Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| prediction of intra-species protein-protein interactions in enteropathogens facilitating systems biology study. | protein-protein interactions in escherichia coli (e. coli) has been studied extensively using high throughput methods such as tandem affinity purification followed by mass spectrometry and yeast two-hybrid method. this can in turn be used to understand the mechanisms of bacterial cellular processes. however, experimental characterization of such huge amount of interactions data is not available for other important enteropathogens. here, we propose a support vector machine (svm)-based prediction ... | 2015 | 26717407 |
| shigella infections: a two year experience in cancer patients. | to identify clinical and microbiological characteristics of shigella infections among cancer patients. | 2016 | 26712178 |
| alteration in apyrase enzyme attenuated virulence of shigella flexneri. | virulence of shigella is attributed to the genes presence in chromosome or in the megaplasmid. the apy gene which is located in the megaplasmid of shigella species encodes for apyrase enzyme, a pathogenesis-associated enzyme causing mitochondrial damage and host cell death. in this study we constructed an apy mutant of shigella flexneri by insertional activation using a kanamycin resistant gene cassette. the wild type apy gene of s. flexneri 2a was pcr amplified, cloned and mutated with insertio ... | 2016 | 26706344 |
| bacterial e3 ubiquitin ligase ipah4.5 of shigella flexneri targets tbk1 to dampen the host antibacterial response. | ifn regulatory factors play a pivotal role in many cellular processes, including inflammatory and immune responses. their activation is tightly regulated by tank-binding kinase 1 (tbk1). in response to microbial components, tbk1 activates ifn regulatory factor 3 (irf3) and cytokine expression. in this article, we show that tbk1 is a novel target of the ipah4.5 protein, a shigella type iii effector possessing e3 ubiquitin ligase activity. remarkably, ipah4.5 interacts with tbk1 and promotes its k ... | 2016 | 26700764 |
| in vitro antibacterial, antioxidant activity and total phenolic content of some essential oils. | in vitro antibacterial activity of 16 essential oils was investigated by disc diffusion method against two gram positive bacteria bacillus subtilis and staphylococcus aureus and two gram negative bacteria, shigella flexneri and escherichia coli. oils of cymbopogon citratus and ocimum basilicum showed highest antibacterial activity. gram positive bacteria were found to be more sensitive than gram negative. antioxidant activities were tested by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (dpph) radical scavengi ... | 2015 | 26688969 |
| clinical implications of reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones in paediatric shigella sonnei and shigella flexneri infections. | we aimed to quantify the impact of fluoroquinolone resistance on the clinical outcome of paediatric shigellosis patients treated with fluoroquinolones in southern vietnam. such information is important to inform therapeutic management for infections caused by this increasingly drug-resistant pathogen, responsible for high morbidity and mortality in young children globally. | 2016 | 26679253 |
| o-antigen modifications providing antigenic diversity of shigella flexneri and underlying genetic mechanisms. | o-antigens (o-specific polysaccharides) of shigella flexneri, a primary cause of shigellosis, are distinguished by a wide diversity of chemical modifications following the oligosaccharide o-unit assembly. the present review is devoted to structural, serological, and genetic aspects of these modifications, including o-acetylation and phosphorylation with phosphoethanolamine that have been identified recently. the modifications confer the host with specific immunodeterminants (o-factors or o-antig ... | 2015 | 26542003 |
| characterisation of shigella spa33 and thermotoga flim/n reveals a new model for c-ring assembly in t3ss. | flagellar type iii secretion systems (t3ss) contain an essential cytoplasmic-ring (c-ring) largely composed of two proteins flim and flin, whereas an analogous substructure for the closely related non-flagellar (nf) t3ss has not been observed in situ. we show that the spa33 gene encoding the putative nf-t3ss c-ring component in shigella flexneri is alternatively translated to produce both full-length (spa33-fl) and a short variant (spa33-c), with both required for secretion. they associate in a ... | 2015 | 26538516 |
| microbial contamination of street vended foods from a university campus in bangladesh. | the microbiological quality of street vended food samples from dhaka, bangladesh was evaluated. the objective of the study was to identify the presence of common pathogens (escherichia coli, shigella spp, salmonella and vibrio spp) and to describe the molecular characterization of e coli, a commonly found pathogen in various street foods. fifty food samples were collected from fixed and mobile vendors from two sampling locations (mohakhali and aftabnagar) in dhaka city, bangladesh. the tested sa ... | 2015 | 26521522 |
| multi-parameter flow cytometry as a process analytical technology (pat) approach for the assessment of bacterial ghost production. | flow cytometry (fcm) is a tool for the analysis of single-cell properties in a cell suspension. in this contribution, we present an improved fcm method for the assessment of e-lysis in enterobacteriaceae. the result of the e-lysis process is empty bacterial envelopes-called bacterial ghosts (bgs)-that constitute potential products in the pharmaceutical field. bgs have reduced light scattering properties when compared with intact cells. in combination with viability information obtained from stai ... | 2016 | 26521248 |
| effect of x-ray treatments on escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, shigella flexneri, salmonella enterica and inherent microbiota on whole mangoes. | the aims of this investigation were to; (i) study the effect of x-ray treatments in reducing escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica and shigella flexneri on whole mangoes, and (ii) study the effect of x-ray treatments on microflora counts (mesophilic counts, psychrotrophic counts and yeast and mould counts) of whole mangoes during storage at ambient temperature (22°c) for 30 days. a mixture of three strains of each test organism was spot inoculated (100 μl; approx. ... | 2016 | 26518738 |
| kefir-isolated bacteria and yeasts inhibit shigella flexneri invasion and modulate pro-inflammatory response on intestinal epithelial cells. | the aim of this work was to evaluate the ability of a kefir-isolated microbial mixture containing three bacterial and two yeast strains (mm) to protect intestinal epithelial cells against shigella flexneri invasion, as well as to analyse the effect on pro-inflammatory response elicited by this pathogen. a significant decrease in s. flexneri strain 72 invasion was observed on both ht-29 and caco-2 cells pre-incubated with mm. pre-incubation with the individual strains saccharomyces cerevisiae cid ... | 2016 | 26503738 |
