Publications

effects of the isoflavone prunetin on gut health and stress response in male drosophila melanogaster.	the traditional asian diet is rich in fruits, vegetables and soy, the latter representing a significant source of dietary isoflavones. the isoflavone prunetin was recently identified to improve intestinal epithelial barrier function in vitro and to ameliorate general survival and overall health state in vivo in male drosophila melanogaster. however, the prunetin-mediated health benefits in the fruit fly were ascertained under standard living conditions. as the loss of intestinal integrity is clo ...	2016	26774080
grp-3 and kapp, encoding interactors of wak1, negatively affect defense responses induced by oligogalacturonides and local response to wounding.	conserved microbe-associated molecular patterns (mamps) and damage-associated molecular patterns (damps) act as danger signals to activate the plant immune response. these molecules are recognized by surface receptors that are referred to as pattern recognition receptors. oligogalacturonides (ogs), damps released from the plant cell wall homogalacturonan, have also been proposed to act as local signals in the response to wounding. the arabidopsis wall-associated kinase 1 (wak1), a receptor of og ...	2016	26748394
comparative analysis of xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi gene expression during symbiotic persistence in the host nematode.	species of xenorhabdus and photorhabdus bacteria form mutualistic associations with steinernema and heterorhabditis nematodes, respectively and serve as model systems for studying microbe-animal symbioses. here, we profiled gene expression of xenorhabdus koppenhoeferi during their symbiotic persistence in the newly formed infective juveniles of the host nematode steinernema scarabaei through the selective capture of transcribed sequences (scots). the obtained gene expression profile was then com ...	2016	26745883
draft genome sequence of a virulent pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense isolate causing soft rot of cucumber.	pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. brasiliense causes soft rot and blackleg diseases on potatoes, ornamentals, and other crops of economic importance. here, we report a draft genome sequence of a highly virulent p. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense strain, pcbhpi01, isolated from a cucumber in south africa.	2016	26744374
recovery of elemental tellurium nanoparticles by the reduction of tellurium oxyanions in a methanogenic microbial consortium.	this research focuses on the microbial recovery of elemental tellurium (te(0)) from aqueous streams containing soluble tellurium oxyanions, tellurate (te(vi)), and tellurite (te(iv)). an anaerobic mixed microbial culture occurring in methanogenic granular sludge was able to biocatalyze the reduction of both te oxyanions to produce te(0) nanoparticles (nps) in sulfur-free medium. te(iv) reduction was seven times faster than that of te(vi), such that te(iv) did not accumulate to a great extent dur ...	2016	26735010
a plasmid-transposon hybrid mutagenesis system effective in a broad range of enterobacteria.	random transposon mutagenesis is a powerful technique used to generate libraries of genetic insertions in many different bacterial strains. here we develop a system facilitating random transposon mutagenesis in a range of different gram-negative bacterial strains, including pectobacterium atrosepticum, citrobacter rodentium, serratia sp. atcc39006, serratia plymuthica, dickeya dadantii, and many more. transposon mutagenesis was optimized in each of these strains and three studies are presented t ...	2015	26733980
the mutualistic side of wolbachia-isopod interactions: wolbachia mediated protection against pathogenic intracellular bacteria.	wolbachia is a vertically transmitted endosymbiont whose radiative success is mainly related to various host reproductive manipulations that led to consider this symbiont as a conflictual reproductive parasite. however, lately, some wolbachia have been shown to act as beneficial symbionts by protecting hosts against a broad range of parasites. still, this protection has been mostly demonstrated in artificial wolbachia-host associations between partners that did not co-evolved together. here, we ...	2015	26733946
trpa1 regulates defecation of food-borne pathogens under the control of the duox pathway.	pathogen expulsion from the gut is an important defense strategy against infection, but little is known about how interaction between the intestinal microbiome and host immunity modulates defecation. in drosophila melanogaster, dual oxidase (duox) kills pathogenic microbes by generating the microbicidal reactive oxygen species (ros), hypochlorous acid (hocl) in response to bacterially excreted uracil. the physiological function of enzymatically generated hocl in the gut is, however, unknown asid ...	2016	26726767
metabolites from nematophagous fungi and nematicidal natural products from fungi as an alternative for biological control. part i: metabolites from nematophagous ascomycetes.	plant-parasitic nematodes are estimated to cause global annual losses of more than us$ 100 billion. the number of registered nematicides has declined substantially over the last 25 years due to concerns about their non-specific mechanisms of action and hence their potential toxicity and likelihood to cause environmental damage. environmentally beneficial and inexpensive alternatives to chemicals, which do not affect vertebrates, crops, and other non-target organisms, are therefore urgently requi ...	2015	26715220
metabolites from nematophagous fungi and nematicidal natural products from fungi as an alternative for biological control. part i: metabolites from nematophagous ascomycetes.	plant-parasitic nematodes are estimated to cause global annual losses of more than us$ 100 billion. the number of registered nematicides has declined substantially over the last 25 years due to concerns about their non-specific mechanisms of action and hence their potential toxicity and likelihood to cause environmental damage. environmentally beneficial and inexpensive alternatives to chemicals, which do not affect vertebrates, crops, and other non-target organisms, are therefore urgently requi ...	2015	26715220
regulation of the rhaewrbma operon involved in l-rhamnose catabolism through two transcriptional factors, rhar and ccpa, in bacillus subtilis.	the bacillus subtilis rhaewrbma (formerly yuxg-yulbcde) operon consists of four genes encoding enzymes for l-rhamnose catabolism and the rhar gene encoding a deor-type transcriptional regulator. dnase i footprinting analysis showed that the rhar protein specifically binds to the regulatory region upstream of the rhaew gene, in which two imperfect direct repeats are included. gel retardation analysis revealed that the direct repeat farther upstream is essential for the high-affinity binding of rh ...	2016	26712933
l-asparaginase as a critical component to combat acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (all): a novel approach to target all.	l-asparaginase, an anti-leukaemic drug that has been approved for clinical use for many years in the treatment of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia (all), is obtained from bacterial origin (escherichia coli and erwinia carotovora). the efficacy of l-asparaginase has been discussed for the past 40 years, and an ideal substitute for the enzyme has not yet been developed. the early clearance from plasma (short half-life) and requirement for multiple administrations and hence frequent physicia ...	2016	26698391
