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antibacterial effect of porcine ptx3 against streptococcus suis type 2 infection.pentraxin 3 (ptx3), a soluble pattern recognition receptor, plays an important role in innate immunity and has been implicated to be a candidate resistance gene against streptococcus suis 2 infection. to discover the antibacterial effect of porcine ptx3 against s. suis 2, the 42-kda ptx3 protein was expressed by chinese hamster ovary cells (cho), and an additional eukaryotic expression vector pvax-ptx3 was constructed. the expressed porcine ptx3 mediated a range of antibacterial activities inclu ...201526427882
clonal distribution of streptococcus suis isolated from diseased pigs in the central region of chile.the characteristics of 29 chilean field strains of streptococcus suis recovered between 2007 and 2011 from pigs with clinical signs at different farms were studied. serotyping with use of the coagglutination test revealed that all but 1 strain belonged to serotype 6; the remaining strain was serotype 22. all the serotype-6 strains were suilysin (hemolysin)-negative; in addition, they were found to be genotypically homogeneous by enterobacterial repetitive intergenic consensus sequence-based poly ...201526424917
streptococcus suis in employees and the environment of swine slaughterhouses in são paulo, brazil: occurrence, risk factors, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility.streptococcus suis is an important pathogen in the swine industry. this article is the first to report the occurrence, risk factors, serotype distribution, and antimicrobial susceptibility of s. suis recovered from employees and environmental samples of swine slaughterhouses in brazil. tonsillar swabs from all 139 pig-slaughtering employees and 261 environmental swabs were collected for detection of s. suis and serotyping by monoplex and multiplex polymerase chain reaction, respectively. antimic ...201526424907
characterization of five zoonotic streptococcus suis strains from germany, including one isolate from a recent fatal case of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome in a hunter.a streptococcus suis isolate from a german hunter with streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (stsls) and four additional zoonotic isolates were genotyped as mrp(+) epf* (variant 1890) sly(+) cps2(+). all five zoonotic german strains were characterized by high multiplication in human blood samples ex vivo, but induction of only low levels of proinflammatory cytokines compared to a chinese stsls strain.201526424844
first human case report of sepsis due to infection with streptococcus suis serotype 31 in thailand.streptococcus suis is a zoonotic pathogen that causes invasive infections in humans and pigs. it has been reported that s. suis infection in humans is mostly caused by serotype 2. however, human cases caused by other serotypes have rarely been reported. this is the first report of a human case of infection with s. suis serotype 31 in thailand.201526420029
multi-etiological nature of tuberculosis-like lesions in condemned pigs at the slaughterhouse.tuberculosis-like lesions (tbl) in pigs have been associated with microorganisms other than mycobacteria. in this work a histopathological and microbiological evaluation of tbl in pigs is shown. a total of 352 samples belonging to 171 pigs totally condemned at slaughterhouse due to generalized tbl were sampled and selected for analysis. pyogranulomatous (56.2%) and granulomatous lesions (20.2%) were observed in all analysed organs. most of the granulomas observed in both lymph nodes and lungs be ...201526418681
investigations of selected pathogens among village pigs in central papua, indonesia.village pig husbandry is an important part of livestock production in papua province, eastern indonesia. however, high level of disease and mortality constrains production. the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of the selected pathogens in village pigs in the jayawijaya region of papua province, indonesia. two studies were conducted: study 1 determined the prevalence of selected pathogens in dead or moribund pigs sent to the main local market for sale. study 2 recorded the prev ...201626381546
complex population structure and virulence differences among serotype 2 streptococcus suis strains belonging to sequence type 28.streptococcus suis is a major swine pathogen and a zoonotic agent. serotype 2 strains are the most frequently associated with disease. however, not all serotype 2 lineages are considered virulent. indeed, sequence type (st) 28 serotype 2 s. suis strains have been described as a homogeneous group of low virulence. however, st28 strains are often isolated from diseased swine in some countries, and at least four human st28 cases have been reported. here, we used whole-genome sequencing and animal i ...201526375680
assessing the metabolic diversity of streptococcus from a protein domain point of view.understanding the diversity and robustness of the metabolism of bacteria is fundamental for understanding how bacteria evolve and adapt to different environments. in this study, we characterised 121 streptococcus strains and studied metabolic diversity from a protein domain perspective. metabolic pathways were described in terms of the promiscuity of domains participating in metabolic pathways that were inferred to be functional. promiscuity was defined by adapting existing measures based on dom ...201526366735
expression, purification, crystallization and structure determination of the n terminal domain of fhb, a factor h binding protein from streptococcus suis.fhb is a surface virulence protein from streptococcus suis, which could aid bacterial evasion of host innate immune defense by recruiting complement regulator factor h to inactivate c3b deposited on bacterial surface in blood. here we successfully expressed and purified the n terminal domain of fhb (n-fhb) and obtained crystals of the n-fhb by sitting-drop vapor diffusion method with a resolution of 1.50 å. the crystals belong to space group c2 with unit cell parameters a = 127.1 å, b = 77.3 å, ...201526365348
emergence of streptococcus suis serotype 9 infection in humans. 201526362754
assessment of maldi-tof ms as alternative tool for streptococcus suis identification.the accuracy of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) for identifying streptococcus suis isolates obtained from pigs, wild animals, and humans was evaluated using a pcr-based identification assay as the gold standard. in addition, maldi-tof ms was compared with the commercial multi-tests rapid id 32 strep system. from the 129 s. suis isolates included in the study and identified by the molecular method, only 31 isolates (24.03%) had score val ...201526347858
antioxidant activity and antibacterial effects on clinical isolated streptococcus suis and staphylococcus intermedius of extracts from several parts of cladogynos orientalis and their phytochemical screenings.the in vitro antioxidant and antibacterial assays against clinically isolated streptococcus suis and staphylococcus intermedius of the extracts prepared by decoction and ethanolic reflux of different parts of chettaphangki (cladogynos orientalis zipp. ex span), including the leaves, roots, and stems, using 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) scavenging assay and disc diffusion method were conducted. quantitative analysis of total phenolic and total flavonoid contents in the extracts using spect ...201526347795
