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a case of lymphomatoid gastropathy: a self-limited pseudomalignant natural killer (nk)-cell proliferative disease mimicking nk/t-cell lymphomas.natural killer (nk)/t-cell lymphomas exhibit aggressive tumor behavior and have a poor prognosis. recently, self-limited pseudomalignant nk-cell proliferative disorders of the stomach mimicking nk/t-cell lymphomas have been recognized. we report a rare case of lymphomatoid gastropathy in a 71-year-old female. the patient underwent esophagogastroduodenoscopy (egd) because of slight epigastric discomfort which revealed a 10-mm, reddish, flat elevation with erosion on the posterior wall of the lowe ...201326181731
primary esophageal extranasal nk/t cell lymphoma with biphasic morphology: a case report and literature review.we report a case of esophageal extranasal nk/t cell lymphoma with biphasic morphologic features revealed by a deep large piecemeal biopsy. a 40-year-old man present with pharyngalgia, dysphagia, recurrent fever, and 5-kg weight loss for 8 months. endoscopy demonstrated progressing longitudinal ulcers and mucosal bridges along the esophagus. the first and second biopsies obtained superficial mucosa with scattered bland-looking small lymphocytes. a subsequent large piecemeal snare abscission for b ...201526181557
acute childhood encephalitis at 2 tertiary care children's hospitals in israel: etiology and clinical characteristics.the clinical characteristics, pathogens, and outcome were analyzed to investigate the etiology of acute pediatric encephalitis in 2 tertiary pediatric medical centers in israel.201626181499
epstein-barr virus infection-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis.we report a case of 27-year-old female diagnosed with hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (hlh) following a recent epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection. a known case of relapsing remitting multiple sclerosis on corticosteroids for last 6 months presented to the critical care unit with fever, maculopapular rash and difficulty in breathing. a rapid and correct diagnosis with the precise treatment led to complete recovery of this patient. the hlh is a rare complication of primary ebv infection.201526180435
latent expression of the epstein-barr virus (ebv)-encoded major histocompatibility complex class i tap inhibitor, bnlf2a, in ebv-positive gastric carcinomas.the epstein-barr virus (ebv) bnlf2a gene product provides immune evasion properties to infected cells through inhibition of transporter associated with antigen processing (tap)-mediated transport of antigen peptides. although bnlf2a is considered to be a lytic gene, we demonstrate that it is expressed in nearly half of the ebv-associated gastric carcinomas analyzed. further, we show that bnlf2a expression is dissociated from lytic gene expression. bnlf2a is therefore expressed in this latency se ...201526178981
metachronous b-cell and t-cell post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders with features of chronic active epstein-barr virus infection. 201526178917
cutaneous intravascular nk/t-cell lymphoma mimic panniculitis clinically, case report and literature brief review.intravascular large cell lymphoma is a rare subtype of extranodal large cell lymphoma characterized by the presence of neoplastic cells within the lumina of small vessels. most cases of intravascular large cell lymphoma have a b-cell phenotype. to date, 12 cases of intravascular natural killer (nk/)/t-cell lymphoma (ivnkl) have been reported. our case is a 47-year-old female presented with erythematous patches and plaques on the lower extremities mimicking panniculitis clinically. a skin biopsy ...201526178620
galc gene is downregulated by promoter hypermethylation in epstein-barr virus-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma.the aim of the study was to investigate the tumor-suppressor effect of galc in epstein-barr virus (ebv)-associated nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) and determine whether galc was downregulated by promoter hypermethy-lation in the npc cell line, cne-2z. forty-one archival npc biopsy specimens were compared with 15 chronic nasopharyngitis specimens. ebv-encoded rna (eber) was verified by in situ hybridization and galc protein expression was analyzed by immunohistochemistry. promoter methylation in c ...201526178533
the prognostic significance of ebv dna load and eber status in diagnostic specimens from diffuse large b-cell lymphoma patients.epstein-barr virus (ebv)-encoded small rna in situ hybridization (eber-ish) is a widely accepted method to evaluate ebv involvement in diffuse large b-cell lymphoma (dlbcl), although little is known regarding associations between ebv dna load and the eber status and whether ebv dna load data provide additional clinical information. in this study, we quantified ebv dna load in diagnostic specimens from dlbcl patients diagnosed at our hospital to evaluate clinical implications of ebv dna load in d ...201726177728
soluble expression and purification of the functional interleukin-30 protein in escherichia coli.interleukin-30 (il-30), or il-27p28, is the α subunit of il-27 constructed by epstein-barr virus-induced gene 3 (ebi3) and il-27p28 binding via noncovalent bonds. il-30 can be independently secreted and function independently of il-27. recent studies demonstrated il-30 could concurrently antagonize t helper 1 (th1) and th17 responses and might have therapeutic implications for controlling autoimmune diseases. however, no reports have stated an efficient method to generate a relatively large quan ...201626176652
frequency of seropositivity against infectious agents amongst pemphigus vulgaris patients: a case-control study on strongyloides stercoralis, helicobacter pylori, toxoplasma gondii, leishmania major, and epstein-barr virus.environmental and genetic factors may contribute to the pathogenesis of pemphigus vulgaris (pv) as an autoimmune disease. we aimed to determine rates of seropositivity for immunoglobulin g (igg) antibodies against a number of infectious agents in untreated and treated pv patients and in healthy individuals.201526175264
epstein-barr virus-specific cd8(+) t lymphocytes from diffuse large b cell lymphoma patients are functionally impaired.epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a persistent virus with oncogenic capacity that has been implicated in the development of aggressive b cell lymphomas, primarily in immunosuppressed individuals, although it can be present in immunocompetent individuals. changes in the function and clonal diversity of t lymphocytes might be implied by viral persistence and lymphoma development. the aim of the present study was to evaluate the frequency, phenotype, function and clonotypical distribution of ebv-specific ...201526174440
isolation, production and characterization of fully human monoclonal antibodies directed to plasmodium falciparum msp10.semi-immunity against the malaria parasite is defined by a protection against clinical episodes of malaria and is partially mediated by a repertoire of inhibitory antibodies directed against the blood stage of plasmodium falciparum, in particular against surface proteins of merozoites, the invasive form of the parasite. such antibodies may be used for preventive or therapeutic treatment of p. falciparum malaria. here, the isolation and characterization of novel human monoclonal antibodies (humab ...201526174014
