Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| effect of physical activity on the production of specific antibody in response to the 1998-99 influenza virus vaccine in older adults. | the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of physical activity on the production of specific antibody in response to a defined antigen, in particular, the hemagglutinin-inhibition response to the h3n2 (a/sidney/05/97) and h1n1 (a/ beij-ing/262/95) component of the 1998-99 influenza virus vaccine. | 2003 | 14625524 |
| [the possibility and preparedness for pandemic of new influenza]. | influenza is endemic in the world. influenza a/h1n1(ussr), a/h3n2(hong kong), and b are the major strain for human influenza. both influenza a/h1n1 and h3n2 has been overrun for 20-20 years, and it has been warned new influenza a virus should appeared in near future. as foretaste, avian influenza a/h5n1 was transmitted to human in hong kong in 1997 and 2003, and avian influenza a/h7n7 was transmitted to human in netherlands in 2003. who requests member states to prepare influenza pandemic and to ... | 2003 | 14619429 |
| [influenza activity in japan, 2002/03 season]. | influenza epidemic in 2002/03 season in japan was second largest among recent 10 seasons. both influenza a(h3) and b viruses circulated widely this season. nationally, influenza a(h3) viruses predominated during the first half of the season, but after the week ending february 16, influenza b viruses were reported more frequently than influenza a viruses. influenza a(h3n2) isolates were reported to be similar to a/panama/2007/99, the h3n2 component of the 2002/03 influenza vaccine. antigenic char ... | 2003 | 14619424 |
| reassortants in recent human influenza a and b isolates from south east asia and oceania. | from 2000 to 2002, human influenza a and b viruses that were genetic reassortants of contemporary circulating human strains, were isolated in south east asia and oceania. similar to reports from other regions, a(h1n2) isolates were found to be reassortants of circulating a(h3n2) viruses that had acquired only the haemagglutinin gene of an a(h1n1) virus. some of these reassortants from thailand and singapore predate those previously recorded during the winter of 2001-2002 in europe and the middle ... | 2003 | 14609628 |
| [the use of bromelain in obtaining the subviral particles of influenza a and b viruses]. | subviral particles of modern strains of influenza a viruses, i.e. a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2), reassortant x-31 (subtype h3n2) and b/sichuan/379/99, were obtained by using two preparations of bromeline ("sigma co., catalogues' nos. b2252 and b5144). a selective ability of bromeline b5144 was detected to the proteolytic splitting of hemagglutinin of influenza a and b viruses. an influence of enzyme b5144 produced on influenza b viruses brought about an appearance of subvir ... | 2003 | 14598475 |
| assessment of development of resistance to antivirals in the ferret model of influenza virus infection. | we attempted to develop in vivo resistance of influenza virus to amantadine and to zanamivir, by use of the ferret model of influenza virus infection. resistance of influenza virus a/losangeles/1/87 (h3n2) to amantadine was generated within 6 days, during a single course of treatment, and mutations in the m2 gene that are characteristic of human infections were observed. in contrast, during an identical single course of treatment with zanamivir, no evidence of reduced susceptibility was demonstr ... | 2003 | 14593594 |
| recombinant protein comprising multi-neutralizing epitopes induced high titer of antibodies against influenza a virus. | in previous studies, we suggested that epitope-vaccine might be a new strategy against virus infection. based on this hypothesis, we designed and expressed a recombinant immunogen (multi-epitope-peptide) comprising repeats of three neutralizing-epitopes (neutralizing epitopes: aa92-105, 127-133 and 183-195) of hemagglutininin (ha) of influenza virus (h3n2) in e. coli. after vaccination, the recombinant multi-epitope protein could induce a high level of antibodies with predefined multi-epitope-sp ... | 2003 | 14575146 |
| assaying susceptibility of avian and other influenza a viruses to zanamivir: comparison of fluorescent and chemiluminescent neuraminidase assays. | zanamivir has been shown to inhibit both human and avian influenza viral neuraminidases (nas) and has been approved in several countries for the treatment and prophylaxis of influenza infection. reliable monitoring of drug resistance is important for assessment of the impact of drug therapy on circulating virus populations. this study compares the current fluorometric (fl) method for evaluating zanamivir susceptibility with a recently developed chemiluminescent (cl) na activity assay using virus ... | 2003 | 14575130 |
| generation and characterization of an h9n2 cold-adapted reassortant as a vaccine candidate. | h9n2 subtype avian influenza viruses have been identified in avian species worldwide, and infections in pigs were confirmed in hong kong in 1998. subsequently, h9n2 viruses were isolated from two children in hong kong in 1999, and five human infections were reported from china, raising the possibility that h9n2 viruses pose a potential pandemic threat for humans. these events prompted us to develop a vaccine candidate to protect humans against this subtype of influenza a viruses. reassortant h1n ... | 2003 | 14575127 |
| land-based birds as potential disseminators of avian mammalian reassortant influenza a viruses. | chickens, quail, and other land-based birds are extensively farmed around the world. they have been recently implicated in zoonotic outbreaks of avian influenza in hong kong. the possibility that land-based birds could act as mixing vessels or disseminators of avian/mammalian reassortant influenza a viruses with pandemic potential has not been evaluated. in this report, we investigated whether chickens and japanese quail are susceptible to a mammalian influenza virus (a/swine/texas/4199-2/98 [h3 ... | 2003 | 14575124 |
| the quest of influenza a viruses for new hosts. | there is increasing evidence that stable lineages of influenza viruses are being established in chickens. h9n2 viruses are established in chickens in eurasia, and there are increasing reports of h3n2, h6n1, and h6n2 influenza viruses in chickens both in asia and north america. surveillance in a live poultry market in nanchang, south central china, reveals that influenza viruses were isolated form 1% of fecal samples taken from healthy poultry over the course of 16 months. the highest isolation r ... | 2003 | 14575076 |
| [the 2002/2003 influenza season in the netherlands and the vaccine composition for the 2003/2004 season]. | as in the 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 seasons, the influenza epidemic in the 2002/2003 season started late (week 7 of 2003) and was only moderate in size. influenza a (h3n2) and b viruses were detected in equal numbers among patients of general practitioners and these two viruses were therefore equally responsible for the epidemic. however, h3n2 viruses dominated isolates taken from hospitals. in haemagglutination-inhibition (hi) assays most of the h3n2 viruses proved highly reactive with antiserum ... | 2003 | 14574782 |
