Publications
Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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in-silico analysis of pasteurella multocida to identify common epitopes between fowl, goat and buffalo. | pasteurella multocida represents a highly diverse group of bacteria infecting various hosts like the fowl, goat and buffalo leading to huge economic loss to the poultry and cattle industry. previous reports indicated that the outer membrane proteins contribute significantly to the pathogenesis of pasteurella multocida. the comparative in-silico genome wide analysis of four pathogenic pasteurella multocida strains (anand1-poultry, anand1-goat, pmtb and vtccbaa264) with their respective hosts was ... | 2016 | 26779825 |
pasteurella multocida toxin: targeting mast cell secretory granules during kiss-and-run secretion. | pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt), a virulence factor of the pathogenic gram-negative bacterium p. multocida, is a 146 kda protein belonging to the a-b class of toxins. once inside a target cell, the a domain deamidates the α-subunit of heterotrimeric g-proteins, thereby activating downstream signaling cascades. however, little is known about how pmt selects and enters its cellular targets. we therefore studied pmt binding and uptake in porcine cultured intestinal mucosal explants to identify su ... | 2016 | 26763205 |
vascular graft infection due to pasteurella multocida. | vascular graft infections are infrequent complications with important morbidity and mortality rates. pasteurella multocida, a gram negative bacillus, is a normal oral commensal of many animals. for mankind, it is a pathogenous bacillus which is rarely implicated in vascular grafts. | 2015 | 26753112 |
clinico-pathology, hematology and biochemistry responses in buffaloes towards pasteurella multocida type b: 2 immunogen lypopolysaccharide via oral and intravenous routes of infection. | haemorrhagic septicaemia is a disease caused by pasteurella multocida serotype b: 2 and e: 2. the organism causes acute, highly fatal septicaemic disease with high morbidity and mortality in cattle and more susceptible in buffaloes. lipopolysaccharide can be found on the outer cell wall of the organism. lipopolysaccharide is released during multiplication which leads to inflammatory reaction. it represents the endotoxin of p. multocida type b: 2 and responsible for toxicity in haemorrhagic septi ... | 2016 | 26706347 |
identification of the avian pasteurella multocida phop gene and evaluation of the effects of phop deletion on virulence and immunogenicity. | pasteurella multocida (p. multocida) is an animal pathogen of worldwide economic significance that causes fowl cholera in poultry and wild birds. global gene regulators, including phop are important in regulating bacterial virulence and are good targets for developing attenuated vaccines against many pathogenic bacteria. however, the biological significance of phop gene has not been identified in p. multocida. here, we identified the phop gene in p. multocida, and we evaluated the roles of phop ... | 2015 | 26703595 |
comparative analysis of pasteurella multocida strains isolated from bovine respiratory infections. | bovine respiratory disease (brd) is the leading cause of significant economic losses in the intensive beef industry worldwide. beside numerous risk factors pasteurella multocida, which is regarded as a secondary pathogen, may play a role in the development of the disease. previous studies of strains from swine pneumonia revealed that there are a few clones associated with clinical disease, suggesting that some strains may be more virulent than others. this linkage may be true in the brd, however ... | 2015 | 26689880 |
pasteurella multocida infective endocarditis: a possible link with primary upper respiratory tract infection. | a 50-year-old japanese man presented with fever and upper respiratory tract symptoms that required urgent inpatient admission. a physical examination revealed conjunctival hemorrhages and peripheral embolic phenomena. blood cultures grew pasteurella multocida, and an echocardiography revealed a mitral valve vegetation suggestive of infective endocarditis (ie), which was confirmed using the modified duke criteria. after several antibiotic regimens proved ineffective, valve replacement was perform ... | 2015 | 26666618 |
multiplex pcr and microarray for detection of swine respiratory pathogens. | porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) is one of the most important health concerns for pig producers and can involve multiple viral and bacterial pathogens. no simple, single-reaction diagnostic test currently exists for the simultaneous detection of major pathogens commonly associated with prdc. furthermore, the detection of most of the bacterial pathogens implicated in prdc currently requires time-consuming culture-based methods that can take several days to obtain results. in this study, ... | 2015 | 26662640 |
association between pneumocystis spp. and co-infections with bordetella bronchiseptica, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae and pasteurella multocida in austrian pigs with pneumonia. | in this retrospective study, 218 pig lung tissue samples were analyzed to examine a possible association between pneumocystis spp. using in situ hybridization, bordetella bronchiseptica (b.b.) using immunohistochemistry (ihc), mycoplasma hyopneumoniae (m.h.) by quantitative pcr, and pasteurella multocida (p.m.; ihc). compared to the bacterial agents (b.b., 5%; m.h., 30%; p.m., 23%), pneumocystis occurred with a higher prevalence (51%). co-infections with two or three pathogens were present in 28 ... | 2016 | 26654847 |
nqrm (duf539) protein is required for maturation of bacterial na+-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase. | na(+)-translocating nadh:quinone oxidoreductase (na(+)-nqr) catalyzes electron transfer from nadh to ubiquinone in the bacterial respiratory chain, coupled with na(+) translocation across the membrane. na(+)-nqr maturation involves covalent attachment of flavin mononucleotide (fmn) residues, catalyzed by flavin transferase encoded by the nqr-associated apbe gene. analysis of complete bacterial genomes has revealed another putative gene (duf539, here renamed nqrm) that usually follows the apbe ge ... | 2016 | 26644436 |
pasteurella multocida toxin manipulates t cell differentiation. | pasteurella multocida causes various diseases in a broad range of wild and domestic animals. toxigenic strains of the serotypes a and d produce an ab protein toxin named pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt). pmt constitutively activates the heterotrimeric g protein subunits gαq, gα13, and gαi through deamidation of a glutamine residue, which results in cytoskeletal rearrangements as well as increased proliferation and survival of the host cell. in human monocytes, pmt alters the lipopolysaccharide ... | 2015 | 26635744 |