immune and epstein-barr virus gene expression in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with relapsing-remitting multiple sclerosis.gene expression analyses in paired cerebrospinal fluid (csf) and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from patients with multiple sclerosis (ms) are restrained by the low rna amounts from csf cells and low expression levels of certain genes. here, we applied a taqman-based pre-amplification real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) (preamp rt-pcr) to cdna from csf cells and pbmc of ms patients and analyzed multiple genes related to immune system function and genes e ...201526169064
extranodal nk/t cell lymphoma and aggressive nk cell leukaemia: evidence for their origin on cd56+bright cd16-/+dim nk cells.mature natural killer (nk) cell neoplasms are classified by the world health organization into extranodal nk/t cell lymphoma, nasal type (enktl) and aggressive nk cell leukaemia (ankl). in order to propose their normal nk cell counterparts, we reviewed the literature on the phenotype of the neoplastic nk cells from five series of patients with enktl (n = 411) and seven series of patients with ankl (n = 114) and compared with that of the normal and activated mature cd56 nk cell subsets. the tumou ...201526166665
ultrasonographic gallbladder abnormality of primary epstein-barr virus infection in children and its influence on clinical outcome.the incidence of pediatric acute inflammatory gallbladder (gb) disease without gallstone such as acute acalculous cholecystitis has increased with the development of improved diagnostic modalities. although epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection is common in general population, only few cases of gb diseases caused by ebv infection have been reported. this study analyzed ultrasonographic characteristics of primary ebv infection in children and evaluated the influence of ebv-associated gb disease on c ...201526166109
inclusion bodies of recombinant epstein-barr virus capsid antigen p18 as potential immobilized antigens in enzyme immunoassays for detection of nasopharyngeal carcinoma.development of indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) often utilizes synthetic peptides or recombinant proteins from escherichia coli as immobilized antigens. because inclusion bodies (ibs) formed during recombinant protein expression in e. coli are commonly thought as misfolded aggregates, only refolded proteins from ibs are used to develop new or in-house diagnostic assays. however, the promising utilities of ibs as nanomaterials and immobilized enzymes as shown in recent studies ...201526164385
evaluation of risk factors for nasopharyngeal carcinoma in a high-risk area of india, the northeastern region.northeastern india is a major nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) high risk-area although the rest of the country has very low incidence. a case-control study of 105 npc cases and 115 controls was conducted to identify the potential risk factors for npc development in this region. information was collected by interviewer about socio-demographic characteristics, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, dietary history, occupational history, and a family history of cancer. epstein-barr viral load was as ...201526163617
antigen-specific t cell therapies for cancer.adoptively transferred antigen-specific t cells that recognize tumor antigens through their native receptors have many potential benefits as treatment for virus-associated diseases and malignancies, due to their ability to selectively recognize tumor antigens, expand and persist to provide long-term protection. infusions of t cells targeting epstein-barr virus (ebv) antigens have shown encouraging response rates in patients with post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease as well as ebv-positive ...201526160910
[association between multiple sclerosis or neuromyelitis optica and epstein-barr virus].accumulated evidence shows an association between epstein-barr viral (ebv) infection and multiple sclerosis (ms). in particular, ebv infections before the onset of ms, particularly in childhood, is associated with the pathogenesis of ms. meanwhile, the association between neuromyelitis optica (nmo) and infectious agents has been reported, but is currently unclear. recently we studied the association between nmo and ebv and compared between ms and ebv. the results showed that ms is associated wit ...201526160816
epstein-barr virus-positive t-cell-associated colitis mimicking inflammatory bowel disease: clinicopathological study of two cases. 201626156622
th22 cells increase in poor prognosis multiple myeloma and promote tumor cell growth and survival.there is increased production of plasmacytoid dendritic cells (pdcs) in the bone marrow (bm) of multiple myeloma (mm) patients and these favor th22 cell differentiation. here, we found that the frequency of interleukin (il)-22(+)il-17(-)il-13(+) t cells is significantly increased in peripheral blood (pb) and bm of stage iii and relapsed/refractory mm patients compared with healthy donors and patients with asymptomatic or stage i/ii disease. th22 cells cloned from the bm of mm patients were ccr6( ...201526155400
successful treatment of epstein-barr virus-related post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease with central nervous system involvement following allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplantation - a case study.post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease (ptld) is a rare but severe form of epstein-barr virus (ebv)-driven complication that develops in patients after haematopoietic stem cell transplantation. in rare cases it manifests as primary central nervous system (cns) involvement, which is thought to be the most unfavourable localisation with respect to outcome. disease confined to the cns is much more challenging than systemic ptld, and one of the contributing factors is the limited drug penetrati ...201526155195
targeting ctcf to control virus gene expression: a common theme amongst diverse dna viruses.all viruses target host cell factors for successful life cycle completion. transcriptional control of dna viruses by host cell factors is important in the temporal and spatial regulation of virus gene expression. many of these factors are recruited to enhance virus gene expression and thereby increase virus production, but host cell factors can also restrict virus gene expression and productivity of infection. ccctc binding factor (ctcf) is a host cell dna binding protein important for the regul ...201526154016
epstein-barr virus proteins ebna3a and ebna3c together induce expression of the oncogenic microrna cluster mir-221/mir-222 and ablate expression of its target p57kip2.we show that two host-encoded primary rnas (pri-mirs) and the corresponding microrna (mir) clusters--widely reported to have cell transformation-associated activity--are regulated by ebna3a and ebna3c. utilising a variety of ebv-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines (lcls) carrying knockout-, revertant- or conditional-ebv recombinants, it was possible to demonstrate unambiguously that ebna3a and ebna3c are both required for transactivation of the oncogenic mir-221/mir-222 cluster that is express ...201526153983