| influenza burden in children newborn to eleven months of age in a pediatric emergency department during the peak of an influenza epidemic. | the aim of this study was to determine the burden of influenza-related diseases in children 0 to 11 months of age during the peak of the 2001 to 2002 influenza epidemic. | 2003 | 14551479 |
| burden of influenza in children: preliminary data from a pilot survey network on community diseases. | the burden of influenza and its clinical presentation are both poorly documented in french children. | 2003 | 14551477 |
| are the 2-isomers of the drug rimantadine active anti-influenza a agents? | there is a lack of information in the medical chemistry literature concerning the anti-influenza a activity of the drug rimantadine's 2-isomer (2-rimantadine). we now present results showing that, although 2-adamantanamine (2-amantadine) 3 is only moderately active, some 2-rimantadine analogues are effective anti-influenza a virus agents in vitro. the 2-rimantadine analogues and their spirocyclobutane and spirocyclopentane congeners were synthesized through interesting routes. the 2-rimantadine ... | 2003 | 14521332 |
| generation and characterization of a cold-adapted influenza a h9n2 reassortant as a live pandemic influenza virus vaccine candidate. | h9n2 subtype influenza a viruses have been identified in avian species worldwide and were isolated from humans in 1999, raising concerns about their pandemic potential and prompting the development of candidate vaccines to protect humans against this subtype of influenza a virus. reassortant h1n1 and h3n2 human influenza a viruses with the internal genes of the influenza a/ann arbor/6/60 (h2n2) (aa) cold-adapted (ca) virus have proven to be attenuated and safe as live virus vaccines in humans. u ... | 2003 | 14505926 |
| isolation and identification of influenza virus strains circulating in thailand in 2001. | local influenza surveillance plays an important role in preparing for, and responding to, epidemics and pandemics. between january and december 2001, the national institute of health of thailand collected a total of 711 throat swab specimens from outpatients affected with acute respiratory symptoms from several centers throughout thailand, of which 374 were virus-positive. of these, 338 (90.4%) were positive for influenza virus by immunofluorescence testing. by hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) t ... | 2003 | 12971520 |
| antigenic and genomic relation between human influenza viruses that circulated in argentina in the period 1995-1999 and the corresponding vaccine components. | the analysis of epidemic influenza virus has been focused on antigenic and genomic characterization of the hemagglutinin (ha) glycoprotein in order to detect new variants for the recommendation of the vaccine strains in each season. since october 1998, who organized a second meeting to evaluate the vaccine formula for the southern hemisphere. | 2003 | 12957183 |
| receptor-binding properties of modern human influenza viruses primarily isolated in vero and mdck cells and chicken embryonated eggs. | to study the receptor specificity of modern human influenza h1n1 and h3n2 viruses, the analogs of natural receptors, namely sialyloligosaccharides conjugated with high molecular weight (about 1500 kda) polyacrylamide as biotinylated and label-free probes, have been used. viruses isolated from clinical specimens were grown in african green monkey kidney (vero) or madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells and chicken embryonated eggs. all vero-derived viruses had hemagglutinin (ha) sequences indistin ... | 2003 | 12954214 |
| influenza virus vaccine live intranasal--medimmune vaccines: caiv-t, influenza vaccine live intranasal. | medimmune vaccines (formerly aviron) has developed a cold-adapted live influenza virus vaccine [flumist] that can be administered by nasal spray. flumist is the first live virus influenza vaccine and also the first nasally administered vaccine to be marketed in the us. the vaccine will be formulated to contain live attenuated (att) influenza virus reassortants of the strains recommended by the us public health service for each 'flu season. the vaccine is termed cold-adapted (ca) because the viru ... | 2003 | 12952502 |
| human influenza a viruses are proteolytically activated and do not induce apoptosis in caco-2 cells. | replication of human influenza a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 viruses was studied in human caco-2 cells, a continuous line of intestinal epithelial differentiated cells. hemagglutinin (ha) was cleaved in these cells by an endogenous protease. thus, infectious virus was produced that underwent multiple cycle replication and plaque formation in the absence of trypsin added to the media. cleavage of de novo-synthesized ha occurred at a late stage of the exocytic pathway as indicated by pulse-chase labeling and ... | 2003 | 12951033 |
| [spread and properties of epidemic influenza a and b virus strains accountable for morbidity in russia during 1999-2002]. | the strains of influenza a -a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b viruses were shown in the paper to have been circulating in russia in 1999-2002. a co-circulation of viruses of 2 to 3 types was detected in all epidemic seasons. a majority of strains was isolated on the culture of cells mdck. a study of epidemic strains revealed the predominance of viruses a(h3n2) in 1999-2000, the predominance of viruses a(h1n1) in 2000-2001, and the predominance of influenza b viruses in 2001-2002. according to the conducted ... | 2003 | 12945200 |
| restriction of amino acid change in influenza a virus h3ha: comparison of amino acid changes observed in nature and in vitro. | we introduced 248 single-point amino acid changes into hemagglutinin (ha) protein of the a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) strain by a pcr random mutation method. these changes were classified as positive or negative according to their effect on hemadsorption activity. we observed following results. (i) the percentage of surviving amino acid changes on the ha1 domain that did not abrogate hemadsorption activity was calculated to be ca. 44%. in nature, it is estimated to be ca. 39.6%. this difference in surviv ... | 2003 | 12941919 |
| characterization of sialidase from an influenza a (h3n2) virus strain: kinetic parameters and substrate specificity. | neuraminidase (na) of influenza a (h3n2) viruses was characterized after purification by gel filtration and proteolytic treatment, using the x-31 variant strain that is a reassortment between the influenza a/victoria/3/75 (responsible for the 1975 pandemic) and the influenza a/pr/8/34 virus samples, as a model. in the purification process, na heads, that is the spike responsible for the virus sialidase activity, were purified by filtration through a bio-gel polyacrylamide column. the enzyme acti ... | 2003 | 12931027 |