novel routes for improving biocontrol activity of bacillus based bioinoculants.	biocontrol (bc) formulations prepared from plant-growth-promoting bacteria are increasingly applied in sustainable agriculture. especially inoculants prepared from endospore-forming bacillus strains have been proven as efficient and environmental-friendly alternative to chemical pesticides due to their long shelf life, which is comparable with that of agrochemicals. however, these formulations of the first generation are sometimes hampered in their action and do not fulfill in each case the expe ...	2015	26696998
kinetic properties of streptomyces canarius l- glutaminase and its anticancer efficiency.	l-glutaminase was produced by streptomyces canarius fr (kc460654) with an apparent molecular mass of 44 kda. it has 17.9 purification fold with a final specific activity 132.2 u/mg proteins and 28% yield recovery. the purified l-glutaminase showed a maximal activity against l-glutamine when incubated at ph 8.0 at 40 °c for 30 min. it maintained its stability at wide range of ph from 5.0 11.0 and thermal stable up to 60 °c with tm value 57.5 °c. it has high affinity and catalytic activity for l-g ...	2015	26691453
accumulation of differentiating intestinal stem cell progenies drives tumorigenesis.	stem cell self-renewal and differentiation are coordinated to maintain tissue homeostasis and prevent cancer. mutations causing stem cell proliferation are traditionally the focus of cancer studies. however, the contribution of the differentiating stem cell progenies in tumorigenesis is poorly characterized. here we report that loss of the sox transcription factor, sox21a, blocks the differentiation programme of enteroblast (eb), the intestinal stem cell progeny in the adult drosophila midgut. t ...	2015	26690827
genomic analysis of luteimonas abyssi xh031(t): insights into its adaption to the subseafloor environment of south pacific gyre and ecological role in biogeochemical cycle.	luteimonas abyssi xh031(t), which was previously isolated from subseafloor environment of the south pacific gyre (spg), was an aerobic, gram-negative bacterium, and was identified to be a novel species of the genus luteimonas in the family of xanthomonadaceae. the nutrients utilization and metabolic mechanisms of xh031(t) indicate its plasticity. in view of the above characteristics, its genome was sequenced, and an in-depth analysis of the xh031(t) genome was performed to elucidate its adaption ...	2015	26690083
egfr/ras signaling controls drosophila intestinal stem cell proliferation via capicua-regulated genes.	epithelial renewal in the drosophila intestine is orchestrated by intestinal stem cells (iscs). following damage or stress the intestinal epithelium produces ligands that activate the epidermal growth factor receptor (egfr) in iscs. this promotes their growth and division and, thereby, epithelial regeneration. here we demonstrate that the hmg-box transcriptional repressor, capicua (cic), mediates these functions of egfr signaling. depleting cic in iscs activated them for division, whereas overex ...	2015	26683696
contribution of the salmonella enterica kdgr regulon to persistence of the pathogen in vegetable soft rots.	during their colonization of plants, human enteric pathogens, such as salmonella enterica, are known to benefit from interactions with phytopathogens. at least in part, benefits derived by salmonella from the association with a soft rot caused by pectobacterium carotovorum were shown to be dependent on salmonella kdgr, a regulator of genes involved in the uptake and utilization of carbon sources derived from the degradation of plant polymers. a salmonella kdgr mutant was more fit in soft rots bu ...	2016	26682862
bioactive secondary metabolites produced by the fungal endophytes of conifers.	this is a review of bioactive secondary metabolites isolated from conifer-associated endophytic fungi from 1990-2014. this includes compounds with antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, anti-proliferative and cytotoxic activity towards human cancer cell lines, and activity against either plant pathogens or plant insect pests. compounds that were originally reported without associated activity were included if other studies ascribed activity to these compounds. compounds were not included if they were ...	2015	26669101
blessings in disguise: a review of phytochemical composition and antimicrobial activity of plants belonging to the genus eryngium.	medicinal and edible plants play a crucial role in the prevention and/or mitigation of different human diseases from ancient times to today. in folk medicine, there are different plants used for infectious disease treatment. during the past two decades, much attention has been paid to plants as novel alternative therapeutic agents for the treatment of infectious diseases due to their bioactive natural compounds such as phenol, flavonoids, tannins, etc. the genus eryngium (apiaceae) contains more ...	2015	26667677
biofortification of oilseed brassica juncea with the anti-cancer compound glucoraphanin by suppressing gsl-alk gene family.	glucosinolates are amino acids derived secondary metabolites, invariably present in brassicales, which have huge health and agricultural benefits. sulphoraphane, the breakdown product of glucosinolate glucoraphanin is known to posses anti-cancer properties. aop (2-oxoglutarate-dependent dioxygenases) or gsl-alk enzyme catalyzes the conversion of desirable glucoraphanin to deleterious gluconapin and progoitrin, which are present in very high amounts in most of the cultivable brassica species incl ...	2015	26657321
endophytic l-asparaginase-producing fungi from plants associated with anticancer properties.	endophytes are novel sources of natural bioactive compounds. this study seeks endophytes that produce the anticancer enzyme l-asparaginase, to harness their potential for mass production. four plants with anticancer properties; cymbopogon citratus, murraya koenigii, oldenlandia diffusa and pereskia bleo, were selected as host plants. l-asparaginase-producing endophytes were detected by the formation of pink zones on agar, a result of hydrolyzes of asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia that c ...	2014	26644924
endophytic l-asparaginase-producing fungi from plants associated with anticancer properties.	endophytes are novel sources of natural bioactive compounds. this study seeks endophytes that produce the anticancer enzyme l-asparaginase, to harness their potential for mass production. four plants with anticancer properties; cymbopogon citratus, murraya koenigii, oldenlandia diffusa and pereskia bleo, were selected as host plants. l-asparaginase-producing endophytes were detected by the formation of pink zones on agar, a result of hydrolyzes of asparagine into aspartic acid and ammonia that c ...	2014	26644924
classification and taxonomy of vegetable macergens.	macergens are bacteria capable of releasing pectic enzymes (pectolytic bacteria). these enzymatic actions result in the separation of plant tissues leading to total plant destruction. this can be attributed to soft rot diseases in vegetables. these macergens primarily belong to the genus erwinia and to a range of opportunistic pathogens namely: the xanthomonas spp., pseudomonas spp., clostridium spp., cytophaga spp., and bacillus spp. they consist of taxa that displayed considerable heterogeneit ...	2015	26640465
antimicrobial activity of different tea varieties available in pakistan.	in this antimicrobial study, various extracts of green and black tea (camellia sinensis) and lemon grass (cymbopogon citrates) were evaluated for antimicrobial activities against six bacterial strains including both human pathogenic bacteria (escherichia coli, pseudomonas aeuroginosa, staphylococcus aureus and salmonella typhi) and plant pathogenic bacteria (erwinia carotovora, agro bacterium tumifaciens) and one fungal strain candida albicans by disc diffusion susceptibility method. of human pa ...	2015	26639502