virulence genotyping and population analysis of streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolates from china.streptococcus suis is one of the most important swine pathogens worldwide. in this study, a total of 22 virulence-related genes in 101 strains of s. suis serotype 2 (ss2) were detected by pcr, namely, mrp, epf, sly, fbps, rgg, ofs, srta, pgda, gapdh, iga, endod, ciarh, salkr, mann, purd, rgg, dppiv, neub, dlta, smu_61-like, spym3_0908 (permease) and the sspa gene. the distribution of virulence-related genes among isolates was visualized using bionumerics software to study similarities among the ...201526303637
catabolite control protein a has an important role in the metabolic regulation of streptococcus suis type 2 according to itraq-based quantitative proteomic analysis.the catabolite control protein a (ccpa) regulates the carbon metabolism in streptococcus suis type 2 and has pleiotropic regulatory functions in bacterial virulence and transcription. the present study systematically investigated ccpa activity in streptococcus suis type 2 using isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantification (itraq) liquid chromatography‑tandem mass spectrometry‑based proteomics. gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes analyses demonstrated that ccpa is a ...201526299628
sialic acid-dependent interactions between influenza viruses and streptococcus suis affect the infection of porcine tracheal cells.bacterial co-infections are a major complication in influenza-virus-induced disease in both humans and animals. either of the pathogens may induce a host response that affects the infection by the other pathogen. a unique feature in the co-infection by swine influenza viruses (siv) and streptococcus suis serotype 2 is the direct interaction between the two pathogens. it is mediated by the haemagglutinin of siv that recognizes the α2,6-linked sialic acid present in the capsular polysaccharide of ...201526297001
high diversity of viable bacteria isolated from lymph nodes of slaughter pigs and its possible impacts for food safety.ileocaecal lymph nodes (iclns) of pigs, the key immune inductive site for bacterial systemic invasion, were examined in this study with emphasis on viable and cultivable bacteria.201526283649
identification and characterization of the chromosomal yefm-yoeb toxin-antitoxin system of streptococcus suis.toxin-antitoxin (ta) systems are widely prevalent in the genomes of bacteria and archaea. these modules have been identified in escherichia coli and various other bacteria. however, their presence in the genome of streptococcus suis, an important zoonotic pathogen, has received little attention. in this study, we describe the identification and characterization of a type ii ta system, comprising the chromosomal yefm-yoeb locus of s. suis. the yefm-yoeb locus is present in the genome of most sero ...201526272287
erythema multiforme associated with respiratory disease in a commercial breeding pig herd.this study describes an erythema multiforme (em) in breeding sows, after their mixing in the group housing system. sows at 30-35 days of gestation showed red and raised skin areas, depression, anorexia, fever, respiratory problems, and increased return to estrus. blood and nasal samples from diseased sows were examined by quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for respiratory pathogens. hematological and biochemical analyses were performed on the blood sampl ...201526266696
[correlation between type iv secretion system component vird4 and virulence for streptococcus suis 2].in order to study the role of ss2 type iv secretion system vird4 in evasion of the host innate immune killing, we constructed a knockout mutant avird4. then we studied its biological activity and virulence.201526259489
prophage lysin ply30 protects mice from streptococcus suis and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus infections.streptococcus suis and streptococcus equi subsp. zooepidemicus are capable of infecting humans and various animals, causing significant problems for the worldwide swine industry. as antibiotic resistance has increased, lysosomal enzymes encoded by phages have shown potential for use against pathogenic bacteria. in this study, a novel bacteriophage lysin, ply30, encoded by the s. suis prophage phi30c, was recombinantly expressed and purified. ply30 showed high bacteriolysis activity on s. suis an ...201526253669
live attenuated salmonella enterica serovar choleraesuis vaccine vector displaying regulated delayed attenuation and regulated delayed antigen synthesis to confer protection against streptococcus suis in mice.salmonella enterica serotype choleraesuis (s. choleraesuis) and streptococcus suis (s. suis) are important swine pathogens. development of a safe and effective attenuated s. choleraesuis vaccine vector would open a new window to prevent and control pig diseases. to achieve this goal, the mannose and arabinose regulated delayed attenuated systems (rdas), δpmi and δpcrp::tt arac pbadcrp, were introduced into the wild type s. choleraesuis strain c78-3. we also introduced δrela::arac pbadlaci tt to ...201526238722
msmk, an atpase, contributes to utilization of multiple carbohydrates and host colonization of streptococcus suis.acquisition and metabolism of carbohydrates are essential for host colonization and pathogenesis of bacterial pathogens. different bacteria can uptake different lines of carbohydrates via abc transporters, in which atpase subunits energize the transport though atp hydrolysis. some abc transporters possess their own atpases, while some share a common atpase. here we identified msmk, an atpase from streptococcus suis, an emerging zoonotic bacterium causing dead infections in pigs and humans. genet ...201526222651
rare events of intragenus and intraspecies horizontal transfer of the 16s rrna gene.horizontal gene transfer (hgt) of operational genes has been widely reported in prokaryotic organisms. however, informational genes such as those involved in transcription and translation processes are very difficult to be horizontally transferred, as described by woese's complexity hypothesis. here, we analyzed all of the completed prokaryotic genome sequences (2,143 genomes) in the ncbi (national center for biotechnology information) database, scanned for genomes with high intragenomic heterog ...201526220935
[lytic phages and prophages of streptococcus suis--a review].streptococcus suis (s. suis) is an important zoonosis and pathogen that can carry prophages. in this review, we focus on the recent advances in our understanding of lytic phage and lysogenic phage of s. suis, including the morphology of s. suis lytic phage, the functions of lysin and terminase large subunit encoded by s. suis lytic phage, comparative genomics of s. suis prophages, lysogenic. conversion between s. suis lytic phage and prophage. furthermore, prospective evolution of interactions b ...201526211312