| epidemiology and control of influenza. | influenza causes frequent epidemics and periodic pandemics, and is a major public health problem. pandemics occurred in 1918 (swine influenza), 1957 (asian influenza), 1968 (hong kong influenza) and 1977 (russian influenza) due to major antigenic variation of the type a influenza virus. frequent epidemics occur after pandemics as a result of minor antigenic variation of the pandemic virus strains. minor antigenic variant strains of type a (h1n1), a (h3n2) and type b influenza viruses are current ... | 2003 | 12929857 |
| annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2002. | surveillance for influenza in australia in 2002 was based on notifications to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system from all states and territories, national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness and reports of influenza virus isolations from a laboratory network. the impact of influenza was assessed by absenteeism data from a major national employer. influenza a was the dominant type, 99 per cent of which were subtype h3n2 with only a single h ... | 2003 | 12926731 |
| [influenza in poland in 2001]. | in 2001 the number of cases of influenza and influenza-like illness (ili) registered in poland amounted to 576,449. this is 36.1% of the number of cases recorded in 2000. the highest influenza incidence was found in dolnoślaskie voivodship (3013.4 per 100,000), mazowieckie voivodship (2688.5 per 100,000) and zachodniopomorskie voivodship (2132.2 per 100,000). in children aged 0 to 14 years the number of influenza and ili cases amounted to 275,358 (incidence was 3851.4 per 100,000) and this is 47 ... | 2003 | 12926309 |
| economic evaluation of influenza vaccination in thai chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients. | to determine the cost-effectiveness and cost-benefit of influenza vaccination in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd) patients the authors conducted a stratified randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial from june 1997 to november 1998 at a university hospital in thailand. a total of 125 copd patients were stratified based on their fev1 as mild copd (fev1 > or = 70% predicted), moderate copd (fev1 50-69% predicted) and severe copd (fev1 < 50% predicted) and in each severity stra ... | 2003 | 12924797 |
| [development of a live culture of cold-adapted reassortant influenza vaccines]. | optimal conditions for the cultivation of the mdck cell lines in the laboratory spinner or by using the eagle-mem with or without fetal serum were worked out. the cold-adapted reassortant vaccine strains of virus influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2 and b are well replicated in the mdck cells both in a monolayer and in the spinner by using the serum-free medium. a maximum virus titer depends on a multiplicity of infection used in a fetal medium and on the addition of trypsin. under the optimal conditions, t ... | 2003 | 12924092 |
| estimating efficacy of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (caiv-t) against influenza a (h1n1) and b using surveillance cultures. | the authors report on a community-based, nonrandomized, open-label study, conducted during the 2000-2001 influenza season in temple-belton, texas, of the protective effectiveness of trivalent, cold-adapted, influenza virus vaccine (caiv-t) in children aged 18 months-18 years. the dominant circulating strains in 2000-2001 were influenza a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1) and influenza b/sichuan/379/99. children had access to caiv-t during the 1998-1999, 1999-2000, and 2000-2001 influenza seasons. the v ... | 2003 | 12915495 |
| [differences in oligomerization of nucleocapsid protein of epidemic human influenza a(h1n1), a(h1n2) and b viruses]. | a comparative analysis of involving the nucleocapsid protein (np) into shaping-up of sds-resistant oligomers was carried out presently in circulating epidemic strains of human influenza, viruses a and b. the study results of viral isolates obtained from clinical samples and recent standard strains revealed that the involvement of np in the sds-resistant oligomers, which are different in various subtypes of influenza a viruses. according to this sign, the human viruses a(9h3n2) are close to the a ... | 2003 | 12894477 |
| investigations of the efficacy of european h1n1- and h3n2-based swine influenza vaccines against the novel h1n2 subtype. | the efficacy of a commercial swine influenza vaccine based on a/new jersey/8/76 (h1n1) and a/port chalmers/1/73 (h3n2) strains was tested against challenge with an h1n2 swine influenza virus. influenza virus-seronegative pigs were vaccinated twice with the vaccine when they were four and eight weeks old, or with the same vaccine supplemented with an h1n2 component. control pigs were left unvaccinated. three weeks after the second vaccination, all the pigs were challenged intratracheally with the ... | 2003 | 12877210 |
| pathogenic and antigenic properties of phylogenetically distinct reassortant h3n2 swine influenza viruses cocirculating in the united states. | swine influenza is an acute respiratory disease caused by type a influenza viruses. before 1998, swine influenza virus isolates in the united states were mainly of the classical h1n1 lineage. since then, phylogenetically distinct reassortant h3n2 viruses have been identified as respiratory pathogens in pigs on u.s. farms. the h3n2 viruses presently circulating in the u.s. swine population are triple reassortants containing avian-like (pa and pb2), swine-like (m, np, and ns), and human-like (ha, ... | 2003 | 12843064 |
| combined protective effect of a fungal cu/zn-containing superoxide dismutase and rimantadine hydrochloride in experimental murine influenza a virus infection. | the combined protective effect of a novel naturally glycosylated cu/zn-containing superoxide dismutase, produced by the fungus humicula lutea (hl-sod) strain 103, and the selective anti-influenza drug rimantadine hydrochloride (rim) was evaluated in experimental virus infection in mice, induced with influenza virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2). a combined application of hl-sod and rim in doses, which by themselves did not protect significantly mice against the infection, resulted in a synergistically inc ... | 2003 | 12828346 |
| epidemiology and molecular characterization of co-circulating influenza a/h3n2 virus variants in children: houston, texas, 1997-8. | co-circulating variants of influenza a/h3n2 viruses in children were studied in houston, texas between october 1997 and march 1998 to assess the effects of a new variant strain on the severity of clinical illness. influenza a virus was isolated from the nasal wash or nasal aspirate specimens collected from children at two tertiary care hospitals, and 271 isolates were available for variant-specific subtyping using rt-pcr and restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) analysis. we classified ... | 2003 | 12825738 |
| [avian influenza and oseltamivir; a retrospective view]. | the outbreak of avian influenza a due to an h7n7 virus in dutch poultry farms turned out to have public-health effects for those who were involved in the management of the epidemic and who were thus extensively exposed to contaminated excreta and dust. an outbreak-management team (omt) of experts in virology, infectious diseases and public health advised the dutch government with respect to the potential health effects on humans. strict hygiene measures were advised. moreover, vaccination agains ... | 2003 | 12822517 |
