Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| antibiotic use for upper respiratory tract infections: how well do pediatric residents do? | antibiotics are often used inappropriately for the treatment of upper respiratory tract infections in children, and the emergence of resistant bacteria is a growing public health concern. | 2002 | 12038897 |
| analysis of mitogen-stimulated lymphocyte subset proliferation and nitric oxide production by peripheral blood mononuclear cells of captive elk (cervus elaphus). | elk (cervus claphus) are reservoirs for brucella abortus, mycobacterium bovis, and mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis, each a serious pathogen of domestic livestock. an understanding of the basic immune responsiveness of elk would aid efforts to develop methods to diagnose and prevent these diseases of elk. peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) isolated from captive elk were examined for phenotype, lymphocyte subset proliferative capacity, and ability to produce nitric oxide (no) up ... | 2002 | 12038134 |
| infection of red deer, cattle, and humans with mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae in western austria. | twelve cases of mycobacterium bovis subsp. caprae infection have occurred in four humans, three cattle, and five red deer in western austria since 1994. dna-fingerprinting of the isolates suggested transmission in and between these species over several years. contact with cattle, but not with goats, was found to be associated with three of four human cases. | 2002 | 12037107 |
| organ-specific alternative transcripts of knox family class 2 homeobox genes of rice. | we identified three genes (hos58, hos59 and hos66) of rice (oryza sativa), which encode predicted proteins with the knox family class 2 homeodomain. these proteins contain three conserved domains, the knox domain, elk domain and homeodomain, from an n-terminus to a c-terminus. in addition to similarity of predicted amino acid sequences, these genes showed a similar exon/intron structure. cdna cloning and reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction analyses of these genes indicated tissue-spe ... | 2002 | 12034492 |
| prolonged nuclear retention of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 is required for hepatocyte growth factor-induced cell motility. | we examined the signaling pathway by which hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) induces cell motility, with special focus on the role of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) in the nucleus. we used madin-darby canine kidney cells overexpressing erk2 because of their prominent motility response to hgf. hgf stimulation of the cells induces not only a rapid, marked, and sustained activation and rapid nuclear accumulation of erk1/2, but also a prolonged nuclear retention of the activated erk1/2. in ... | 2002 | 12032150 |
| [effect of natural nootropic and adaptogen preparations on the cortex bioelectrical activity in rats]. | the influence of new nootrope and adaptogen preparations representing dry extracts from scutellaria baicalensis (georgi), bergenia crassifolia (fritsch), and velvet antlers of siberian deer (cervus elaphus sibiricus) on the bioelectric activity (cortex fourier spectral eeg power) under conflict situation and conditioned reflex development was studied in rats. in both tests, the drugs produced similar changes in the eeg activity: (i) increase in the partial contribution of delta-activity and gene ... | 2002 | 12025793 |
| complexities in ets-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the tcf (ternary complex factor) subfamily. the colworth medal lecture. | the ets-domain transcription factor family can be divided into a series of subfamilies. elk-1 represents the founding member of the ternary complex factor (tcf) subfamily. by focusing on the tcf subfamily, we can demonstrate the complexities that exist in the function and regulation of ets-domain transcription factors. this article focuses on elk-1 in detail and summarizes the functions of other tcfs. the key themes covered include the domain structure of the tcfs, the mechanisms of complex form ... | 2002 | 12023815 |
| comparison of muscle fatty acid profiles and cholesterol concentrations of bison, beef cattle, elk, and chicken. | the objective of this study was to compare fatty acid weight percentages and cholesterol concentrations of longissimus dorsi (ld), semitendinosus (st), and supraspinatus (ss) muscles (n = 10 for each) of range bison (31 mo of age), feedlot-finished bison (18 mo of age), range beef cows (4 to 7 yr of age), feedlot steers (18 mo of age), free-ranging cow elk (3 to 5 yr of age), and chicken breast. lipids were analyzed by capillary glc. total saturated fatty acids (sfa) were greater (p < 0.01) in r ... | 2002 | 12019607 |
| changes in plasma progesterone during pregnancy in iberian red deer (cervus elpahus hispanicus). | 2002 | 12019537 | |
| first report of elaphostrongylus cervi in spanish red deer cervus elaphus hispanicus. | elaphostrongylus cervi cameron, 1931 was identified in six cervus elaphus hispanicus sampled in cuenca, central spain. a total of 23 adult worms were found in the central nervous system with a mean of 3.8. although e. cervi is reported to be widespread in cervids, this is the first time it has been recorded in spanish red deer. | 2002 | 12018203 |
| induction of apoptosis in rat ventral prostate by finasteride is associated with alteration in map kinase pathways and bcl-2 related family of proteins. | finasteride is widely used in treatment of symptomatic benign prostatic hyperplasia. treatment of rats with finasteride caused a significant decrease in ventral prostate weight and intraprostatic dihydrotestosterone levels while intraprostatic testosterone levels were increased. finasteride inhibited akt-1 and mapk expression while expression of pten was significantly increased only at 100 mg dose. basal phosphorylation of c-raf, mek1/2, mapk and the transcription factor elk-1 was significantly ... | 2002 | 12012013 |