simultaneous detection of 33 streptococcus suis serotypes using the luminex xtag® assay™.we report the development and evaluation of a serotype-specific xtag luminex assay (ssa) that allows detection of the 33 serotypes of streptococcus suis (s. suis). this assay is based on wzy gene targets directly involved in the cps biosynthesis and can be completed 40 min post-pcr amplification. the assay correctly and specifically identified the serotype of all 209 isolates tested, in comparison with two serotyping multiplex pcr methods previously developed. the sensitivity was higher than tha ...201526210040
investigation into the role of catabolite control protein a in the metabolic regulation of streptococcus suis serotype 2 using gene expression profile analysis.catabolite control protein a (ccpa) serves a key function in the catabolism of streptococcus suis serotype 2 (s. suis 2) by affecting the biological function and metabolic regulatory mechanisms of this bacterium. the aim of the present study was to identify variations in ccpa expression in s. suis 2 using gene expression profile analysis. using sequencing and functional analysis, ccpa was demonstrated to play a regulatory role in the expression and regulation of virulence genes, carbon metabolis ...201526170923
toll-like receptor 4 confers inflammatory response to suilysin.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is an emerging human pathogen worldwide. a large outbreak occurred in the summer of 2005 in china. serum samples from this outbreak revealed that levels of the main proinflammatory cytokines were significantly higher in patients with streptococcal toxic-shock-like syndrome (stsls) than in patients with meningitis only. however, the mechanism underlying the cytokine storm in stsls caused by ss2 remained unclear. in this study, we found that suilysin (sly) is th ...201526167160
streptococcus suis meningitis in the netherlands. 201526165610
the type ii histidine triad protein htpsc is a novel adhesion with the involvement of streptococcus suis virulence.streptococcal histidine triad proteins htps are widely distributed within the streptococcus genus. based on the phylogenetic relationship and domain composition, htps are classified into type i and type ii subfamilies. previous studies revealed that several pathogenic streptococci contain more than one htp gene. we found that the highly virulent strain of streptococcus suis 2 (s. suis 2), 05zyh33 encodes 3 htps, designated htpsa (previously described as htps), htpsb, and htpsc. among them, htpsc ...201526151575
molecular diagnostics and its-based phylogenic analysis of streptococcus suis serotype 2 in central vietnam.streptococcus suis (s. suis) serotype 2 has recently become the most prevalent cause of meningitis in adults in many areas of vietnam. this study provides data on s. suis molecular diagnosis in central vietnam using a real-time polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay targeting the s. suis serotype 2 cps2j gene. additionally, 16s-23s rdna intragenic spacer (its)-based phylogenic analysis of strains isolated from cerebrospinal fluid (csf) in thua thien hue province, vietnam, is presented and discuss ...201526142672
the chromosomal sezat toxin-antitoxin system promotes the maintenance of the sspi-1 pathogenicity island in epidemic streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis has emerged as a causative agent of human meningitis and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome over the last years. the high pathogenicity of s. suis may be due in part to a laterally acquired pathogenicity island (renamed sspi-1), which can spontaneously excise and transfer to recipients. cells harboring excised sspi-1 can potentially lose this island if cell division occurs prior to its reintegration; however, attempts to cure sspi-1 from the host cells have been unsuccessful. ...201526138696
synthesis and antibacterial activity of novel pleuromutilin derivatives.in this study we describe the design, synthesis, and antibacterial activity of novel pleuromutilin analogs. a series of new compounds containing piperazine and alkylamino or arylamino groups was synthesized. the new compounds were characterized via (1)h-nmr, (13)c-nmr, fourier transform (ft)-ir and ms, and were further evaluated for their in vitro activity against seven gram-positive, and one gram-negative, pathogens. antibacterial data revealed that all compounds exhibited moderate to good anti ...201526133714
diadenylate cyclase evaluation of ssdaca (ssu98_1483) in streptococcus suis serotype 2.cyclic diadenosine monophosphate is a recently identified signaling molecule. it has been shown to play important roles in bacterial pathogenesis. ssu98_1483 (ssdaca), which is an ortholog of listeria monocytogenes daca, is a putative diadenylate cyclase in streptococcus suis serotype 2. in this study, we determined the enzymatic activity of ssdaca in vitro using high-performance liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry. our results showed that ssdaca was a diadenylate cyclase that converts a ...201526125899
isolation, characterization and biological properties of membrane vesicles produced by the swine pathogen streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis, more particularly serotype 2, is a major swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent worldwide that mainly causes meningitis, septicemia, endocarditis, and pneumonia. although several potential virulence factors produced by s. suis have been identified in the last decade, the pathogenesis of s. suis infections is still not fully understood. in the present study, we showed that s. suis produces membrane vesicles (mvs) that range in diameter from 13 to 130 nm and that appear ...201526110524
functional and structural characterization of the antiphagocytic properties of a novel transglutaminase from streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is an important swine and human zoonotic pathogen. in the present study, we identified a novel secreted immunogenic protein, sstgase, containing a highly conserved eukaryotic-like transglutaminase (tgase) domain at the n terminus. we found that inactivation of sstgase significantly reduced the virulence of ss2 in a pig infection model and impaired its antiphagocytosis in human blood. we further solved the crystal structure of the n-terminal portion of the prot ...201526085092
chronic osteomyelitis due to streptococcus suis: first case report from india. 201726069434
antimicrobial resistance profile and genotypic characteristics of streptococcus suis capsular type 2 isolated from clinical carrier sows and diseased pigs in china.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important zoonotic pathogen. antimicrobial resistance phenotypes and genotypic characterizations of s. suis 2 from carrier sows and diseased pigs remain largely unknown. in this study, 96 swine s. suis type 2, 62 from healthy sows and 34 from diseased pigs, were analyzed. high frequency of tetracycline resistance was observed, followed by sulfonamides. the lowest resistance of s. suis 2 for β-lactams supports their use as the primary antibiotics to treat the i ...201526064892
fatal case of streptococcus suis infection in a young wild boar (sus scrofa) from southwestern spain.streptococcus suis is a recognized pathogen that may cause important diseases in pigs and humans. this microorganism has been repeatedly isolated from wild boar (sus scrofa). however, its health implications for this wild species are still unknown. this article reports a detailed description of a fatal case of septicemia by s. suis affecting a young wild boar. the affected animal, about 15 days old, was found near death and exhibiting neurologic signs at a wild boar estate in southwestern spain. ...201526056897