| the multivalent adhesion molecule sso1327 plays a key role in shigella sonnei pathogenesis. | shigella sonnei is a bacterial pathogen and causative agent of bacillary dysentery. it deploys a type iii secretion system to inject effector proteins into host epithelial cells and macrophages, an essential step for tissue invasion and immune evasion. although the arsenal of bacterial effectors and their cellular targets have been studied extensively, little is known about the prerequisites for deployment of type iii secreted proteins during infection. here, we describe a novel s. sonnei adhesi ... | 2016 | 26481305 |
| complete sequences and characterization of two novel plasmids carrying aac(6')-ib-cr and qnrs gene in shigella flexneri. | the complete sequences of two previously reported plasmids carrying plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance genes from shigella flexneri in china have not been available. the present study using the p5-c3 assembly method revealed that (1) the plasmid psf07201 with aac(6')-ib-cr had 75,335 bp with antibiotic resistance genes ctx-m-3, tem-1, and fosa3; (2) seven fragments of psf07201 had more than 99% homology with the seven corresponding plasmids; (3) the other plasmid psf07202 with qnrs had 47,669 ... | 2016 | 26469217 |
| a small-scale experiment of using phage-based probiotic dietary supplement for prevention of e. coli traveler's diarrhea. | traveler's diarrhea (td) is caused by escherichia coli in 30% of cases. we have developed a phage cocktail for prophylaxis of td caused by e.coli, shigella flexneri, shigella sonnei, salmonella enterica, listeria monocytogenes or staphylococcus aureus, and investigated its effectiveness against infection caused by the non-pathogenic lac (-) strain of e.coli k12 c600 in animal and human trials. on the 6th day of both animal and human trials e. coli k12 c600 strain was detected in titer of 10(4) c ... | 2017 | 26458758 |
| attributes of carbapenemase encoding conjugative plasmid pndm-sal from an extensively drug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg. | a carbapenem resistant salmonella enterica serovar senftenberg isolate bch 2406 was isolated from a diarrheal child attending an outpatient unit of b.c. roy hospital in kolkata, india. this isolate was positive for the bla ndm-1 in the pcr assay, which was confirmed by amplicon sequencing. except for tetracycline, this isolate was resistant to all the tested antimicrobials. the bla ndm-1 was found to be located on a 146.13-kb mega plasmid pndm-sal, which could be conjugally transferred into esch ... | 2015 | 26441902 |
| horizontal gene transfer of a chlamydial trna-guanine transglycosylase gene to eukaryotic microbes. | trna-guanine transglycosylases are found in all domains of life and mediate the base exchange of guanine with queuine in the anticodon loop of trnas. they can also regulate virulence in bacteria such as shigella flexneri, which has prompted the development of drugs that inhibit the function of these enzymes. here we report a group of trna-guanine transglycosylases in eukaryotic microbes (algae and protozoa) which are more similar to their bacterial counterparts than previously characterized euka ... | 2016 | 26435002 |
| invasive shigellosis in msm. | shigella flexneri is an emerging pathogen in men who have sex with men (msm); recent outbreaks related to sexual practices have been noted in this population in the uk and other developed countries. while the majority of cases of shigellosis present with gastroenteritis, some vulnerable patients with underlying immunosuppression can develop complications like bacteraemia and may present atypically as an acute surgical emergency. this case report highlights such a case of s. flexneri bacteraemia ... | 2016 | 26429891 |
| comparative proteomics of shigella flexneri 2a strain 301 using a rabbit ileal loop model reveals key proteins for bacterial adaptation in host niches. | many studies focusing on changes in the host following shigella spp invasion have been reported in recent years. however, the key factors required for the adaptation of these pathogens to host niches have usually been neglected. | 2015 | 26417879 |
| report: antibacterial and antifungal activities of leaf extract of achyranthes aspera (amaranthaceae) from pakistan. | alcoholic extract and various fractions of achyranthes aspera leaves, traditionally used in pakistan for treatment of infectious diseases was screened for in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity. the chloroform and butanol fractions were found to be the most active among the fractions, showing considerable antibacterial activity against shigella flexneri and escherichia coli. the highest activity was found in the ethylacetate fraction (17 mm zone of inhibition) against gram-negative (salm ... | 2015 | 26408900 |
| failure of syndrome-based diarrhea management guidelines to detect shigella infections in kenyan children. | shigella is a leading cause of childhood diarrhea mortality in sub-saharan africa. current world health organization guidelines recommend antibiotics for children in non cholera-endemic areas only in the presence of dysentery, a proxy for suspected shigella infection. | 2016 | 26407270 |
| identification of shigella flexneri isolates carrying the shiga toxin 1-producing gene in quebec, canada, linked to travel to haiti. | 2015 | 26401981 | |
| structural and biochemical analysis of a single amino-acid mutant of wzzbsf that alters lipopolysaccharide o-antigen chain length in shigella flexneri. | lipopolysaccharide (lps), a surface polymer of gram-negative bacteria, helps bacteria survive in different environments and acts as a virulence determinant of host infection. the o-antigen (oag) component of lps exhibits a modal chain-length distribution that is controlled by polysaccharide co-polymerases (pcps). the molecular basis of the regulation of oag chain-lengths remains unclear, despite extensive mutagenesis and structural studies of pcps from escherichia coli and shigella. here, we ide ... | 2015 | 26378781 |
| caspase-11 cleaves gasdermin d for non-canonical inflammasome signalling. | intracellular lipopolysaccharide from gram-negative bacteria including escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, and burkholderia thailandensis activates mouse caspase-11, causing pyroptotic cell death, interleukin-1β processing, and lethal septic shock. how caspase-11 executes these downstream signalling events is largely unknown. here we show that gasdermin d is essential for caspase-11-dependent pyroptosis and interleukin-1β maturation. a forward genetic screen with ethyl-n ... | 2015 | 26375259 |
| vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein restricts cell-to-cell spread of shigella flexneri at the cell periphery. | shigella spp. are intracellular bacterial pathogens that cause diarrhoeal disease in humans. shigella utilize the host actin cytoskeleton to enter cells, move through the cytoplasm of cells and pass into adjacent cells. ena/vasp family proteins are highly conserved proteins that participate in actin-dependent dynamic cellular processes. we tested whether ena/vasp family members vasp (vasodilator-stimulated phosphoprotein), mena (mammalian-enabled) or evl (ena-vasp-like) contribute to shigella fl ... | 2015 | 26358985 |