| the novel role of the c-terminal region of shp-2. involvement of gab1 and shp-2 phosphatase activity in elk-1 activation. | shp-2, a nontransmembrane-type protein-tyrosine phosphatase that contains two src homology 2 (sh2) domains, is thought to participate in growth factor signal transduction pathways via sh2 domain interactions. to determine the role of each region of shp-2 in platelet-derived growth factor signaling assayed by elk-1 activation, we generated six deletion mutants of shp-2. the large sh2 domain deletion shp-2 mutant composed of amino acids 198-593 (shp-2-(198-593)), but not the smaller shp-2-(399-593 ... | 2002 | 12011040 |
| bcr mediated signal transduction in immature and mature b cells. | ligation of b cell receptors (bcr) on immature b cells may induce apoptosis, while in mature b cells it stimulates cell activation and growth. the signaling pathway regulating the differential functional response, death or survival of the b cell is not fully characterized. we have tested the intracellular signaling requirement of these processes using b cells isolated from the spleen of irradiated auto-reconstituted (transitional immature b cells) and untreated mice (mature b cells), respectivel ... | 2002 | 12008033 |
| elk velvet antler in rheumatoid arthritis: phase ii trial. | the purpose of this phase ii clinical trial was to examine safety of elk velvet antler taken concurrently with rheumatoid arthritis medications and to determine efficacy by dose to enable sample size estimation and dose standardization for a larger study. forty patients with stage ii rheumatoid arthritis were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 arms of 10 patients each. one group received placebo and the other 3 groups received 2, 4, or 6 capsules (215 mg) of elk velvet antler with appropriate placebos ... | 2002 | 12003439 |
| farmed deer: new domestic animals defined by controlled breeding. | the domestication of plants and animals is recognized as pivotal in mankind's social evolution. yet, surprisingly few species have actually been farmed, prompting speculation as to which attributes are needed for successful domestication. although red deer were the staple source of meat throughout europe in the mesolithic, they have not been widely domesticated, leading many ethologists to argue that they are behaviourally unsuitable. recently, the most widely accepted criterion of domestication ... | 2001 | 11999300 |
| role of shp-2 in fibroblast growth factor receptor-mediated suppression of myogenesis in c2c12 myoblasts. | ligand activation of the fibroblast growth factor receptor (fgfr) represses myogenesis and promotes activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinases 1 and 2 (erks). the precise mechanism through which the fgfr transmits both of these signals in myoblasts remains unclear. the sh2 domain-containing protein tyrosine phosphatase, shp-2, has been shown to participate in the regulation of fgfr signaling. however, no role for shp-2 in fgfr myogenic signaling is known. in this study, we show that st ... | 2002 | 11997521 |
| evaluation of a forage allocation model for theodore roosevelt national park. | we developed a forage allocation model using a deterministic, linear optimization module in a commercially available spreadsheet package to help resource managers in theodore roosevelt national park (trnp), north dakota determine optimum numbers of four ungulate species, bison (bison bison), elk (cervus elaphus), mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), and feral horses, in the park. trnp staff actively managed bison, elk, and feral horse numbers within bounds suggested by our model from 1983 to 1996. d ... | 2002 | 11995238 |
| follicle-stimulating hormone activates mitogen-activated protein kinase in preneoplastic and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelial cells. | to investigate the role of fsh in ovarian cancer development, the present study examined the expression of fsh receptor (fsh-r) and the effect of fsh on proliferation of normal, preneoplastic, and neoplastic ovarian surface epithelium (ose) cells. recently, immortalized ose (iose) cell lines, including iose-29 (preneoplastic) and iose-29ec (neoplastic), were used. our results indicated that fsh-r mrna was expressed and that fsh exerted a growth stimulatory effect in normal, preneoplastic, and ne ... | 2002 | 11994371 |
| netrin-1-mediated axon outgrowth requires deleted in colorectal cancer-dependent mapk activation. | neuronal growth cones are guided to their targets by attractive and repulsive guidance cues. in mammals, netrin-1 is a bifunctional cue, attracting some axons and repelling others. deleted in colorectal cancer (dcc) is a receptor for netrin-1 that mediates its chemoattractive effect on commissural axons, but the signalling mechanisms that transduce this effect are poorly understood. here we show that dcc activates mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signalling, by means of extracellular sign ... | 2002 | 11986622 |
| rgs3 interacts with 14-3-3 via the n-terminal region distinct from the rgs (regulator of g-protein signalling) domain. | rgs3 belongs to a family of the regulators of g-protein signalling (rgs), which bind and inhibit the g alpha subunits of heterotrimeric g-proteins via a homologous rgs domain. increasing evidence suggests that rgs proteins can also interact with targets other than g-proteins. employing yeast two-hybrid screening of a cdna library, we identified an interaction between rgs3 and the phosphoserine-binding protein 14-3-3. this interaction was confirmed by in vitro binding and co-immunoprecipitation e ... | 2002 | 11985497 |
| aspirin and ns-398 inhibit hepatocyte growth factor-induced invasiveness of human hepatoma cells. | nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (nsaids) inhibit cyclooxygenase (cox) activity and are considered to exert antitumor actions in a variety of cancer cells, although the effects are unlikely entirely due to cox inhibition. because clinical observations suggest that hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) can promote metastasis of hepatoma cells while stimulating tumor invasiveness, we investigated the effect of aspirin and ns-398, a selective cox-2 inhibitor, on hgf-mediated invasiveness of hepg2 huma ... | 2002 | 11981761 |