| neuraminidase sequence analysis and susceptibilities of influenza virus clinical isolates to zanamivir and oseltamivir. | the influenza virus neuraminidase (na) inhibitors zanamivir and oseltamivir were introduced into clinical practice in various parts of the world between 1999 and 2002. in order to monitor the potential development of resistance, the neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network was established to coordinate testing of clinical isolates collected through the world health organization influenza surveillance network from different regions of the world (m. zambon and f. g. hayden, antivir. res. 49: ... | 2003 | 12821478 |
| effect of vitamin e and vitamin c combination on experimental influenza virus infection. | successful antioxidant treatment of the so-called "free radical diseases" has been reported in the literature. in this study we examined the preventive effect of vitamin e and vitamin c, alone and in combination, on the damage caused by influenza virus infection (ivi). male mice (icr), infected with influenza virus a/2/68/(h3n2) (1.5 of ld(50)), were administered single once-daily doses of vitamin e (60 mg/kg b.w.) and vitamin c (80 mg/kg b.w.) intraperitoneally (3 days before virus inoculation) ... | 2003 | 12808470 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 2002-03 season, and composition of the 2003-04 influenza vaccine. | in collaboration with the world health organization (who), its collaborating laboratories, state and local health departments, health-care providers, and vital statistic registries, cdc conducts surveillance to monitor influenza activity and to detect antigenic changes in the circulating strains of influenza viruses. during the 2002-03 influenza season, influenza a (h1), a (h3n2), and b viruses co-circulated in the northern hemisphere. human infections with avian influenza a (h5n1) and a (h7n7) ... | 2003 | 12803198 |
| protection and compensation in the influenza virus-specific cd8+ t cell response. | influenza virus-specific cd8+ t cells generally recognize peptides derived from conserved, internal proteins that are not subject to antibody-mediated selection pressure. prior exposure to any one influenza a virus (h1n1) can prime for a secondary cd8+ t cell response to a serologically different influenza a virus (h3n2). the protection afforded by this recall of established cd8+ t cell memory, although limited, is not negligible. key characteristics of primary and secondary influenza-specific h ... | 2003 | 12775762 |
| prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | this report updates the 2002 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2002;51 [no. rr-3]:1-31). the 2003 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) the timing of influenza vaccination by age and risk group; 2) influenza vaccine for children aged 6-23 months; 3) the 20 ... | 2003 | 12755288 |
| a molecular mechanism for the low-ph stability of sialidase activity of influenza a virus n2 neuraminidases. | four human pandemic influenza a virus strains isolated in 1957 and 1968, but not most of the epidemic strains isolated after 1968, possess sialidase activity under low-ph conditions. here, we used cell-expressed neuraminidases (nas) to determine the region of the n2 na that is associated with low-ph stability of sialidase activity. we found that consensus amino acid regions responsible for low-ph stability did not exist in pandemic nas but that two amino acid substitutions in the low-ph-stable a ... | 2003 | 12753908 |
| occurrence of influenza b/hong kong-like strains in brazil, during 2002. | through the influenza virus surveillance from january to october 2002, influenza b/hong kong-like strains circulating in the southeast and centre east regions of brazil have been demonstrated. this strain is a variant from b/victoria/02/88 whose since 1991 and until recently have been isolated relatively infrequently and have been limited to south-eastern asia. a total of 510 respiratory secretions were collected from patients 0 to 60 years of age, with acute respiratory illness, living in the s ... | 2003 | 12751324 |
| the comparison of antibody response to influenza vaccination in continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis, hemodialysis and renal transplantation patients. | the immune system in renal transplant (tx), continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis (capd) and hemodialysis (hd) patients have been suppressed and antibody response to vaccination is weaker than that of the normal population. additionally immune response to vaccination also differs from each other in aforementioned three groups resulting from different levels immunosuppression. in the present study, detection of antibody response to influenza vaccine as an indicator of the level of immunity in ... | 2003 | 12745749 |
| comparison of the pathogenesis of two genetically different h3n2 influenza a viruses in pigs. | in 1997 and 1998, h3n2 influenza a viruses emerged among pigs in north america. genetic analyses of the h3n2 isolates demonstrated that they had distinctly different genotypes. the most commonly isolated viruses in the united states have a triple-reassortant genotype, with the hemagglutinin, neuraminidase, and pb1 polymerase genes being of human influenza virus origin, the nucleoprotein, matrix, and nonstructural genes being of classical swine influenza virus origin, and the pa and pb2 polymeras ... | 2003 | 12734230 |
| differential requirements of rab5 and rab7 for endocytosis of influenza and other enveloped viruses. | enveloped viruses often enter cells via endocytosis; however, specific endocytic trafficking pathway(s) for many viruses have not been determined. here we demonstrate, through the use of dominant-negative rab5 and rab7, that influenza virus (influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and a/x-31 (h3n2)) requires both early and late endosomes for entry and subsequent infection in hela cells. time-course experiments, monitoring viral ribonucleoprotein colocalization with endosomal markers, indicated that influenza ... | 2003 | 12713661 |
| efficacy trial of live, cold-adapted and inactivated influenza virus vaccines in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease: a va cooperative study. | we assessed whether trivalent live, cold-adapted influenza virus (caiv-t) vaccine provides added protection when co-administered with trivalent inactivated influenza virus vaccine (tvv) in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). subjects (n=2215) were randomly assigned to receive either tvv intramuscularly (im) and caiv-t intranasally (tc), or tvv and placebo (tp). the vaccines were well-tolerated. efficacy of tc compared to tp was not statistically significant and was 0.16 f ... | 2003 | 12706704 |