p-glycoprotein is expressed and causes resistance to chemotherapy in ebv-positive t-cell lymphoproliferative diseases.epstein-barr virus-positive t-cell lymphoproliferative diseases (ebv-t-lpds) are rare lymphomas with poor prognosis. although chemotherapeutic strategies such as chop have been often selected, they have exhibited only limited efficacy. to clarify the mechanism of chemoresistance, we examined p-glycoprotein (p-gp) expression. p-gp acts as an energy-dependent efflux pump that excretes drugs from the cytoplasm, resulting in low-intracellular drug concentrations and poor sensitivity to chemotherapy. ...201526153782
epstein-barr virus in the enlarged salivary tissues of patients with igg4-related disease.immunoglobulin g4-related disease (igg4-rd) is a recently recognized disease entity characterized by high-serum igg4 concentration and igg4-producing plasma cell production with fibrotic or sclerotic changes in affected organs. we aimed to clarify the roles of epstein-barr virus (ebv) in patients with igg4-rds.201526152762
the role of viral co-infection in hiv-associated non-aids-related cancers.hiv-infected individuals are at increased risk for most types of cancer, including those typically classified as non-aids-defining cancers (nadcs). this increased risk is likely multifactorial, but a prominent risk factor for the increased rate of some cancers is co-infection with oncogenic viruses. anal cancer, hepatocellular carcinoma, and hodgkin lymphoma are three of the most common nadcs, and they are associated with co-infection with human papillomavirus, hepatitis b and c, and epstein bar ...201526152660
nasopharyngeal epstein-barr virus load: an efficient supplementary method for population-based nasopharyngeal carcinoma screening.serological detection of epstein-barr virus (ebv) antibodies is frequently used in nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) mass screening. however, the large number of seropositive subjects who require close follow-up is still a big burden. the present study aimed to detect the nasopharyngeal ebv load in a high-risk population seropositive for antibodies against ebv, as well as to examine whether assay for nasopharyngeal ebv dna load might reduce the number of high-risk subjects for follow-up and improve ...201526151639
cytomegalovirus and other common enteric viruses are not commonly associated with nec.changes in gut microbiota may contribute to nec, but most studies focus on bacteria. case reports suggest a link between cytomegalovirus (cmv) or other enteric viruses and nec, but there are few case series systematically looking at common potential viral causes. we aimed to assess the presence of candidate viruses in blood or stool of a case series of infants with nec managed in one surgical centre.201626148222
chronic active epstein-barr virus infection with cutaneous and sinus lymphoproliferation in a white female patient with 25 years' follow-up: an original case report.chronic active epstein-barr virus infection (caebv) is characterized by chronic infectious mononucleosis-like symptoms associated with very high viral load, as assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. we present an unusual case in a french woman who was followed up over 25 years with cutaneous and sinus lymphoproliferation. this white woman presented with a long history of recurrent cutaneous necrotic papules of the skin, which started during childhood and healed spontaneously with de ...201526148205
implication of leptin-signaling proteins and epstein-barr virus in gastric carcinomas.we investigated the clinicopathological implications of leptin-signaling proteins and epstein-barr virus (ebv)-infection status in gastric carcinomas. immunohistochemistry for leptin signalling-related proteins (leptin, leptin-receptor, pstat3, erk, pakt, mtor and hif-1 alpha), and in situ hybridization for ebv-encoded small rnas was performed in 343 cases of gastric carcinomas. the sirna against leptin-receptor was transfected into three stomach cancer cell lines, and western blot for caspase 3 ...201526147886
post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders with naso- and oropharyngeal manifestation.the nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal lymphatic tissues represent the anatomical site of epstein-barr virus (ebv) entry. post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorders (ptld) are often associated with ebv, but little is known about the characteristics of nasopharyngeal/oropharyngeal mass-forming ptld. retrospective evaluation of our own ptld database (n = 79) and the pubmed(®) database (n = 61) has been performed. sinonasal/oro-/nasopharyngeal lymphatic masses were early lesions (n = 54/140, 38.5%), p ...201526147593
epstein-barr virus modulates host cell microrna-194 to promote il-10 production and b lymphoma cell survival.epstein-barr virus (ebv) is a γ-herpesvirus that is linked to the development of posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorder (ptld) in solid organ recipients. we previously demonstrated that ebv(+) b cell lymphoma cell lines isolated from patients with ptld produce human il-10 as an autocrine growth factor. however, little is known regarding il-10 regulation in b cells. here we show that ebv infection markedly alters the expression of host b cell microrna, a class of small noncoding rna that is ...201526147452
granulomatous lymphoproliferative disorders: granulomatous slack skin and lymphomatoid granulomatosis.granulomatous cutaneous t-cell lymphomas (ctcl) and lymphomatoid granulomatosis are considered granulomatous lymphoproliferative disorders. the most common types of granulomatous ctcl are granulomatous mycosis fungoides and granulomatous slack skin. lymphomatoid granulomatosis is a rare epstein-barr virus driven lymphoproliferative disorder. this article reviews the etiopathogenesis, clinical presentation, systemic associations, and management of both granulomatous slack skin syndrome and lympho ...201526143428
the aliens inside human dna: herv-w/msrv/syncytin-1 endogenous retroviruses and neurodegeneration.the human genome contains remnants of ancestral retroviruses now endogenously transmitted, called human endogenous retroviruses (hervs). hervs can be variably expressed, and both beneficial and detrimental effects have described. this review focuses on the msrv and syncytin-1 herv-w elements in relationship to neurodegeneration in view of their neuro-pathogenic and immune-pathogenic properties. multiple sclerosis (ms) and a neurodegenerative disease (neuroaids) are reported in this review. in vi ...201526142666
cytomegalovirus- and epstein-barr virus-induced t-cell expansions in young children do not impair naive t-cell populations or vaccination responses: the generation r study.cytomegalovirus (cmv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv) induce effector memory t-cell expansions, which are variable and potentially depend on the age at primary exposure and coinfections. we evaluated the t-cell compartment and herpesvirus infections in 6-year-old children.201626142434