| shigellosis outbreak in al batinah south governorate, oman: case-control study. | an outbreak of acute gastroenteritis due to shigella flexneri occurred in august 2012 in the catchment area of the wadi sahtan health center in rustaq, al batinah south governorate, oman. the aim of this study was to discover possible causes of this outbreak in the villages of fassa, rogh and amk and to measure the risk of exposure among cases and controls. | 2015 | 26357558 |
| mechanism of action and initial, in vitro sar of an inhibitor of the shigella flexneri virulence regulator virf. | shigella spp. are among the main causative agents of acute diarrheal illness and claim more than 1 million lives per year worldwide. there are multiple bacterial genes that control the pathogenesis of shigella, but the virf gene may be the most important. this gene, located on the primary pathogenicity island of shigella, encodes virf, an arac-family transcriptional activator that is responsible for initiating the pathogenesis cycle in shigella. we have previously shown that it is possible to at ... | 2015 | 26352269 |
| investigation on the synthesis of shigella flexneri specific oligosaccharides using disaccharides as potential transglucosylase acceptor substrates. | chemo-enzymatic strategies hold great potential for the development of stereo- and regioselective syntheses of structurally defined bioactive oligosaccharides. herein, we illustrate the potential of the appropriate combination of a planned chemo-enzymatic pathway and an engineered biocatalyst for the multistep synthesis of an important decasaccharide for vaccine development. we report the stepwise investigation, which led to an efficient chemical conversion of allyl α-d-glucopyranosyl-(1→4)-α-l- ... | 2015 | 26340432 |
| a small conserved motif supports polarity augmentation of shigella flexneri icsa. | the rod-shaped enteric intracellular pathogen shigella flexneri and other shigella species are the causative agents of bacillary dysentery. s. flexneri are able to spread within the epithelial lining of the gut, resulting in lesion formation, cramps and bloody stools. the outer membrane protein icsa is essential for this spreading process. icsa is the initiator of an actin-based form of motility whereby it allows the formation of a filamentous actin 'tail' at the bacterial pole. importantly, ics ... | 2015 | 26315462 |
| broad spectrum antimicrobial compounds from the bacterium exiguobacterium mexicanum mssrfs9. | clinical bacterial pathogens front a major challenge for the clinical researchers and physicians. in particular microbial pathogens like escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, klebsiella pneumonia and salmonella enterica are apparelled with systemic machineries to bring down the human immune system as well as proliferate dramatically in a short period which in turn cause a pronounced ailment to the human health. in vitro evaluation of four purified compounds isolated from rhizosphere bacterium exi ... | 2015 | 26302848 |
| determinants of proteolysis and cell-binding for the shigella flexneri cytotoxin, siga. | shigella flexneri secretes an enterotoxic, spate family autotransporter (at), siga, which has cytopathic activity towards cultured epithelial cells. its cytopathic activity is due to its ability to degrade the cytoskeletal protein, α-fodrin. the mechanisms by which at toxins target cells and tissues differ and the details of how siga acts are not known. in the current study, the determinants of proteolysis and cell-targeting for siga were determined. we demonstrate that the siga passenger or α-d ... | 2015 | 26297175 |
| detection of wzy/wzz interaction in shigella flexneri. | the o antigen (oag) component of shigella flexneri lipopolysaccharide (lps) is important for virulence and a protective antigen. it is synthesized by the wzy-dependent mechanism. s. flexneri wzy has 12 transmembrane segments and two large periplasmic loops. the modal chain length of the oag is determined by wzz. experimental evidence supports multi-protein interactions in the wzy-dependent pathway. however, evidence for direct interaction of wzy with the other proteins of the wzy-dependent pathw ... | 2015 | 26296569 |
| antimicrobial activity and the presence of virulence factors and bacteriocin structural genes in enterococcus faecium cm33 isolated from ewe colostrum. | screening of lactic acid bacteria (lab) isolated from ewe colostrum led to the identification and isolation of enterococcus faecium cm33 with interesting features like high survival rates under acidic or bile salts condition, high tolerance for the simulated gastrointestinal condition, and high adhesive potential to caco-2 cells. according the inhibition of pathogen adhesion test results, this strain can reduce more than 50% adhesion capacity of escherichia coli, shigella flexneri, klebsiella pn ... | 2015 | 26284059 |
| quantification of cytosolic vs. vacuolar salmonella in primary macrophages by differential permeabilization. | intracellular bacterial pathogens can replicate in the cytosol or in specialized pathogen-containing vacuoles (pcvs). to reach the cytosol, bacteria like shigella flexneri and francisella novicida need to induce the rupture of the phagosome. in contrast, salmonella typhimurium replicates in a vacuolar compartment, known as salmonella-containing vacuole (scv). however certain mutants of salmonella fail to maintain scv integrity and are thus released into the cytosol. the percentage of cytosolic v ... | 2015 | 26274778 |
| intracellular and membrane-damaging activities of methyl gallate isolated from terminalia chebula against multidrug-resistant shigella spp. | shigella spp. (shigella dysenteriae, shigella flexneri, shigella boydii and shigella sonnei) cause bacillary dysentery (shigellosis), which is characterized by bloody mucous diarrhoea. although a variety of antibiotics have been effective for treatment of shigellosis, options are becoming limited due to globally emerging drug resistance. in the present study, in vitro antibacterial activity of methyl gallate (mg) isolated from terminalia chebula was determined by performing mic, minimal bacteric ... | 2015 | 26272388 |
| sting signaling the energic way. | the effector proteins ipaj and vira, from the bacterium shigella flexneri, block the general secretory pathway (gsp) at different stages. in this issue of cell host & microbe, dobbs et al. (2015) use these proteins as a tool to pinpoint sting trafficking and signaling to the er-golgi intermediate compartment (ergic). | 2015 | 26269948 |
| species-wide whole genome sequencing reveals historical global spread and recent local persistence in shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is the most common cause of bacterial dysentery in low-income countries. despite this, s. flexneri remains largely unexplored from a genomic standpoint and is still described using a vocabulary based on serotyping reactions developed over half-a-century ago. here we combine whole genome sequencing with geographical and temporal data to examine the natural history of the species. our analysis subdivides s. flexneri into seven phylogenetic groups (pgs); each containing two-or-mor ... | 2015 | 26238191 |
