by reference methods: standard identification by the scheme of facklam and sahm [r. r. facklam and d. f. sahm, p. 308-314, in p. r. murray et al., ed., manual of clinical microbiology, 6th ed., 1995] and with the api 20 strep system and, for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, brot ... | 2000 | 10834961 |
| vanc cluster of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus gallinarum bm4174. | glycopeptide-resistant enterococci of the vanc type synthesize udp-muramyl-pentapeptide[d-ser] for cell wall assembly and prevent synthesis of peptidoglycan precursors ending in d-ala. the vanc cluster of enterococcus gallinarum bm4174 consists of five genes: vanc-1, vanxy(c), vant, vanr(c), and vans(c). three genes are sufficient for resistance: vanc-1 encodes a ligase that synthesizes the dipeptide d-ala-d-ser for addition to udp-murnac-tripeptide, vanxy(c) encodes a d,d-dipeptidase-carboxypep ... | 2000 | 10817725 |
| enterocin 012, a bacteriocin produced by enterococcus gallinarum isolated from the intestinal tract of ostrich. | enterococcus gallinarum strain 012, isolated from the duodenum of ostrich, produced enterocin 012 which is active against ent. faecalis, lactobacillus acidophilus, lact. sake, listeria innocua, propionibacterium acidipropionici, propionibacterium sp., clostridium perfringens, pseudomonas aeruginosa and salmonella typhimurium. one of the four pathogenic strains of escherichia coli isolated from the intestinal tract of ostrich was inhibited by enterocin 012. no antimicrobial activity was recorded ... | 2000 | 10736005 |
| enterococcal-type glycopeptide resistance genes in non-enterococcal organisms. | although the emergence of vancomycin-resistant enterococci can be attributed, in part, to the increasing use of vancomycin in clinical practice, and glycopeptide use in animal husbandry, the origins of the enterococcal vancomycin resistance genes are not clear. the vancomycin resistance-associated genes in enterococcus gallinarum, enterococcus casseliflavus/flavescens, lactobacillus spp., leuconostoc spp., pediococcus spp., and erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, are not the source of the high-level v ... | 2000 | 10731599 |
| sequencing the gene encoding manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase for rapid species identification of enterococci. | simple pcr and sequencing assays that utilize a single pair of degenerate primers were used to characterize a 438-bp-long dna fragment internal (soda(int)) to the soda gene encoding the manganese-dependent superoxide dismutase in 19 enterococcal type strains (enterococcus avium, enterococcus casseliflavus, enterococcus cecorum, enterococcus columbae, enterococcus dispar, enterococcus durans, enterococcus faecalis, enterococcus faecium, enterococcus flavescens, enterococcus gallinarum, enterococc ... | 2000 | 10618129 |
| [enterococcus gallinarum septicemia in a patient with acute myeloid leukemia]. | a 62-year-old male was admitted with complaints of fever and body weight loss. the patient was diagnosed as acute myeloid leukemia (m1) and chemotherapy was started. about 80 days after admission, the patient developed diarrhea with high fever. and e. gallinarum was isolated from the blood culture. we carried out pcr using primers for vana, vanb and vanc in our e. gallinarum, and showed the existence of the vanc1. this organism should be considered as one of the possible pathogenes in the infect ... | 1999 | 10565126 |
| gene vanxyc encodes d,d -dipeptidase (vanx) and d,d-carboxypeptidase (vany) activities in vancomycin-resistant enterococcus gallinarum bm4174. | vanx and vany have strict d,d-dipeptidase and d,d-carboxypeptidase activity, respectively, that eliminates production of peptidoglycan precursors ending in d-alanyl-d-alanine (d-ala-d-ala) in glycopeptide-resistant enterococci in which the c-terminal d-ala residue has been replaced by d-lactate. enterococcus gallinarum bm4174 synthesizes peptidoglycan precursors ending in d-ala-d-serine (d-ala-d-ser) essential for vanc-type vancomycin resistance. insertional inactivation of the vanc-1 gene encod ... | 1999 | 10564477 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) colonization of high-risk patients in tertiary care canadian hospitals. canadian vre surveillance group. | we isolated 1487 enterococcus species from 1200 stool specimens collected from high-risk patients in 12 canadian tertiary care hospitals between october 1995 and november 1996. the composition of the 1487 isolates was 601 vancomycin-sensitive enterococcus faecalis (40.4%), 667 vancomycin-sensitive enterococcus faecium (44.9%), 18 vancomycin-resistant (nine isolates mic 8-16 micrograms/ml; nine isolates mic > or = 32 micrograms/ml) e. faecium (vref) (1.2%), 95 vancomycin-sensitive enterococcus ga ... | 1999 | 10529874 |