| chronic wasting disease in deer and elk in north america. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) has emerged as an important disease of wildlife in north america. the disease is a unique member of the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies (tses) or prion diseases, which naturally affect only a few species. of the tses, cwd is the only one found in free-ranging species. however, interest in cwd has recently grown, by association with the better-known tses such as variant creutzfeldt-jakob disease of humans and bovine spongiform encephalopathy. knowledge of t ... | 2002 | 11974617 |
| a deer (subfamily cervinae) genetic linkage map and the evolution of ruminant genomes. | comparative maps between ruminant species and humans are increasingly important tools for the discovery of genes underlying economically important traits. in this article we present a primary linkage map of the deer genome derived from an interspecies hybrid between red deer (cervus elaphus) and père david's deer (elaphurus davidianus). the map is approximately 2500 cm long and contains >600 markers including both evolutionary conserved type i markers and highly polymorphic type ii markers (micr ... | 2002 | 11973312 |
| grap negatively regulates t-cell receptor-elicited lymphocyte proliferation and interleukin-2 induction. | grb-2-related adaptor protein (grap) is a grb2-like sh3-sh2-sh3 adaptor protein with expression restricted to lymphoid tissues. grap(-/-) lymphocytes isolated from targeted grap-deficient mice exhibited enhanced proliferation, interleukin-2 production, and c-fos induction in response to mitogenic t-cell receptor (tcr) stimulation, compared to wild-type cells. ectopic expression of grap led to a suppression of elk-1-directed transcription induced by the ras/erk pathway, without having effects on ... | 2002 | 11971956 |
| epidermal growth factor-mediated activation of the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 requires nuclear calcium. | cytosolic and nuclear ca(2+) have been shown to differentially regulate transcription. however, the impact of spatially distinct ca(2+) signals on mitogen-activated protein kinase-mediated gene expression remains unknown. here we investigated the role of nuclear and cytosolic ca(2+) signals in epidermal growth factor (egf)-induced transactivation of the ternary complex factor elk-1 using a gal4-elk-1 construct. egf increased ca(2+) in both the nucleus and cytosol of hepg2 or 293 cells. pretreatm ... | 2002 | 11971908 |
| role of regulatory elements and the mapk/erk or p38 mapk pathways for activation of human cytomegalovirus gene expression. | a series of recombinant viruses with either site-specific mutations or various deletions of the early ul4 promoter of human cytomegalovirus were used to determine the roles of regulatory elements and the effects of the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathways. viral gene expression was regulated by upstream cis-acting sites and by basic promoter elements that respond to the mapk signal transduction pathways. inhibitors of either the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-r ... | 2002 | 11967304 |
| rac is activated by erythropoietin or interleukin-3 and is involved in activation of the erk signaling pathway. | previous studies have shown that hematopoietic cytokines, including erythropoietin (epo) and interleukin (il)-3, activate the ras gtpase and the downstream raf/erk/elk-1 signaling pathway. here we report that epo or il-3 rapidly and transiently activates rac, a rho family gtpase, in hematopoietic cell lines, 32d/epor-wt and ut-7. the cytokine-induced activation of rac was augmented in a 32d/epor-wt clone that inducibly overexpresses the adaptor protein crkl or the ras guanine nucleotide exchange ... | 2002 | 11965537 |
| fatty acid analysis of wild ruminant tissues: evolutionary implications for reducing diet-related chronic disease. | consumption of wild ruminant fat represented the primary lipid source for pre-agricultural humans. hence, the lipid composition of these animals' tissues may provide insight into dietary requirements that offer protection from chronic disease in modern humans. | 2002 | 11960292 |
| a possible role for insulin-like growth factor-binding protein-3 autocrine/paracrine loops in controlling hepatocellular carcinoma cell proliferation. | hepatocellular carcinoma (hcc) is a common malignancy, but treatment outcomes have generally remained poor. specific factors important for the pathogenesis of hcc are incompletely understood. insulin-like growth factors (igfs) are potent autocrine and paracrine mitogens for liver cancer cell proliferation, and their bioactivity is reduced by igf-binding protein 3 (igfbp-3). in the present study, we report that igfbp-3 protein levels were either undetectable (28.5%) or low (71.5%) in human hcc sa ... | 2002 | 11959812 |
| inhibiting transcription factor/dna complexes using fluorescent microgonotropens (fmgts). | fluorescent microgonotropens (fmgts) are a/t selective, minor groove-binding bisbenzimidazole ligands. basic side chains extending from these agents electrostatically contact the major groove side of the phosphodiester backbone of dna, endowing them with high binding affinity. here, we evaluate the potential of these agents as inhibitors of transcription factor (tf) binding to dna and explore whether their ability to contact both grooves enhances their inhibitory activity. a series of fmgts (l2- ... | 2002 | 11955618 |