the two-faced potato virus x: from plant pathogen to smart nanoparticle.	potato virus x (pvx) is a single-stranded rna plant virus, historically investigated in light of the detrimental effects on potato, the world's fourth most important food commodity. the study of the interactions with cells, and more generally with the plant, both locally and systemically, significantly contributed to unveil the mechanisms underlying gene silencing, fundamental not only in plant virology but also in the study of gene expression regulation. unraveling the molecular events of pvx i ...	2015	26635836
complete genome of pseudomonas chlororaphis strain ufb2, a soil bacterium with antibacterial activity against bacterial canker pathogen of tomato.	strain ufb2 was isolated from a soybean field soil in mississippi and identified as a member of pseudomonas chlororaphis. strain ufb2 has a broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against common soil-borne pathogens. plate assays showed that strain ufb2 was especially efficient in inhibiting the growth of clavibacter michiganensis 1-07, the causal agent of the devastating bacterial canker of tomato. here, the complete genome sequence of p. chlororaphis strain ufb2 is reported and described. the st ...	2015	26634018
signal integration by ca(2+) regulates intestinal stem-cell activity.	somatic stem cells maintain tissue homeostasis by dynamically adjusting proliferation and differentiation in response to stress and metabolic cues. here we identify ca(2+) signalling as a central regulator of intestinal stem cell (isc) activity in drosophila. we show that dietary l-glutamate stimulates isc division and gut growth. the metabotropic glutamate receptor (mglur) is required in iscs for this response, and for an associated modulation of cytosolic ca(2+) oscillations that results in su ...	2015	26633624
distinct colicin m-like bacteriocin-immunity pairs in burkholderia.	the escherichia coli bacteriocin colicin m (colm) acts via degradation of the cell wall precursor lipid ii in target cells. colm producers avoid self-inhibition by a periplasmic immunity protein anchored in the inner membrane. in this study, we identified colm-like bacteriocin genes in genomes of several β-proteobacterial strains belonging to the burkholderia cepacia complex (bcc) and the burkholderia pseudomallei group. two selected burkholderia ambifaria proteins, designated burkhocins m1 and ...	2015	26610609
taxonomy, physiology, and natural products of actinobacteria.	actinobacteria are gram-positive bacteria with high g+c dna content that constitute one of the largest bacterial phyla, and they are ubiquitously distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. many actinobacteria have a mycelial lifestyle and undergo complex morphological differentiation. they also have an extensive secondary metabolism and produce about two-thirds of all naturally derived antibiotics in current clinical use, as well as many anticancer, anthelmintic, and antifungal comp ...	2015	26609051
taxonomy, physiology, and natural products of actinobacteria.	actinobacteria are gram-positive bacteria with high g+c dna content that constitute one of the largest bacterial phyla, and they are ubiquitously distributed in both aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems. many actinobacteria have a mycelial lifestyle and undergo complex morphological differentiation. they also have an extensive secondary metabolism and produce about two-thirds of all naturally derived antibiotics in current clinical use, as well as many anticancer, anthelmintic, and antifungal comp ...	2015	26609051
production of rhamnolipids and diesel oil degradation by bacteria isolated from soil contaminated by petroleum.	biosurfactants are microbial secondary metabolites. the most studied are rhamnolipids, which decrease the surface tension and have emulsifying capacity. in this study, the production of biosurfactants, with emphasis on rhamnolipids, and diesel oil degradation by 18 strains of bacteria isolated from waste landfill soil contaminated by petroleum was analyzed. among the studied bacteria, gram-positive endospore forming rods (39%), gram positive rods without endospores (17%), and gram-negative rods ...	2016	26588432
correction for chatterjee et al., rsmc of erwinia carotovora subsp. carotovora negatively controls motility, extracellular protein production, and virulence by binding flhd and modulating transcriptional activity of the master regulator, flhdc.		2015	26581822
bacteriocins from the rhizosphere microbiome - from an agriculture perspective.	bacteria produce and excrete a versatile and dynamic suit of compounds to defend against microbial competitors and mediate local population dynamics. these include a wide range of broad-spectrum non-ribosomally synthesized antibiotics, lytic enzymes, metabolic by-products, proteinaceous exotoxins, and ribosomally produced antimicrobial peptides (bacteriocins). most bacteria produce at least one bacteriocin. bacteriocins are of interest in the food industry as natural preservatives and in the pro ...	2015	26579159
surveying the potential of secreted antimicrobial peptides to enhance plant disease resistance.	antimicrobial peptides (amps) are natural products found across diverse taxa as part of the innate immune system against pathogen attacks. some amps are synthesized through the canonical gene expression machinery and are called ribosomal amps. other amps are assembled by modular enzymes generating nonribosomal amps and harbor unusual structural diversity. plants synthesize an array of amps, yet are still subject to many pathogen invasions. crop breeding programs struggle to release new cultivars ...	2015	26579150
multiplex detection of nine food-borne pathogens by mpcr and capillary electrophoresis after using a universal pre-enrichment medium.	routine microbiological quality analyses in food samples require, in some cases, an initial incubation in pre-enrichment medium. this is necessary in order to ensure that small amounts of pathogenic strains are going to be detected. in this work, a universal pre-enrichment medium has been developed for the simultaneous growth of bacillus cereus, campylobacter jejuni, clostridium perfringens, cronobacter sakazakii, escherichia coli, enterobacteriaceae family (38 species, 27 genera), listeria mono ...	2015	26579100
host target modification as a strategy to counter pathogen hijacking of the jasmonate hormone receptor.	in the past decade, characterization of the host targets of pathogen virulence factors took a center stage in the study of pathogenesis and disease susceptibility in plants and humans. however, the impressive knowledge of host targets has not been broadly exploited to inhibit pathogen infection. here, we show that host target modification could be a promising new approach to "protect" the disease-vulnerable components of plants. in particular, recent studies have identified the plant hormone jas ...	2015	26578782
down-regulation of arabidopsis dnd1 orthologs in potato and tomato leads to broad-spectrum resistance to late blight and powdery mildew.	multiple susceptibility genes (s), identified in arabidopsis, have been shown to be functionally conserved in crop plants. mutations in these s genes result in resistance to different pathogens, opening a new way to achieve plant disease resistance. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of defense no death 1 (dnd1) in susceptibility of tomato and potato to late blight (phytophthora infestans). in arabidopsis, the dnd1 mutant has broad-spectrum resistance against several fungal, bacte ...	2015	26577903