aggressive natural killer-cell neoplasm presenting in the marrow: a report of two cases including one with gains of chromosomes 4q and 9p.aggressive nature killer (nk)-cell neoplasm includes aggressive nk-cell leukemia (ankl) and extranodal nk/t-cell lymphoma (enktl), nasal type. ankl is rare and is characterized by a systemic neoplastic proliferation of nk-cells, usually with a leukemic presentation. enktl is a predominantly extranodal lymphoma, occurring mainly in the upper aerodigestive tract. both are aggressive neoplasms strongly associated with epstein-barr virus (ebv). here we report two patients with aggressive nk-cells ne ...201526141723
epstein-barr virus-induced gene 3-deficiency leads to impaired antitumor t-cell responses and accelerated tumor growth.epstein-barr virus-induced gene 3 (ebi3) encoded protein can form heterodimers with il-27p28, and il-12p35 to form il-27, and il-35. however, il-27 stimulates, whereas il-35 inhibits antitumor t-cell responses. il-27 also limits the foxp3(+) regulatory t cell (treg) population, whereas il-35 has been shown to expand tregs and foster treg suppressive functions. it remains unclear which group of forces are dominant during antitumor t-cell responses. in this study, we evaluated the tumor growth and ...201526140252
case of plasmablastic lymphoma of the sigmoid colon and literature review.plasmablastic lymphoma (pbl) is a rare form of non-hodgkin's lymphoma that is associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. although pbl is most commonly observed in the oral cavity of hiv-positive patients, it can also be observed at extra-oral sites in hiv-negative patients. this report represents an unusual case of hiv-negative pbl that occurred in the sigmoid colon. this patient had a history of systemic lupus erythematosus and an underlying immunosuppressive state from long ...201526140010
an adolescent with hereditary spherocytosis who presented with splenic infarction.a 16-year-old male patient with known hereditary spherocytosis presented with a 4-day history of chest pain and lethargy. on admission, he had a low-grade fever and was grossly anaemic; examination revealed splenomegaly. an ultrasound scan confirmed splenomegaly with areas of splenic infarction. subsequent tests suggested possible epstein-barr virus infection. the patient recovered well and had a functional spleen on discharge. this case report presents an unusual complication of isolated heredi ...201526139647
macroautophagy proteins assist epstein barr virus production and get incorporated into the virus particles.epstein barr virus (ebv) persists as a latent herpes virus infection in the majority of the adult human population. the virus can reactivate from this latent infection into lytic replication for virus particle production. here, we report that autophagic membranes, which engulf cytoplasmic constituents during macroautophagy and transport them to lysosomal degradation, are stabilized by lytic ebv replication in infected epithelial and b cells. inhibition of autophagic membrane formation compromise ...201426137519
epstein-barr virus-encoded microrna bart1 induces tumour metastasis by regulating pten-dependent pathways in nasopharyngeal carcinoma.epstein-barr virus (ebv), aetiologically linked to nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc), is the first human virus found to encode many mirnas. however, how these viral mirnas precisely regulate the tumour metastasis in npc remains obscure. here we report that ebv-mir-bart1 is highly expressed in npc and closely associated with pathological and advanced clinical stages of npc. alteration of ebv-mir-bart1 expression results in an increase in migration and invasion of npc cells in vitro and causes tumour ...201526135619
anti-tumour-promoting and thermal-induced protein denaturation inhibitory activities of β-sitosterol and lupeol isolated from diospyros lotus l.in this study, the anti-tumour-promoting and thermal-induced protein denaturation inhibitory activities of β-sitosterol (1) and lupeol (2), isolated from diospyros lotus l., were explored. compound 1 showed a marked concentration-dependent inhibition against 12-o-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (20 ng/32 pmol)-induced epstein-barr virus early antigen activation in raji cells with ic50 of 270 μg/ml, without significant toxicity (70% viability). compound 2 showed significant anti-tumour-promoting ...201626134930
[treatment outcomes and prognostic analysis of 61 epstein-barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis].to investigate the outcomes, survival status, and the prognostic factors of epstein-barr virus-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis (ebv-hlh) patients.201526134018
generation of recombinant human igg monoclonal antibodies from immortalized sorted b cells.finding new methods for generating human monoclonal antibodies is an active research field that is important for both basic and applied sciences, including the development of immunotherapeutics. however, the techniques to identify and produce such antibodies tend to be arduous and sometimes the heavy and light chain pair of the antibodies are dissociated. here, we describe a relatively simple, straightforward protocol to produce human recombinant monoclonal antibodies from human peripheral blood ...201526132628
lymphoma-like syndrome: 4 case reports about atypical presentation of primary cytomegalovirus infection in immunocompetent children.in immunocompetent persons, primary cytomegalovirus (cmv) infection is self-limited infection. lymphoma-like syndromes have been sometimes described in adults but have not been described for children.lymphoma-like syndromes (protracted fever, alteration of the general status, and clinical lymphoproliferative syndrome) were retrospectively recorded in children attending our hospital from 1999 to 2008 for primary cmv infection. patients with immunodeficiency, coinfection (epstein-barr virus, toxop ...201526131836
erratum: epstein-barr virus vaccines.[this corrects the article doi: 10.1038/cti.2014.27.].201526131364
the expression of ebv-encoded lmp1 in young patients with lupus nephritis.one of the major disease manifestations of systemic lupus erythematosus (sle) is lupus nephritis (ln), and the underlying mechanisms are not yet understood. epstein-barr virus (ebv) reactivation was associated with the induction of sle, with ebv-encoded latent membrane protein1 (lmp1) plays a vital role in this process. although it was reported that ln was associated with lmp1, most of these results are from patients with ages differed greatly (range, 10-56 years). given the increased prevalence ...201526131206
anaplastic large-cell lymphoma in aids.aids-related malignancies may alter clinical courses and result in death in critically ill patients. we present a case of a newly diagnosed aids patient with pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia, epstein-barr virus, and cytomegalovirus infections who was found to have widely metastatic kinase-negative anaplastic large-cell lymphoma. this case demonstrates the diversity in the malignant presentation of hiv-infected patients, outside of the more commonly observed non-hodgkin lymphomas.201526130896