| natural influenza a virus infection of mice elicits strong antibody response to ha2 glycopolypeptide. | two influenza viruses, a/dunedin/4/73 (h3n2) and a/mississippi/1/85 (h3n2) were adapted to balb/c mice. groups of balb/c mice were intranasally (i.n.) infected with either single dose of particular virus strain or successively with both virus strains and titers of serum antibodies against influenza virus antigens ("influenza virus antibodies") and those just against the ha2 part of hemagglutinin (ha) ("ha2 antibodies") were determined. successive infection with virus strains dunedin and mississi ... | 2002 | 12693859 |
| evaluation of a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction assay for subtyping hemagglutinin genes 1 and 3 of swine influenza type a virus in clinical samples. | a multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay was developed to detect and identify subtypes of hemagglutinin (h) 1 and h3 swine influenza virus (siv). two oligonucleotide primer sets were prepared using published sequence data for h1n1 and h3n2. the pcr products with unique size characteristics of each subtype were sequenced, and the sequences were confirmed to be subtype specific for h gene 1 or 3. these primer sets did not amplify when rt-pcr assay was performed fo ... | 2002 | 12680647 |
| [analysis on the aetiology of influenza in children in tianjin]. | to analyse the pathogen of child patients with influenza in tianjin area. | 2003 | 12678956 |
| [comparison of characterization of hemagglutination and ha1 sequence of currently circulating strains of influenza a (h3n2) virus in zhejiang province and in japan]. | to compare the characterization of hemagglutination and the sequence of ha1 region of the influenza a (h3n2) virus in zhejiang province and japan in recent years. | 2003 | 12678955 |
| [application of molecular biological techniques in the surveillance of influenza viruses in infants and young children]. | to establish a rapid, specific and effective technique for identifying subtyping a(1), a(3) and b of influenza virus isolates and clinical specimens as well as to analyze the sequences of nucleotides and deduced amino acids of ha1 regions from isolates of influenza virus a(3) isolated from 1996 to 2002. | 2003 | 12678954 |
| [influenza activity in china from 2000 to 2001]. | to understand the epidemics and antigenic drift of influenza viruses in china from 2000 to 2001. | 2003 | 12678953 |
| distinct host range of influenza h3n2 virus isolates in vero and mdck cells is determined by cell specific glycosylation pattern. | influenza a viruses were isolated in vero, mdck cells and chicken embryos. in contrast to mdck-derived variants all h3n2 isolates obtained in vero cells neither agglutinated chicken erythrocytes nor grew in chicken eggs. these host range differences of h3n2 vero and mdck isolates were noticed even in the absence of amino acid substitutions in the ha1 molecule. evaluation of ha glycosylation pattern by treatment with endoglycosidases h and f revealed that vero-variants contained more oligosacchar ... | 2003 | 12667817 |
| multiplex nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction for respiratory viruses in acute otitis media. | because respiratory viruses play an important role in the causation and pathogenesis of acute otitis media (aom), determining which virus has infected a child is important with respect to vaccines and antiviral drugs. in some instances, this information might be used to prevent the occurrence of aom. we used a rapid, economical, and sensitive diagnostic system involving a multiplex nested reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay to detect various respiratory viruses in clin ... | 2003 | 12656418 |
| influenza ah1n2 viruses, united kingdom, 2001-02 influenza season. | during the winter of 2001-02, influenza ah1n2 viruses were detected for the first time in humans in the u.k. the h1n2 viruses co-circulated with h3n2 viruses and a very small number of h1n1 viruses and were isolated in the community and hospitalized patients, predominantly from children <15 years of age. characterization of h1n2 viruses indicated that they were antigenically and genetically homogeneous, deriving the hemagglutinin (ha) gene from recently circulating a/new caledonia/20/99-like h1n ... | 2003 | 12643824 |
| [application of reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction for surveillance of influenza virus in beijing]. | to establish the rt-pcr method to type the influenza virus. | 2002 | 12641973 |
| influenza vaccination of dialysis patients: cross-reactivity of induced haemagglutination-inhibiting antibodies to h3n2 subtype antigenic variants is comparable with the response of naturally infected young healthy adults. | annual influenza vaccination is recommended for patients with chronic renal failure, although vaccination responses in haemodialysis (hd) patients may be suboptimal. typically, the seroreactivity has been analysed against the vaccine virus or the corresponding year's epidemic virus. no studies analysing cross-reactivity against subsequent years' viruses have been presented. | 2003 | 12637648 |
| nosocomial influenza infection among post-influenza-vaccinated patients with severe pulmonary diseases. | to report an outbreak of nosocomial influenza in thirteen out of twenty-two admitted patients suffering from severe lung emphysema. | 2003 | 12634075 |
| quality control assessment of influenza and rsv testing in europe: 2000-01 season. | the quality control assessment (qca) was initiated to evaluate the quality of the influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) testing in the national reference centres belonging to the european influenza surveillance scheme (eiss) network. samples were coded and sent in two panels of 12 samples within a two week interval to 16 laboratories during the 2000-01 winter season. the antibodies titration by hi test was reported by 60% of the laboratories (n=16), and the results were correct for 56% ... | 2002 | 12631989 |
| mild to moderate influenza activity in europe and the detection of novel a(h1n2) and b viruses during the winter of 2001-02. | influenza activity in europe during the 2001-02 influenza season was mild to moderate. compared to historical data, the intensity was low in six countries, medium in eleven and high in one country (spain). the dominant virus circulating in europe was influenza a(h3n2). two novel influenza virus strains were isolated during the 2001-02 season: influenza a(h1n2) viruses (mainly isolated in the united kingdom and ireland, but also in belgium, france, germany, the netherlands, portugal, sweden, swit ... | 2002 | 12631987 |
| outbreak of influenza, madagascar, july-august 2002. | preliminary investigation found that a large outbreak of influenza-like illness occurred in madagascar during july-august 2002, with 30 304 cases and 754 deaths reported. most cases were reported from the highland regions of fianarantsoa province, in centre madagascar. the majority of the cases lived in rural areas, and children under five years and adults 60 years and older were the most affected. the outbreak was attributable to an a/panama/2007/99-like (h3n2) virus, which has been circulating ... | 2002 | 12631982 |