down-regulation of arabidopsis dnd1 orthologs in potato and tomato leads to broad-spectrum resistance to late blight and powdery mildew.	multiple susceptibility genes (s), identified in arabidopsis, have been shown to be functionally conserved in crop plants. mutations in these s genes result in resistance to different pathogens, opening a new way to achieve plant disease resistance. the aim of this study was to investigate the role of defense no death 1 (dnd1) in susceptibility of tomato and potato to late blight (phytophthora infestans). in arabidopsis, the dnd1 mutant has broad-spectrum resistance against several fungal, bacte ...	2015	26577903
a synthesis of the effects of pesticides on microbial persistence in aquatic ecosystems.	pesticides have a pervasive presence in aquatic ecosystems throughout the world. while pesticides are intended to control fungi, insects, and other pests, their mechanisms of action are often not specific enough to prevent unintended effects, such as on non-target microbial populations. microorganisms, including algae and cyanobacteria, protozoa, aquatic fungi, and bacteria, form the basis of many food webs and are responsible for crucial aspects of biogeochemical cycling; therefore, the potenti ...	2015	26565685
complete genomic and lysis-cassette characterization of the novel phage, kbnp1315, which infects avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec).	avian pathogenic escherichia coli (apec) is a major pathogen that causes avian colibacillosis and is associated with severe economic losses in the chicken-farming industry. here, bacteriophage kbnp1315, infecting apec strain kbp1315, was genomically and functionally characterized. the evolutionary relationships of kbnp1315 were analyzed at the genomic level using gene (protein)-sharing networks, the markov clustering (mcl) algorithm, and comparative genomics. our network analysis showed that kbn ...	2015	26555076
systemic resistance to powdery mildew in brassica napus (aacc) and raphanus alboglabra (rrcc) by trichoderma harzianum th12.	trichoderma harzianum th12 is a microbial pesticide for certain rapeseed diseases. the mechanism of systemic resistance induced by th12 or its cell-free culture filtrate (cf) in brassica napus (aacc) and raphanus alboglabra (rrcc) to powdery mildew disease caused by ascomycete erysiphe cruciferarum was investigated. in this study, we conducted the first large-scale global study on the cellular and molecular aspects of b. napus and r. alboglabra infected with e. cruciferarum. the histological stu ...	2015	26540161
[recombinant cephalosporin-acid synthesase: optimisation of expression in e.coli cells, immobilisation and application for biocatalytic cefazolin synthesis].	cephalosporin acid synthetase (casa) is responsible for specific to synthesis of cephalosporin-acids, its expression in escherichia coli cells is accompanied by accumulation of unprocessed insoluble precursor. in order to optimize conditions of recombinant casa production we have studied the effects of several parameters of strain cultivation, including growth media composition, temperature, and inoculation dose. also plasmids for production of casa variants with the signal sequence of erwinia c ...	2015	26539875
water extract from spent mushroom substrate of hericium erinaceus suppresses bacterial wilt disease of tomato.	culture filtrates of six different edible mushroom species were screened for antimicrobial activity against tomato wilt bacteria ralstonia solanacearum b3. hericium erinaceus, lentinula edodes (sanjo 701), grifola frondosa, and hypsizygus marmoreus showed antibacterial activity against the bacteria. water, n-butanol, and ethyl acetate extracts of spent mushroom substrate (sms) of h. erinaceus exhibited high antibacterial activity against different phytopathogenic bacteria: pectobacterium carotov ...	2015	26539048
screening bactericidal effect of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strains against causal agent of potato soft rot.	this study focuses on the potential of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (pcc) strains producing bacteriocin as a tool to control potato soft rot disease. thirty out of 48 purified bacterial strains were characterized as pcc using specific pcr and phenotypic tests. the pathogenicity and pectate degrading assays were recorded positive for 13 strains. bacteriocin typing clustered producers into three groups according to their antimicrobial spectra. majority of the producers except stra ...	2016	26523939
crosslinking of a peritrophic matrix protein protects gut epithelia from bacterial exotoxins.	transglutaminase (tg) catalyzes protein-protein crosslinking, which has important and diverse roles in vertebrates and invertebrates. here we demonstrate that drosophila tg crosslinks drosocrystallin, a peritrophic matrix protein, to form a stable fiber structure on the gut peritrophic matrix. rna interference (rnai) of the tg gene was highly lethal in flies and induced apoptosis of gut epithelial cells after oral infection with pseudomonas entomophila. moreover, apra, a metalloprotease secreted ...	2015	26506243
elucidating the molecular responses of apple rootstock resistant to ard pathogens: challenges and opportunities for development of genomics-assisted breeding tools.	apple replant disease (ard) is a major limitation to the establishment of economically viable orchards on replant sites due to the buildup and long-term survival of pathogen inoculum. several soilborne necrotrophic fungi and oomycetes are primarily responsible for ard, and symptoms range from serious inhibition of growth to the death of young trees. chemical fumigation has been the primary method used for control of ard, and manipulating soil microbial ecology to reduce pathogen density and aggr ...	2014	26504547
gaseous 3-pentanol primes plant immunity against a bacterial speck pathogen, pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato via salicylic acid and jasmonic acid-dependent signaling pathways in arabidopsis.	3-pentanol is an active organic compound produced by plants and is a component of emitted insect sex pheromones. a previous study reported that drench application of 3-pentanol elicited plant immunity against microbial pathogens and an insect pest in crop plants. here, we evaluated whether 3-pentanol and the derivatives 1-pentanol and 2-pentanol induced plant systemic resistance using the in vitro i-plate system. exposure of arabidopsis seedlings to 10 μm and 100 nm 3-pentanol evaporate elicited ...	2015	26500665
biocontrol of the potato blackleg and soft rot diseases caused by dickeya dianthicola.	development of protection tools targeting dickeya species is an important issue in the potato production. here, we present the identification and the characterization of novel biocontrol agents. successive screenings of 10,000 bacterial isolates led us to retain 58 strains that exhibited growth inhibition properties against several dickeya sp. and/or pectobacterium sp. pathogens. most of them belonged to the pseudomonas and bacillus genera. in vitro assays revealed a fitness decrease of the test ...	2015	26497457
biocontrol of the potato blackleg and soft rot diseases caused by dickeya dianthicola.	development of protection tools targeting dickeya species is an important issue in the potato production. here, we present the identification and the characterization of novel biocontrol agents. successive screenings of 10,000 bacterial isolates led us to retain 58 strains that exhibited growth inhibition properties against several dickeya sp. and/or pectobacterium sp. pathogens. most of them belonged to the pseudomonas and bacillus genera. in vitro assays revealed a fitness decrease of the test ...	2015	26497457