disposition of ceftiofur and its active metabolites in fallow deer (dama dama) following single-dose intravenous and intramuscular administration.septicemia and foot infections associated with fusobacterium necrophorum , pasturella multocida, and streptococcus suis in captive fallow deer (dama dama) are reasonably treated with ceftiofur hydrochloride. this study describes the disposition of ceftiofur after single-dose intravenous and intramuscular administration of 3.65±0.1678 mg/kg in six female adult fallow deer using a nonrandomized crossover design and a 7-day washout period. serial blood samples were collected for 12 hr postdrug admi ...201526056876
trem-1 signaling promotes host defense during the early stage of infection with highly pathogenic streptococcus suis.infection with highly pathogenic streptococcus suis can cause septic shock, which is characterized by high levels of inflammatory cytokines and a high mortality rate. our previous study indicated that trem-1 (triggering receptor expressed on myeloid cells 1) was upregulated in swine spleen cells in response to s. suis infection. the role of trem-1 signaling in enhancement of the proinflammatory response promoted us to examine its effect on the outcome of s. suis infection. in the present study, ...201526056380
development of loop-mediated isothermal amplification to detect streptococcus suis and its application to retail pork meat in japan.we here developed a novel loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) method to detect streptococcus suis in raw pork meat. this method, designated lampss, targeted the recombination/repair protein (recn) gene of s. suis and detected all serotypes of s. suis, except those taxonomically removed from authentic s. suis, i.e., serotypes 20, 22, 26, 32, 33, and 34. the specificity of lampss was confirmed and its detection limit was 5.4cfu/reaction. among the 966 raw pork meat samples examined, incl ...201526043307
streptococcus suis, an important pig pathogen and emerging zoonotic agent-an update on the worldwide distribution based on serotyping and sequence typing.streptococcus suis is an important pathogen causing economic problems in the pig industry. moreover, it is a zoonotic agent causing severe infections to people in close contact with infected pigs or pork-derived products. although considered sporadic in the past, human s. suis infections have been reported during the last 45 years, with two large outbreaks recorded in china. in fact, the number of reported human cases has significantly increased in recent years. in this review, we present the wo ...201426038745
temporal and spatial association of streptococcus suis infection in humans and porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome outbreaks in pigs in northern vietnam.porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome (prrs) outbreaks in pigs are associated with increased susceptibility of pigs to secondary bacterial infections, including streptococcus suis - an important zoonotic pathogen causing bacterial meningitis in humans. this case-control study examined the association between human s. suis infection and prrs outbreaks in pigs in northern vietnam. we included 90 s. suis case-patients and 183 non-s. suis sepsis controls from a referral hospital in hanoi in ...201625997360
cultural drivers and health-seeking behaviours that impact on the transmission of pig-associated zoonoses in lao people's democratic republic.pig rearing is an important income source in the lao people's democratic republic (pdr), with many smallholder farmers using traditional free-range pig production systems. despite the potentially significant health risks posed by pig production regarding pig-associated zoonoses, information on the sociocultural drivers of these zoonoses is significantly lacking. this review summarises the existing sociocultural knowledge on eight pig-associated zoonoses suspected to be endemic in southeast asia: ...201525973203
erratum: genomic signatures of human and animal disease in the zoonotic pathogen streptococcus suis. 201525966020
recombination between streptococcus suis icessu32457 and streptococcus agalactiae icesa2603 yields a hybrid ice transferable to streptococcus pyogenes.integrative conjugative elements (ices) are mobile genetic elements that reside in the chromosome but retain the ability to undergo excision and to transfer by conjugation. genes involved in drug resistance, virulence, or niche adaptation are often found among backbone genes as cargo dna. we recently characterized in streptococcus suis an ice (icessu32457) carrying resistance genes [tet(o/w/32/o), tet(40), erm(b), apha, and aade] in the 15k unstable genetic element, which is flanked by two ∼1.3k ...201525935120
the immunoglobulin m-degrading enzyme of streptococcus suis, idessuis, is involved in complement evasion.streptococcus (s.) suis is one of the most important pathogens in pigs causing meningitis, arthritis, endocarditis and serositis. furthermore, it is also an emerging zoonotic agent. in our previous work we identified a highly specific igm protease in s. suis, designated ide(ssuis) . the objective of this study was to characterize the function of ide(ssuis) in the host-pathogen interaction. edman-sequencing revealed that ide(ssuis) cleaves the heavy chain of the igm molecule between constant doma ...201525928761
[epidemiological investigation of the first human case infected with streptococcus suis in shandong]. 201525924244
dynamic virus-bacterium interactions in a porcine precision-cut lung slice coinfection model: swine influenza virus paves the way for streptococcus suis infection in a two-step process.swine influenza virus (siv) and streptococcus suis are common pathogens of the respiratory tract in pigs, with both being associated with pneumonia. the interactions of both pathogens and their contribution to copathogenesis are only poorly understood. in the present study, we established a porcine precision-cut lung slice (pcls) coinfection model and analyzed the effects of a primary siv infection on secondary infection by s. suis at different time points. we found that siv promoted adherence, ...201525916988
investigation of pathogenesis of h1n1 influenza virus and swine streptococcus suis serotype 2 co-infection in pigs by microarray analysis.swine influenza virus and streptococcus suis are two important contributors to the porcine respiratory disease complex, and both have significant economic impacts. clinically, influenza virus and streptococcus suis co-infections in pigs are very common, which often contribute to severe pneumonia and can increase the mortality. however, the co-infection pathogenesis in pigs is unclear. in the present study, co-infection experiments were performed using swine h1n1 influenza virus and streptococcus ...201525906258