| pathologic mechanisms of influenza encephalitis with an abnormal expression of inflammatory cytokines and accumulation of mini-plasmin. | the pathogenesis of influenza encephalopathy or encephalitis is poorly understood. this review summarizes our recent studies of the roles played by inflammatory cytokines, inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos), adhesion molecules and mini-plasmin in influenza encephalitis. after the intranasal infection of newborn mice with the non-neurotropic strain of influenza a virus (iav) aichi/2/68/h3n2, encephalitis and severe brain edema were observed within 3-5 days. iav-rna and abnormalities in the bl ... | 2003 | 12630563 |
| chemoenzymatic synthesis and application of glycopolymers containing multivalent sialyloligosaccharides with a poly(l-glutamic acid) backbone for inhibition of infection by influenza viruses. | highly water-soluble glycopolymers with poly(alpha-l-glutamic acid) (pga) backbones carrying multivalent sialyl oligosaccharides units were chemoenzymatically synthesized as polymeric inhibitors of infection by human influenza viruses. p-aminophenyl disaccharide glycosides were coupled with gamma-carboxyl groups of pga side chains and enzymatically converted to neu5acalpha2-3galbeta1-4glcnacbeta-, neu5acalpha2-6galbeta1-4glcnacbeta-, neu5acalpha2-3galbeta1-3galnacalpha-, and neu5acalpha2-3galbet ... | 2003 | 12626382 |
| protection against a european h1n2 swine influenza virus in pigs previously infected with h1n1 and/or h3n2 subtypes. | a novel swine influenza virus, h1n2, circulates in european swine populations together with h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. this study examines whether post-infection immunity to h1n1 and/or h3n2 viruses provides cross-protection against h1n2 infection. pigs (n=51) were inoculated intranasally with either sw/belgium/1/98 (h1n1) or sw/flanders/1/98 (h3n2), or with both viruses at a 5-week interval. control groups were left uninoculated or inoculated with sw/gent/7625/99 (h1n2). four weeks later, all the p ... | 2003 | 12615433 |
| reverse genetics studies on the filamentous morphology of influenza a virus. | we have investigated the genetic determinants responsible for the filamentous morphology of influenza a viruses, a property characteristic of primary virus isolates. a plasmid-based reverse genetics system was used to transfer the m segment of influenza a/udorn/72 (h3n2) virus into influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) virus. while wsn virions display spherical morphology, recombinant wsn-mud virus acquired the ability of the parental udorn strain to form filamentous virus particles. this was determined by ... | 2003 | 12604801 |
| detection of human influenza virus in yucatan, mexico. | influenza virus is the most common cause of acute respiratory infections (ari) world wide. in patients with chronic condition, infection by the influenza virus can cause complications such as pneumonia which may have fatal outcome. the aim of this work was to determine the frequency of human influenza virus in outpatients with influenza-like illness (ili) and in those patients admitted to hospital with community acquired pneumonia (cap) in yucatan, mexico (october 1998-july 1999). | 2002 | 12587415 |
| isolation of h3n2 swine influenza virus in south korea. | swine influenza is a significant respiratory disease causing occasional reproductive problems in naïve swine herds. although different subtypes of swine influenza virus (siv) have been implicated in clinical outbreaks of swine influenza in asian countries, no virus isolation has been made to identify siv of subtypes other than the h1n1 subtype in the korean swine population. in december 1998, an outbreak of acute respiratory disease was identified in a commercial swine farm located in the kyungg ... | 2003 | 12580292 |
| evaluation of neuraminidase enzyme assays using different substrates to measure susceptibility of influenza virus clinical isolates to neuraminidase inhibitors: report of the neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibility network. | the increasing use of influenza virus neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (nis) necessitates the development of reliable methods for assessing the ni susceptibility of clinical isolates. we evaluated three na inhibition assays against a panel of five clinical isolates each of influenza virus a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b strains and four viruses with a defined resistance genotype (r292k, h274y, r152k, and e119v). for fluorometric enzyme assay (fa) 1 (fa-1), 2'-(4-methylumbelliferyl)-alpha-d-n-acetylneuraminic ... | 2003 | 12574276 |
| the influenza virus gene pool in a poultry market in south central china. | we surveyed influenza activity in a live poultry market in central china for 16 months, isolating viruses from 1% of 6360 fecal samples. we obtained multiple h3n6, h9n2, h2n9, h3n3, and h4n6 isolates and single h1n1 and h3n2 isolates. two distinct h3 molecules were identified; other hemagglutinin subtypes were phylogenetically homogeneous. the h3n6 viruses (9 genotypes) and h9n2 viruses (4 genotypes) were genetically heterogeneous, whereas the h2n9, h3n3 and h4n6 viruses had single genotypes. th ... | 2003 | 12573572 |
| [the feature of influenza virus activity and genetic characterization of ha1 gene of influenza a h3n2 viruses isolated from 1994-1997 in shenzhen]. | to understand the feature of influenza virus activity and genetic characterization of ha1 gene of influenza a h3n2 viruses isolated in recently years in shenzhen. | 1999 | 12569759 |
| genetic characterization of a porcine h1n2 influenza virus strain isolated in germany. | we examined selected influenza virus strains from various outbreaks of respiratory diseases among pigs in germany. besides h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes presently circulating in europe, an h1n2 influenza virus was isolated in 2000. sequence analysis of hemagglutinin, neuraminidase and matrix genes indicated that this virus is a reassortant of human h1n1 and human h3n2 strains with an internal gene, the m gene of avian origin. it is a result of a multiple reassortment event. | 2003 | 12566701 |
| comparison of the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of a split and a subunit-adjuvanted influenza vaccine in elderly subjects. | a randomised, open study was carried out among an elderly population in order to compare the reactogenicity and immunogenicity of an inactivated, split virion influenza vaccine (vaxigrip, aventis pasteur msd, lyon, france) with that of an mf59-adjuvanted, subunit vaccine (fluad, chiron vaccines, siena, italy). both vaccines contained the three strains: a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2), a/beijing/262/95 (h1n1) and b/beijing/184/93, recommended by the who for the 1998-1999 influenza season. a total of 2150 su ... | 2003 | 12559808 |
| [in vitro antiviral activity of antisense oligonucleotides against influenza virus]. | for developing of antisense oligonucleotides as potential antiviral therapeutic agents against influenza a virus, phosphorothioate oligodeoxynucleotides(ps-odn) targeted to part to the 3' and 5' end sequences which are common to the eight rnas of type a influenza virus were synthesized. the in vitro cytotoxicity of these ps-odns was assayed and then antiviral activity of these ps-odns was evaluated by using cultured mdck cells infected by a/jingfang/86-1(h1n1). it was found that(1) no in vitro c ... | 2000 | 12548758 |