| mutations in gyra & parc genes of shigella flexneri 2a determining the fluoroquinolone resistance. | 2015 | 26205028 | |
| bacterial internalization, localization, and effectors shape the epithelial immune response during shigella flexneri infection. | intracellular pathogens are differentially sensed by the compartmentalized host immune system. nevertheless, gene expression studies of infected cells commonly average the immune responses, neglecting the precise pathogen localization. to overcome this limitation, we dissected the transcriptional immune response to shigella flexneri across different infection stages in bulk and single cells. this identified six distinct transcriptional profiles characterizing the dynamic, multilayered host respo ... | 2015 | 26123804 |
| hfq regulates acid tolerance and virulence by responding to acid stress in shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is an important etiological agent of bacillary dysentery in developing countries. the hfq protein is thought to play a major regulatory role in various cellular processes in this organism. however, the roles of hfq in stress tolerance and virulence in s. flexneri in response to environmental stress have not been fully studied. in this study, hfq was highly expressed when s. flexneri was exposed to low ph. growth retardation was observed in the hfq deletion mutant at ph values r ... | 2015 | 26117597 |
| clonal dissemination of a single shigella sonnei strain among iranian children during fall 2012 in tehran, i.r. iran. | shigella species are a common cause of bacterial diarrhea worldwide and the disease is characterized by seasonality. shigella has been encountered by widespread resistance to commonly used antibiotics which is a serious concern. the aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological relatedness of shigella strains isolated from children during one year period by pfge method and to investigate antimicrobial resistance determinants and cassettes among shigella species. the occurrence of shigella ... | 2015 | 26117443 |
| aerobic bacterial community of american cockroach periplaneta americana,a step toward finding suitable paratransgenesis candidates. | cockroaches mechanically spread pathogenic agents, however, little is known about their gut microbiota. identification of midgut microbial community helps targeting novel biological control strategies such as paratransgenesis. here the bacterial microbiota of periplaneta americana midgut, were identified and evaluated for finding proper paratransgenesis candidate. | 2014 | 26114142 |
| antibacterial mode of action of the hydroethanolic extract of leonotis nepetifolia (l.) r. br. involves bacterial membrane perturbations. | leonotis nepetifolia (l) r. br., lamiaceae, a pantropical shrub, popularly known in brazil as "cordão-de-frade", "rubim", is reportedly used in brazilian ethnomedicine as well as in different countries in the treatments of ailments such as infections, inflammations, wounds, stomach disorders, among others. | 2015 | 26102550 |
| bioimage analysis of shigella infection reveals targeting of colonic crypts. | few studies within the pathogenic field have used advanced imaging and analytical tools to quantitatively measure pathogenicity in vivo. in this work, we present a novel approach for the investigation of host-pathogen processes based on medium-throughput 3d fluorescence imaging. the guinea pig model for shigella flexneri invasion of the colonic mucosa was used to monitor the infectious process over time with gfp-expressing s. flexneri. a precise quantitative imaging protocol was devised to follo ... | 2015 | 26056271 |
| antibacterial activity of ovary extract from sea urchin diadema setosum. | sea urchin gonad is considered as a highly prized delicacy in several countries. it is also rich in valuable bioactive compounds including polyunsaturated fatty acids (pufas) and β-carotene. this study was undertaken to examine the antimicrobial properties of the ovary extract from sea urchin diadema setosum against selected gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. | 2015 | 26044237 |
| draft genomes of shigella strains used by the stopenterics consortium. | despite a significant global burden of disease, there is still no vaccine against shigellosis widely available. one aim of the european union funded stopenterics consortium is to develop vaccine candidates against shigella. given the importance of translational vaccine coverage, here we aimed to characterise the shigella strains being used by the consortium by whole genome sequencing, and report on the stability of strains cultured in different laboratories or through serial passage. | 2015 | 26042182 |
| antimicrobial resistance of shigella flexneri serotype 1b isolates in china. | shigella flexneri serotype 1b is among the most prominent serotypes in developing countries, followed by serotype 2a. however, only limited data is available on the global phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of s. flexneri 1b. in the present study, 40 s. flexneri 1b isolates from different regions of china were confirmed by serotyping and biochemical characterization. antimicrobial susceptibility testing showed that 85% of these isolates were multidrug-resistant strains and antibiotic susce ... | 2015 | 26039698 |
| identification of a divergent o-acetyltransferase gene oac 1b from shigella flexneri serotype 1b strains. | shigella flexneri is a leading cause of bacterial dysentery in developing countries. among the 15 known serotypes, four (1b, 3a, 3b and 4b) contain a group 6 epitope due to an acetyl group connected to the o-2 position of rhamnose iii on the tetrasaccharide structure of the lipopolysaccharide. o-acetyltransferase encoded by a bacteriophage, sf6, mediates the acetylation reaction. we found that the oac gene in serotype 1b strains was very different from that in serotypes 3a, 3b and 4b strains and ... | 2012 | 26038428 |
| shigella flexneri cell-to-cell spread, and growth and inflammation in mice, is limited by the outer membrane protease icsp. | the shigella flexneri autotransporter protein icsa is essential for intra- and intercellular spread, and icsa mutants are attenuated in several models. however, the pathogenic significance of the outer membrane protease icsp, which orchestrates the polar distribution of icsa on the bacterial surface, remains unclear. to further examine this point, we constructed icsp mutants in the two most commonly studied s. flexneri strains and evaluated their in vitro and in vivo performance relative to wild ... | 2015 | 26025071 |
| draft genome sequence of 24570, the type strain of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is a diarrheal pathogen that causes a large disease burden worldwide. we sequenced the genome of the publicly available type strain (s. flexneri 2a strain 24570) of this bacterial species to increase its utility as a reference. we present genome assembly results and comparisons with other reference strains. | 2015 | 26021915 |