development of a time-resolved fluorescence immunoassay for epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 1-immunoglobulin a in human serum.enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisas) specific for epstein-barr virus nuclear antigen 1 (ebna1)-immunoglobulin a (iga) are most commonly used in the clinical diagnosis of ebv infection. but they have a low sensitivity and the enzyme-labeled antibodies are unstable. in this study, a novel immunoassay based on an indirect time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (trfia) was developed. microtiter plates were coated with recombinant ebna1. we used eu(3) (+)-labeled anti-human iga as probe. the precision ...201526129643
integrated mirna-mrna analysis of epstein-barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma.this study aims to identify the crucial mirnas in epstein-barr virus-positive nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) and their target genes. gene expression profile data (gse12452) that included 31 npc and 10 normal nasopharyngeal tissue specimens were downloaded. differentially expressed genes (degs) were identified using significance analysis of microarrays. the underlying function of degs was predicted via gene ontology and kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes pathway enrichment analyses. the mirn ...201526125802
allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation in children with aplastic anemia.the aim of this study was to prospectively investigate the efficacy and safety of fully matched allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplants in children with severe aplastic anemia in china. a total of twenty patients with severe aplastic anemia were enrolled in our study. thirteen cases underwent transplantation with fully human leukocyte antigen (hla)-matched, granulocyte-colony stimulating factor (g-csf)-primed bone marrow and peripheral blood stem cells (pbscs) from matching sibling donors ...201526125718
toll-like receptor 3 expression and function in childhood idiopathic nephrotic syndrome.the efficacy of steroids and immunosuppressive treatments in idiopathic nephrotic syndrome (ins) hints at the implication of immune cells in the pathophysiology of the disease. toll-like receptor (tlr) dysfunctions are involved in many kidney diseases of immune origin, but remain little described in ins. we investigated the expression and function of tlrs in peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) of ins children, including 28 in relapse, 23 in remission and 40 controls. no child had any sign ...201526123900
a herpesvirus specific motif of epstein-barr virus dna polymerase is required for the efficient lytic genome synthesis.epstein-barr virus (ebv) is associated with several malignancies, including burkitt lymphoma and nasopharyngeal carcinoma. to overcome such disorders, understanding the molecular mechanisms of the ebv replication is important. the ebv dna polymerase (pol) is one of the essential factors for viral lytic dna replication. although it is well known that its c-terminal half, possessing dna polymerase and 3'-5' exonuclease activity, is highly conserved among family b pols, the nh2-terminal half has ye ...201526123572
a slow progressor hiv-infected boy developing quadriplegia with evidence of epstein-barr virus associated smooth muscle tumour of the cervical spinal cord.the authors report a case of slowly progressive hiv in an 11-year-old boy whose initial presenting aids-defining symptom was progressive quadriplegia with complete cord compression and pathological confirmation of epstein-barr virus associated smooth muscle tumour. despite tumour removal, quadriplegia persisted as did ventilator dependence.201526123466
are epstein-barr virus-positive and -negative gastric carcinomas, with lymphoid stroma, single entity or different entities? 201526122759
therapeutic antiviral t cells noncytopathically clear persistently infected microglia after conversion into antigen-presenting cells.several viruses can infect the mammalian nervous system and induce neurological dysfunction. adoptive immunotherapy is an approach that involves administration of antiviral t cells and has shown promise in clinical studies for the treatment of peripheral virus infections in humans such as cytomegalovirus (cmv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), and adenovirus, among others. in contrast, clearance of neurotropic infections is particularly challenging because the central nervous system (cns) is relatively ...201526122661
the at-hook dna binding ability of the epstein barr virus ebna1 protein is necessary for the maintenance of viral genomes in latently infected cells.epstein barr virus (ebv) is a human tumor virus that is causally linked to malignancies such as burkitt׳s lymphoma, and gastric and nasopharyngeal carcinomas. tethering of ebv genomes to cellular chromosomes is required for the synthesis and persistence of viral plasmids in tumor cells. however, it is not established how ebv genomes are tethered to cellular chromosomes. we test the hypothesis that the viral protein ebna1 tethers ebv genomes to chromosomes specifically through its n-terminal at-h ...201526122471
does ebv alter the pathogenesis of malaria?plasmodium falciparum infections have been implicated in immune deficiencies resulting in ineffective control of epstein-barr virus, thereby increasing the risk of endemic burkitt lymphoma in children. however, the impact of epstein-barr virus infections on the development of immunity to p. falciparum has not been studied in depth. in this review, we examine novel findings from animal co-infection models and human immuno-epidemiologic studies to speculate on the impact of acute gammaherpesvirus ...201526121587
proteomics and transcriptomics of bjab cells expressing the epstein-barr virus noncoding rnas eber1 and eber2.in epstein-barr virus (ebv) latent infection, the ebv-encoded rnas eber1 and eber2 accumulate in the host cell nucleus to ~10(6) copies. while the expression of ebers in cell lines is associated with transformation, a mechanistic explanation of their roles in ebv latency remains elusive. to identify eber-specific gene expression features, we compared the proteome and mrna transcriptome from bjab cells (an ebv-negative b lymphoma cell line) stably transfected with an empty plasmid or with one car ...201526121143
extranodal nk/t-cell lymphoma mimicking erythema multiforme.extranodal natural killer/t-cell lymphoma (enktl) is an extremely rare and an aggressive lymphoma. we report an interesting case of extranodal natural killer/t-cell lymphoma in a middle-aged woman which mimicked erythema multiforme. the skin lesions of this case looked like erythema multiforme due to the tagetoid lesions and mucosal erosions. the two biopsies from her chest and scalp lesions were different. one exhibited the characteristics of cd4+ cd56+ cd8-mycosis fungoides whereas the other b ...201726120182