synergistic hemolysins of coagulase-negative staphylococci (cons). | a total of 104 coagulase negative staphylococci, belonging to s. capitis, s. hominis, s. haemolyticus and s. warneri, originating from the collection of the department of pharmaceutical microbiology (zmf), medical university of lodz, poland, were tested for their synergistic hemolytic activity. 83% of strains produced δ-hemolysin, however, the percentage of positive strains of s. haemolyticus, s. warneri, s. capitis and s. hominis was different - 98%, 78%, 75% and 68%, respectively. highly pure ... | 2015 | 26634231 |
retraction: hydrogen peroxide as an effective disinfectant for pasteurella multocida. yonsei med j 2014;55:1152-6. | [this retracts the article doi: 10.3349/ymj.2014.55.4.1152.]. | 2016 | 26632414 |
pharmacokinetics/pharmacodynamics of marbofloxacin in a pasteurella multocida serious murine lung infection model. | marbofloxacin is a third-generation fluoroquinolone developed solely for veterinary medicine with a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity against some gram-positive and most gram-negative bacteria, including the bovine respiratory tract pathogen, pasteurella multocida. the objective of our study was to elucidate the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of marbofloxacin in a pasteurella multocida infected murine lung model, and to estimate the magnitudes of pharmacokinetics-pharmacodynamics p ... | 2015 | 26631082 |
effect of alum co-adjuvantation of oil adjuvant vaccine on emulsion stability and immune responses against haemorhagic septicaemia in mice. | haemorrhagic septicaemia (hs), caused by pasteurella multocida, is the most important bacterial disease of cattle and buffaloes in india. oil adjuvant vaccine (oav) is the most potent vaccine available for the control of hs. the study aims to evaluate the effect of alum co-adjuvantation of oav on emulsion stability and immune response. | 2015 | 26622968 |
a patient with rheumatoid arthritis on methotrexate and etanercept who developed pasteurella multocida bacteremia. | 2015 | 26587861 | |
single pathogen challenge with agents of the bovine respiratory disease complex. | bovine respiratory disease complex (brdc) is an important cause of mortality and morbidity in cattle; costing the dairy and beef industries millions of dollars annually, despite the use of vaccines and antibiotics. brdc is caused by one or more of several viruses (bovine respiratory syncytial virus, bovine herpes type 1 also known as infectious bovine rhinotracheitis, and bovine viral diarrhea virus), which predispose animals to infection with one or more bacteria. these include: pasteurella mul ... | 2015 | 26571015 |
[pasteurella multocida septic arthritis in total knee prosthesis: report of a case]. | 2015 | 26523162 | |
meningitis caused by pasteurella multocida in a dog owner without a dog bite: clonal lineage identification by maldi-tof mass spectrometry. | pasteurella multocida meningitis in an immunocompetent patient is rare and commonly occurs after animal bite. to our knowledge, only 48 cases have been reported in the literature since 1989. p. multocida meningitis is commonly linked to animal contagion. here we report on a new case of p. multocida meningitis in an immunocompetent patient who is a dog owner without a dog bite. we used the matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (maldi-tof) mass spectrometry to investigate the ... | 2015 | 26521235 |
gexp analyzer-based multiplex reverse-transcription pcr assay for the simultaneous detection and differentiation of eleven duck viruses. | duck viral pathogens primarily include the avian influenza virus (aiv) subtypes h5, h7, and h9; duck hepatitis virus (dhv); duck tembusu virus (dtmuv); egg drop syndrome virus (edsv); duck enteritis virus (dev); newcastle disease virus (ndv); duck circovirus (ducv); muscovy duck reovirus (mdrv); and muscovy duck parvovirus (mdpv). these pathogens cause great economic losses to china's duck breeding industry. | 2015 | 26518004 |
bacterial species-specific activity of a fluoroquinolone against two closely related pasteurellaceae with similar mics: differential in vitro inoculum effects and in vivo efficacies. | we investigated the antimicrobial activity of a fluoroquinolone against two genetically close bacterial species belonging to the pasteurellaceae family. time-kill experiments were used to measure the in vitro activity of marbofloxacin against two strains of mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida with similar mics. we observed that marbofloxacin was equally potent against 105 cfu/ml inocula m. haemolytica and p. multocida. however, an inoculum effect was observed with p. multocida, mean ... | 2015 | 26506096 |
[antimicrobial effect on some zoonotic bacteria, of the cell-free fermentation fluid and purified peptide fraction of the entomopathogenic bacterium, xenorhabdus budapestensis]. | many multi-resistant patogens appear continuously resulting in a permanent need for the development of novel antibiotics. a large number of antibiotics introduced in clinical and veterinary practices are not effective. antibacterial peptides with unusual mode of action may represent a promising option against multi-resistant pathogens. the entomopathogenic xenorhabdus budapestensis bacteria produce several different antimicrobial peptides compounds such as bicornutin-a and fabclavin. | 2015 | 26498898 |
antioxidant, antibacterial activity, and phytochemical characterization of melaleuca cajuputi extract. | the threat posed by drug-resistant pathogens has resulted in the increasing momentum in research and development for effective alternative medications. the antioxidant and antibacterial properties of phytochemical extracts makes them attractive alternative complementary medicines. therefore, this study evaluated the phytochemical constituents of melaleuca cajuputi flower and leaf (gf and gl, respectively) extracts and their antioxidant and antibacterial activities. | 2015 | 26497742 |
draft genome sequence of pasteurella multocida isolate p1062, isolated from bovine respiratory disease. | here, we report the draft genome of pasteurella multocida isolate p1062 recovered from pneumonic bovine lung in the united states in 1959. | 2015 | 26494687 |
neonatal pasteurella multocida subsp. septica meningitis traced to household cats: molecular linkage analysis using repetitive-sequence-based pcr. | pasteurella multocida is a rare cause of neonatal bacterial meningitis. we describe such a case and verify two household cats as the source of infection using repetitive-element pcr (rep-pcr) molecular fingering. | 2015 | 26491173 |
a semi-multifunctional sialyltransferase from bibersteinia trehalosi and its comparison to the pasteurella multocida st1 mutants. | sialic acids are well known for their crucial roles in many physiological and pathological processes. improvement in the efficacy of protein drugs, an increase in the anti-inflammatory activity of intravenous immunoglobulin, preparation of infant milk and the diagnosis of diseases are examples of why there is a need for efficient in vitro sialylation. sialyltransferases are crucial enzymes for the synthesis of sialo-oligosaccharides. here, we introduce a new α2,3-sialyltransferase from bacteria ... | 2015 | 26477829 |
concomitant pasteurella multocida aortic endograft infection and bartonella henselae endocarditis. | 2015 | 26472059 | |