| bacterial spread from cell to cell: beyond actin-based motility. | several intracellular pathogens display the ability to propagate within host tissues by displaying actin-based motility in the cytosol of infected cells. as motile bacteria reach cell-cell contacts they form plasma membrane protrusions that project into adjacent cells and resolve into vacuoles from which the pathogen escapes, thereby achieving spread from cell to cell. seminal studies have defined the bacterial and cellular factors that support actin-based motility. by contrast, the mechanisms s ... | 2015 | 26021574 |
| escape of actively secreting shigella flexneri from atg8/lc3-positive vacuoles formed during cell-to-cell spread is facilitated by icsb and vira. | the enteropathogenic bacterium shigella flexneri uses a type 3 secretion apparatus (t3sa) to transfer proteins dubbed translocators and effectors inside host cells, inducing bacterial uptake and subsequent lysis of the entry vacuole. once in the cytoplasm, the outer membrane protein icsa induces actin polymerization, enabling cytoplasmic movement and cell-to-cell spread of bacteria. during this infectious process, s. flexneri is targeted by atg8/lc3. the effector icsb was proposed to inhibit lc3 ... | 2015 | 26015503 |
| material properties and antimicrobial activity of polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) films incorporated with vanillin. | polyhydroxybutyrate (phb) was produced by bacillus mycoides dfc 1, isolated from garden soil. antimicrobial (am) films of phb were prepared by incorporating vanillin (4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzaldehyde) from 10 to 200 μg/g of phb. the films were assessed for antimicrobial activity against foodborne pathogens and spoilage bacteria comprising of escherichia coli, salmonella typhimurium, shigella flexneri, and staphylococcus aureus and fungi such as aspergillus flavus, aspergillus fumigatus, aspergill ... | 2015 | 26002697 |
| prevalence and antimicrobial resistance of shigella flexneri serotype 2 variant in china. | shigella flexneri serotype 2 variant (ii:3,4,7,8) was isolated in 2008 and first reported in china in 2013. in the present study, epidemiological surveillance from 2003 to 2013 in china suggested that this serotype first appeared in guangxi in 2003; it then emerged in shanghai and xinjiang in 2004 and in henan in 2008. of the 1813 s. flexneri isolates, 58 s. flexneri serotype 2 variant strains were identified. serotype 2 variant has emerged as a prominent serotype in recent years, with 2a (32.6% ... | 2015 | 25999941 |
| the effect of quorum sensing system for growth competitiveness on shigella flexneri. | quorum sensing (qs) regulates the onset of bacterial social responses related to cell density. comparison between the gene sequences of all components of qs system of escherichia coli and shigella strains, shows that the qs system is generally lost or mutated in shigella. since ai-2 is produced and processed by the lsr operon, we analyzed the potential function of the lsr operon. we first detected ai-2 in shigella flexneri 2a strain 301 through the reporter bacteria vibrio harveyi bb170, indicat ... | 2015 | 25998438 |
| effect of combination therapy between thyme oil and ciprofloxacin on ulcer-forming shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative bacteria that has the ability to invade the epithelium of the colon and cause colon ulcers. | 2015 | 25989168 |
| prevalence of shiga toxin-producing shigella species isolated from french travellers returning from the caribbean: an emerging pathogen with international implications. | shiga toxins (stxs) are potent cytotoxins that inhibit host cell protein synthesis, leading to cell death. classically, these toxins are associated with intestinal infections due to stx-producing escherichia coli or shigella dysenteriae serotype 1, and infections with these strains can lead to haemolytic-uraemic syndrome. over the past decade, there has been increasing recognition that stx is produced by additional shigella species. we recently reported the presence and expression of stx genes i ... | 2015 | 25980352 |
| shigella flexneri: a cause of significant morbidity and associated with sexually transmitted infections in men who have sex with men. | 2015 | 25970314 | |
| intensified shigellosis epidemic associated with sexual transmission in men who have sex with men--shigella flexneri and s. sonnei in england, 2004 to end of february 2015. | surveillance data suggest an intensification of the shigellosis epidemic associated with sexual transmissionin men who have sex with men (msm) in england with separate introductions into the population. in 2014, sexual transmission between msm might have accounted for 97%, 89%, and 43% of non-travel associated shigella flexneri 3a and s. flexneri 2a, ands. sonnei diagnoses. clinicians should sensitively ascertain sexual history for men with enteric infections to facilitate prompt diagnosis and a ... | 2015 | 25953129 |
| intercontinental dissemination of azithromycin-resistant shigellosis through sexual transmission: a cross-sectional study. | shigellosis is an acute, severe bacterial colitis that, in high-income countries, is typically associated with travel to high-risk regions (africa, asia, and latin america). since the 1970s, shigellosis has also been reported as a sexually transmitted infection in men who have sex with men (msm), in whom transmission is an important component of shigellosis epidemiology in high-income nations. we aimed to use sophisticated subtyping and international sampling to determine factors driving shigell ... | 2015 | 25936611 |
| shigella flexneri serotype 3a: the rise of a superbug. | 2015 | 25936610 | |
| antibacterial activity of lactobacillus spp. isolated from the feces of healthy infants against enteropathogenic bacteria. | lactobacilli are normal microflora of the gastrointestinal (gi) tract and are a heterogeneous group of lactic acid bacteria (lab). lactobacillus strains with probiotic activity may have health benefits for human. this study investigates the probiotic potential of lactobacillus strains obtained from the feces of healthy infants and also explores antibacterial activity of lactobacillus strains with probiotic potential against enteropathogenic bacteria. fecal samples were collected from 95 healthy ... | 2015 | 25930687 |
| sex, drugs and smart phone applications: findings from semistructured interviews with men who have sex with men diagnosed with shigella flexneri 3a in england and wales. | to inform control strategies undertaken as part of an outbreak of shigella flexneri 3a among men who have sex with men (msm). | 2015 | 25921020 |
| identification and molecular characterisation of a novel mu-like bacteriophage, sfmu, of shigella flexneri. | s. flexneri is the leading cause of bacillary dysentery in the developing countries. several temperate phages originating from this host have been characterised. however, all s. flexneri phages known to date are lambdoid phages, which have the ability to confer the o-antigen modification of their host. in this study, we report the isolation and characterisation of a novel mu-like phage from a serotype 4a strain of s. flexneri. the genome of phage sfmu is composed of 37,146 bp and is predicted to ... | 2015 | 25902138 |