evaluation of the association between epstein-barr virus and mycosis fungoides.mycosis fungoides (mf) is the most common cutaneous t-cell lymphomas. despite extensive studies, etiopathogenesis of mf is unknown. environmental, infectious and genetic factors have been proposed as potential risk factors of mf. herpes virus family members, especially epstein-barr virus (ebv), have been among the viral factors of interest in recent years. the aim of this study was to investigate the possible association of ebv infection with mf.201726120176
[expression and clinical pathological significance of eber, pten and vegf in angioimmunoblastic t-cell lymphoma].to investigate the expression and clinical pathological significance of eb virus (epstein-barr virus, ebv), pten and vegf in angioimmunoblastic t -cell lymphoma (aitl).201526117013
in silico discovery and modeling of non-coding rna structure in viruses.this review covers several computational methods for discovering structured non-coding rnas in viruses and modeling their putative secondary structures. here we will use examples from two target viruses to highlight these approaches: influenza a virus-a relatively small, segmented rna virus; and epstein-barr virus-a relatively large dna virus with a complex transcriptome. each system has unique challenges to overcome and unique characteristics to exploit. from these particular cases, generically ...201526116541
the presence of epstein-barr virus significantly impacts the transcriptional profile in immunodeficiency-associated burkitt lymphoma.burkitt lymphoma (bl) is an aggressive neoplasm derived from mature, antigen-experienced b-lymphocytes. three clinical/epidemiological variants have been recognized, named sporadic, endemic and immunodeficiency-associated bl (id-bl). although they are listed within a unique entity in the current who classification, recent evidence indicated genetic and transcriptional differences among the three sub-groups. further, the presence of latently persisting epstein-barr virus (ebv) has been associated ...201526113842
l-asparaginase monotherapy for ebv-positive t/nk lymphoproliferative diseases: a pilot study.we investigated the effects of l-asparaginase (l-asp) on epstein-barr virus (ebv)-positive t/nk lymphoproliferative diseases (ebv-t/ nk-lpds). seven doses of l-asp (6,000 u/m2) were administered intravenously, with one dose administered on every alternate day. five consecutive patients were enrolled. three patients completed the treatment. the clinical symptoms resolved in 1 patient who started the administration 8 months after the onset, being the earliest among the 5 patients. her ebv-dna leve ...201526111530
positive expression of programmed death ligand-1 correlates with superior outcomes and might be a therapeutic target in primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma.primary pulmonary lymphoepithelioma-like carcinoma (lelc) is a rare subtype of non-small cell lung cancer (nsclc), and no effective treatments have been defined for advanced disease. programmed cell death-ligand 1 (pd-l1) is expressed in a group of cancers that may be suitable targets for specific immunotherapy.201526109869
impaired epstein-barr virus-specific neutralizing antibody response during acute infectious mononucleosis is coincident with global b-cell dysfunction.here we present evidence for previously unappreciated b-cell immune dysregulation during acute epstein-barr virus (ebv)-associated infectious mononucleosis (im). longitudinal analyses revealed that patients with acute im have undetectable ebv-specific neutralizing antibodies and gp350-specific b-cell responses, which were associated with a significant reduction in memory b cells and no evidence of circulating antibody-secreting cells. these observations correlate with dysregulation of tumor necr ...201526109734
detection of epstein-barr virus in inflammatory pseudotumour of the spleen: a case report.various types of benign and malignant splenic tumours including hemangiomas, lymphagiomas, hamartomas, hemangiosarcomas, malignant lymphomas and metastatic carcinomas share radiological characteristics making it impossible for a physician to determine the definite aetiology of splenic masses noninvasively without histopathological evaluation. it is important that physicians recognize the importance of a careful and continuous follow-up since inflammatory pseudotumours (ipt) are considered to be ...201626109554
lta + 252a > g polymorphism is associated with risk of nasal nk/t-cell lymphoma in a chinese population: a case-control study.nasal nk/t-cell lymphoma is a rare type of lymphoma in caucasian individuals, but is relatively common in asian populations. genetic variants in immune and inflammatory response genes may thus be associated with the risk of developing lymphoma. here, we investigated the association between immuno-modulatory gene polymorphisms and risk for nasal nk/t-cell lymphoma in a chinese population.201526108796
proteomic analysis of a nasopharyngeal carcinoma cell line and a nasopharyngeal epithelial cell line.nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) is an epithelial malignancy exhibiting a strong geographic preference and a close association with epstein-barr virus (ebv). the aim of this study was to investigate the precise mechanism of nasopharyngeal epithelial-to-npc tumorigenesis and to identify possible biomarkers and targets for therapy.201526108243
recombinant murine gamma herpesvirus 68 carrying kshv g protein-coupled receptor induces angiogenic lesions in mice.human gamma herpesviruses, including kaposi's sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (kshv) and epstein-barr virus (ebv), are capable of inducing tumors, particularly in in immune-compromised individuals. due to the stringent host tropism, rodents are resistant to infection by human gamma herpesviruses, creating a significant barrier for the in vivo study of viral genes that contribute to tumorigenesis. the closely-related murine gamma herpesvirus 68 (γhv68) efficiently infects laboratory mouse strains ...201526107716
humanized mice for studying human immune responses and generating human monoclonal antibodies.the new-generation humanized (hu) mouse models permit multilineage human hematopoiesis and generate t cells, b cells, macrophages, and dendritic cells required for a coordinated human immune response. therefore, any desired antigen or human-specific pathogens that can infect humanized mice can be used to generate human antibody responses. two leading humanized mouse models are currently being used. the hu-hsc model uses the transplantation of human hematopoietic stem cells (hscs), whereas the bl ...201426105817
efficient methods to isolate human monoclonal antibodies from memory b cells and plasma cells.in this article, we highlight the advantages of isolating human monoclonal antibodies from the human memory b cells and plasma cell repertoires by using high-throughput cellular screens. memory b cells are immortalized with high efficiency using epstein-barr virus (ebv) in the presence of a toll-like receptor (tlr) agonist, while plasma cells are maintained in single-cell cultures by using interleukin 6 (il-6) or stromal cells. in both cases, multiple parallel assays, including functional assays ...201426104354