acute carpal tunnel syndrome of the hand following a cat bite. | cat bites at the hand are common situation in emergency departments. neglected or poorly supported, these lesions sometimes lead to serious injuries that may compromise the function of the hand. pasteurellamultocida is the most offending germ in these lesions, despite their sensitivity to antibiotics; it can sometimes lead to deep infections involving the skin, bones and joints. acute carpal tunnel syndrome is exceptional after cat bite. we report a case of a 56 year old female presenting with a ... | 2015 | 26421101 |
a literature review of antimicrobial resistance in pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease. | the objective of this paper was to perform a critical review of the literature as it pertains to the current status of antimicrobial resistance in pathogens associated with bovine respiratory disease (brd) in beef cattle and to provide a concise yet informative narrative on the most relevant publications available. as such, the scientific literature contained in pubmed, agricola, and cab were searched in february of 2014 for articles related to susceptibility testing of mannheimia haemolytica, p ... | 2015 | 26373635 |
pasteurella multocida toxin- induced osteoclastogenesis requires mtor activation. | pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt) is a potent inducer of osteoclast formation. pigs suffering from an infection with toxigenic pasteurella multocida strains develop atrophic rhinitis characterised by a loss of turbinate bones and conchae. however, on the molecular level the process of bone loss remains largely uncharacterised. | 2015 | 26369790 |
homology modeling, functional annotation and comparative genomics of outer membrane protein h of pasteurella multocida. | pasteurella multocida is an important pathogen of animals and humans. outer membrane protein (omp) h is a major conserved protein in the envelope of p. multocida and has been commonly targeted as a protective antigen. however, not much is known about its structure and function due to the difficulties that are typically associated with obtaining sufficient amounts of purified prokaryotic transmembrane proteins. the present work is aimed at studying the omph using an in silico approach and consoli ... | 2015 | 26362105 |
pasteurella multocida non-native joint infection after a dog lick: a case report describing a complicated two-stage revision and a comprehensive review of the literature. | prosthetic joint infections (pjis) are commonly caused by pathogens such as staphylococcus aureus and coagulase-negative staphylococci; however, other microbial etiologies and specific risk factors are increasingly recognized. pasteurella multocida is a gram-negative coccobacillus that is part of the normal oral flora in many animals, and is particularly common in dogs and cats. pjis caused by p multocida have been reported only rarely in the literature and typically occur in the context of an a ... | 2017 | 26361490 |
clinical features and outcomes of pasteurella multocida infection. | pasteurella multocida, a zoonotic infectious organism, has most often been described in patients after an animal bite. here, we characterize the clinical features and outcomes of p multocida infection in a large cohort of patients according to the presence or absence of an animal bite.we retrospectively searched musc's laboratory information system for all patients with positive p multocida cultures from 2000 to 2014. extensive data were abstracted, including clinical and outcome data. the charl ... | 2015 | 26356688 |
[invasive pasteurella multocida infections: two clinical cases and literature review]. | pasteurella multocida is a common commensal of the gastrointestinal and respiratory tracts of animals, especially cats and dogs. it is transmitted to humans through contact with animals. bite wound infection is the most common clinical manifestation. systemic infections are unusual and mainly affect immunocompromised individuals. the article presents two cases of pasteurella infection. wound infection in a 75-year-old female following a bite from her pet cat was associated with bacteremia. the d ... | 2015 | 26312375 |
swine influenza virus and association with the porcine respiratory disease complex in pig farms in southern brazil. | despite the putative endemic status of swine influenza a virus (swiav) infections, data on the occurrence of swine influenza outbreaks are scarce in brazil. the aim of this study was to detect and subtype swiavs from six outbreaks of porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc) in southern brazil. nasal swabs were collected from 66 piglets with signs of respiratory disease in six herds. lung tissue samples were collected from six necropsied animals. virus detection was performed by pcr screening a ... | 2016 | 26302164 |
comparative clinicopathological changes in buffalo and cattle following infection by pasteurella multocida b:2. | haemorrhagic septicaemia (hs) is an acute, septicaemic disease of cattle and buffalo of asia and africa caused by pasteurella multocida b:2 or e:2. buffaloes are believed to be more susceptible than cattle. in this study, 9 buffaloes of 8 months old were divided equally into 3 groups (groups 1, 3, 5). similarly, 9 cattle of 8 months old were equally divided into 3 groups (groups 2, 4, 6). animals of groups 1 and 2 were inoculated with pbs while groups 3 and 4 were inoculated subcutaneously with ... | 2015 | 26298001 |
pasteurella multocida peritonitis after cat scratch in a patient with cirrhotic ascites. | pasteurella multocida, a zoonotic agent transmitted by canines and felines, has been very rarely reported to cause bacterial peritonitis in humans. pasteurella multocida peritonitis is associated with high mortality even with appropriate treatment, therefore its early recognition is essential. we report a case of pasteurella multocida peritonitis following cat scratch in a patient with child pugh class c alcoholic cirrhosis, culminating in multiple organ failure and death. | 2015 | 26294953 |
antimicrobial susceptibility of bordetella bronchiseptica isolates from swine and companion animals and detection of resistance genes. | bordetella bronchiseptica causes infections of the respiratory tract in swine and other mammals and is a precursor for secondary infections with pasteurella multocida. treatment of b. bronchiseptica infections is conducted primarily with antimicrobial agents. therefore it is essential to get an overview of the susceptibility status of these bacteria. the aim of this study was to comparatively analyse broth microdilution susceptibility testing according to clsi recommendations with an incubation ... | 2015 | 26275219 |
in vivo antimicrobial activity of marbofloxacin against pasteurella multocida in a tissue cage model in calves. | marbofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone specially developed for use in veterinary medicine with broad-spectrum antibacterial activity. the objective of our study was to re-evaluate in vivo antimicrobial activity of marbofloxacin against pasteurella multocida using subcutaneously implanted tissue cages in calves. calves were infected by direct injection into tissue cages with p. multocida(type b, serotype 2), then intramuscularly received a range of marbofloxacin doses 24 h after inoculation. the rati ... | 2015 | 26257726 |