| practical approach to the identification of clinically relevant enterococcus species. | enterococci have become important nosocomial pathogens, with enterococcus faecalis and then enterococcus faecium predominating. because of the emergence of glycopeptide (vancomycin and teicoplanin) resistance in enterococci, laboratories have been required to screen for resistant strains and to identify them to the species level. this has resulted in the need for accurate identification of species less commonly associated with clinical infections, such as enterococcus casseliflavus and enterococ ... | 1999 | 10403095 |
| efficacy of hand disinfectants against vancomycin-resistant enterococci in vitro. | vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) may be spread within a hospital via the contaminated hands of the healthcare worker. effective hand disinfectants are necessary to break chains of transmission. we determined the bactericidal activity of 1-propanol, chlorhexidine digluconate (0.5 and 4%). sterillium (45% 2-propanol, 30% 1-propanol and 0.2% mecetronium etilsulphate), skinsept f (70% 2-propanol, 0.5% chlorhexidine digluconate and 0.45% hydrogen peroxide) and hibisol (70% 2-propanol and 0.5% c ... | 1999 | 10389064 |
| proficiency of clinical laboratories in spain in detecting vancomycin-resistant enterococcus spp. the spanish vre study group. | studies in a variety of u.s. clinical laboratories have demonstrated difficulty in detecting intermediate and low-level vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre). the misclassification of "at least intermediate resistant isolates" as vancomycin susceptible may have both clinical implications and a negative impact on measures to control the spread of vre. no published study has assessed the ability of clinical laboratories in europe to detect vre. so, the apparent low prevalence of vre in european h ... | 1999 | 10364577 |
| characterization and modelling of vant: a novel, membrane-bound, serine racemase from vancomycin-resistant enterococcus gallinarum bm4174. | sequence determination of a region downstream from the vanxyc gene in enterococcus gallinarum bm4174 revealed an open reading frame, designated vant, that encodes a 698-amino-acid polypeptide with an amino-terminal domain containing 10 predicted transmembrane segments. the protein contained a highly conserved pyridoxal phosphate attachment site in the c-terminal domain, typical of alanine racemases. the protein was overexpressed in escherichia coli, and serine racemase activity was detected in t ... | 1999 | 10209740 |
| low faecal carrier rate of vancomycin resistant enterococci in norwegian hospital patients. | the faecal carrier rate of vancomycin resistant enterococci (vre) was surveyed among 616 patients in selected departments of 7 norwegian hospitals. one enterococcus gallinarum isolate harbouring a vanb2 element was recovered from a child with malignant disease treated with vancomycin and ceftazidime. no vancomycin resistant enterococcus faecalis or enterococcus faecium were detected and no vre isolates of the vana type were identified. the low level of vre carriage corresponds to the limited use ... | 1998 | 10066045 |
| comparison of simple and rapid methods for identifying enterococci intrinsically resistant to vancomycin. | three different methodologies, reduction of litmus milk (lm) and acidification of arabinose (ara), acidification of methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (mgp), and rapid motility (rm), for differentiating isolates of enterococcus casseliflavus and enterococcus gallinarum (intrinsically vancomycin-resistant enterococci [ivre]) from enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium were evaluated. all 33 isolates of e. faecalis tested reduced lm within 4 h and were negative in all other tests, while the 53 ... | 1999 | 9986863 |