| radionuclides in soil and water near a low-level disposal site and potential ecological and human health impacts. | material disposal area g is the primary low-level radioactive waste disposal site at los alamos national laboratory, new mexico, and is adjacent to pueblo of san ildefonso lands. pueblo residents and los alamos scientists are concerned about radiological doses resulting from uptake of area g radionuclides by mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus), then consumption of deer and elk meat by humans. tissue samples were collected from deer and elk accidentally killed ... | 2002 | 11944797 |
| dopamine activates erks in alveolar epithelial cells via ras-pkc-dependent and grb2/sos-independent mechanisms. | recently it has been described that dopamine (da), via dopaminergic type 2 receptors (d(2)r), activates the mitogen-activated protein kinase extracellular signal-regulated kinase (mapk/erk) proteins in alveolar epithelial cells (aec), which results in the upregulation of na(+)-k(+)-atpase. in the present report, we used aec to investigate the signaling pathway that links da with erk activation. incubation of aec with da resulted in rapid and transient stimulation of erk activity, which was media ... | 2002 | 11943676 |
| transcription control by e1a and map kinase pathway via sur2 mediator subunit. | sur2 is a metazoan mediator subunit that interacts with the adenovirus e1a protein and functions in a mitogen-activated protein kinase pathway required for vulva development in caenorhabditis elegans. we generated sur2-/- embryonic stem cells to analyze its function as a mammalian mediator component. our results show that sur2 forms a subcomplex of the mediator with two other subunits, trap/med100 and 95. knock-out of sur2 prevents activation by e1a-cr3 and the mitogen-activated protein kinase-r ... | 2002 | 11934987 |
| the madness of the elk. | 2002 | 11930778 | |
| inducer-specific enhanceosome formation controls tumor necrosis factor alpha gene expression in t lymphocytes. | we present evidence that the inducer-specific regulation of the human tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) gene in t cells involves the assembly of distinct higher-order transcription enhancer complexes (enhanceosomes), which is dependent upon inducer-specific helical phasing relationships between transcription factor binding sites. while atf-2, c-jun, and the coactivator proteins cbp/p300 play a central role in tnf-alpha gene activation stimulated by virus infection or intracellular calcium ... | 2002 | 11909956 |
| active, phosphorylation-dependent map kinases, mapk/erk, sapk/jnk and p38, and specific transcription factor substrates are differentially expressed following systemic administration of kainic acid to the adult rat. | excitotoxicity is considered a major cell death inductor in neurodegeneration. yet the mechanisms involved in cell death and cell survival following excitotoxic insults are poorly understood. expression of active, phosphorylation-dependent mitogen-activated extracellular signal-regulated kinases (mapk/erks), stress-activated c-jun n-terminal kinases (sapk/jnks) and p38 kinases, as well as their putative active, phosphorylation-dependent specific transcriptional factor substrates creb, elk-1, atf ... | 2002 | 11904760 |
| long-term depression in the adult hippocampus in vivo involves activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and phosphorylation of elk-1. | protein kinase cascades likely play a critical role in the signaling events that underlie synaptic plasticity and memory. the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) cascade is suited well for such a role because its targets include regulators of gene expression. here we report that the erk cascade is recruited during long-term depression (ltd) of synaptic strength in area ca1 of the adult hippocampus in vivo and selectively impacts on phosphorylation of the nuclear transcription factor elk- ... | 2002 | 11896145 |
| troglitazone activates p21cip/waf1 through the erk pathway in hct15 human colorectal cancer cells. | in this study, we identified a new mechanism for the anti-proliferation of hct15 colorectal cancer cells by troglitazone (tro). treating hct15 cells with 20 microm of tro transiently increased extracellular signal regulated kinase (erk) activity within 15 min, and this subsequently induced p21cip/waf1 cell cycle regulator and localized in the nucleus. raf-1 modification and mek activation also occurred after tro treatment, and elk-1-dependent trans-reporter gene expression was concomitantly indu ... | 2002 | 11888673 |
| a phylogenetic comparison of red deer and wapiti using mitochondrial dna. | a phylogeny was constructed for red deer/wapiti (cervus elaphus) subspecies using sequence data from the control region of mitochondrial dna (mtdna). the tree was rooted using cervus nippon (sika deer), cervus albirostris (thorold's white-lipped deer), and several odocoileinae species. a division between the mtdna haplotypes of red deer (european) and wapiti (asian/north american) corresponds to subspecies found on opposite sides of the himalayan mountains and gobi, which suggests wapiti should ... | 2002 | 11884159 |
| hepatitis c virus core protein induces cell proliferation and activates erk, jnk, and p38 map kinases together with the map kinase phosphatase mkp-1 in a hepg2 tet-off cell line. | hepatitis c virus (hcv) core protein is a multifunctional protein interacting with cellular and viral proteins and promoters. a tetracycline-regulated system was used to generate a hepg2 tet-off cell line allowing regulated expression of a full-length (191 aa) and an n(c)-truncated core protein (160 aa). in this system hcv core protein expression activates extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), c-jun n-terminal kinase (jnk), and p38 mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase, induces map kinas ... | 2002 | 11878930 |
| inhibition of mek1,2/erk mitogenic pathway by estrogen with antiproliferative properties in rat aortic smooth muscle cells. | proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells (vsmcs) are believed to contribute significantly to intimal thickening in atheroscleosis, restenosis, and venous bypass graft disease. estrogen inhibits proliferation and migration of vsmcs. however, antiproliferative mechanisms of estrogen were not well elucidated yet. in this study, we investigated the antiproliferative effect of estrogen to determine whether the transduction signals and protooncogenes were affected in rat aortic smoo ... | 2002 | 11867267 |