avian cholera causes marine bird mortality in the bering sea of alaska. | the first known avian cholera outbreak among wild birds in alaska occurred during november 2013. liver, intestinal, and splenic necrosis consistent with avian cholera was noted, and pasteurella multocida serotype 1 was isolated from liver and lung or spleen in crested auklets (aethia cristatella), thick-billed murres (uria lomvia), common eider (somateria mollissima), northern fulmars (fulmarus glacialis), and gulls (larus spp.). | 2015 | 26251989 |
the nasopharyngeal microbiota of feedlot cattle that develop bovine respiratory disease. | bovine respiratory disease is the major cause of morbidity and mortality in feedlot cattle. the objective of this study was to compare the nasopharyngeal bacterial microbiota of healthy cattle and cattle treated for brd in a commercial feedlot setting using a high-density 16s rrna gene microarray (phylochip). samples were taken from both groups of animals (n=5) at feedlot entry (day 0) and ≥60 days after placement. cattle diagnosed with brd had significantly less bacterial diversity and fewer ot ... | 2015 | 26249828 |
pneumonia and disseminated bacteremia with pasteurella multocida in the immune competent host: a case report and a review of the literature. | pasteurella multocida is primarily an opportunistic infection, most commonly of skin and soft tissue following animal bites particularly in the elderly and immunocompromised. while invasive disease with p. multocida has been documented in patients at high risk, such as those with organ transplants, malignancy, and cirrhosis, infections other than cellulitis associated with this pathogen are exceedingly rare in the immunocompetent population. we report a 70 year old caucasian female with occurren ... | 2015 | 26236603 |
an unusual case of meningitis. | pasteurella multocida is a rare cause of bacterial meningitis. a 56-year-old man with several pets developed a profoundly decreased level of consciousness following left tympanomastoidectomy. lumbar puncture produced cerebrospinal fluid with the typical findings of meningitis (low glucose, high protein, high leukocytes). cultures from the cerebrospinal fluid and a swab of the left ear revealed gram-negative coccobacillus identified as p multocida. the organism was sensitive to ceftriaxone, ampic ... | 2017 | 26236360 |
antimicrobial resistance and virulence gene profiles in p. multocida strains isolated from cats. | cats are often described as carriers of pasteurella multocida in their oral microbiota. this agent is thought to cause pneumonia, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, gingivostomatitis, abscess and osteonecrosis in cats. human infection with p. multocida has been described in several cases affecting cat owners or after cat bites. in brazil, the cat population is approximately 21 million animals and is increasing, but there are no studies of the presence of p. multocida in the feline population or of human ... | 2015 | 26221117 |
experimental study of the pathogenicity of pasteurella multocida capsular type b in rabbits. | the increased frequency of isolation of pasteurella multocida capsular type b from rabbitries in north-western india prompted this investigation into the role of this organism in inducing disease in rabbits. ten rabbits were divided into two groups of five animals. group i rabbits were infected intranasally (in) with 1 ml of inoculum containing 2 × 10(5) colony forming units/ml, while rabbits in group ii were given 1 ml phosphate buffered saline in. the rabbits in group i developed respiratory d ... | 2015 | 26220707 |
peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis of zoonotic origin, when minor gets major. | a 62-year-old patient with peritoneal dialysis (pd)-associated peritonitis is described. identical strains of pasteurella multocida and streptococcus minor were cultured from the dialysate, and from the saliva of her recently adopted stray cat. pasteurella is not often encountered as pathogen in pd-associated peritonitis, streptococcus minor has never been cultured in human infection before. we emphasise the importance of hygiene in peritoneal dialysis and the need for testing pets when zoonotic ... | 2014 | 26219763 |
modulating the regioselectivity of a pasteurella multocida sialyltransferase for biocatalytic production of 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose. | several bacterial sialyltransferases have been reported to be multifunctional also catalysing sialidase and trans-sialidase reactions. in this study, we examined the trans-sialylation efficacy and regioselectivity of mutants of the multifunctional pasteurella multocida sialyltransferase (pmst) for catalysing the synthesis of 3'- and 6'-sialyllactose using casein glycomacropeptide as sialyl-donor and lactose as acceptor. the mutation p34h led to a 980-fold increase in α-2,6-sialyltransferase acti ... | 2015 | 26215345 |
[periprosthetic knee infection after a cat bite]. | infections caused by pasteurella multocida are extremely rare in arthroplasty. we report the case of a patient who was bitten by his domestic cat, causing an infection of his knee arthroplasty. | 2015 | 26193969 |
an st11 clone of pasteurella multocida, widely spread among farmed rabbits in the iberian peninsula, demonstrates respiratory niche association. | pasteurella multocida is a veterinary pathogen causing diseases with considerable economic repercussions in a wide range of animal hosts. in rabbits, p. multocida infections cause a variety of clinical manifestations including rhinitis, pneumonia, septicemia, abscesses, mastitis, and pyometra. in this study, 100 p. multocida isolates from different commercial rabbit farms located throughout the iberian peninsula were molecularly characterized by capsular typing, detection of four virulence-assoc ... | 2015 | 26192377 |
a case-control study of haemorrhagic septicaemia in buffaloes and cattle in karachi, pakistan, in 2012. | a retrospective epidemiological case-control study was performed in karachi, pakistan, from january to april 2013. the owners of 217 dairy cattle and buffalo farms from six different locations in karachi were interviewed. the aim of the study was to identify risk factors associated with the presence of haemorrhagic septicaemia (hs). farms with a history of at least one instance of sudden death in a dairy animal during 2012 and a positive clinical hs diagnosis (made by local veterinarians) were d ... | 2017 | 26189329 |
[transformation from chronic subdural hematoma into subdural empyema following cat bites: a case report]. | a 69-year-old man developed motor aphasia and right hemiparesis with severe headache, during the treatment of cellulitis and sepsis due to cat bites. brain ct showed a low density, crescent-shaped lesion in the left subdural space, which was hypointense on brain diffusion-weighted imaging (dwi). one week later, when his neurological symptoms had worsened, the signal of the subdural lesion had changed to hyperintense on dwi. the lesion was capsule-shaped when enhanced by gadolinium. the signal ch ... | 2015 | 26165810 |