| determination of 16s rrna sequences of enterococci and application to species identification of nonmotile enterococcus gallinarum isolates. | the 16s rrna sequences of enterococcal species e. faecium, e. faecalis, e. gallinarum, e. casseliflavus/flavescens, e. dispar, e. pseudoavium, e. sulfureus, e. malodoratus, e. raffinosus, e. cecorum, e. hirae, e. saccharolyticus, e. seriolicida, e. mundtii, e. avium, e. durans, e. columbae, and e. solitarius are presented herein. these data were utilized to confirm the species identification of two nonmotile e. gallinarum isolates which had been previously phenotypically identified as e. faecium ... | 1998 | 9774606 |
| colonization and microbiology of the motile enterococci in a patient population. | the motile enterococci with the vanc gene have intrinsic low-level resistance to vancomycin, but have not been implicated in a nosocomial outbreak. we determined the colonization rate of motile enterococci in hospitalized and nonhospitalized patients. perianal or stool specimens were cultured in enterococcosel broth supplemented with 6 micrograms of vancomycin per ml. rapid motility and pigment tests were performed on all enterococci isolated. a total of 82 motile and/or pigmented enterococci we ... | 1998 | 9764390 |
| screening of stool samples for identification of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus isolates should include the methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside test to differentiate nonmotile enterococcus gallinarum from e. faecium. | the methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (mdg) test has been shown to be superior to motility testing in differentiating enterococcus faecium from e. gallinarum. in the present study, 33 vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) isolates collected as part of a stool surveillance study were compared by using motility and mdg. motility testing identified all 33 isolates as e. faecium, whereas mdg identified 11 of the 33 isolates as nonmotile e. gallinarum. the mdg results were confirmed by sequencing the ... | 1998 | 9666016 |
| detection and differentiation of vanc-1, vanc-2, and vanc-3 glycopeptide resistance genes in enterococci. | the vanc phenotype, as found in enterococcus gallinarum, e. casseliflavus, and e. flavescens, is characterized by intrinsic low-level resistance to vancomycin. the nucleotide sequences of the vanc-1 gene in e. gallinarum, the vanc-2 gene in e. casseliflavus, and the vanc-3 gene in e. flavescens have been reported, although there is some disagreement as to whether e. flavescens is a legitimate enterococcal species. previous attempts to differentiate the vanc-2 and vanc-3 genes by pcr analysis hav ... | 1998 | 9666008 |
| effects of different test conditions on mics of food animal growth-promoting antibacterial agents for enterococci. | the influence of the addition of sheep blood to mueller-hinton ii agar and the effects of aerobic incubation with or without co2 and of anaerobic incubation were tested with bacitracin, tylosin, avoparcin, virginiamycin, avilamycin, narasin, and flavomycin on enterococci. the antibacterial activity of bambermycin (flavomycin) was strongly inhibited by the addition of blood, except with the species enterococcus faecium, enterococcus mundtii, enterococcus hirae, enterococcus casseliflavus, and ent ... | 1998 | 9650934 |
| use of tests for acidification of methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside and susceptibility to efrotomycin for differentiation of strains of enterococcus and some related genera. | a total of 107 enterococcus strains, 10 vagococcus fluvialis strains, and 8 lactococcus garvieae strains were tested for acidification of methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside (mgp) and susceptibility to 100-microg efrotomycin (efro) disks. all 26 strains of enterococcus casseliflavus, including 3 nonmotile and 2 nonpigmented strains, acidified mgp and were resistant to efro. all 22 strains of enterococcus gallinarum, including 5 nonmotile strains, also acidified mgp and were resistant to efro. none of ... | 1998 | 9620381 |
| in vitro susceptibility studies and detection of vancomycin resistance genes in clinical isolates of enterococci in nagasaki, japan. | glycopeptide resistance in enterococci is now a cause of clinical concern in the united states and europe. however, details of vancomycin resistance in enterococci in japan have been unknown. we measured minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of various antimicrobial agents for a total of 218 clinical strains of enterococci isolated in our hospital in 1995-6 in addition to 15 strains with known genotypic markers of resistance. we also screened vancomycin resistance genes using a single step mu ... | 1997 | 9363016 |