| induction of heterosubtypic immunity to influenza a virus using a dna vaccine expressing hemagglutinin-c3d fusion proteins. | cross-protection between different subtypes of influenza a virus has been attributed to heterosubtypic immunity (hsi). although, hsi can occur in the absence of anti-ha or anti-na antibodies, hsi seems to be mediated, in part, by cross-reactive antibodies. in this study, we examined the effects of a dna vaccine expressing an influenza ha fused to three copies of murine c3d of complement (ha-mc3d(3)). ha-mc3d(3) elicited heterosubtypic immunity more efficiently than non-fused forms of ha and prot ... | 2003 | 12547601 |
| [antineuraminidase activity of inactivated influenza vaccines in elderly people]. | the antineuraminidase activity of 5 inactivated split and subunit influenza vaccines (iiv) was studied in individuals aged above 65 years. postvaccinal antibody titers were determined in the lectin test. all the vaccines were shown to have a high antigenicity, by providing high titers of neuraminidase antibodies in most vaccinated persons: the mean geometric titers (mgt) to influenza viruses a(h1n1) and a(h3n2), and b were 7.4-8.0, 8.5-9.2, and 6.8-8.5 log2, respectively. neuraminidases showed a ... | 2002 | 12522964 |
| mortality associated with influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in the united states. | influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause substantial morbidity and mortality. statistical methods used to estimate deaths in the united states attributable to influenza have not accounted for rsv circulation. | 2003 | 12517228 |
| influenza: prospect for prevention and control. | influenza is an emerging and re-emerging disease. since the late 1930s influenza viruses have been isolated yearly from different parts of the world during epidemics and pandemics. the "epidemiologic success" of influenza is due largely to rapid and unpredictable antigenic changes (antigenic drift) among human influenza viruses, and the emergence of new subtypes (antigenic shift), mostly from reassortment between human and avian influenza viruses. antigenic shifts were attributed to the global p ... | 2002 | 12515400 |
| [studies on the basis of molecular biology of the phase change of influenza a(h3n2) viruses]. | the analysis of nucleotide sequences on ha1 domain of 35 strains of influenza a(h3n2) virus showed that their ha1 genes all were 984 nucleotides in length coding for a ha1 protein with 328 amino acids and there was not any occurrence of insertion or deletion of nucleotides on ha1 genes among them. the appearance of "o" phase strain of influenza a (h3n2) virus was closely related with substitution at 226 position of amino acid on ha1 protein molecule and the three-dimensional structural change of ... | 1998 | 12515164 |
| [influenza virus infection in progressing atherosclerosis]. | to study relationship between influenza virus infection and activity of clinical presentations of atherosclerosis. | 2002 | 12494108 |
| induction of proinflammatory cytokines in human macrophages by influenza a (h5n1) viruses: a mechanism for the unusual severity of human disease? | in 1997, the first documented instance of human respiratory disease and death associated with a purely avian h5n1 influenza virus resulted in an overall case-fatality rate of 33%. the biological basis for the severity of human h5n1 disease has remained unclear. we tested the hypothesis that virus-induced cytokine dysregulation has a role. | 2002 | 12480361 |
| specific antibody response after influenza immunization in systemic lupus erythematosus. | to determine the efficacy of influenza virus vaccine in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle). | 2002 | 12465151 |
| antigenic drift and variability of influenza viruses. | annual influenza epidemics are caused by rapid evolution of the viral genome. continuous and extensive antigenic variation has been shown for hemagglutinin (ha), the principal immunizing antigen of the virus. monitoring of the antigenicity of circulating influenza viruses is necessary for selection of the most suitable vaccine strains. in this study, characterization of influenza a/h3n2 and influenza b viruses recently circulating in germany was performed by molecular and antigenic analysis. seq ... | 2002 | 12458347 |
| serological evidence of transmission of human influenza a and b viruses to caspian seals (phoca caspica). | seroepidemiological surveillance of influenza in caspian seals (phoca caspica) was conducted. antibodies to influenza a virus were detected in 54% (7/13), 57% (4/7), 40% (6/15) and 26% (11/42) of the serum samples collected in 1993, 1997, 1998 and 2000 by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in an hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) test using h1-h15 reference influenza a viruses as antigens, more than half of the examined elisa-positive sera reacted with an h3n2 prototype strain a/aichi/2/68 ... | 2002 | 12437032 |
| mechanism by which mutations at his274 alter sensitivity of influenza a virus n1 neuraminidase to oseltamivir carboxylate and zanamivir. | oseltamivir carboxylate is a potent and specific inhibitor of influenza neuraminidase (na). an influenza a/h1n1 variant selected in vitro with reduced susceptibility to oseltamivir carboxylate contains a his274tyr mutation. to understand the mechanism by which a his274tyr mutation gives rise to drug resistance, we studied a series of na variant proteins containing various substitutions at position 274. replacement of his274 with larger side chain residues (tyr or phe) reduced the na sensitivity ... | 2002 | 12435681 |
| surveillance for influenza--united states, 1997-98, 1998-99, and 1999-00 seasons. | in the united states, influenza epidemics occur nearly every winter and are responsible for substantial morbidity and mortality, including an average of approximately 114,000 hospitalizations and 20,000 deaths/year. | 2002 | 12418623 |
| recombinant adenovirus encoding the ha gene from swine h3n2 influenza virus partially protects mice from challenge with heterologous virus: a/hk/1/68 (h3n2). | immunization with recombinant adenoviral vaccine that induces potent immunity has been applied to many infectious diseases. we report here developing a recombinant adenoviral vaccine encoding the ha gene from swine h3n2 influenza virus (siv). two replication-defective recombinant adenoviruses were generated: (1) rad-ha: recombinant adenovirus encoding the ha gene from swine h3n2 influenza virus, and (2) rad-vector: a control recombinant adenovirus containing adenovirus and transfer plasmids with ... | 2002 | 12417948 |
| antibody epitopes on the neuraminidase of a recent h3n2 influenza virus (a/memphis/31/98). | we have characterized monoclonal antibodies raised against the neuraminidase (na) of a sydney-like influenza virus (a/memphis/31/98, h3n2) in a reassortant virus a/nws/33(ha)-a/mem/31/98(na) (h1n2) and nine escape mutants selected by these monoclonal antibodies. five of the antibodies use the same heavy chain vdj genes and may not be independent. another antibody, mem5, uses the same v(h) and j genes with a different d gene and different isotype. sequence changes in escape mutants selected by th ... | 2002 | 12414967 |