septic shock due to pasteurella multocida bacteremia: a case report. | pasteurella is a gram-negative coccobacillus that causes a wide spectrum of diseases in humans and is commonly transmitted from cat and dog bites. an increasing number of cats and dogs are kept as pets in american households which increases the risk of pet-related infections. | 2015 | 26163266 |
septic arthritis and osteomyelitis caused by pasteurella multocida. | this report presents a case of progressive septic arthritis and osteomyelitis caused by a rare pathogen, pasteurella multocida, thought to be provoked by the use of systemic corticosteroids. despite initial improvement after antibiotics and surgical procedure, the patient returned with new, associated symptoms 1 month later. this concurrent set of circumstances leading to a life-threatening condition has not been reported, to the best of our knowledge. physicians aware of such a case will be bet ... | 2015 | 26161771 |
profile of the porcine acute-phase proteins response following experimental co-infection with h3n2 swine influenza virus and pasteurella multocida. | acute phase proteins (apps) are proposed as potential markers of the health status in pigs. | 2015 | 26161700 |
comparative genomic analysis of asian haemorrhagic septicaemia-associated strains of pasteurella multocida identifies more than 90 haemorrhagic septicaemia-specific genes. | pasteurella multocida is the primary causative agent of a range of economically important diseases in animals, including haemorrhagic septicaemia (hs), a rapidly fatal disease of ungulates. there is limited information available on the diversity of p. multocida strains that cause hs. therefore, we determined draft genome sequences of ten disease-causing isolates and two vaccine strains and compared these genomes using a range of bioinformatic analyses. the draft genomes of the 12 hs strains were ... | 2015 | 26151935 |
one-pot chemoenzymatic cascade for labeling of the epigenetic marker 5-hydroxymethylcytosine. | the epigenetic dna modification 5-hydroxymethylcytosine (5-hmc) is important for the regulation of gene expression during development and in tumorigenesis. 5-hmc can be selectively glycosylated by t4 β-glucosyltransferase (β-gt); introduction of an azide on the attached sugar provides a chemical handle for isolation or fluorescent tagging of 5-hmc residues by click chemistry. this approach has not been broadly adopted because of the challenging synthesis and limited commercial availability of th ... | 2015 | 26147952 |
fatal multifocal pasteurella multocida infection: a case report. | in humans, pasteurella multocida infections are usually limited to the soft tissues surrounding a lesion. however, p. multocida can also cause systemic infections (such as pneumonia, lung abscess, peritonitis, endocarditis, meningitis and sepsis)-especially in patients with other underlying medical conditions. | 2015 | 26136080 |
loop‑mediated isothermal amplification assay (lamp) based detection of pasteurella multocida in cases of haemorrhagic septicaemia and fowl cholera. | twenty two isolates of pasteurella multocida were obtained from different tissues of dead birds and animals (cattle, buffalo, sheep, and goat) suspected of fowl cholera and haemorrhagic septicaemia. the isolates were confirmed as p. multocida by various biochemical tests and pm pcr. an attempt was made to standardize loop mediated isothermal amplification (lamp) using newly designed primer sequences of kmt1 gene. loop mediated isothermal amplification was conducted using 6 sets of primers at 65° ... | 2015 | 26129662 |
immunological response to single pathogen challenge with agents of the bovine respiratory disease complex: an rna-sequence analysis of the bronchial lymph node transcriptome. | susceptibility to bovine respiratory disease (brd) is multi-factorial and is influenced by stress in conjunction with infection by both bacterial and viral pathogens. while vaccination is broadly used in an effort to prevent brd, it is far from being fully protective and cases diagnosed from a combination of observed clinical signs without any attempt at identifying the causal pathogens are usually treated with antibiotics. dairy and beef cattle losses from brd are profound worldwide and genetic ... | 2015 | 26121276 |
development of a novel multiplex pcr assay for rapid detection of virulence associated genes of pasteurella multocida from pigs. | as the pathogenicity of pasteurella multocida is associated with various virulence factors (vfs), the aim of the study was to develop a novel multiplex pcr (m-pcr) assay for the rapid detection of important virulence associated genes (vags) of p. multocida isolates from pigs. the target recognized vfs used in the study were diverse adhesins (ptfa and pfha), toxins (toxa), siderophores (tonb and hgba), sialidases (nanb, nanh) and outer membrane proteins (ompa, omph, oma87 and plpb). the primers f ... | 2015 | 26095172 |
chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil (ocimum basilicum) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. | chemical composition, antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the essential oils from aerial parts of basil (ocimum basilicum l.) as affected by four seasonal, namely summer, autumn, winter and spring growing variation were investigated. the hydro-distilled essential oils content ranged from 0.5% to 0.8%, the maximum amounts were observed in winter while minimum in summer. the essential oils consisted of linalool as the most abundant component (56.7-60.6%), followed by epi-α-cadinol (8.6-11. ... | 2008 | 26065762 |
occurrence of pasteurellaceae bacteria in the oral cavity of the tasmanian devil (sarcophilus harrisii). | the occurrence of bacteria belonging to the family pasteurellaceae in the oral cavity of captive tasmanian devils (sarcophilus harrisii) was investigated using phenotypic and subsequent genotypic characterization and phylogenetic analyses. a total of 62 bacterial isolates obtained from tasmanian devils, tentatively classified with the family pasteurellaceae, were further characterized by phylogenetic analysis of rpob gene sequence similarity, which showed that the isolates investigated formed fi ... | 2015 | 26056874 |
first detection of pasteurella multocida type b:2 in hungary associated with systemic pasteurellosis in backyard pigs. | this is the first report of pasteurella multocida type b in hungarian pigs. this disease was observed in backyard-raised pigs in three households within a small area. neither the source of the infection nor the epidemiological connection between any of the premises could be determined. the most consistent lesion was dark red discolouration of the skin of the ventral neck and brisket, with accompanying oedema and haemorrhages. the morbidity was low and lethality relatively high, with three dead ( ... | 2015 | 26051253 |
[effects of two udp-glucose dehydrogenases on hyaluronic acid biotransformation]. | we amplified genes encoding udp-glucose dehydrogenase, ecohasb from escherichia coli and spyhasb from streptococcus pyogenes. both ecohasb and spyhasb were inserted into t7 expression vector prx2 to construct recombinant plasmids prxeb and prxsb, and to express in e. coli bl21(de3). after nickel column purification of udp-glucose dehydrogenases, the enzymes were characterized. the optimum reaction condition of spyhasb was at 30 °c and ph 10. the specific activity reached 12.2 u/mg under optimum ... | 2014 | 25985520 |