| [role of the tcf phosphorylation state and the chromatin structure in the negative transcription regulation of the c-fos proto-oncogene in e1a + c-ha-ras transformed cells]. | as compared with normal rat embryo fibroblasts (ref), c-fos transcription is suppressed in ref transformed with the e1a and cha-ras complementing oncogenes. negative regulation of the fos promoter is due to the serum-responsive element (sre) constantly bound with the serum response factor (srf) and with the ternary complex factor (tcf), which form the srf/srf/tcf complex. possible mechanisms of the c-fos suppression were studied, including changes in the tcf content and phosphorylation and repla ... | 2002 | 11862715 |
| immunodiagnosis of experimental parelaphostrongylus tenuis infection in elk. | elk infected with the meningeal worm, parelaphostrongylus tenuis (protostrongylidae), do not consistently excrete larvae in feces, making the current method of diagnosing live animals using the baermann fecal technique unreliable. serological diagnosis could prove more useful in diagnosing field-infected animals but depends on the identification and availability of good quality antigen. to mimic field infections, 2 elk were inoculated with 6 infective l3 larvae of p. tenuis, and another 2 with 2 ... | 2002 | 11858642 |
| ecdysone-inducible expression of oncogenic ha-ras in nih 3t3 cells leads to transient nuclear localization of activated extracellular signal-regulated kinase regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-1. | the ras family of gtp-binding proteins are key transducers of extracellular signals, particularly through the mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway. constitutively active forms of ras are found in a variety of tumours, suggesting an important role for this pathway in cancer. here we report that initial cellular exposure to oncogenic ras chronically activated the mapk pathway in the cytoplasm, but transiently activated the same pathway in the nucleus. nuclear-activated extracellular sig ... | 2002 | 11853538 |
| downregulation of c-fos gene transcription in cells transformed by e1a and cha-ras oncogenes: a role of sustained activation of map/erk kinase cascade and of inactive chromatin structure at c-fos promoter. | ref cells transformed by oncogenes e1a and cha-ras reveal high and constitutive dna-binding activity of ap-1 factor lacking in c-fos protein. consistently, the transcription of c-fos gene has been found to be downregulated. to elucidate the mechanisms of c-fos downregulation in e1a+cha-ras transformants, we studied the levels of activity of erk, jnk/sapk and p38 kinases and phosphorylation state of elk-1 transcription factor involved in regulation of c-fos gene. using two approaches, western blo ... | 2002 | 11850800 |
| nonradioactive assay of flag-tagged mapk using anti-flag antibody-coated multiwell plates. | we have developed a rapid, sensitive, and quantitative 96-well microplate-based nonradioactive immunoprecipitation/kinase assay to evaluate mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activity. three quantitative nonradioactive imunoprecipitation/kinase assays of mapk were demonstrated on a 96-well microplate coated with anti-flag m2 antibody (anti-flag m2 plate): (i) the capture of phosphorylated flag-tagged mapk fusion protein (flag-mapk) from phorbol esters-stimulated, flag-mapk-transfected cos-7 ... | 2002 | 11848420 |
| crystal structure of a ternary sap-1/srf/c-fos sre dna complex. | combinatorial dna binding by proteins for promoter-specific gene activation is a common mode of dna regulation in eukaryotic organisms, and occurs at the promoter of the c-fos proto-oncogene. the c-fos promoter contains a serum response element (sre) that mediates ternary complex formation with the ets proteins sap-1 or elk-1 and the mads-box protein, serum response factor (srf). here, we report the crystal structure of a ternary sap-1/srf/c-fos sre dna complex containing the minimal dna-binding ... | 2001 | 11846562 |
| development of in vitro embryo production systems for red deer (cervus elaphus). part 3. in vitro fertilisation using sheep serum as a capacitating agent and the subsequent birth of calves. | the following experiments investigated the use of sheep serum (ss) as a capacitating agent for red deer (cervus elaphus) sperm during in vitro fertilisation. red deer oocytes were collected at slaughter and matured in vitro for 24h in tcm-199 supplemented with 10% foetal calf serum, 10 microg ml(-1) fsh and lh, and 1microg ml(-1) of oestradiol. fertilisation medium was ivf-sof modified to contain 5mm ca(2+) and no glucose. experiment 1 investigated the addition of heparin, bsa (8 mg ml(-1)) or 2 ... | 2002 | 11841909 |
| development of in vitro embryo production systems for red deer (cervus elaphus). part 2. the timing of in vitro nuclear oocyte maturation. | the time course of in vitro red deer nuclear oocyte maturation was determined. ovaries were obtained at slaughter and oocytes were aspirated from follicles greater than 2mm in diameter. oocytes with compact cumulus cells were matured in 50 microl microdrops (10 per drop) under mineral oil containing tcm 199 supplemented with 0.33 mm pyruvate, 10 microg lh and fsh, 1 microg oestradiol and 10% foetal bovine serum. oocytes were matured at 39 degrees c and 5% co(2) in air. at 3h intervals (0-27 h) o ... | 2002 | 11841908 |