| the serine protease autotransporter pic modulates citrobacter rodentium pathogenesis and its innate recognition by the host. | bacterial pathogens produce a number of autotransporters that possess diverse functions. these include the family of serine protease autotransporters of enterobacteriaceae (spates) produced by enteric pathogens such as shigella flexneri and enteroaggregative escherichia coli. of these spates, one termed "protein involved in colonization," or pic, has been shown to possess mucinase activity in vitro, but to date, its role in in vivo enteric pathogenesis is unknown. testing a pic null (δpicc) muta ... | 2015 | 25895966 |
| clinical and microbiological profiles of shigellosis in children. | shigellosis presents with varied clinical features are dictated by the species involved, virulence factors of the strain, and the host immune status. we studied the species, virulence genes, and antibiotic susceptibility pattern of the shigella strains isolated from 33 children aged less than 12 years, with clinical features of shigellosis. identification and antibiotic sensitivity of shigella species were done using disc diffusion and e-test. multiplex pcr was done for the detection of virulenc ... | 2014 | 25895190 |
| antimicrobial evaluation of plants used for the treatment of diarrhoea in a rural community in northern maputaland, kwazulu-natal, south africa. | zulu people living in the rural area of maputaland (kwazulu-natal, south africa) rely heavily on medicinal plants for the treatment of diarrhoea. abundant availability of medicinal plants in the study area offers low cost health care, but scientific validation is needed in order to lend credibility to the traditional use against many ailments including diarrhoeal infections. with this in mind a study was designed to test the in vitro antimicrobial efficacy of 23 plant species which are used for ... | 2015 | 25881066 |
| the passenger-associated transport repeat promotes virulence factor secretion efficiency and delineates a distinct autotransporter subtype. | autotransporters are a superfamily of virulence factors secreted by gram negative bacteria. they are comprised of an n-terminal passenger domain that is translocated across the outer membrane and a c-terminal domain that inserts into the outer membrane forming a β-barrel anchor. it is still poorly understood how the passenger is efficiently translocated in the absence of external energy inputs. several mechanisms have been proposed in solution of this problem, yet due to the vast diversity of si ... | 2015 | 25869731 |
| enhanced resistance to fluoroquinolones in laboratory-grown mutants & clinical isolates of shigella due to synergism between efflux pump expression & mutations in quinolone resistance determining region. | there is a worldwide emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance in shigella species. to understand the molecular mechanisms associated with fluoroquinolone resistance, naturally occurring fluoroquinolone-resistant strains and laboratory-induced spontaneous mutants of shigella spp. were used and the relative contributions of acrab-tolc efflux pumps, gyrase and topoisomerase target gene mutations towards fluoroquinolone resistance were determined. | 2015 | 25857499 |
| engineering escherichia coli into a protein delivery system for mammalian cells. | many gram-negative pathogens encode type 3 secretion systems, sophisticated nanomachines that deliver proteins directly into the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. these systems present attractive opportunities for therapeutic protein delivery applications; however, their utility has been limited by their inherent pathogenicity. here, we report the reengineering of a laboratory strain of escherichia coli with a tunable type 3 secretion system that can efficiently deliver heterologous proteins into ma ... | 2015 | 25853840 |
| myosin-x and disease. | myosin-x (myo10) is a motor protein best known for its role in filopodia formation. new research implicates myo10 in a number of disease states including cancer metastasis and pathogen infection. this review focuses on these developments with emphasis on the emerging roles of myo10 in formation of cancer cell protrusions and metastasis. a number of aggressive cancers show high levels of myo10 expression and knockdown of myo10 has been shown to dramatically limit cancer cell motility in 2d and 3d ... | 2015 | 25819274 |
| key residues of s. flexneri ompa mediate infection by bacteriophage sf6. | many viruses, including bacteriophage, have the inherent ability to utilize several types of proteinaceous receptors as an attachment mechanism to infect cells, yet the molecular mechanisms that drive receptor binding have not been elucidated. using bacteriophage sf6 and its host, shigella flexneri, we investigated how sf6 utilizes outer membrane protein a (ompa) for infection. specifically, we identified that surface loops of ompa mediate shigella infection. we further characterized which resid ... | 2015 | 25816773 |
| shigella flexneri: a three-year antimicrobial resistance monitoring of isolates in a children hospital, ahvaz, iran. | shigellosis is an acute gastroenteritis that is one of the most common causes of morbidity and mortality in children with diarrhea in developing countries. the purpose of this study was to describe the distribution of shigella serogroups and serotypes and their antibacterial drug resistance profiles. | 2014 | 25802704 |
| myristoylome profiling reveals a concerted mechanism of arf gtpase deacylation by the bacterial protease ipaj. | n-myristoylation is an essential fatty acid modification that governs the localization and activity of cell signaling enzymes, architectural proteins, and immune regulatory factors. despite its importance in health and disease, there are currently no methods for reversing protein myristoylation in vivo. recently, the shigella flexneri protease ipaj was found to cleave myristoylated glycine of eukaryotic proteins, yet the discriminatory mechanisms of substrate selection required for targeted demy ... | 2015 | 25773595 |
| formate hydrogen lyase mediates stationary-phase deacidification and increases survival during sugar fermentation in acetoin-producing enterobacteria. | two fermentation types exist in the enterobacteriaceae family. mixed-acid fermenters produce substantial amounts of lactate, formate, acetate, and succinate, resulting in lethal medium acidification. on the other hand, 2,3-butanediol fermenters switch to the production of the neutral compounds acetoin and 2,3-butanediol and even deacidify the environment after an initial acidification phase, thereby avoiding cell death. we equipped three mixed-acid fermenters (salmonella typhimurium, s. enteriti ... | 2015 | 25762991 |
| shigella flexneri regulation of arf6 activation during bacterial entry via an ipgd-mediated positive feedback loop. | entry into cells is critical for virulence of the human bacterial pathogens shigella spp. shigella spp. induce membrane ruffle formation and macropinocytic uptake, but the events instigating this process are incompletely understood. the host small gtpase adp-ribosylation factor 6 (arf6) functions in membrane trafficking at the plasma membrane and activates membrane ruffle formation. we demonstrate that arf6 is required for efficient shigella flexneri entry, is activated by s. flexneri dependent ... | 2015 | 25736891 |