pasteurella multocida infection in a primary shoulder arthroplasty after cat scratch: case report and review of literature. | 2015 | 25979556 | |
distribution of the ompa-types among ruminant and swine pneumonic strains of pasteurella multocida exhibiting various cap-locus and toxa patterns. | pasteurella multocida is an important pathogen in food-producing animals and numerous virulence genes have been identified in an attempt to elucidate the pathogenesis of pasteurellosis. currently, some of these genes including the capsule biosynthesis genes, the toxa and the omps-encoding genes have been suggested as epidemiological markers. however, the number of studies concerning ruminant isolates is limited, while, no attempt has ever been made to investigate the existence of ompa sequence d ... | 2015 | 25946323 |
comparative genome analysis of five pasteurella multocida strains to decipher the diversification in pathogenicity and host specialization. | pasteurella multocida is a gram-negative bacterial pathogen causing economically important diseases in distinct animal species. complete genome sequences of five p. multocida strains (pm70, hb03, hn06, 3480, and 36950) isolated from poultry, swine or bovine, were retrieved from the genbank database and compared with each other, for the first time. the missense mutations generating a dissimilar amino acid in the peptide chain, nonsense mutations, and insertion/deletions in the nucleotide sequence ... | 2015 | 25917966 |
serotyping of foot and mouth disease virus and pasteurella multocida from indian gaurs (bos gaurus), concurrently infected with foot and mouth disease and haemorrhagic septicaemia. | we report the serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and pasteurella multocida from indian gaurs which were concurrently infected with foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) and haemorrhagic septicaemia. bannerghatta biological park (bbp), a national park located in the outskirts of bengaluru city, karnataka, india, is bordered by several villages. these villages witnessed massive outbreaks of fmd which spread rapidly to the herbivores at bbp. post-mortem was conducted on carcasses of two india ... | 2015 | 25894817 |
conjunctival flora of clinically normal and diseased turtles and tortoises. | in captive breed turtles and tortoises conjunctival disease is common. our aim was to investigate the bacterial and fungal flora present in the eyes of healthy and pathological chelonians and to compare findings in turtles with those in tortoises. | 2015 | 25889261 |
rapidly evolving conjunctivitis due to pasteurella multocida, occurring after direct inoculation with animal droplets in an immuno-compromised host. | the rare descriptions, in the literature, of ocular infections due to pasteurella multocida include: endophtalmitis, keratitis and corneal ulcers, parinaud's oculoglandular syndrome, and conjunctivitis. here, we report a rare case of rapidly evolving conjunctivitis due to pasteurella multocida, occurring after direct inoculation with animal droplets in an immuno-compromised host. | 2015 | 25880428 |
sialyltransferases with enhanced legionaminic acid transferase activity for the preparation of analogs of sialoglycoconjugates. | legionaminic acids (leg) are bacterial analogs of neuraminic acid, with the same stereochemistry but different substituents at c5, c7 and c9. hence they may be incorporated into useful analogs of sialoglycoconjugates, and we previously reported two sialyltransferases that could utilize cytidine monophosphate (cmp)-leg5ac7ac for preparation of leg glycoconjugates, which were resistant to sialidases [watson dc, leclerc s, wakarchuk ww, young nm. 2011. enzymatic synthesis and properties of glycocon ... | 2015 | 25840968 |
development of colloidal gold immunochromatographic strips for detection of riemerella anatipestifer. | riemerella anatipestifer is one of the most important bacterial pathogen of ducks and causes a contagious septicemia. r. anatipestifer infection causes serositis syndromes similar to other bacterial infections in ducks, including infection by escherichia coli, salmonella enterica and pasteurella multocida. clinically differentiating r. anatipestifer infections from other bacterial pathogen infections is usually difficult. in this study, mab 1g2f10, a monoclonal antibody against r. anatipestifer ... | 2015 | 25822983 |
emerging issues in antimicrobial resistance of bacteria from food-producing animals. | during the last decade, antimicrobial resistance in bacteria from food-producing animals has become a major research topic. in this review, different emerging resistance properties related to bacteria of food-producing animals are highlighted. these include: extended-spectrum β-lactamase-producing enterobacteriaceae; carbapenemase-producing bacteria; bovine respiratory tract pathogens, such as pasteurella multocida and mannheimia haemolytica, which harbor the multiresistance mediating integrativ ... | 2015 | 25812464 |
inhibition of pasteurella multocida adhesion to rabbit respiratory epithelium using lectins. | this study aimed to evaluate the ability of a panel of lectins to inhibit the ability of pasteurella multocida to adhere to and affect the rabbit respiratory epithelium. nasal septa from rabbit fetuses were cultured with various lectins before the addition of p. multocida. the percentage of bacteria adhering to the epithelium was evaluated semiquantitatively by indirect immunoperoxidase (iip) staining. the goblet cells (gcs) were counted in semithin sections stained with toluidine blue and serve ... | 2015 | 25810949 |
pasteurella species peritoneal dialysis-associated peritonitis: household pets as a risk factor. | pasteurella species are gram-negative coccobacilli that are a part of the normal oropharyngeal flora of numerous domestic animals. they have been recognized as a rare but significant cause of peritonitis in patients undergoing peritoneal dialysis (pd). a consensus about management strategies for pd-associated peritonitis caused by pasteurella species currently does not exist. | 2017 | 25798157 |
intracellular plasma membrane guidance of photorhabdus asymbiotica toxin is crucial for cell toxicity. | the bacterial toxin photorhabdus asymbiotica toxin (patox) modifies rho proteins by tyrosine glcnacylation and heterotrimeric gα proteins by deamidation. inactivation of rho proteins results in f-actin disassembly in host cells. here, we analyzed the subcellular distribution of patox and show that the glycosyltransferase domain of patox associates with the negatively charged inner surface of the plasma membrane. localization studies with site-directed mutants, liposome precipitation analysis, li ... | 2015 | 25782990 |