molecular basis of resistance to selected antimicrobial agents in the emerging zoonotic pathogen streptococcus suis.characterization of 227 streptococcus suis strains isolated from pigs during 2010 to 2013 showed high levels of resistance to clindamycin (95.6%), tilmicosin (94.7%), tylosin (93.8%), oxytetracycline (89.4%), chlortetracycline (86.8%), tiamulin (72.7%), neomycin (70.0%), enrofloxacin (56.4%), penicillin (56.4%), ceftiofur (55.9%), and gentamicin (55.1%). resistance to tetracyclines, macrolides, aminoglycosides, and fluoroquinolone was attributed to the tet gene, erm(b), erm(c), mph(c), and mef(a ...201525903569
isolation and characterization of a native avirulent strain of streptococcus suis serotype 2: a perspective for vaccine development.streptococcus suis, an emerging infectious pathogen, is the cause of two large-scale outbreaks of human streptococcal toxic shock syndrome in china, and has attracted much attention from the scientific community. the genetic basis of its pathogenesis remains enigmatic, and no effective prevention measures have been established. to better understand the virulence differentiation of s. suis and develop a promising vaccine, we isolated and sequenced a native avirulent s. suis strain (05has68). anim ...201525891917
candidate proteomic biomarkers for three genogroups of the swine pathogen streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis, more specifically serotype 2, is a major swine pathogen and an emerging zoonotic agent that causes severe infections such as meningitis, endocarditis, and septicemia. in this study, surface-enhanced laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (seldi) was used to investigate the protein expression profiles of 45 strains of s. suis serotype 2 that had previously been clustered by multilocus sequence typing (mlst) into three sequence types (st1, st25, and st28) ...201525886383
multilocus sequence typing of australian streptococcus suis type 2 by maldi-tof mass spectrometry analysis of pcr amplicons.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is a ubiquitous pathogen of swine and is known to cause severe disease in humans. multilocus sequence typing (mlst) is ideal for characterising this organism because it permits isolates to be compared on a national and international scale. a novel approach to mlst using matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation-time of flight mass spectrometry (ms-mlst) provides a more rapid alternative to dideoxy sequencing. this study used ms-mlst to define the multilocus sequen ...201525862280
eight novel capsular polysaccharide synthesis gene loci identified in nontypeable streptococcus suis isolates.streptococcus suis is an important pathogen of pigs and may cause serious disease in humans. serotyping is one of the important diagnostic tools and is used for the epidemiological study of s. suis. nontypeable s. suis strains have been reported in many studies; however, the capsular polysaccharide (cps) synthesis cps loci of nontypeable strains have not been analyzed. in this study, we investigated the genetic characteristics of cps loci in 78 nontypeable strains isolated from healthy pigs. eig ...201525862221
role of the capsular polysaccharide as a virulence factor for streptococcus suis serotype 14.streptococcus suis is an important swine pathogen and a zoonotic agent causing meningitis and septicemia. although serotype 2 is the most virulent type, serotype 14 is emerging, and understanding of its pathogenesis is limited. to study the role of the capsular polysaccharide (cps) of serotype 14 as a virulence factor, we constructed knockout mutants devoid of either cps14b, a highly conserved regulatory gene, or neu14c, a gene coding for uridine diphospho-n-acetylglucosamine 2-epimerase, which ...201525852230
the immunoglobulin m-degrading enzyme of streptococcus suis, idessuis, is a highly protective antigen against serotype 2.streptococcus suis (s. suis) is a major porcine pathogen causing meningitis, arthritis and several other pathologies. recently, we identified a highly specific immunoglobulin m degrading enzyme of s. suis, designated idessuis, which is expressed by various serotypes. the objective of this work was to access the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a recombinant vaccine including idessuis. vaccination with ridessuis elicited antibodies efficiently neutralizing the igm protease activity. impo ...201525825330
genomic signatures of human and animal disease in the zoonotic pathogen streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis causes disease in pigs worldwide and is increasingly implicated in zoonotic disease in east and south-east asia. to understand the genetic basis of disease in s. suis, we study the genomes of 375 isolates with detailed clinical phenotypes from pigs and humans from the united kingdom and vietnam. here, we show that isolates associated with disease contain substantially fewer genes than non-clinical isolates, but are more likely to encode virulence factors. human disease isolate ...201525824154
evaluation of the protective efficacy of four novel identified membrane associated proteins of streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (s. suis 2) is an important zoonotic pathogen that can also cause epidemics of life-threatening infections in humans. surface proteins of pathogens play a critical role in the interaction with host system or environment, as they take part in processes like virulence, cytotoxicity, adhesion, signaling or transport, etc. thus, surface proteins identified by the screening of immunoproteomic techniques are promising vaccine candidates or diagnostic markers. in this stud ...201525820064
a novel pro-inflammatory protein of streptococcus suis 2 induces the toll-like receptor 2-dependent expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in raw 264.7 macrophages via activation of erk1/2 pathway.streptococcus suis 2 is an important swine pathogen and an emergent zoonotic pathogen. excessive inflammation caused by s. suis is responsible for the high levels of early mortality observed in septic shock-like syndrome cases. however, the mechanisms through which s. suis 2 (ss2) causes excessive inflammation remain unclear. thus, this study aimed to identify novel pro-inflammatory mediators that play important roles in the development of therapies against ss2 infection. in this study, the nove ...201525806027
bacterial cell surface properties: role of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (lb-eps).this study investigated the effect of loosely bound extracellular polymeric substances (lb-eps) on the comprehensive surface properties of four bacteria (bacillus subtilis, streptococcus suis, escherichia coli and pseudomonas putida). the removal of lb-eps from bacterial surfaces by high-speed centrifugation (12,000×g) was confirmed by sem images. viability tests showed that the percentages of viable cells ranged from 95.9% to 98.0%, and no significant difference was found after treatment (p>0.0 ...201525805151
proteomics identification of novel fibrinogen-binding proteins of streptococcus suis contributing to antiphagocytosis.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) induced sepsis and meningitis are often accompanied by bacteremia. however, the mechanism whereby it helps s. suis to evade pmn-mediated phagocytosis remain unclear. because of the central roles of bacteria-human fibrinogen (hfg) interaction in innate immunity, here, a proteomics based far-western blotting (pbfwb) was developed to identify the fibrinogen-binding surface proteins of s. suis (ssfbps) on a large-scale. and then thirteen potential ssfbps were iden ...201525789245