| crystal structure of lpth, the periplasmic component of the lipopolysaccharide transport machinery from pseudomonas aeruginosa. | lipopolysaccharide (lps) is the main glycolipid present in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane (om) of gram-negative bacteria, where it modulates om permeability, therefore preventing many toxic compounds from entering the cell. lps biogenesis is an essential process in gram-negative bacteria and thus is an ideal target pathway for the development of novel specific antimicrobials. the lipopolysaccharide transport (lpt) system is responsible for transporting lps from the periplasmic surface o ... | 2015 | 25735820 |
| aa479 antiserum: new reagent for the serotype characterization of atypical variants of shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is divided into 13 serotypes based on the combination of antigenic determinants present in the o-antigen. a new o-antigen modification with phosphoethanolamine has been identified. the presence of this antigenic determinant (called e1037) is recognized by monoclonal antibody masf iv-1. given the increasing incidence of these new variants and the difficulty in supplying the monoclonal antibody to our country, we produced a polyclonal antiserum (aa479) through immunization with a ... | 2015 | 25735215 |
| stress tolerant virulent strains of cronobacter sakazakii from food. | cronobacter sakazakii is considered as an emerging foodborne pathogen. the aim of this study was to isolate and characterize virulent strains of cronobacter sakazakii from food samples of bangladesh. | 2014 | 25723712 |
| design, synthesis and in vitro bactericidal/fungicidal screening of some vanadyl(iv)complexes with mono- and di-substituted ons donor triazoles. | a new series of anti-bacterial and anti-fungal mono- and di-substituted triazoles (l(1))-(l(6)) have been synthesized and characterized on the basis of their physical, spectral and analytical data. the ligands (l(1))-(l(6)) on reaction with vanadyl(iv) sulphate led to the formation of vanadyl(iv) metal complexes (1)-(4). the structure of the complexes has been established on the basis of their physical, spectral and elemental analyses data. the synthesized ligands and their vanadyl(iv) complexes ... | 2015 | 25716124 |
| first two domains at the lp_1643 protein n terminus inhibit pathogen adhesion to porcine mucus in vitro. | gastrointestinal probiotics are important members of intestinal microflora in both healthy animals and human beings, and these bacteria may reduce the risk of infection caused by certain opportunistic pathogens through exclusive inhibition, competition, and displacement. the lp_1643 protein on the cell surface of lactobacillus plantarum wcfsi was assumed to possess a mucus-binding capability. this study aimed to determine if purified his-n2 protein exclusively inhibits pathogen adhesion to porci ... | 2015 | 25710153 |
| the class ii phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase pik3c2a promotes shigella flexneri dissemination through formation of vacuole-like protrusions. | intracellular pathogens such as shigella flexneri and listeria monocytogenes achieve dissemination in the intestinal epithelium by displaying actin-based motility in the cytosol of infected cells. as they reach the cell periphery, motile bacteria form plasma membrane protrusions that resolve into vacuoles in adjacent cells, through a poorly understood mechanism. here, we report on the role of the class ii phosphatidylinositol 3-phosphate kinase pik3c2a in s. flexneri dissemination. time-lapse mi ... | 2015 | 25667265 |
| shift in serotype distribution of shigella species in china, 2003-2013. | we identified 2912 shigella isolates from diarrhoeal patients in china during 2003-2013. the most common species was shigella flexneri (55.3%), followed by shigella sonnei (44.1%); however, s. sonnei is becoming increasingly prevalent. among the s. flexneri isolates, serotypes 2a and x variant (-:7,8, e1037) were the two most prevalent serotypes, and serologically atypical isolates were also commonly identified. overall, s. sonnei, s. flexneri 2a and s. flexneri x variant (-:7,8, e1037) accounte ... | 2015 | 25658535 |
| shigella flexneri serotype 1 infections in men who have sex with men in vancouver, canada. | outbreaks of shigellosis have been documented in men who have sex with men (msm), associated with interpersonal transmission and underlying hiv infection. we observed a rise in shigella flexneri isolates identified in a downtown tertiary-care hospital laboratory located within the city centre community health area (cha-1) of vancouver, canada. the objectives of this study were to evaluate clinical outcomes of shigellosis cases among msm admitted to hospital and to evaluate trends in shigella cas ... | 2015 | 25656740 |
| shigella outer membrane protein pssp-1 is broadly protective against shigella infection. | in developing countries, shigella is a primary cause of diarrhea in infants and young children. although antibiotic therapy is an effective treatment for shigellosis, therapeutic options are narrowing due to the emergence of antibiotic resistance. thus, preventive vaccination could become the most efficacious approach for controlling shigellosis. we have identified several conserved protein antigens that are shared by multiple shigella serotypes and species. among these, one antigen induced cros ... | 2015 | 25651919 |
| a large outbreak of shigellosis commencing in an internally displaced population, papua new guinea, 2013. | the objective of this study was to investigate a large outbreak of shigellosis in papua new guinea that began in a camp for internally displaced persons before spreading throughout the general community. | 2014 | 25648967 |
| the n terminus of type iii secretion needle protein yscf from yersinia pestis functions to modulate innate immune responses. | the type iii secretion system is employed by many pathogens, including the genera yersinia, shigella, pseudomonas, and salmonella, to deliver effector proteins into eukaryotic cells. the injectisome needle is formed by the polymerization of a single protein, e.g., yscf (yersinia pestis), pscf (pseudomonas aeruginosa), prgi (salmonella enterica spi-1), ssag (salmonella enterica spi-2), or mxih (shigella flexneri). in this study, we demonstrated that the n termini of some needle proteins, particul ... | 2015 | 25644012 |
| mutational analysis of the major periplasmic loops of shigella flexneri wzy: identification of the residues affecting o antigen modal chain length control, and wzz-dependent polymerization activity. | the o antigen (oag) component of lps is a major shigella flexneri virulence determinant. oag is polymerized by wzysf, and its modal chain length is determined by wzzsf and wzzphs2. site-directed mutagenesis was performed on wzysf in pwaldo-wzysf-tev-gfp to alter arg residues in wzysf's two large periplasmic loops (pls) (pl3 and pl5). analysis of the lps profiles conferred by mutated wzysf proteins in the wzysf deficient (δwzy) strain identified residues that affect wzysf activity. the importance ... | 2015 | 25627441 |