age cutoff for epstein-barr virus-positive diffuse large b-cell lymphoma--is it necessary?epstein-barr virus-positive diffuse large b-cell lymphoma of the elderly (ebv+ dlbcl-e) is a molecularly distinct variant of dlbcl, characterized by a monoclonal b-cell proliferation that occurs in patients >50 years of age without a history or clinicopathologic evidence of immunodeficiency. however, patients with ebv+ dlbcl younger than 50-years-old also exist in western countries. we evaluated the clinicopathologic, immunophenotypic and genetic features in cacausian patients with ebv+ dlbcl wh ...201526101854
epstein-barr virus specific antibody response in multiple sclerosis patients during 21 months of natalizumab treatment.multiple sclerosis (ms) is a chronic inflammatory autoimmune disease of the central nervous system. natalizumab, a humanized anti-α4 integrin monoclonal antibody, is a highly effective treatment approved for ms. an association between ms and an exposure to epstein-barr virus (ebv) sustained by the levels of antiviral capsid antigen (vca) and anti-epstein-barr nuclear antigen-1 (ebna-1) igg has been described. our goal was to verify the utility of ebv-specific igg as a marker in natalizumab treat ...201526101453
activation of the fgfr1 signalling pathway by the epstein-barr virus-encoded lmp1 promotes aerobic glycolysis and transformation of human nasopharyngeal epithelial cells.non-keratinizing nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) is closely associated with epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection. the ebv-encoded latent membrane protein 1 (lmp1) is believed to play an important role in npc pathogenesis by virtue of its ability to activate multiple cell signalling pathways which collectively promote cell proliferation, transformation, angiogenesis, and invasiveness, as well as modulation of energy metabolism. in this study, we report that lmp1 increases cellular uptake of glucose ...201526096068
validation and calibration of next-generation sequencing to identify epstein-barr virus-positive gastric cancer in the cancer genome atlas.the epstein-barr virus (ebv)-positive subtype of gastric adenocarcinoma is conventionally identified by in situ hybridization (ish) for viral nucleic acids, but next-generation sequencing represents a potential alternative. we therefore determined normalized ebv read counts by whole-genome, whole-exome, mrna and mirna sequencing for 295 fresh-frozen gastric tumor samples. formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue sections were retrieved for ish confirmation of 13 high-ebv and 11 low-ebv cases. in ...201626095338
circulating human papillomavirus dna as a marker for disease extent and recurrence among patients with oropharyngeal cancer.circulating epstein-barr virus dna is a predictor of disease recurrence in patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma. circulating human papillomavirus (hpv) dna has been detected in the sera of some patients with hpv-positive squamous cell carcinoma of the oropharynx (opc). the goal of the current study was to determine whether pretreatment serum hpv dna is a useful biomarker for disease recurrence in patients with hpv-positive opc.201526094818
animal herpesviruses and their zoonotic potential for cross-species infection.herpesviruses of humans and animals cause severe diseases that influence not only the health and epidemiological status but are also economically important in the context of food production. the members of herpesviridae are host specific agents that also share many properties that potentially make them capable of crossing the species barriers. the objective of presented review paper was to summarize the relationship between herpesviruses of animals and humans and their zoonotic potential. in hum ...201526094506
post-transplantation malignancy after kidney transplantation in turkey.kidney transplantation is the best treatment option for end-stage renal disease patients. increased incidence of post-transplantation malignancy can be caused by immunosuppressive drugs and some oncogenic infections. the aim of this study is to show the incidence of post-transplantation malignancy in patients who had surgery and were followed up in the organ transplant center, medical park antalya, antalya, turkey.201526093732
role of mirna in cancer diagnosis, prognosis, therapy and regulation of its expression by epstein-barr virus and human papillomaviruses: with special reference to oral cancer.micrornas (mirnas) belong to class of small non-coding rnas that regulate numerous biological processes by targeting broad set of messenger rnas. research on mirna-based biomarkers has witnessed phenomenal growth, owing to non-invasive nature of mirna based screening assays and their sensitivity and specificity in detecting cancers. their discovery in humans in 2000 has led to an explosion in research in terms of their role as biomarker, therapeutic target and trying to elucidate their function. ...201526093389
seroprevalence of epstein-barr virus, cytomegalovirus, and polyomaviruses in children with inflammatory bowel disease.young age and thiopurine therapy are risk factors for lymphoproliferative disease among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd).201526091801
effect of interleukins on antibody production by epstein-barr virus transformed b cells.during the past few decades, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) have become an increasingly used tool in diagnostics, therapeutics, and biomedical research. several methods have been employed to produce mabs, one of which is the immortalization of b cells by epstein-barr virus (ebv). despite its simplicity, this procedure was never routinely adopted due to its poor efficiency and short-lived antibody (ab) production. various adjustments to the basic procedure were introduced, including the addition of ...201526090593
generation of human ipscs from cells of fibroblastic and epithelial origin by means of the orip/ebna-1 episomal reprogramming system.the prospect of therapeutic applications of the induced pluripotent stem cells (ipscs) is based on their ability to generate virtually any cell type present in human body. generation of ipscs from somatic cells has opened up new possibilities to investigate stem cell biology, to better understand pathophysiology of human diseases, and to design new therapy approaches in the field of regenerative medicine. in this study, we focus on the ability of the episomal system, a non-viral and integration- ...201526088261
epstein-barr virus dna load in chronic lymphocytic leukemia is an independent predictor of clinical course and survival.the relation between epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna load and clinical course of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (cll) is unknown. we assessed ebv dna load by quantitative pcr at cll presentation in mononuclear cells (mnc) of 220 prospective patients that were enrolled and followed-up in two major institutions. in 20 patients ebv dna load was also assessed on plasma samples. forty-one age-matched healthy subjects were tested for ebv dna load on mnc. findings were validated in an independ ...201526087198