mutant prevention concentration, pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic integration, and modeling of enrofloxacin data established in diseased buffalo calves. | the pharmacokinetic-pharmacodynamic (pk/pd) modeling of enrofloxacin data using mutant prevention concentration (mpc) of enrofloxacin was conducted in febrile buffalo calves to optimize dosage regimen and to prevent the emergence of antimicrobial resistance. the serum peak concentration (cmax ), terminal half-life (t1/2 k10) , apparent volume of distribution (vd(area) /f), and mean residence time (mrt) of enrofloxacin were 1.40 ± 0.27 μg/ml, 7.96 ± 0.86 h, 7.74 ± 1.26 l/kg, and 11.57 ± 1.01 h, r ... | 2015 | 25776301 |
solution structure and functional studies of the highly potent equine antimicrobial peptide defa1. | defensins are small effector molecules of the innate immune system that are present in almost all organisms including plants and animals. these peptides possess antimicrobial activity against a broad range of microbes including bacteria, fungi and viruses and act as endogenous antibiotics. α-defensins are a subfamily of the defensin family and their expression is limited to specific tissues. equine defa1 is an enteric α-defensin exclusively secreted by paneth cells and shows an activity against ... | 2015 | 25769951 |
a systemic pasteurella multocida toxin aggravates cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis in mice. | pasteurella multocida toxin (pmt) persistently activates heterotrimeric g proteins of the gαq/11 , gα12/13 and gαi family without interaction with g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs). we show that pmt acts on heart tissue in vivo and on cardiomyocytes and cardiac fibroblasts in vitro by deamidation of heterotrimeric g proteins. increased normalized ventricle weights and fibrosis were detected after intraperitoneal administration of pmt in combination with the gpcr agonist phenylephrine. in neona ... | 2015 | 25759205 |
potential probiotic attributes of a new strain of bacillus coagulans cgmcc 9951 isolated from healthy piglet feces. | a new strain of bacillus coagulans cgmcc 9551, which has a broad range of antibacterial activities against six main pathogenic bacteria including escherichia coli o8, staphylococcus aureus, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis, streptococcus suis, listeria monocytogenes and pasteurella multocida, was isolated from healthy piglet feces. in adhesion assay, the isolate exhibited a stronger adhesion to pig intestinal mucus than that of b. subtilis jt143 and l. acidophilus ly24 res ... | 2015 | 25752235 |
field study of pneumonia in vaccinated cattle associated with incorrect vaccination and pasteurella multocida infection. | this field study used data on the vaccine courses against bovine respiratory disease sold by one pharmaceutical company in conjunction with pharmacovigilance data to explore reported suspected lack of expected efficacy and the reasons for this. the study ran from may 1, 2007, to april 30, 2010, and covered vaccines sold in scotland and part of northumberland. in total, 83 groups of cattle reported suspected lack of expected efficacy, representing 1.6 per cent of the 804,618 vaccine courses sold. ... | 2015 | 25724544 |
pasteurella multocida septicemia in a patient with cirrhosis: an autopsy report. | more people are keeping pets in their homes but may not be sufficiently aware of the potential danger from infections. we report an autopsy case of a 57-year-old man affected by cirrhosis. septic shock with pasteurella multocida pneumonia was the cause of his death. p. multocida was the source of infection via the respiratory tract and caused pneumonia. cirrhosis is one of the risk factors for p. multocida infection. a detailed patient history about animal exposure should be obtained and a diffe ... | 2015 | 25692055 |
pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic integration and modelling of amoxicillin for the calf pathogens mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida. | the antimicrobial properties of amoxicillin were determined for the bovine respiratory tract pathogens, mannheima haemolytica and pasteurella multocida. minimum inhibitory concentration (mic), minimum bactericidal concentration (mbc) and time-kill curves were established. pharmacokinetic (pk)/pharmacodynamic (pd) modelling of the time-kill data, based on the sigmoidal emax equation, generated parameters for three levels of efficacy, namely bacteriostatic, bactericidal (3log10 reduction) and 4log ... | 2015 | 25669418 |
abdominal necrotizing fasciitis due to pasteurella multocida infection. | 2015 | 25651662 | |
protectivity conferred by immunization with intranasal recombinant outer membrane protein h from pasteurella multocida serovar a:1 in chickens. | recombinant outer membrane protein h (romph) is a potential fowl cholera vaccine candidate. the present study was aimed at developing romph formulations for intranasal administration. the romph was purified and formulated with either escherichia coli enterotoxin b (ltb) or cpg oligodeoxynucleotides (odn) as an adjuvant. antibody responses in chickens intranasally immunized with romph in combination with 2 different adjuvants were significantly increased (p<0.05) post immunization. chicken surviv ... | 2015 | 25650149 |
fluoroquinolone resistance mechanism of clinical isolates and selected mutants of pasteurella multocida from bovine respiratory disease in china. | the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics), mutation prevention concentrations (mpcs) and contribution of quinolone resistance-determining region (qrdr) mutations to fluoroquinolone (ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin and orbifloxacin) susceptibility in 23 pasteurella multocida (pm) isolates were investigated. fluoroquinolone-susceptible isolates (mics ≤0.25 µg/ml, 9 isolates) had no qrdr mutations, and their respective mpcs were low. fluoroquinolone-intermediate isolates (mics=0.5 µg/ml, 14 isolates ... | 2014 | 25649952 |
respiratory pathogens in québec dairy calves and their relationship with clinical status, lung consolidation, and average daily gain. | bovine respiratory disease (brd) is 1 of the 2 most important causes of morbidity and mortality in dairy calves. surprisingly, field data are scant concerning the prevalence of respiratory pathogens involved in brd in preweaned dairy calves, especially in small herds. | 2015 | 25619524 |
nasal isolation of mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida as predictors of respiratory disease in shipped calves. | three hundred ninety five calves were purchased from sale barns and delivered to the willard sparks beef research center. nasal swabs were collected to determine if presence of mannheimia haemolytica and pasteurella multocida in the upper respiratory tract (urt) can facilitate diagnosis of bovine respiratory disease (brd). samples were collected at arrival and at treatment for brd. clinically healthy control calves were sampled at time of treatment of sick calves. m. haemolytica was more commonl ... | 2015 | 25599936 |
outer membrane proteome analysis of indian strain of pasteurella multocida serotype b:2 by maldi-tof/ms analysis. | identification of outer membrane proteins (omps) is important to understand the bacteria structure and function, host-pathogen interaction, development of novel vaccine candidates, and diagnostic antigens. but till now the key antigens of p. multocida b:2 isolate causing haemorrhagic septicaemia (hs) in animals are not clearly defined. in this study, p52 strain of p. multocida serotype b:2 was grown in vitro under iron-rich and iron-limited condition. the omps were extracted by sarkosyl method f ... | 2014 | 25587569 |