| specific 13c labeling of leucine, valine and isoleucine methyl groups for unambiguous detection of long-range restraints in protein solid-state nmr studies. | here we present an isotopic labeling strategy to easily obtain unambiguous long-range distance restraints in protein solid-state nmr studies. the method is based on the inclusion of two biosynthetic precursors in the bacterial growth medium, α-ketoisovalerate and α-ketobutyrate, leading to the production of leucine, valine and isoleucine residues that are exclusively (13)c labeled on methyl groups. the resulting spectral simplification facilitates the collection of distance restraints, the verif ... | 2015 | 25625825 |
| genetic characterization of shigella flexneri isolates in guizhou province, china. | shigella flexneri is one of the major etiologic causes of shigellosis in guizhou province, china. however, the genetic characteristics of circulating isolates are unknown. phenotypic and molecular profiles of 60 s. flexneri isolates recovered in guizhou between 1972 to 1982 and 2008 to 2010 were determined. nine serotypes (1a, 2a, 3a, 1b, 2b, x, y, 4av and yv) were identified. multi-locus sequence typing differentiated the isolates into 20 sequence types (sts); 18 were novel. four sts, st 129, s ... | 2015 | 25617838 |
| overexpression, purification, crystallization and preliminary x-ray crystallographic analysis of sf173 from shigella flexneri. | shigella flexneri is a gram-negative, anaerobic bacterium in the genus shigella that can cause diarrhoea in humans. sf173, a hypothetical protein from s. flexneri 5a strain m90t, has been cloned, overexpressed, purified and crystallized as a part of laboratory-scale structural genomics project. the sf173 protein was crystallized using the sitting-drop vapour-diffusion method in the presence of 0.8 m succinic acid ph 7.0 at 293 k. preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the crystal d ... | 2015 | 25615969 |
| in vivo production of a novel glycoconjugate vaccine against shigella flexneri 2a in recombinant escherichia coli: identification of stimulating factors for in vivo glycosylation. | glycoconjugated vaccines composed of polysaccharide antigens covalently linked to immunogenic carrier proteins have proved to belong to the most effective and safest vaccines for combating bacterial pathogens. the functional transfer of the n-glycosylation machinery from campylobacter jejuni to the standard prokaryotic host escherichia coli established a novel bioconjugation methodology termed bacterial glycoengineering. | 2015 | 25612741 |
| notes from the field: outbreak of diarrheal illness caused by shigella flexneri - american samoa, may-june 2014. | on may 9, 2014, a physician at hospital a in american samoa noticed an abnormally high number of children presenting to the emergency department with bloody diarrhea. based on preliminary testing of stool specimens, entamoeba histolytica infection was suspected as a possible cause. shigella was also suspected in a subset of samples. on may 22, the american samoa department of health requested assistance from cdc with the outbreak investigation. the goals of the investigation were to establish th ... | 2015 | 25590684 |
| tom1 is a pi5p effector involved in the regulation of endosomal maturation. | phosphoinositides represent a major class of lipids specifically involved in the organization of signaling cascades, maintenance of the identity of organelles and regulation of multiple intracellular trafficking steps. we previously reported that phosphatidylinositol 5-monophosphate (pi5p), produced by the shigella flexneri phosphatase ipgd, is implicated in the endosomal sorting of the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr). here, we show that the adaptor protein tom1 is a new direct binding p ... | 2015 | 25588840 |
| distribution and antimicrobial resistance of enteric pathogens in chinese paediatric diarrhoea: a multicentre retrospective study, 2008-2013. | the enteric pathogens causing diarrhoea impair children's health severely. this study retrospectively analysed 1577 pathogens isolated from inpatients and outpatients in six hospitals located in northern (inner mongolia), northeastern (hebei), eastern (shanghai and jiangsu), southern (hainan) and central (hubei) china between 2008 and 2013. of the 1577 enteric pathogens, salmonella presented with the highest frequency (36·0%), followed by diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli (23·7%), staphylococcus a ... | 2015 | 25586929 |
| visualization of the type iii secretion sorting platform of shigella flexneri. | bacterial type iii secretion machines are widely used to inject virulence proteins into eukaryotic host cells. these secretion machines are evolutionarily related to bacterial flagella and consist of a large cytoplasmic complex, a transmembrane basal body, and an extracellular needle. the cytoplasmic complex forms a sorting platform essential for effector selection and needle assembly, but it remains largely uncharacterized. here we use high-throughput cryoelectron tomography (cryo-et) to visual ... | 2015 | 25583506 |
| the serine protease pic from enteroaggregative escherichia coli mediates immune evasion by the direct cleavage of complement proteins. | enteroaggregative and uropathogenic escherichia coli, shigella flexneri 2a, and the hybrid enteroaggregative/shiga toxin-producing e. coli strain (o104:h4) are important pathogens responsible for intestinal and urinary tract infections, as well as sepsis and hemolytic uremic syndrome. they have in common the production of a serine protease called pic. several biological roles for pic have been described, including protection of e. coli dh5α from complement-mediated killing. hereby we showed that ... | 2015 | 25583166 |
| [preparation and identification of the polyclonal antibody against heat shock protein 70 (dnak) from shigella flexneri 5a m90t]. | to generate polyclonal antibodies against shigella flexneri 5a m90t heat shock protein 70 (dnak) and identify the specificity and titer of antibodies. | 2015 | 25575068 |
| comparison of resistance to third-generation cephalosporins in shigella between europe-america and asia-africa from 1998 to 2012. | we conducted a systematic review to compare resistance to third-generation cephalosporins (tgcs) in shigella strains between europe-america and asia-africa from 1998 to 2012 based on a literature search of computerized databases. in asia-africa, the prevalence of resistance of total and different subtypes to ceftriaxone, cefotaxime and ceftazidime increased markedly, with a total prevalence of resistance up to 14·2% [95% confidence interval (ci) 3·9-29·4], 22·6% (95% ci 4·8-48·6) and 6·2% (95% c ... | 2015 | 25553947 |
| short communication: in vitro assessment of antioxidant, antibacterial and phytochemical analysis of peel of citrus sinensis. | antibacterial effect of citrus sinensis peel extracts was evaluated against several pathogenic bacteria associated with human and fish infections viz., escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeruginosa, klebsiella pneumonia, staphylococcus aureus, streptococcus pyogenes, staphylococcus epidermidis, serratia marcesnces, shigella flexneri, enterobacter amnigenus, salmonella typhimurium and serratia odorifera. methanol, ethanol, chloroform and diethyl ether solvents were used for extraction. in vitro antiba ... | 2015 | 25553700 |