| molecular analysis of lactococcus garvieae and enterococcus gallinarum isolated from water buffalos with subclinical mastitis. | 1997 | 9331680 | |
| are clinical laboratories in california accurately reporting vancomycin-resistant enterococci? | in order to determine whether hospital-based clinical laboratories conducting active surveillance for vancomycin-resistant enterococci in three san francisco bay area counties (san francisco, alameda, and contra costa counties) were accurately reporting vancomycin resistance, five vancomycin-resistant enterococcal strains and one vancomycin-susceptible beta-lactamase-producing enterococcus were sent to 31 of 32 (97%) laboratories conducting surveillance. each strain was tested by the laboratory' ... | 1997 | 9316901 |
| effect of vancomycin on intestinal flora of patients who previously received antimicrobial therapy. | to evaluate the ecological disturbances of peroral vancomycin administration following cephalosporin administration, 20 healthy volunteers received cefuroxime axetil tablets (250 mg) perorally twice a day for 1 week, and 10 of these volunteers subsequently received vancomycin capsules (125 mg) perorally four times daily for 7 days. the concentration of vancomycin in feces after 1 week of vancomycin administration was high (mean +/- sd, 520 +/- 197 mg/kg), which correlated with the ecological dis ... | 1997 | 9314469 |
| bacterial resistance to vancomycin: overproduction, purification, and characterization of vanc2 from enterococcus casseliflavus as a d-ala-d-ser ligase. | the vanc phenotype for clinical resistance of enterococci to vancomycin is exhibited by enterococcus gallinarum and enterococcus casseliflavus. based on the detection of the cell precursor udp-n-acetylmuramic acid pentapeptide intermediate terminating in d-ala-d-ser instead of d-ala-d-ala, it has been predicted that the vanc ligase would be a d-ala-d-ser rather than a d-ala-d-ala ligase. overproduction of the e. casseliflavus atcc 25788 vanc2 gene in escherichia coli and its purification to homo ... | 1997 | 9294159 |
| species identification of enterococci via intergenic ribosomal pcr. | accurate species identification of enterococci has become important with the wide prevalence of acquired vancomycin resistance and the presence of less epidemiologically important, inherently vancomycin-resistant enterococci. using a collection of enterococcal strains, we found that pcr amplification of the intergenic spacer (its-pcr) between the 16s and 23s rrna genes can produce amplicon profiles characteristic of the enterococcus examined. the species examined were group i enterococci (entero ... | 1997 | 9114380 |
| evaluation of arbitrarily primed pcr analysis and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis of large genomic dna fragments for identification of enterococci important in human medicine. | the increasing problems encountered with enterococcal nosocomial infections and the intrinsic and acquired resistance of the enterococci to different antimicrobial compounds highlight the need for a rapid identification technique. enterococcus faecalis is readily identified by biochemical tests, but species differentiation within the enterococcus faecium and enterococcus gallinarum species groups is less well established. in the present study, 66 strains representing the most prevalent human ent ... | 1997 | 9103648 |
| a novel gentamicin resistance gene in enterococcus. | enterococcus gallinarum sf9117 is a veterinary isolate for which the mic of gentamicin is 256 micrograms/ml. time-kill studies with a combination of ampicillin plus gentamicin failed to show synergism against sf9117. a probe representing aac(6')-aph(2") did not hybridize to dna from sf9117. a 3.2-kb fragment from plasmid pyn134 of sf9117 was cloned and conferred resistance to gentamicin in escherichia coli dh5 alpha. nucleotide sequence analysis revealed the presence of a 918-bp open reading fra ... | 1997 | 9055984 |
| acidification of methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside: a useful test to differentiate enterococcus casseliflavus and enterococcus gallinarum from enterococcus faecium species group and from enterococcus faecalis. | enterococcus gallinarum and e. casseliflavus are difficult to differentiate from other enterococci, particularly e.faecium. the former two species were found to produce acid from methyl-alpha-d-glucopyranoside in phenol red broth, while e.faecalis strains and strains of the e.faecium species group, including e.faecium, e.durans, e. hirae, and e.mundtii, failed to produce acid from this substrate. | 1996 | 8880532 |