genetic diversity and virulence of novel sequence types of streptococcus suis from diseased and healthy pigs in china.streptococcus suis is a serious threat to swine industry and public health. in this work, a total of 62 s. suis isolates recovered from infected and healthy pigs from four provinces in northern china were classified by multilocus sequence typing into nine sequence types (sts), including six novel ones, namely, st417, st418, st419, st420, st421, and st422. the majority (64.5%) of these 62 isolates belong to serotype 2; all of these serotype 2 isolates can be assigned into st1 or st28 clonal compl ...201525784908
potential probiotic attributes of a new strain of bacillus coagulans cgmcc 9951 isolated from healthy piglet feces.a new strain of bacillus coagulans cgmcc 9551, which has a broad range of antibacterial activities against six main pathogenic bacteria including escherichia coli o8, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis, streptococcus suis, listeria monocytogenes and pasteurella multocida, was isolated from healthy piglet feces. in adhesion assay, the isolate exhibited a stronger adhesion to pig intestinal mucus than that of b. subtilis jt143 and l. acidophilus ly24 res ...201525752235
genome-wide identification of allele-specific expression in response to streptococcus suis 2 infection in two differentially susceptible pig breeds.although allele expression imbalance has been recognized in many species, and strongly linked to diseases, no whole transcriptome allele imbalance has been detected in pigs during pathogen infections. the pathogen streptococcus suis 2 (ss2) causes serious zoonotic disease. different pig breeds show differential susceptibility/resistance to pathogen infection, but the biological insight is little known. here we analyzed allele-specific expression (ase) using the spleen transcriptome of four pigs ...201525737137
superoxide dismutase of streptococcus suis serotype 2 plays a role in anti-autophagic response by scavenging reactive oxygen species in infected macrophages.streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) causes septic shock and meningitis. however, its pathogenesis is still not well-understood. we have recently shown that superoxide dismutase soda of ss2 is a virulence factor probably by increasing resistance to oxidative stresses. reactive oxygen species (ros) are products of the respiratory burst of phagocytic cells and have been shown to activate autophagy. we wanted to know if and how ss2 explores its soda to interfere with cell autophagic responses. a sod ...201525726301
impact of an experimental prrsv and streptococcus suis coinfection on the pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur hydrochloride after intramuscular injection in pigs.this study determined the impact of porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and streptococcus suis coinfection on the pharmacokinetic (pk) profile of ceftiofur hydrochloride in pigs after intramuscular (i.m.) injection. eighteen clinically normal crossbred gilts were assigned by weight into a challenge group (10 pigs) and control group (eight pigs). pigs in both groups received a single i.m. injection of ceftiofur hydrochloride (excenel rtu sterile suspension; zoetis) at a 5 ...201525689130
exposure of feral swine (sus scrofa) in the united states to selected pathogens.feral swine (sus scrofa) are widely distributed in the united states. in 2011 and 2012, serum samples and tonsils were recovered from 162 and 37 feral swine, respectively, in the us to evaluate exposure to important swine endemic pathogens. antibodies against porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (prrsv) and porcine circovirus type 2 (pcv2) were found in 2.5% and 25.3% of tested sera, respectively. positive serological reactions against mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and actinobacillus p ...025673913
streptococcus suis serotype 2 strains can induce the formation of neutrophil extracellular traps and evade trapping.streptococcus suis (s. suis) ranks among the five most important porcine pathogens worldwide and occasionally threatens human health, especially in people that come into close contact with pigs or pork products. streptococcus suis serotype 2 (ss2) is considered to be the most pathogenic and prevalent capsular type. as a first line of immune defense against ss2 infection, neutrophils can eliminate the invader not only by phagocytosis but also by neutrophil extracellular traps (nets)-mediated kill ...201525673283
identification of a novel dnase of streptococcus suis (endasuis) important for neutrophil extracellular trap degradation during exponential growth.the porcine and human pathogen streptococcus suis induces and degrades neutrophil extracellular traps (nets) in vitro. in this study, we investigated the working hypothesis that net degradation is mediated not only by the known secreted s. suis nuclease a (ssna) but also by a so-far undescribed putative endonuclease a of s. suis (designated endasuis) homologous to the pneumococcal endonuclease a (enda). comparative analysis was conducted to identify differences in localization, expression and fu ...201525667008
suicin 3908, a new lantibiotic produced by a strain of streptococcus suis serotype 2 isolated from a healthy carrier pig.while streptococcus suis serotype 2 is known to cause severe infections in pigs, it can also be isolated from the tonsils of healthy animals that do not develop infections. we hypothesized that s. suis strains in healthy carrier pigs may have the ability to produce bacteriocins, which may contribute to preventing infections by pathogenic s. suis strains. two of ten s. suis serotype 2 strains isolated from healthy carrier pigs exhibited antibacterial activity against pathogenic s. suis isolates. ...201525659110
streptococcus suis infection in hospitalized patients, nakhon phanom province, thailand.in nakhon phanom, thailand, we identified 38 hospitalized patients with streptococcus suis infection during 2006-2012. deafness developed in 12 patients; none died. thirty-five reported recent exposure to pigs/pork. annual incidence was 0.1-2.2 cases/100,000 population (0.2-3.2 in persons ≥20 years of age). clinicians should consider s. suis infection in areas where pig exposure is common.201525625540
development and application of loop-mediated isothermal amplification assays based on its-1 for rapid detection of toxoplasma gondii in pork.the loop-mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) assay is a novel method that rapidly amplifies dna with high specificity and sensitivity under isothermal conditions. in this study, we established a lamp assay with six primers targeting a highly conserved region of toxoplasma gondii its-1 sequence. the amplification protocol completes within 30 min under isothermal condition in a 65°c water bath while specificity tests confirmed no cross-reactivity with dna templates of neospora caninum, eimeri ...201525624074