the trk potassium transporter is required for rsmb-mediated activation of virulence in the phytopathogen pectobacterium wasabiae.	pectobacterium wasabiae (previously known as erwinia carotovora) is an important plant pathogen that regulates the production of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes through an n-acyl homoserine lactone-based quorum sensing system and through the gacs/gaca two-component system (also known as exps/expa). at high cell density, activation of gacs/gaca induces the expression of rsmb, a noncoding rna that is essential for the activation of virulence in this bacterium. a genetic screen to identify regula ...	2015	26483524
the trk potassium transporter is required for rsmb-mediated activation of virulence in the phytopathogen pectobacterium wasabiae.	pectobacterium wasabiae (previously known as erwinia carotovora) is an important plant pathogen that regulates the production of plant cell wall-degrading enzymes through an n-acyl homoserine lactone-based quorum sensing system and through the gacs/gaca two-component system (also known as exps/expa). at high cell density, activation of gacs/gaca induces the expression of rsmb, a noncoding rna that is essential for the activation of virulence in this bacterium. a genetic screen to identify regula ...	2015	26483524
the trans-kingdom identification of negative regulators of pathogen hypervirulence.	modern society and global ecosystems are increasingly under threat from pathogens, which cause a plethora of human, animal, invertebrate and plant diseases. of increasing concern is the trans-kingdom tendency for increased pathogen virulence that is beginning to emerge in natural, clinical and agricultural settings. the study of pathogenicity has revealed multiple examples of convergently evolved virulence mechanisms. originally described as rare, but increasingly common, are interactions where ...	2015	26468211
the trans-kingdom identification of negative regulators of pathogen hypervirulence.	modern society and global ecosystems are increasingly under threat from pathogens, which cause a plethora of human, animal, invertebrate and plant diseases. of increasing concern is the trans-kingdom tendency for increased pathogen virulence that is beginning to emerge in natural, clinical and agricultural settings. the study of pathogenicity has revealed multiple examples of convergently evolved virulence mechanisms. originally described as rare, but increasingly common, are interactions where ...	2015	26468211
midgut immune responses induced by bacterial infection in the silkworm, bombyx mori.	insect gut epithelial cells produce reactive oxygen species (ros) and antimicrobial peptides (amps) to protect hosts from pathogenic microorganisms. in this study, we evaluate the pathogenicity of pseudomonas aeruginosa and bacillus bombysepticus in the silkworm, bombyx mori. survival curves show that b. bombysepticus is deadly when larval silkworms are infected orally. bacterial infection caused intestinal hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and nitric oxide (no) levels to increase significantly by 8 and ...	2015	26465135
biosynthesis of proline.	proline was among the last biosynthetic precursors to have its biosynthetic pathway unraveled. this review recapitulates the findings on the biosynthesis and transport of proline. glutamyl kinase (gk) catalyzes the atp-dependent phosphorylation of l-glutamic acid. purification of γ-gk from escherichia coli was facilitated by the expression of the prob and proa genes from a high-copy-number plasmid and the development of a specific coupled assay based on the nadph-dependent reduction of gp by γ-g ...	2007	26443591
my life with mu.		2015	26442190
enhanced tomato disease resistance primed by arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus.	roots of most terrestrial plants form symbiotic associations (mycorrhiza) with soil- borne arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (amf). many studies show that mycorrhizal colonization enhances plant resistance against pathogenic fungi. however, the mechanism of mycorrhiza-induced disease resistance remains equivocal. in this study, we found that mycorrhizal inoculation with amf funneliformis mosseae significantly alleviated tomato (solanum lycopersicum mill.) early blight disease caused by alternaria sol ...	2015	26442091
plant and pathogen nutrient acquisition strategies.	nutrients are indispensable elements required for the growth of all living organisms including plants and pathogens. phyllosphere, rhizosphere, apoplast, phloem, xylem, and cell organelles are the nutrient niches in plants that are the target of bacterial pathogens. depending upon nutrients availability, the pathogen adapts various acquisition strategies and inhabits the specific niche. in this review, we discuss the nutrient composition of different niches in plants, the mechanisms involved in ...	2015	26442063
efficient recombinant production of prodigiosin in pseudomonas putida.	serratia marcescens and several other bacteria produce the red-colored pigment prodigiosin which possesses bioactivities as an antimicrobial, anticancer, and immunosuppressive agent. therefore, there is a great interest to produce this natural compound. efforts aiming at its biotechnological production have so far largely focused on the original producer and opportunistic human pathogen s. marcescens. here, we demonstrate efficient prodigiosin production in the heterologous host pseudomonas puti ...	2015	26441905
flow cytometric evaluation of physico-chemical impact on gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.	since heat sensitivity of fruits and vegetables limits the application of thermal inactivation processes, new emerging inactivation technologies have to be established to fulfill the requirements of food safety without affecting the produce quality. the efficiency of inactivation treatments has to be ensured and monitored. monitoring of inactivation effects is commonly performed using traditional cultivation methods which have the disadvantage of the time span needed to obtain results. the aim o ...	2015	26441874
high yield expression of novel glutaminase free l-asparaginase ii of pectobacterium carotovorum mtcc 1428 in bacillus subtilis wb800n.	gene encoding glutaminase-free l-asparaginase ii (ans b2) from pectobacterium carotovorum mtcc 1428 was cloned into pht43, transformed in bacillus subtilis wb800n and optimised the expression levels of recombinant enzyme. a three-fold higher enzyme production was observed with an efficient transformant as compared to native strain. enzyme localization studies revealed that >90% of recombinant enzyme is secreted extracellularly, a little fraction is attached to the membrane (>6%) and localised in ...	2015	26440965
the engineered chloroplast genome just got smarter.	chloroplasts are known to sustain life on earth by providing food, fuel, and oxygen through the process of photosynthesis. however, the chloroplast genome has also been smartly engineered to confer valuable agronomic traits and/or serve as bioreactors for the production of industrial enzymes, biopharmaceuticals, bioproducts, or vaccines. the recent breakthrough in hyperexpression of biopharmaceuticals in edible leaves has facilitated progression to clinical studies by major pharmaceutical compan ...	2015	26440432