| intercontinental circulation of human influenza a(h1n2) reassortant viruses during the 2001-2002 influenza season. | reassortant influenza a viruses bearing the h1 subtype of hemagglutinin (ha) and the n2 subtype of neuraminidase (na) were isolated from humans in the united states, canada, singapore, malaysia, india, oman, egypt, and several countries in europe during the 2001-2002 influenza season. the has of these h1n2 viruses were similar to that of the a/new caledonia/20/99(h1n1) vaccine strain both antigenically and genetically, and the nas were antigenically and genetically related to those of recent hum ... | 2002 | 12404167 |
| phylogenetic and antigenic analysis of influenza a(h3n2) viruses isolated from conscripts receiving influenza vaccine prior to the epidemic season of 1998/9. | roughly half (54%) of the 910 young conscripts at a garrison in finland were vaccinated with commercial influenza vaccines in autumn 1998. during the influenza outbreak in february 1999, 12 h3n2-subtype virus strains were isolated from vaccinated patients, and 11 such strains were isolated from unvaccinated patients. the isolates were related to the vaccine strain a/sydney/5/97 and could be classified into three subgroups based on sequence variation in the ha1 gene coding for the variable domain ... | 2002 | 12403110 |
| prevention of influenza pneumonitis by sialic acid-conjugated dendritic polymers. | influenza a viral infection begins by hemagglutinin glycoproteins on the viral envelope binding to cell membrane sialic acid (sa). free sa monomers cannot block hemagglutinin adhesion in vivo because of toxicity. polyvalent, generation 4 (g4) sa-conjugated polyamidoamine (pamam) dendrimer (g4-sa) was evaluated as a means of preventing adhesion of 3 influenza a subtypes (h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2). in hemagglutination-inhibition assays, g4-sa was found to inhibit all h3n2 and 3 of 5 h1n1 influenza sub ... | 2002 | 12402191 |
| disruption of services in an internal medicine unit due to a nosocomial influenza outbreak. | to describe a nosocomial influenza a outbreak, how it was managed, what impact it had on subsequent delivery of health care, and the additional charges attributable to it | 2002 | 12400893 |
| [the 2001/2002 influenza season and the vaccine composition for the 2002/2003 season]. | the epidemic in the influenza season 2001/2002 was of moderate activity just like in 2000/2001. the influenza epidemic started in week 2 of 2002 when the clinical influenza activity reported by the general practitioner network of the netherlands institute of primary health care (nivel) increased. this was caused by influenza a viruses of the h3n2 subtype in particular. all influenza a viruses of this subtype were closely related to the vaccine strain for this subtype, a/moscow/10/99. influenza b ... | 2002 | 12382372 |
| comparison of colorimetric, fluorometric, and visual methods for determining anti-influenza (h1n1 and h3n2) virus activities and toxicities of compounds. | methods have been developed previously for rapid evaluation of compounds for antiviral activity in 96-well microplates, which include visual quantitation of antiviral activity based upon inhibition of virus-induced cytopathic effect (cpe) or by less subjective colorimetric or fluorometric means. in the present studies we compared a number of colorimetric (crystal violet, mtt [3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide], and neutral red) and fluorometric (alamar blue, bisbenzimi ... | 2002 | 12367731 |
| a pilot study of seroprevalence of influenza virus type a in vellore, south india. | influenza virus type a is active in many regions of the world. however, information from many parts of india is sparse. hence we carried out a serological study on the prevalence of antibodies to influenza virus type a in vellore, south india. | 2002 | 12362555 |
| characterization of 2 influenza a(h3n2) clinical isolates with reduced susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors due to mutations in the hemagglutinin gene. | previous studies have shown that amino acid changes in the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of influenza viruses may result in decreased susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) in vitro. however, the emergence and characteristics of such ha variants in the clinical setting remain poorly studied. herein, we report 2 influenza a(h3n2) isolates, from untreated patients, harboring an arg229-->ile substitution in the ha1 gene. the ile229 variants were as sensitive as the arg229 viruses to zanamivir ... | 2002 | 12355356 |
| antibodies to selected viral and bacterial pathogens in european wild boars from southcentral spain. | serum samples from 78 european wild boars (sus scrofa) harvested during the 1999-2000 hunting season were tested for antibodies to brucella spp., classical swine fever virus, erysipelothrix rhusiopathiae, haemophilus parasuis, leptospira interrogans serovar pomona, mycoplasma hyopneumoniae, pseudorabies virus (prv), porcine parvovirus (ppv), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus, salmonella serogroups b, c, and d, streptococcus suis, and swine influenza virus (siv) serotypes h1n1 a ... | 2002 | 12238391 |
| mortality in dioxin-exposed mice infected with influenza: mitochondrial toxicity (reye's-like syndrome) versus enhanced inflammation as the mode of action. | increased mortality following influenza a infection was reported in b6c3f1 mice exposed to a low (0.01 micro g/kg) dose of dioxin. however, mortality was not associated with increased viral load and antibody titers to the virus were not decreased at doses of tcdd < or = 10 micro g/kg, suggesting that viral overgrowth, secondary to immunosuppression, was not the proximate cause of death. we tested the hypothesis that mitochondrial toxicity and dysfunction, similar to reye's syndrome (rs) in human ... | 2002 | 12215664 |
| annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2001. | surveillance of influenza in australia in 2001 was based on data from national and state-based sentinel practice consultations for influenza-like illness, laboratory isolations of influenza virus and absenteeism rates from a national employer. in 2001, laboratory-confirmed influenza became a notifiable disease and was reported to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system (nndss). influenza a was the dominant type, 81 per cent of which were subtype h1n1 and 19 per cent were subtype h3n ... | 2002 | 12206371 |
| emergence of influenza a h1n2 reassortant viruses in the human population during 2001. | influenza a h1n2 viruses, which emerged during 2001, are genetic reassortants between h1n1 and h3n2 subtype viruses which have cocirculated in the human population since 1977. they possess a h1 hemagglutinin antigenically and genetically similar to contemporary a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like viruses and seven genes closely related to those of recent a/moscow/10/99 (h3n2)-like viruses. the viruses have spread to many regions of the world and have predominated over h1n1 viruses in several count ... | 2002 | 12202200 |