| control of endemic glycopeptide-resistant enterococci. | to evaluate the epidemiology of, and control measures for, vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre) in a renal unit. | 1996 | 8727617 |
| characteristics of enterococci and staphylococci isolated from the crop and caecum of japanese quails exposed to microgravity conditions. | ten selected strains of enterococci and staphylococci were isolated from the crop and caecum of japanese quails exposed to microgravity conditions. isolates were allotted to the species enterococcus gallinarum, ent. avium, ent. faecium, staphylococcus gallinarum and staph. aureus. isolated strains were facultatively anaerobic, non-motile, gram-positive cocci, occurring in pairs, short chains or irregular clusters. isolates utilized most of the soluble sugars tested and produced bacteriocin-like ... | 1995 | 8659081 |
| epidemiologic analysis of glycopeptide-resistant enterococcus strains in neutropenic patients receiving prolonged vancomycin administration. | vancomycin-resistant enterococci have been isolated with increasing frequency since 1988. thus far, most of these resistant enterococci have belonged to the enterococcus faecium species, and epidemiological studies have shown a wide diversity among interhospital and intrahospital isolates. this report presents an epidemiologic investigation of 25 vancomycin-resistant enterococcus strains--24 enterococcus faecium and one enterococcus gallinarum--isolated from the stools or blood of adult patients ... | 1995 | 8654446 |
| augmented production of extracellular superoxide by blood isolates of enterococcus faecalis. | to assess the frequency of extracellular superoxide (o-2) production by enterococci, multiple species were surveyed in a whole organism assay for their ability to reduce ferricytochrome c in a superoxide dismutase-inhibitable fashion. for stool and clinical enterococcal isolates and 12 type strains, only enterococcus faecalis (87/91 isolates and atcc 19433), enterococcus faecium (5/13 isolates), enterococcus casseliflavus (atcc 25778), and enterococcus gallinarum (atcc 35038) produced extracellu ... | 1996 | 8627044 |
| vancomycin-resistant enterococci colonizing the intestinal tracts of hospitalized patients. | a point prevalence culture survey was carried out to investigate the prevalence of fecal carriage of vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) among patients admitted to an 800-bed general hospital where no vre had been isolated previously. twenty-two of 636 patients (3.5%) were found to be vre carriers. eighteen strains were identified as enterococcus faecium, three were identified as enterococcus gallinarum, and one was identified as enterococcus faecalis. the susceptibilities of the enterococci ... | 1995 | 8576330 |
| the vanb gene confers various levels of self-transferable resistance to vancomycin in enterococci. | thirty-nine strains of enterococcus faecium and enterococcus faecalis resistant to vancomycin and susceptible to teicoplanin on disk susceptibility testing (phenotypic class b) were isolated in 15 hospitals in europe and the united states. the mics of vancomycin for these strains ranged from 4 to 1024 micrograms/ml. part of the vancomycin resistance gene vanb from e. faecalis v583 hybridized with a single but variably sized hindiii-kpni fragment of total dna from all 39 strains. this indicates t ... | 1993 | 8486958 |
| in vitro activity of rp59500, an injectable streptogramin antibiotic, against vancomycin-resistant gram-positive organisms. | the in vitro activity of rp59500, a streptogramin antibiotic, against 146 clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant gram-positive bacteria was examined. five strains of the species enterococcus casseliflavus and enterococcus gallinarum, for which the mic of vancomycin was 8 micrograms/ml, were also studied. twenty-eight vancomycin-susceptible strains of enterococcus faecalis and enterococcus faecium were included for comparison. the drug was highly active against leuconostoc spp., lactobacillus ... | 1993 | 8460927 |
| presumptive fecal streptococci in environmental samples characterized by one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. | the use of fecal streptococci as fecal indicators requires better knowledge of the ecology of these bacteria. we isolated 371 presumptive fecal streptococci from environmental samples--domestic wastewater, forest industry wastewater, contaminated surface and seawater, well water, cow dung, bird droppings, and pristine waters--and clustered them according to their protein profiles in one-dimensional sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis. some clusters could be tentati ... | 1993 | 8357252 |