recombinant transferrin binding protein a (rtbpa) fragments of pasteurella multocida serogroup b:2 provide variable protection following homologous challenge in mouse model. | transferrin binding protein a (tbpa), an iron acquisition surface protein that also acts as virulence factor, is widely distributed among strains of pasteurella multocida. in the present study, a total of seven clones of tbpa fragments (39d to f777; 39d to q697; 188v to f777; 188v to q697; 39d to p377; 188v to p377 and 39d to f187) belonging to p. multocida b:2 were constructed, over-expressed and purified as recombinant fusion proteins from escherichia coli using affinity chromatography. immuni ... | 2015 | 25544697 |
estimation of nasal shedding and seroprevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease in australian live export cattle. | the prevalence of organisms known to be associated with bovine respiratory disease (brd) was investigated in cattle prior to export. a quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay was used to detect nucleic acids from the following viruses and bacteria in nasal swab samples: bovine coronavirus (bocv; betacoronavirus 1), bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (bvdv-1), bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine parainfluenza virus 3 (bpiv-3), his ... | 2015 | 25525134 |
prolonged incubation period in neonatal pasteurella multocida meningitis and bacteremia. | pasteurella multocida, often found as part of the human oral flora and in finger/toenails, also exists in many animals, especially cats, dogs, and pigs. although rare, pasteurella infection in neonates can cause serious systemic disease, such as meningitis. in this article, a 23-day-old girl presented with decreased appetite and irritability for >2 days. eighteen days previously her pet cat had jumped onto the left side of her head while she was sleeping. on laboratory data c-reactive protein wa ... | 2014 | 25521988 |
virulence gene profiling and antibiotic resistance pattern of indian isolates of pasteurella multocida of small ruminant origin. | pasteurellosis in small ruminants affects the livelihood of small and marginal farmers of india. the present study was undertaken to understand the trends in gene carriage and antibiotic resistance pattern of pasteurella multocida isolates recovered from small ruminants over a period of 10 years in india. a total of 88 p. multocida isolates of small ruminant origin were subjected to virulence gene profiling for 19 genes by pcr and antibiogram study employing 17 different antibiotics. virulence g ... | 2015 | 25499527 |
[pasteurella multocida meningitis secondary to functional endoscopic sinus surgery]. | functional endoscopic sinus surgery (fess) is a common, surgical procedure in danish ear-nose-throat departments. surgery is often performed as an outpatient procedure. major complications are rare, however, they may develop after the patient has been discharged. this is a case report of pasteurella multocida meningitis secondary to fess in a 54-year-old male. | 2014 | 25498188 |
[pasteurella multocida septicaemia and pneumonia after chemotherapy in a patient who had no known contact with animals]. | pasteurella multocida inhabits the upper respiratory tract of many animals. it can cause skin and soft tissue infections in humans, usually in association with animal bites. we present a case of a 66-year-old chemotherapy-induced immunocompromised patient with lung cancer, who was treated for pneumonia and septicaemia due to p. multocida. there was no anamnestic contact with animals, which underlines the fact that immunocompromised patients can suffer from serious systemic infections due to p. m ... | 2014 | 25497635 |
virulence genotyping of pasteurella multocida isolated from multiple hosts from india. | in this study, 108 p. multocida isolates recovered from various host animals such as cattle, buffalo, swine, poultry (chicken, duck, and emu) and rabbits were screened for carriage of 8 virulence associated genes. the results revealed some unique information on the prevalence of virulence associated genes among indian isolates. with the exception of toxa gene, all other virulence associated genes were found to be regularly distributed among host species. association study between capsule type an ... | 2014 | 25485303 |
no selection on immunological markers in response to a highly virulent pathogen in an arctic breeding bird. | in natural populations, epidemics provide opportunities to look for intense natural selection on genes coding for life history and immune or other physiological traits. if the populations being considered are of management or conservation concern, then identifying the traits under selection (or 'markers') might provide insights into possible intervention strategies during epidemics. we assessed potential for selection on multiple immune and life history traits of arctic breeding common eiders (s ... | 2014 | 25469158 |
pasteurella multocida infection in solid organ transplantation. | we present a case of fulminant pasteurella multocida sepsis in a 66-year-old man who had undergone a renal transplant. our patient lived with two dogs and a cat with which he was very close. we propose that his bacteraemia might have resulted from direct inoculation of p multocida via his cat licking the venous stasis ulcers on his legs. the patient's clinical course was complicated by cardiopulmonary failure and he ultimately succumbed to his infection. p multocida is a rare cause of infections ... | 2015 | 25467649 |
deletion of the znua virulence factor attenuates actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae and confers protection against homologous or heterologous strain challenge. | the znua gene is known to be important for growth and survival in escherichia coli, haemophilus spp., neisseria gonorrhoeae, and pasteurella multocida under low zn(2+) conditions. this gene is also present in actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae serotype 1; therefore, the aim of this study was to investigate the existence of a similar role for the znua gene in the growth and virulence of this organism. a precisely defined δznua deletion mutant of a. pleuropneumoniae was constructed based on the seque ... | 2014 | 25465668 |
structural characterization of fis - a transcriptional regulator from pathogenic pasteurella multocida essential for expression of virulence factors. | pasteurella multocida is responsible behind a variety of diseases in animals. the disease causing substance of this bacterium is a capsular polysaccharide. the expression of the gene that codes for the bacterial capsule is regulated by the protein fis. fis also regulates the expression of various different genes in p. multocida. so far there have been no previous reports that depict the characterization of fis from p. multocida from a structural point of view. in the present work, an attempt has ... | 2015 | 25445294 |