pathogen virulence impedes mutualist-mediated enhancement of host juvenile growth via inhibition of protein digestion.	the microbial environment impacts many aspects of metazoan physiology through largely undefined molecular mechanisms. the commensal strain lactobacillus plantarum(wjl) (lp(wjl)) sustains drosophila hormonal signals that coordinate systemic growth and maturation of the fly. here we examine the underlying mechanisms driving these processes and show that lp(wjl) promotes intestinal peptidase expression, leading to increased intestinal proteolytic activity, enhanced dietary protein digestion, and in ...	2015	26439865
drosophila innate immunity: regional and functional specialization of prophenoloxidases.	the diversification of immune systems during evolution involves the expansion of particular gene families in given phyla. a better understanding of the metazoan immune system requires an analysis of the logic underlying such immune gene amplification. this analysis is now within reach due to the ease with which we can generate multiple mutations in an organism. in this paper, we analyze the contribution of the three drosophila prophenoloxidases (ppos) to host defense by generating single, double ...	2015	26437768
construction of specific primers for rapid detection of south african exportable vegetable macergens.	macergens are bacteria causing great damages to the parenchymatous tissues of vegetable both on the field and in transit. to effectively and rapidly investigate the diversity and distribution of these macergens, four specific primers were designed by retrieving 16s rdna sequences of pectolytic bacteria from genbank through the national center for biotechnology information (ncbi). these were aligned using clusterw via bioedit and primers were designed using primer3plus platform. the size and prim ...	2015	26437427
qsebc, a two-component bacterial adrenergic receptor and global regulator of virulence in enterobacteriaceae and pasteurellaceae.	the qsebc two-component system (tcs) is associated with quorum sensing and functions as a global regulator of virulence. based on sequence similarity within the sensor domain and conservation of an acidic motif essential for signal recognition, qsebc is primarily distributed in the enterobacteriaceae and pasteurellaceae. in escherichia coli, qsec responds to autoinducer-3 and/or epinephrine/norepinephrine. binding of epinephrine/norepinephrine is inhibited by adrenergic antagonists; hence qsec f ...	2015	26426681
qsebc, a two-component bacterial adrenergic receptor and global regulator of virulence in enterobacteriaceae and pasteurellaceae.	the qsebc two-component system (tcs) is associated with quorum sensing and functions as a global regulator of virulence. based on sequence similarity within the sensor domain and conservation of an acidic motif essential for signal recognition, qsebc is primarily distributed in the enterobacteriaceae and pasteurellaceae. in escherichia coli, qsec responds to autoinducer-3 and/or epinephrine/norepinephrine. binding of epinephrine/norepinephrine is inhibited by adrenergic antagonists; hence qsec f ...	2015	26426681
purification and characterization of asparaginase from phaseolus vulgaris seeds.	l-asparaginase from bacteria has been used in treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. the aim of this study was to purify and characterize l-asparaginase from phaseolus vulgaris seeds instead of microbial sources. l-asparaginase was purified to apparent homogeneity. the enzyme has molecular mass of 79 kda. the purified asparaginase had very low activity toward a number of asparagine and glutamine analogues. l-asparaginase was free from glutaminase activity. kinetic parameters, km and vmax of ...	2015	26413120
different ancestries of r tailocins in rhizospheric pseudomonas isolates.	bacterial genomes accommodate a variety of mobile genetic elements, including bacteriophage-related clusters that encode phage tail-like protein complexes playing a role in interactions with eukaryotic or prokaryotic cells. such tailocins are unable to replicate inside target cells due to the lack of a phage head with associated dna. a subset of tailocins mediate antagonistic activities with bacteriocin-like specificity. functional characterization of bactericidal tailocins of two pseudomonas pu ...	2015	26412856
diverse mechanisms of post-transcriptional repression by the small rna regulator of glucose-phosphate stress.	the escherichia coli small rna sgrs controls a metabolic stress response that occurs upon accumulation of certain glycolytic intermediates. sgrs base pairs with and represses translation of ptsg and manxyz mrnas, which encode sugar transporters, and activates translation of yigl mrna, encoding a sugar phosphatase. this study defines four new genes as direct targets of e. coli sgrs. these new targets, asd, adiy, fole and purr, encode transcription factors or enzymes of diverse metabolic pathways, ...	2015	26411266
diverse mechanisms of post-transcriptional repression by the small rna regulator of glucose-phosphate stress.	the escherichia coli small rna sgrs controls a metabolic stress response that occurs upon accumulation of certain glycolytic intermediates. sgrs base pairs with and represses translation of ptsg and manxyz mrnas, which encode sugar transporters, and activates translation of yigl mrna, encoding a sugar phosphatase. this study defines four new genes as direct targets of e. coli sgrs. these new targets, asd, adiy, fole and purr, encode transcription factors or enzymes of diverse metabolic pathways, ...	2015	26411266
planting increases the abundance and structure complexity of soil core functional genes relevant to carbon and nitrogen cycling.	plants have an important impact on soil microbial communities and their functions. however, how plants determine the microbial composition and network interactions is still poorly understood. during a four-year field experiment, we investigated the functional gene composition of three types of soils (phaeozem, cambisols and acrisol) under maize planting and bare fallow regimes located in cold temperate, warm temperate and subtropical regions, respectively. the core genes were identified using hi ...	2015	26396042
genome-wide identification of the invertase gene family in populus.	invertase plays a crucial role in carbohydrate partitioning and plant development as it catalyses the irreversible hydrolysis of sucrose into glucose and fructose. the invertase family in plants is composed of two sub-families: acid invertases, which are targeted to the cell wall and vacuole; and neutral/alkaline invertases, which function in the cytosol. in this study, 5 cell wall invertase genes (ptcwinv1-5), 3 vacuolar invertase genes (ptvinv1-3) and 16 neutral/alkaline invertase genes (ptnin ...	2015	26393355
physcomitrella patens activates defense responses against the pathogen colletotrichum gloeosporioides.	the moss physcomitrella patens is a suitable model plant to analyze the activation of defense mechanisms after pathogen assault. in this study, we show that colletotrichum gloeosporioides isolated from symptomatic citrus fruit infects p. patens and cause disease symptoms evidenced by browning and maceration of tissues. after c. gloeosporioides infection, p. patens reinforces the cell wall by the incorporation of phenolic compounds and induces the expression of a dirigent-protein-like encoding ge ...	2015	26389888
interference of quorum sensing by delftia sp. vm4 depends on the activity of a novel n-acylhomoserine lactone-acylase.	turf soil bacterial isolate delftia sp. vm4 can degrade exogenous n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl), hence it effectively attenuates the virulence of bacterial soft rot pathogen pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum strain br1 (pcc br1) as a consequence of quorum sensing inhibition.	2015	26384328