| development of in vitro embryo production systems for red deer (cervus elaphus). part 1. effect of epithelial oviductal monolayers and heparin on in vitro sperm motility and penetration of in vitro matured oocytes. | in vitro fertilisation (ivf) protocols for red deer have yielded low fertilisation rates, with no embryo development beyond the eight-cell stage when heparin was used as the in vitro capacitation agent. as this low fertilisation rate may result from reduced motility, the present study investigated the use of red deer oviduct epithelial cell monolayers (coem) and conditioned medium (cm) from the monolayers to maintain red deer sperm motility in vitro. a second experiment compared the fertilisabil ... | 2002 | 11841907 |
| the activity of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase 2 is regulated by differential phosphorylation in the activation loop. | the mitogen-activated protein kinases (map kinases) play a central role in signaling pathways initiated by extracellular stimuli such as growth factors, cytokines, and various forms of environmental stress. full activation of the map kinases requires dual phosphorylation of the thr and tyr residues in the txy motif of the activation loop by map kinase kinases. interestingly, down-regulation of map kinase activity can be initiated by multiple ser/thr phosphatases, tyr-specific phosphatases, and d ... | 2002 | 11839761 |
| explaining stasis: microevolutionary studies in natural populations. | microevolution, defined as a change in the genetic constitution of a population over time, is considered to be of commonplace occurrence in nature. its ubiquity can be inferred from the observation that quantitative genetic divergence among populations usually exceeds that to be expected due to genetic drift alone, and from numerous observations and experiments consistent with local adaptation. experimental manipulations in natural populations have provided evidence that rapid evolutionary respo ... | 2001 | 11838766 |
| brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccination in elk. ii. failure of high dosage to prevent abortion. | brucella abortus strain rb51 is used as a vaccine because it induces antibodies that do not react on standard serologic tests for brucellosis allowing differentiation between vaccination and infection. strain rb51 was evaluated in captive elk (cervus elaphus) to determine if vaccination protected against abortion following experimental challenge. thirty elk were vaccinated intramuscularly with 1.0 x 10(10) colony-forming units (cfu) of strain rb51 in march 1998. fourteen of these were given a bo ... | 2002 | 11838225 |
| brucella abortus strain rb51 vaccination in elk. i. efficacy of reduced dosage. | bovine brucellosis is a serious zoonotic disease affecting some populations of rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) and bison (bison bison) in the greater yellowstone area, usa. the fear that elk and/or bison may spread brucella abortus to livestock has prompted efforts to reduce or eliminate the disease in wildlife. brucella abortus strain rb51 (rb51) vaccine has recently been approved for use in cattle. unlike strain 19 vaccine, rb51 does not cause false positive reactions on standard b ... | 2002 | 11838212 |
| antibodies to granulocytic ehrlichia in moose, red deer, and roe deer in norway. | serum samples from 104 moose (alces alces), 124 red deer (cervus elaphus) and 114 roe deer (capreolus capreolus), collected from different counties in southern norway from 1994 to 2000, were analysed by an indirect immunofluorescent antibody staining method for antibodies to ehrlichia equi. the overall seroprevalences for granulocytic ehrlichia spp. in moose, red deer, and roe deer from ixodes ricinus infested counties were 43%, 55%, and 96%, respectively. antibody prevalence was significantly h ... | 2002 | 11838199 |
| the regulatory effect of erk1/2 signal pathway on production of tnfalpha induced by lps in mice kupffer cells. | to study the rule of erk1/2 activity and regulative effect of erk1/2 pathway on the production of pro-inflammatory cytokine tnfalpha in mice kupffer cells (mkc) induced by lps, and to exploring novel methods to prevent and treat clinical patients of endotoxemia. | 2001 | 11835717 |
| nitric oxide-induced programmed cell death in human neuroblastoma cells is accompanied by the synthesis of egr-1, a zinc finger transcription factor. | nitric oxide (no) is cytotoxic for human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells. while nuclear condensation was visible in cells treated with nitric oxide donors, we observed that the plasma membrane remained intact, indicating that no induced apoptotic cell death. we analyzed the no-induced apoptotic signaling cascade in sh-sy5y cells and observed a striking increase in early growth response (egr)-1 promoter activity as a result of no-induced cell death. likewise, we detected an activation of the transcri ... | 2002 | 11835312 |
| sex differences in emigration and mortality affect optimal management of deer populations. | populations of red deer that are limited by food, like those of many other ungulates, commonly include more females than males. we assessed the contribution of variation in sex- and age-specific rates of mortality and emigration to density-dependent changes in the adult sex ratio, using long-term observations and demographic experiments involving the red deer population on rum, scotland. we incorporated these effects in a stochastic model of local populations under different management regimes t ... | 2002 | 11832944 |
| regulation of the erk2-elk1 signaling pathway and megakaryocytic differentiation of bcr-abl(+) k562 leukemic cells by gab2. | in the blast crisis phase of chronic myelogenous leukemia (cml), bcr-abl(+) myeloblasts fail to undergo terminal maturation. the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase has been shown to mediate terminal differentiation of myeloid cells. interestingly, bcr-abl(+) cml cell lines established from blast crisis were found to have low erk map kinase activity. in this study, we analyzed the role of the gab2 docking protein in regulation of the erk map kinase ... | 2002 | 11830491 |