host range restriction of epstein-barr virus and related lymphocryptoviruses.epstein-barr-related herpesviruses, or lymphocryptoviruses (lcv), naturally infect humans and nonhuman primates (nhp), but their host range is not well characterized. using lcv and b cells from multiple species of hominidae and cercopithecidae, we show that lcv can immortalize b cells from some nonnative species but that growth transformation is restricted to b cells from their own family of hominoids or old world nhp, suggesting a high degree of lcv adaptation to their natural primate host.201526085168
human cytomegalovirus gh/gl/go promotes the fusion step of entry into all cell types, whereas gh/gl/ul128-131 broadens virus tropism through a distinct mechanism.interaction between gh/gl and the fusion protein gb is likely a conserved feature of the entry mechanism for all herpesviruses. human cytomegalovirus (hcmv) gh/gl can be bound by go or by the set of proteins ul128, ul130, and ul131, forming gh/gl/go and gh/gl/ul128-131. the mechanisms by which these complexes facilitate entry are poorly understood. mutants lacking ul128-131 replicate well on fibroblasts but fail to enter epithelial/endothelial cells, and this has led to the general assumption th ...201526085146
assembly of epstein-barr virus capsid in promyelocytic leukemia nuclear bodies.the epstein-barr virus (ebv) capsid contains a major capsid protein, vca; two minor capsid proteins, bdlf1 and borf1; and a small capsid protein, bfrf3. during the lytic cycle, these capsid proteins are synthesized and imported into the host nucleus for capsid assembly. this study finds that ebv capsid proteins colocalize with promyelocytic leukemia (pml) nuclear bodies (nbs) in p3hr1 cells during the viral lytic cycle, appearing as nuclear speckles under a confocal laser scanning microscope. in ...201526085145
epstein-barr virus-positive diffuse large b cell lymphoma in the experience of a tertiary medical center in poland.the role of epstein-barr virus (ebv) in the biology and clinical characteristics of diffuse large b cell lymphoma (dlbcl) is still poorly defined. a new provisional entity ebv-positive dlbcl of the elderly has been described in asian population. its incidence and prognosis remains unknown in middle european patients. clinical data and tissue samples were collected from 74 caucasian patients with dlbcl, aged between 23 and 86 years, treated at a single institution. lymphoma morphology was reasses ...201626084760
[skin disorder as an indication of viral infection].gianotti-crosti syndrome (gcs) is a dermatosis primarily affecting children between 2 and 6 years of age. it is characterized by multiple, itching, monomorphous, pink to red-brown papules or papulovesicles between 1 and 5 mm in size. gcs is associated with viral infections such as hepatitis b virus and epstein-barr virus (ebv). it is often accompanied by fever, hepatosplenomegaly and lymphadenopathy. the syndrome is self-limiting and disappears within 2 months. no treatment is therefore required ...201526083843
increased epstein-barr virus dna load and antibodies against ebna1 and ea in sardinian patients with rheumatoid arthritis.a role for epstein-barr virus (ebv) infection in the etiology of autoimmune diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis (ra), has long been suggested. however, data about ebv burden in ra patients from sardinian population, a genetic isolate with high prevalence of autoimmune diseases, have not yet been reported. one hundred thirty-five, sardinian subjects (77 ra patients and 58 demographically matched healthy donors, hds) were enrolled in a cross-sectional case-control study. ebv-dna was quantifie ...201526083265
quantification of epstein-barr virus dna load in nasopharyngeal brushing samples in the diagnosis of nasopharyngeal carcinoma in southern china.nasopharyngeal carcinoma (npc) is highly incident in southern china, where 40% of world's new cases arise each year. detection of epstein-barr virus (ebv) dna load in nasopharyngeal (np) brush/swab samples has gradually been established as a method for diagnosis of npc. however, its applicable value in npc diagnosis has never been investigated in southern china. it is important to explore whether such a test could be applicable to our local population. a total of 245 consecutive participants und ...201526082292
human herpesvirus 8-negative and epstein-barr virus-positive effusion-based lymphoma in a patient with human immunodeficiency virus.a 39-year-old man infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) was admitted to our hospital because of sudden onset of chest pain. chest radiography revealed pneumothorax of the right lung. computed tomographic scans disclosed a 5.8-cm-sized emphysematous bulla in the right middle lobe of the lung. histologically, the wedge-resected lung showed medium to large atypical cells within the bullous cavity of the pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia, without solid mass formation. these atypical cells ...201526081824
cytokine-mediated loss of blood dendritic cells during epstein-barr virus-associated acute infectious mononucleosis: implication for immune dysregulation.acute infectious mononucleosis (im) is associated with altered expression of inflammatory cytokines and disturbed t-cell homeostasis, however, the precise mechanism of this immune dysregulation remains unresolved. in the current study we demonstrated a significant loss of circulating myeloid and plasmacytoid dendritic cells (dcs) during acute im, a loss correlated with the severity of clinical symptoms. in vitro exposure of blood dcs to acute im plasma resulted in loss of plasmacytoid dcs, and f ...201526080368
herpes viral origin of the parsonage-turner syndrome: highlighting of serological immune anti-herpes deficiency cured by anti-herpes therapy.in 2012, a 50 year-old athletic male presented with weakness, pain and unilateral phrenic paralysis, followed by bilateral phrenic paralysis with deep dyspnea. in 2013, the parsonage-turner syndrome was diagnosed. when the patient was seen in september 2014 for the first time, he was facing phrenic neuromuscular failure, which led to the hypothesis of neurotropic herpes viruses. a control of the global serological anti-herpes immunity to analyze his antibody (ab) levels confirmed herpes immune g ...201726078744
evaluation of children with lympadenopathy.to examine children who present with enlargement of lymph nodes in terms of demographic, clinical, serological and radiological aspects.201426078629
epstein-barr virus in peripheral blood is associated with response to rituximab therapy in rheumatoid arthritis patients.autoreactive b cells infected by epstein-barr virus (ebv) are suspected to be involved in the etiology of various human chronic autoimmune diseases. this motivated us to study the relationship between peripheral blood ebv load at baseline and treatment response to b cell-depleting therapy in rheumatoid arthritis (ra) patients. thirty-five ra patients who started treatment with rituximab (rtx) in a routine clinical setting were assessed for baseline disease activity using disease activity score u ...201526076687
post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder in liver recipients: characteristics, management, and outcome from a single-centre experience with >1000 liver transplantations.the literature regarding post-transplant lymphoproliferative disorder (ptld) in liver transplant recipients (ltrs) is limited.201626076399
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