characterization of the bacterioferritin/bacterioferritin associated ferredoxin protein-protein interaction in solution and determination of binding energy hot spots.	mobilization of iron stored in the interior cavity of bfrb requires electron transfer from the [2fe−2s] cluster in bfd to the core iron in bfrb. a crystal structure of the pseudomonas aeruginosa bfrb:bfd complex revealed that bfrb can bind up to 12 bfd molecules at 12 structurally identical binding sites, placing the [2fe−2s] cluster of each bfd immediately above a heme group in bfrb [yao, h., et al. (2012) j. am. chem. soc., 134, 13470−13481]. we report here study aimed at characterizing the st ...	2015	26368531
cloning and expression of 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid α-ketoside hydrolase from oyster hepatopancreas†.	we have previously reported that oyster hepatopancreas contained three unusual α-ketoside hydrolases: (i) a 3-deoxy-d-manno-oct-2-ulosonic acid α-ketoside hydrolase (α-kdo-ase), (ii) a 3-deoxy-d-glycero-d-galacto-non-2-ulosonic acid α-ketoside hydrolase and (iii) a bifunctional ketoside hydrolase capable of cleaving both the α-ketosides of kdn and neu5ac (kdn-sialidase). after completing the purification of kdn-sialidase, we proceeded to clone the gene encoding this enzyme. unexpectedly, we foun ...	2015	26362869
plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria stimulate vegetative growth and asexual reproduction of kalanchoe daigremontiana.	certain bacterial species associate with plant roots in soil. the plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria (pgpr) stimulate plant growth and yield in greenhouse and field. here, we examined whether application of known bacilli pgpr strains stimulated growth and asexual reproduction in the succulent plant kalanchoe daigremontiana. four pgpr strains b. amyloliquefaciens in937a, b. cereus bs107, b. pumilus inr7, and b. subtilis gb03 were applied to young plantlets by soil-drenching, and plant growth an ...	2015	26361480
genome analysis of quorum sensing cedecea neteri ssmd04 leads to identification of its novel signaling synthase (cnei), cognate receptor (cner) and an orphan receptor.	cedecea neteri is a very rare human pathogen. we have isolated a strain of c. neteri ssmd04 from pickled mackerel sashimi identified using molecular and phenotypics approaches. using the biosensor chromobacterium violaceum cv026, we have demonstrated the presence of short chain n-acyl-homoserine lactone (ahl) type quorum sensing (qs) activity in c. neteri ssmd04. triple quadrupole lc/ms analysis revealed that c. neteri ssmd04 produced short chain n-butyryl-homoserine lactone (c4-hsl). with the a ...	2015	26355540
[peg-chitosan branched copolymers to improve the biocatalytic properties of erwinia carotovora recombinant l-asparaginase].	a new approach to the regulation of catalytic properties of medically relevant enzymes has been proposed using the novel recombinant preparation of l-asparaginase from erwinia carotovora (ewa), a promising antitumor agent. new branched co-polymers of different composition based on chitosan modified with polyethylene glycol (peg) molecules, designated as peg-chitosan, have been synthesized. peg-chitosan copolymers were further conjugated with ewa. in order to optimize the catalytic properties of ...	2015	26350739
molecular insights into cold active polygalacturonase enzyme for its potential application in food processing.	pectin is a complex structural heteropolysaccharide that require numerous pectinolytic enzymes for its complete degradation. polygalacturonase from mesophilic or thermophilic origin are being widely used in fruit and vegetable processing in the recent decades to degrade pectic substances. recently cold active pectinases are finding added advantages over meso and thermophilic counterparts, to use in industrial scale particularly in food processing industry. they facilitate in conservation of seve ...	2014	26344963
molecular insights into cold active polygalacturonase enzyme for its potential application in food processing.	pectin is a complex structural heteropolysaccharide that require numerous pectinolytic enzymes for its complete degradation. polygalacturonase from mesophilic or thermophilic origin are being widely used in fruit and vegetable processing in the recent decades to degrade pectic substances. recently cold active pectinases are finding added advantages over meso and thermophilic counterparts, to use in industrial scale particularly in food processing industry. they facilitate in conservation of seve ...	2014	26344963
complete genome sequencing of pandoraea pnomenusa rb38 and molecular characterization of its n-acyl homoserine lactone synthase gene ppni.	in this study, we sequenced the genome of pandoraea pnomenusa rb38 using pacific biosciences rsii (pacbio) single molecule real time (smrt) sequencing technology. a pair of cognate luxi/r homologs was identified where the luxi homolog, ppni, was found adjacent to a luxr homolog, ppnr1. an additional orphan luxr homolog, ppnr2, was also discovered. multiple sequence alignment and phylogenetic analysis revealed that ppni is an n-acyl homoserine lactone (ahl) synthase gene that is distinct from tho ...	2015	26336650
new insights into the role of t3 loop in determining catalytic efficiency of gh28 endo-polygalacturonases.	intramolecular mobility and conformational changes of flexible loops have important roles in the structural and functional integrity of proteins. the achaetomium sp. xz8 endo-polygalacturonase (pg8fn) of glycoside hydrolase (gh) family 28 is distinguished for its high catalytic activity (28,000 u/mg). structure modeling indicated that pg8fn has a flexible t3 loop that folds partly above the substrate in the active site, and forms a hydrogen bond to the substrate by a highly conserved residue asn ...	2015	26327390
polymorphism of crispr shows separated natural groupings of shigella subtypes and evidence of horizontal transfer of crispr.	clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (crispr) act as an adaptive rna-mediated immune mechanism in bacteria. they can also be used for identification and evolutionary studies based on polymorphisms within the crispr locus. we amplified and analyzed 6 crispr loci from 237 shigella strains belonging to the 4 species groups, as well as 13 escherichia coli strains. the crispr-associated (cas) gene sequence arrays of these strains were screened and compared. the crispr sequences ...	2015	26327282
characterization of the bacterial community naturally present on commercially grown basil leaves: evaluation of sample preparation prior to culture-independent techniques.	fresh herbs such as basil constitute an important food commodity worldwide. basil provides considerable culinary and health benefits, but has also been implicated in foodborne illnesses. the naturally occurring bacterial community on basil leaves is currently unknown, so the epiphytic bacterial community was investigated using the culture-independent techniques denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) and next-generation sequencing (ngs). sample preparation had a major influence on the res ...	2015	26308033
antibacterial activity of caffeine against plant pathogenic bacteria.	the objective of the present study was to evaluate the antibacterial properties of a plant secondary metabolite - caffeine. caffeine is present in over 100 plant species. antibacterial activity of caffeine was examined against the following plant-pathogenic bacteria: ralstonia solanacearum (rsol), clavibacter michiganesis subsp. sepedonicus (cms), dickeya solani (dsol), pectobacterium atrosepticum (pba), pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (pcc), pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato (pst), ...	2015	26307771