| gnrh regulates early growth response protein 1 transcription through multiple promoter elements. | pulsatile secretion of gnrh is the major regulator of gonadotropin (lh, fsh) gene expression and secretion. recently, gnrh has been shown to rapidly stimulate the expression of early growth response protein-1 (egr-1), a transcription factor that is essential for lhbeta gene expression in the pituitary. in this study, we examined the regulatory elements and signal transduction pathways by which gnrh regulates egr-1 transcription. deletion analysis of the murine egr-1 promoter identified two regio ... | 2002 | 11818496 |
| a preliminary study of the genetic diversity of xinjiang tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis) using the microsatellite dna method. | to evaluate the genetic diversity of the xinjiang tarim red deer (cervus elaphus yarkandensis) population, we analyzed the frequencies of microsatellite alleles. samples were collected from 3 isolated populations in xaya, lopnur and qarqan of xinjiang. although 10 microsatellite loci were examined, alleles of 133 to 190 base-pairs were detected for only 3 loci: bm5004, bm4208 and bm888. the average observed multilocus heterozygosity was 0.08 +/- 0.04 for the xaya, 0 for the lopnur, and 0.17 +/- ... | 2001 | 11799907 |
| a distinct class of dominant negative ras mutants: cytosolic gtp-bound ras effector domain mutants that inhibit ras signaling and transformation and enhance cell adhesion. | cytosolic gtp-bound ras has been shown to act as a dominant negative (dn) inhibitor of ras by sequestering raf in non-productive cytosolic complexes. nevertheless, this distinct class of dn mutants has been neither well characterized nor extensively used to analyze ras signaling. in contrast, dn ras17n, which functions by blocking ras guanine nucleotide exchange factors, has been well characterized and is widely used. cytosolic gtp-bound ras mutants could be used to inhibit particular ras effect ... | 2002 | 11799108 |
| identification of the critical features of a small peptide inhibitor of jnk activity. | the c-jun n-terminal kinases (jnks) are a subfamily of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks). although progress in evaluating the functions of other mapks has been facilitated by the characterization of specific inhibitors, no jnk-directed inhibitor is commercially available. we have identified a 21-amino acid peptide inhibitor of activated jnks, based on amino acids 143-163 of the jnk-binding domain (jbd) of the jnk scaffolding protein, jnk-interacting protein-1 (jip-1). this peptide, i ... | 2002 | 11790767 |
| specificity determinants in mapk signaling to transcription factors. | one critical component in determining the specificity, fidelity, and efficiency of mapk substrate phosphorylation is the presence of distinct docking domains in the substrate proteins. these docking domains are found in a range of substrates, including the transcription factors myocyte enhancer factor-2a and sap-1. however, the sequences of these motifs differ, as does their targeting preferences by mapks, with sap-1 being targeted by both the erk and p38 isoforms, whereas myocyte enhancer facto ... | 2002 | 11786537 |
| at1 receptor mutant lacking heterotrimeric g protein coupling activates the src-ras-erk pathway without nuclear translocation of erks. | angiotensin ii (ang ii) type 1 receptors (at1rs) activate tyrosine kinases, including src. whether or not tyrosine kinase activation by at1r occurs independently of heterotrimeric g protein coupling and, if so, the cellular function of such a mechanism are unknown. to address these questions, we used an at1ar intracellular second loop mutant, which lacks heterotrimeric g protein coupling (at1a-i2m). surprisingly, ang ii-induced src activation was preserved in at1a-i2m, which was not attenuated b ... | 2002 | 11777928 |
| linkage of rapid estrogen action to mapk activation by eralpha-shc association and shc pathway activation. | e2 rapidly activates mapk in breast cancer cells, and the mechanism for this effect has not been fully identified. since growth factor-induced mapk activation involves signaling via the adapter protein shc (src-homology and collagen homology) and its association with membrane receptors, we hypothesized that breast cancer cells utilize similar signaling mechanisms in response to e2. in the present study, we demonstrated that e2 rapidly induced shc phosphorylation and shc-grb2 (growth factor recep ... | 2002 | 11773443 |
| comparison of analgesic techniques for antler removal in wapiti. | the purpose of this research was to compare the effectiveness of ring block anesthesia (la) and electroanesthesia (a) for antler removal in elk given a long-acting tranquilizer to remove stress from restraint. thirty-two male wapiti were given 1 mg/kg body weight of zuclopenthixol acetate; the next day, they were restrained in a hydraulic chute, provided with electroanesthesia or a lidocaine ring block, and had their antlers removed. behavioral response to antler removal was scored. significantl ... | 2001 | 11769618 |
| a retrospective study of neonatal mortality in farmed elk. | despite the increasing importance of the canadian elk industry, the veterinary literature concerning diseases of elk is sparse, in particular for the neonatal period. this study summarizes necropsy findings in 111 farmed elk calves, up to 30 days of age, submitted to the diagnostic laboratory of the western college of veterinary medicine over a 9-year period (990 to 1998). causes of mortality fit into 3 categories: infectious disease, noninfectious disease, and undetermined. organisms causing di ... | 2001 | 11769617 |
| selective in vivo inhibition of mitogen-activated protein kinase activation using cell-permeable peptides. | the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), a member of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks), is essential for cellular proliferation and differentiation, and thus there exists great interest to develop specific and selective inhibitors of this enzyme. whereas small molecule inhibitors pd098095 and u0126 have been used to study mapk/erk kinase (mek), their target selectivity has been questioned recently. the cross-reactivity of atp-directed inhibitors with other protein kinases pro ... | 2002 | 11756441 |