| ability of clinical laboratories to detect antimicrobial agent-resistant enterococci. | to test the ability of clinical laboratories to detect antimicrobial resistance among enterococci, we sent four vancomycin-resistant enterococcal strains and one beta-lactamase-producing enterococcus to all 93 nongovernment, hospital-based clinical laboratories in new jersey; 76 (82%) participated in the study. each organism was tested by the laboratory's routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing method. the proportion of laboratories that correctly reported that an isolate was resistant to v ... | 1993 | 8349745 |
| in vitro activity of sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin against multidrug-resistant enterococci. | we evaluated the in vitro susceptibility of 140 clinical enterococcal isolates to the quinolones sparfloxacin and clinafloxacin. isolates included enterococcus faecalis (107), enterococcus faecium (29), enterococcus raffinosus (3), and one enterococcus gallinarum. there were 111 isolates that showed high-level [minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) > or = 2000 micrograms/ml] resistance to gentamicin and were resistant to high levels of all other aminoglycosides; five isolates produced beta-la ... | 1993 | 8243036 |
| modification of peptidoglycan precursors is a common feature of the low-level vancomycin-resistant vanb-type enterococcus d366 and of the naturally glycopeptide-resistant species lactobacillus casei, pediococcus pentosaceus, leuconostoc mesenteroides, and enterococcus gallinarum. | the biochemical basis for the acquired or natural resistance of various gram-positive organisms to glycopeptides was studied by high-pressure liquid chromatographic analysis of their peptidoglycan udp-murnac-peptide precursors. in all cases, resistance was correlated with partial or complete replacement of the c-terminal d-ala-d-ala-containing udp-murnac-pentapeptide by a new precursor with a modified c terminus. nuclear magnetic resonance analysis by sequential assignment showed that the new pr ... | 1994 | 8157610 |
| analysis of peptidoglycan precursors in vancomycin-resistant enterococcus gallinarum bm4174. | vancomycin resistance in enterococci is an increasing clinical problem, and several phenotypes have been identified. we demonstrate here that the resistance mechanism in the constitutively vancomycin-resistant enterococcus gallinarum bm4174 involves an altered pathway of peptidoglycan synthesis and hydrolysis of the normal precursors in the vancomycin-sensitive pathway. a ligase encoded by the vanc gene catalyses synthesis of d-ala-d-ser and substitutes this dipeptide for d-ala-d-ala in peptidog ... | 1994 | 8037690 |
| analysis of genes encoding d-alanine-d-alanine ligase-related enzymes in enterococcus casseliflavus and enterococcus flavescens. | using degenerate oligonucleotides complementary to sequences encoding conserved amino acid motifs in d-alanine-d-alanine (ddl) ligases, we have amplified ca. 600-bp fragments from enterococcus casseliflavus atcc 25788 and enterococcus flavescens ccm439. sequence analysis of the amplification products indicated that each strain possessed two genes, ddle. cass. and vanc-2, and ddle. flav. and vanc-3, respectively, encoding ddl-related enzymes. the fragments internal to the vanc genes were 98.3% id ... | 1994 | 7986009 |
| emergence of high-level resistance to glycopeptides in enterococcus gallinarum and enterococcus casseliflavus. | enterococcus gallinarum bm4231 and enterococcus casseliflavus bm4232, isolated from the feces of a patient under oral therapy with vancomycin, were resistant to high levels of vancomycin (mics of > 256 micrograms/ml) and teicoplanin (mics of 128 and 64 micrograms/ml, respectively). this phenotype is new for these bacterial species that are naturally resistant to low levels of vancomycin and appears to be due to in vivo acquisition of plasmid pip218 carrying the vana gene cluster. | 1994 | 7979308 |