transduction of the streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage φm46.1, carrying resistance genes mef(a) and tet(o), to other streptococcus species.φm46.1 - streptococcus pyogenes bacteriophage carrying mef(a) and tet(o), respectively, encoding resistance to macrolides (m phenotype) and tetracycline - is widespread in s. pyogenes but has not been reported outside this species. φm46.1 is transferable in vitro among s. pyogenes isolates, but no information is available about its transferability to other streptococcus species. we thus investigated φm46.1 for its ability to be transduced in vitro to recipients of different streptococcus species ...201425620959
quantitative proteomic analysis of sub-mic erythromycin inhibiting biofilm formation of s. suis in vitro.streptococcus suis (s. suis) is a swine pathogen and also a zoonotic agent. biofilms of s. suis may cause persistent infections by the host immune system and antibiotics. sub-minimal inhibitory concentration (sub-mic) of erythromycin can inhibit biofilm formation in bacteria. here, we performed comparative proteomic analyses of cells at two different conditions: sub-mic erythromycin treated and nontreated cells. using itraq strategy, we found some novel proteins that involved in biofilm formatio ...201525579403
characterization of the pivotal carbon metabolism of streptococcus suis serotype 2 under ex vivo and chemically defined in vitro conditions by isotopologue profiling.streptococcus suis is a neglected zoonotic pathogen that has to adapt to the nutritional requirements in the different host niches encountered during infection and establishment of invasive diseases. to dissect the central metabolic activity of s. suis under different conditions of nutrient availability, we performed labeling experiments starting from [(13)c]glucose specimens and analyzed the resulting isotopologue patterns in amino acids of s. suis grown under in vitro and ex vivo conditions. i ...201525575595
dnaj of streptococcus suis type 2 contributes to cell adhesion and thermotolerance.to examine if the molecular chaperone dnak operon proteins of streptococcus suis type 2 (ss2) are involved in adhesion to host cells, the abundance values of these proteins from the surface of two ss2 strains of different adhesion capability were compared. their roles in growth and adhesion to human laryngeal epithelial cell line hep-2 cells were investigated on ss2 strain ha9801 and its mutants with dnak operon genes partially knocked-out (pko mutant) under heat stress. the major difference was ...201525537722
in vitro transcriptome analysis of two chinese isolates of streptococcus suis serotype 2.the streptococcus suis serotype 2 (s. suis 2) isolates 05zyh33 and 98hah33 have caused severe human infections in china. using a strand-specific rna-seq analysis, we compared the in vitro transcriptomes of these two chinese isolates with that of a reference strain (p1/7). in the 89k genomic island that is specific to these chinese isolates, a toxin-antitoxin system showed relatively high levels of transcription among the s. suis. the known virulence factors with high transcriptional activity in ...201425526982
host-pathogen interaction at the intestinal mucosa correlates with zoonotic potential of streptococcus suis.streptococcus suis has emerged as an important cause of bacterial meningitis in adults. the ingestion of undercooked pork is a risk factor for human s. suis serotype 2 (ss2) infection. here we provide experimental evidence indicating that the gastrointestinal tract is an entry site of ss2 infection.201525525050
molecular typing of streptococcus suis isolates from iberian pigs: a comparison with isolates from common intensively-reared commercial pig breeds.the iberian pig (ip) is a traditional spanish breed variety of the domestic pig (sus scrofa domesticus) with high economic importance because of the value of the dry-cured products in national and international markets. the genetic characteristics of tonsillar and clinical streptococcus suis isolates from the ip maintained under extensive or intensive management conditions were investigated. s. suis isolates from ip pigs were compared with s. suis isolates from intensively-farmed pigs of common ...201425458888
stepwise visualization of membrane pore formation by suilysin, a bacterial cholesterol-dependent cytolysin.membrane attack complex/perforin/cholesterol-dependent cytolysin (macpf/cdc) proteins constitute a major superfamily of pore-forming proteins that act as bacterial virulence factors and effectors in immune defence. upon binding to the membrane, they convert from the soluble monomeric form to oligomeric, membrane-inserted pores. using real-time atomic force microscopy (afm), electron microscopy (em), and atomic structure fitting, we have mapped the structure and assembly pathways of a bacterial c ...201425457051
a new recombinant ssna protein combined with aluminum hydroxide protects mouse against streptococcus suis.an experimental challenge in a mouse model was used to select the most effective adjuvant in a vaccine formulation with the surface-anchored dna-nuclease (ssna). we used a protocol based on clinical, histopathological, bacterial kinetics and immune response against s. suis serotype 2 in infected animals. the three adjuvants used, aluminum hydroxide (aloh), incomplete freund's adjuvant (fia), oil-in-water adjuvant (ow) showed a protective effect against death by s. suis serotype 2 in this mouse m ...201425454868
cloning, expression, and purification of a new antibacterial substance gene from larvae of musca domestica (diptera: muscidae).musca domestica l. (diptera: muscidae), the housefly, exhibits unique immune defenses and can produce antibacterial substances upon stimulation with bacteria. on the basis of the cdna library constructed using the suppression subtractive hybridization method, a 1188-bp antibacterial substance gene, which we named as566, was amplified by rapid amplification of cdna ends from m. domestica larva stimulated with salmonella pullorum (enterobacteriaceae: salmonella). in this study, the full-length as5 ...201425434038
identification of major streptococcus suis serotypes 2, 7, 8 and 9 isolated from pigs and humans in upper northeastern thailand.streptococcus suis serotype 2 infections occur in many provinces of north-eastern thailand, knowledge concerning the prevalence of the common s. suis serotypes (1, 1/2, 2, 5, 7, 8, 9, 14 and 16) among healthy and diseased pigs in upper northeastern thailand remains limited. this study investigated s. suis isolates from pigs (healthy and diseased) and also from humans using 11 conventional biochemical tests, 16s rdna pcr and sequence analysis and multiplex pcr genotyping of porcine cps and gdh. t ...201425417521
novel variant serotype of streptococcus suis isolated from piglets with meningitis.streptococcus suis is an emerging zoonotic pathogen causing severe infections in pigs and humans. in previous studies, 33 serotypes of s. suis have been identified using serum agglutination. here, we describe a novel s. suis strain, cz130302, isolated from an outbreak of acute piglet meningitis in eastern china. strong pathogenicity of meningitis caused by strain cz130302 was reproduced in the balb/c mouse model. the strain showed a high fatality rate (8/10), higher than those for known virulent ...201525416757