small rna-based feedforward loop with and-gate logic regulates extrachromosomal dna transfer in salmonella.	horizontal gene transfer via plasmid conjugation is a major driving force in microbial evolution but constitutes a complex process that requires synchronization with the physiological state of the host bacteria. although several host transcription factors are known to regulate plasmid-borne transfer genes, rna-based regulatory circuits for host-plasmid communication remain unknown. we describe a posttranscriptional mechanism whereby the hfq-dependent small rna, rpra, inhibits transfer of pslt, t ...	2015	26307765
plant pathogenic microbial communication affected by elevated temperature in pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum.	gram-negative plant pathogenic bacteria regulate specific gene expression in a population density-dependent manner by sensing level of acyl-homoserine lactone (hsl) molecules which they produce and liberate to the environment, called quorum sensing (qs). the production of virulence factors (extracellular enzyme viz. cellulase, pectinase, etc.) in pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum (pcc) is under strong regulation of qs. the qs signal molecule, n-(3-oxohexanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (o ...	2015	26271295
the sound of silence: activating silent biosynthetic gene clusters in marine microorganisms.	unlocking the rich harvest of marine microbial ecosystems has the potential to both safeguard the existence of our species for the future, while also presenting significant lifestyle benefits for commercial gain. however, while significant advances have been made in the field of marine biodiscovery, leading to the introduction of new classes of therapeutics for clinical medicine, cosmetics and industrial products, much of what this natural ecosystem has to offer is locked in, and essentially hid ...	2015	26264003
coq6 is responsible for the c4-deamination reaction in coenzyme q biosynthesis in saccharomyces cerevisiae.	the yeast saccharomyces cerevisiae is able to use para-aminobenzoic acid (paba) in addition to 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as a precursor of coenzyme q, a redox lipid essential to the function of the mitochondrial respiratory chain. the biosynthesis of coenzyme q from paba requires a deamination reaction at position c4 of the benzene ring to substitute the amino group with an hydroxyl group. we show here that the fad-dependent monooxygenase coq6, which is known to hydroxylate position c5, also deamina ...	2015	26260787
role of small colony variants in persistence of pseudomonas aeruginosa infections in cystic fibrosis lungs.	pseudomonas aeruginosa is an opportunistic pathogen that predominates during the later stages of cystic fibrosis (cf) lung infections. over many years of chronic lung colonization, p. aeruginosa undergoes extensive adaptation to the lung environment, evolving both toward a persistent, low virulence state and simultaneously diversifying to produce a number of phenotypically distinct morphs. these lung-adapted p. aeruginosa strains include the small colony variants (scvs), small, autoaggregative i ...	2015	26251621
draft genome sequence for icmp 5702, the type strain of pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum that causes soft rot disease on potato.	pectobacterium species are economically important bacteria that cause soft rotting of potato tubers in the field and in storage. here, we report the draft genome sequence of the type strain for p. carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, icmp 5702 (atcc 15713). the genome sequence of icmp 5702 will provide an important reference for future phylogenomic and taxonomic studies of the phytopathogenic enterobacteriaceae.	2015	26251498
the role of the phylogenetically conserved cochaperone protein droj2/dnaja3 in nf-κb signaling.	the nf-κb pathway is a phylogenetically conserved signaling pathway with a central role in inflammatory and immune responses. here we demonstrate that a cochaperone protein, droj2/dnaja3, is involved in the activation of canonical nf-κb signaling in flies and in human cultured cells. overexpression of droj2 induced the expression of an antimicrobial peptide in drosophila. conversely, droj2 knockdown resulted in reduced expression of antimicrobial peptides and higher susceptibility to gram-negati ...	2015	26245905
consecutive radical s-adenosylmethionine methylations form the ethyl side chain in thienamycin biosynthesis.	despite their broad anti-infective utility, the biosynthesis of the paradigm carbapenem antibiotic, thienamycin, remains largely unknown. apart from the first two steps shared with a simple carbapenem, the pathway sharply diverges to the more structurally complex members of this class of β-lactam antibiotics, such as thienamycin. existing evidence points to three putative cobalamin-dependent radical s-adenosylmethionine (rs) enzymes, thnk, thnl, and thnp, as potentially being responsible for ass ...	2015	26240322
bacterial secretion of soluble and functional trivalent scfv-based n-terminal trimerbodies.	recombinant antibodies are used with great success in many different diagnostic and therapeutic applications. a variety of protein expression systems are available, but nowadays almost all therapeutic antibodies are produced in mammalian cell lines due to their complex structure and glycosylation requirements. however, production of clinical-grade antibodies in mammalian cells is very expensive and time-consuming. on the other hand, escherichia coli (e. coli) is known to be the simplest, fastest ...	2015	26239030
comparative secretomics reveals novel virulence-associated factors of vibrio parahaemolyticus.	vibrio parahaemolyticus is a causative agent of serious human seafood-borne gastroenteritis disease and even death. in this study, for the first time, we obtained the secretomic profiles of seven v. parahaemolyticus strains of clinical and food origins. the strains exhibited various toxic genotypes and phenotypes of antimicrobial susceptibility and heavy metal resistance, five of which were isolated from aquatic products in shanghai, china. fourteen common extracellular proteins were identified ...	2015	26236293
characterization of dickeya and pectobacterium species by capillary electrophoretic techniques and maldi-tof ms.	dickeya and pectobacterium species represent an important group of broad-host-range phytopathogens responsible for blackleg and soft rot diseases on numerous plants including many economically important plants. although these species are commonly detected using cultural, serological, and molecular methods, these methods are sometimes insufficient to classify the bacteria correctly. on that account, this study was undertaken to investigate the feasibility of three individual analytical techniques ...	2015	26229029
rare events of intragenus and intraspecies horizontal transfer of the 16s rrna gene.	horizontal gene transfer (hgt) of operational genes has been widely reported in prokaryotic organisms. however, informational genes such as those involved in transcription and translation processes are very difficult to be horizontally transferred, as described by woese's complexity hypothesis. here, we analyzed all of the completed prokaryotic genome sequences (2,143 genomes) in the ncbi (national center for biotechnology information) database, scanned for genomes with high intragenomic heterog ...	2015	26220935