| dna hybridization and contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis for identification of enterococci to the species level. | in this study, 113 enterococcus faecium, 37 enterococcus faecalis, 24 enterococcus gallinarum, 15 enterococcus raffinosus, and 13 enterococcus casseliflavus clinical isolates and american type culture collection (atcc) strains were evaluated by contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis. thirty-one of the e. faecium, 22 of the e. faecalis, 24 of the e. gallinarum, 15 of the e. raffinosus, and 13 of the e. casseliflavus isolates were also evaluated by dna-dna hybridization. genomi ... | 1995 | 7699030 |
| comparison of pigment production and motility tests with pcr for reliable identification of intrinsically vancomycin-resistant enterococci. | forty-eight clinical isolates identified as either enterococcus faecium or enterococcus faecalis with the microscan system (dade international, microscan inc., west sacramento, calif.) were further characterized by two supplementary biochemical tests (pigment production and motility). twenty isolates (42%), all initially identified as e. faecium, were motile. of these 20, 8 isolates (17%) produced yellow pigment and were identified as enterococcus casseliflavus and the remaining 12 (25%) were no ... | 1995 | 7665675 |
| investigation of the reformulated remel synergy quad plate for detection of high-level aminoglycoside and vancomycin resistance among enterococci. | we investigated the accuracy of the recently released remel synergy quad plate, a commercially available agar screening method for detecting high-level aminoglycoside and vancomycin resistance among enterococci that is based on the national committee for clinical laboratory standards recommended guidelines (national committee for clinical laboratory standards, m7-a3, 1993). the synergy quad correctly determined the gentamicin and streptomycin resistance status for > or = 97% of 147 enterococcus ... | 1995 | 7650204 |
| inducible and constitutive expression of vanc-1-encoded resistance to vancomycin in enterococcus gallinarum. | clinical isolates enterococcus gallinarum aib39 and e. gallinarum gs1 were studied to establish whether the expression of vanc-1-mediated resistance may be inducible or constitutive. by growth curve analysis, strain aib39 exhibited the same lag period (i.e., 1 to 1.5 h) whether it was subcultured to unsupplemented brain heart infusion broth or broth containing 6 micrograms of vancomycin per ml, a growth pattern typical of constitutively expressed resistance. use of high-performance liquid chroma ... | 1995 | 7492089 |
| use of primers selective for vancomycin resistance genes to determine van genotype in enterococci and to study gene organization in vana isolates. | vancomycin resistance in enterococci is an emerging therapeutic problem. resistance is not always detected by standard microbiological methods. oligonucleotide primers for pcr were designed to target amplification of defined regions of genes of the vana cluster, as well as vanb and vanc1. these primers correctly identified 30 vancomycin-resistant isolates tested (17 vana, 7 vanb, and 6 enterococcus gallinarum). no amplification was observed with enterococcus casseliflavus or vancomycin-susceptib ... | 1995 | 7486917 |
| recovery of resistant enterococci during vancomycin prophylaxis. | we report a case of a patient undergoing hemodialysis who developed a wound infection and subsequently bacteremia with a strain of vancomycin-resistant enterococcus identified as enterococcus gallinarum. he had been receiving vancomycin prophylaxis before developing these infections. both isolates were susceptible to ampicillin, rifampin, teicoplanin, and daptomycin (ly146032). | 1988 | 3384933 |
| in vitro detection of enterococcal vancomycin resistance. | by using agar dilution as the standard method, we determined the ability of broth microdilution, disk diffusion, and an automated system (ams vitek) to detect three different levels of vancomycin resistance among six enterococcal isolates. enterococcus gallinarum aib-38 and aib-39 exhibited low-level resistance (mic, 16 to 32 micrograms/ml) that was detected only by agar and broth dilution methods. e. faecalis v583, e. faecium aib-42, and e. faecalis aib-41 showed moderately high-level resistanc ... | 1990 | 2126696 |
| species identities of enterococci isolated from clinical specimens. | conventional tests and commercially available systems were used to determine the species identities of clinical isolates of enterococci. strict adherence to the conventional test scheme of facklam and collins (r. r. facklam and m. d. collins, j. clin. microbiol. 27:731-734, 1989) resulted in the misidentification of lactose-negative enterococcus faecalis isolates as enterococcus solitarius, but this problem was overcome by the application of additional tests. the commercially available systems t ... | 1990 | 2108992 |