reappraisal of the taxonomy of streptococcus suis serotypes 20, 22 and 26: streptococcus parasuis sp. nov.in order to clarify the taxonomic position of serotypes 20, 22 and 26 of streptococcus suis, biochemical and molecular genetic studies were performed on isolates (sut-7, sut-286(t), sut-319, sut-328 and sut-380) reacted with specific antisera of serotypes 20, 22 or 26 from the saliva of healthy pigs as well as reference strains of serotypes 20, 22 and 26. comparative recn gene sequencing showed high genetic relatedness among our isolates, but marked differences from the type strain s. suis nctc ...201525385995
antibody response specific to the capsular polysaccharide is impaired in streptococcus suis serotype 2-infected animals.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an extracellular encapsulated bacterium that causes severe septicemia and meningitis in swine and humans. albeit crucial in the fight against encapsulated bacteria, the nature of the capsular polysaccharide (cps)-specific antibody (ab) response during s. suis type 2 infection is unknown. we compared for the first time the features of cps-specific versus protein-specific ab responses during experimental infections with live virulent s. suis type 2 in mice. the pri ...201425385801
a naturally occurring nucleotide polymorphism in the orf2/folc promoter is associated with streptococcus suis virulence.streptococcus suis is a major problem in the swine industry causing meningitis, arthritis and pericarditis in piglets. pathogenesis of s. suis is poorly understood. we previously showed that introduction of a 3 kb genomic fragment from virulent serotype 2 strain 10 into a weakly virulent serotype 2 strain s735, generated a hypervirulent isolate. the 3 kb genomic fragment contained two complete open reading frames (orf) in an operon-structure of which one orf showed similarity to folylpolyglutama ...201425384512
[enolase of streptococcus suis serotype 2 is involved in the antiphagocytosis of streptococcus suis].to prepare the recombinant enolase of streptococcus suis (sseno), analyze the effect of sseno on the antiphagocytosis by antibody-blocking assay in the human blood bactericidal model, and identify the human fibrinogen (hfg)-binding activity of sseno protein.201425374077
serotype- and virulence-associated gene profile of streptococcus suis isolates from pig carcasses in chiang mai province, northern thailand.in this present study, the serotype of 40 streptococcus suis isolates from submaxillary glands of pig carcasses sold in wet markets in chiang mai province, northern thailand, was investigated. eleven serotypes, including types 2, 3, 4, 5, 7, 8, 9, 17, 21, 22 and 31, were found in the isolates by a multiplex pcr combined with serum agglutination. of the eleven serotypes present, type 3 was the most prevalent, while types 2, 4, 5 and 21 were of primary interest due to their human isolate serotype. ...201525367105
bacterial etiologies of five core syndromes: laboratory-based syndromic surveillance conducted in guangxi, china.under the existing national surveillance system in china for selected infectious diseases, bacterial cultures are performed for only a small percentage of reported cases. we set up a laboratory-based syndromic surveillance system to elucidate bacterial etiologic spectrum and detect infection by rare etiologies (or serogroups) for five core syndromes in the given study area.201425360596
the identification of six novel proteins with fibronectin or collagen type i binding activity from streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis, a major swine pathogen, is an emerging zoonotic agent that causes meningitis and septic shock. bacterial cell wall and secreted proteins are often involved in interactions with extracellular matrix proteins (ecms), which play important roles in the initial steps of pathogenesis. in this study, 2d sds-page, western blotting-based binding affinity measurements, and microtiter plate binding assays were used to identify cell wall and secreted proteins from s. suis that interact w ...201425359271
surveillance of antimicrobial resistance in clinical isolates of pasteurella multocida and streptococcus suis from ontario swine.susceptibility results for pasteurella multocida and streptococcus suis isolated from swine clinical samples were obtained from january 1998 to october 2010 from the animal health laboratory at the university of guelph, guelph, ontario, and used to describe variation in antimicrobial resistance (amr) to 4 drugs of importance in the ontario swine industry: ampicillin, tetracycline, tiamulin, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. four temporal data-analysis options were used: visualization of trends ...201425355992
raw pig blood consumption and potential risk for streptococcus suis infection, vietnam.we assessed consumption of raw pig blood, which is a risk factor for streptococcus suis infection in vietnam, by using a mix-method design. factors associated with consumption included rural residency, age, sex, occupation, income, and marital status. we identified risk groups and practices and perceptions that should be targeted by communication programs.201425340391
isolation of streptococcus suis from 2 lambs with a history of lameness.streptococcus suis was isolated postmortem from 2 lambs with a history of lameness. identity of s. suis was confirmed by species-specific polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and by 16s rrna gene sequencing. one isolate was untypable by serotyping and non-encapsulated, while the other isolate was serotype 33. the lambs had come from the same farm, and there was no evidence of contact between the lambs and pigs. although the natural niche for s. suis is considered to be the pig, a wide range of host s ...201425320381
streptococcus suis meningoencephalitis with seizure from raw pork ingestion: a case report.streptococcus suis meningoencephalitis is a rare but increasingly important condition. good history taking will give clues to the diagnosis. this is the fourth case report in the united states.201425285249
establishment of a cre recombinase based mutagenesis protocol for markerless gene deletion in streptococcus suis.the lack of knowledge about pathogenicity mechanisms of streptococcus (s.) suis is, at least partially, attributed to limited methods for its genetic manipulation. here, we established a cre-lox based recombination system for markerless gene deletions in s. suis serotype 2 with high selective pressure and without undesired side effects.201425281472
[comparison of monosaccharide composition of capsular polysaccharides in streptococcus suis serotype 1, 2, 14 and 1/2].there are one-way or two-way cross-reactions among streptococcus suis serotype 1, 2, 1/2 and 14, the reason to which was unknown.201425272814
two spx regulators modulate stress tolerance and virulence in streptococcus suis serotype 2.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is an important zoonotic pathogen causing severe infections in pigs and humans. the pathogenesis of s. suis 2 infections, however, is still poorly understood. spx proteins are a group of global regulators involved in stress tolerance and virulence. in this study, we characterized two orthologs of the spx regulator, spxa1 and spxa2 in s. suis 2. two mutant strains (δspxa1 and δspxa2) lacking the spx genes were constructed. the δspxa1 and δspxa2 mutants displayed diff ...201425264876
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