| vancomycin susceptibility and identification of motile enterococci. | thirty-seven clinical isolates of enterococcus gallinarum and enterococcus casseliflavus and three type or reference strains of the species were studied with respect to vancomycin susceptibility and key identification characteristics. with the exception of one clinical isolate of e. casseliflavus (mic, 4 micrograms/ml), mics of vancomycin were 8 to 32 micrograms/ml. the type strain of e. gallinarum, ncdo 2313, and five of the clinical isolates had similar penicillin-binding protein profiles and ... | 1991 | 1939593 |
| recovery of vancomycin-resistant gram-positive cocci from pediatric liver transplant recipients. | between november 1988 and october 1989, 49 first-time pediatric liver transplant recipients at the children's hospital of pittsburgh were prospectively monitored for the presence of stool colonization and the development of disease caused by vancomycin-resistant gram-positive cocci (vrgpc). quantitative stool culturing was done on a weekly basis, and cultures were planted onto a selective medium for vrgpc. isolates for which the mic was greater than or equal to 8 were considered resistant to van ... | 1991 | 1774255 |
| sequence of the vanc gene of enterococcus gallinarum bm4174 encoding a d-alanine:d-alanine ligase-related protein necessary for vancomycin resistance. | the amplification product obtained with dna from vancomycin-resistant (vmr) enterococcus gallinarum bm4174 and a pair of degenerate oligodeoxyribonucleotides that correspond to conserved amino acid (aa) motifs in escherichia coli d-alanine (d-ala):d-ala ligases and in en. faecium vmr protein (vana) was used as a probe to clone the vanc gene of that strain. the vanc product, with a calculated mr of 37,504, exhibits 29 to 38% aa identity with vana and e. coli ligases. insertional inactivation of v ... | 1992 | 1551598 |
| vancomycin resistance in enterococcus gallinarum. | the vancomycin resistance expressed by several strains of enterococcus gallinarum was studied. resistance was expressed constitutively, as demonstrated by analysis of growth and inhibition of peptidoglycan synthesis. e. gallinarum strains were moderately resistant to vancomycin (mic, 16 micrograms/ml) but were as susceptible as vancomycin-susceptible enterococci to the glycopeptides, teicoplanin, a35512b, a47934, a4103a, and a41030e and the glycopeptide actaplanins a1, b2, and c1. vancomycin res ... | 1992 | 1510433 |
| effects of amino acids on expression of enterococcal vancomycin resistance. | the effects of various amino acids on vancomycin mics obtained with resistant enterococci was investigated by using broth dilution testing. for both the type a (i.e., possessing transferable resistance to teicoplanin and vancomycin) and the type b (i.e., possessing teicoplanin susceptibility and nontransferable vancomycin resistance) resistant strains, vancomycin mics in the presence of glycine were substantially lower than those in unsupplemented broth (range of mic decrease, 8- to 128-fold). n ... | 1992 | 1503457 |
| vancomycin resistance gene vanc is specific to enterococcus gallinarum. | nearly all strains of enterococcus gallinarum are resistant to low levels of vancomycin. the glycopeptide resistance gene vanc from e. gallinarum bm4174 has recently been cloned and sequenced. a probe specific for vanc hybridized with a 2.7-kb ecori and a 4.5-kb hindiii fragment of total dna from the 42 strains of e. gallinarum studied. no homology was detected with dna of strains belonging to other species intrinsically resistant to vancomycin, including enterococcus casseliflavus, a species th ... | 1992 | 1416893 |
| [the effect of culture media on bacteriocin production in various strains of bacteria]. | some staphylococcus and enterococcus strains were used to investigate the effect of culture medium on bacteriocin production. staphylococcus cohnii sc7, staphylococcus sp. ztj 151, s. saprophyticus ss 877, enterococcus faecium ef1 and e. faecalis efg2 were isolated from the rumen wall and contents of lambs, calves and fallow deer, enterococcus gallinarum eg10 and e. avium ea12 were isolated from the caecum of japanese quail. the tested bacteria belong to producers with a wide antimicrobial effec ... | 1992 | 1297243 |