| mapping the receptor site for ergtoxin, a specific blocker of erg channels. | we show here that ergtoxin (ergtx) is a bona fide, specific blocker of the human ether-a-go-go-related gene (herg) channels. it does not affect the function of either m-eag or m-elk channels. a chimeric construction containing a segment of the p-region of m-eag channel inserted into the herg channel drastically diminished or completely abolished the inhibitory effect of ergtx, whereas chimeras of the p-region of herg channel into m-eag channels recovered the inhibitory effect. from the p-region ... | 2002 | 11755529 |
| a mutant arabidopsis heterotrimeric g-protein beta subunit affects leaf, flower, and fruit development. | a genetic screen was performed to find new mutants with an erecta (er) phenotype and to identify genes that may function with er, a receptor-like kinase. these mutants were named elk (for erecta-like) and were placed into five complementation groups. we positionally cloned elk4 and determined that it encodes agb1, a putative heterotrimeric g-protein beta subunit. therefore, elk4 was renamed agb1. agb1-1 plants express similar fruit phenotypes, as seen in er plants, but differ from er in that the ... | 2001 | 11752377 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinase is required for bryostatin 1-induced differentiation of the human acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line reh. | bryostatin 1 (bryo 1) is known to induce the differentiation and cell cycle arrest of human lymphoid leukemia cells in vitro. the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk), originally identified as a participant in mitogenic signaling, has recently been implicated in the signaling of cellular differentiation. to examine the role of the erk/mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase pathway in b-lymphoid cell differentiation of the reh acute lymphoblastic leukemia cell line, the effects of bryo 1 o ... | 2001 | 11751459 |
| biotransformation of flobufen enantiomers in ruminant hepatocytes and subcellular fractions. | flobufen (f), a new antiinflammatory drug, has one chiral and one prochiral center in its structure. reduction of rac-f, the principal biotransformation pathway, leads to the formation of four diastereoisomers of 4-dihydroflobufen (dhf). f was chosen as a model substrate for interspecies comparison of activity, stereospecificity, and stereoselectivity of biotransformation enzymes in fallow bucks, red deer stags, and roe bucks in vitro. formation of f metabolites was examined in hepatocyte suspen ... | 2001 | 11746816 |
| gamma synuclein: subcellular localization in neuronal and non-neuronal cells and effect on signal transduction. | synucleins are small, highly conserved proteins in vertebrates, especially abundant in neurons and typically enriched in presynaptic terminals. alpha-synuclein protein and a fragment of it, called nac, have been found in association with pathological lesions of neurodegenerative diseases. recently, mutations in a alpha-synuclein gene have been reported in families susceptible to an inherited form of parkinson's diseases. in addition, alpha-synuclein has been implicated in the pathophysiology of ... | 2001 | 11746666 |
| creb and elk-1 phosphorylation by metabotropic glutamate receptors in striatal neurons (review). | metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) are implicated in the regulation of diverse neuronal plasticity and neuropathological processes in the central nervous system. activation of mglurs couples glutamatergic signals to second messengers in a subtype-specific manner: activation of group i mglurs upregulates ca2+ cascades, while group ii/iii downregulates the adenylate cyclase and camp cascades. dominant presynaptic inhibitory actions of group ii/iii mglurs on the glutamate release, extensive ... | 2002 | 11744988 |
| felodipine inhibits nuclear translocation of p42/44 mitogen-activated protein kinase and human smooth muscle cell growth. | smooth muscle cell (smc) proliferation contributes to vascular structural changes in cardiovascular disease. ca(2+) antagonists exert antiproliferative effects and may also be clinically beneficial in the patients. however, the underlying mechanisms of action remain elusive. activation of mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapk), in particular p42/44mapk plays a central role in cell proliferation. we hypothesise that ca(2+) antagonists inhibit cell proliferation by interfering with the p42/44map ... | 2002 | 11744032 |
| isolation and characterization of a drosophila homologue of mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase-3 which has a high substrate specificity towards extracellular-signal-regulated kinase. | a partial c-terminal cdna sequence of a novel drosophila mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphatase (mkp), designated dmkp-3, was identified from an epitope expressed sequence tag database, and the missing n-terminal cdna fragment was cloned from a drosophila cdna library. dmkp-3 is a protein of 411 amino acids, with a calculated molecular mass of 45.8 kda; the deduced amino acid sequence is most similar to that of mammalian mkp-3. recombinant dmkp-3 produced in escherichia coli retained intri ... | 2002 | 11742539 |
| acidic extracellular ph induces vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) in human glioblastoma cells via erk1/2 mapk signaling pathway: mechanism of low ph-induced vegf. | overexpression of vascular endothelial growth factor (vegf) is associated with disease progression in human glioblastomas. we recently showed that vegf promoter activity is inversely correlated with tumor extracellular ph (ph(o)) in vivo in the human glioma (u87 mg) xenografts. here we show that substitution of the neutral culture medium (ph 7.3) with acidic ph medium (ph 6.6) up-regulates vegf mrna and protein production in human glioblastoma cells as reflected by northern blot analysis and enz ... | 2002 | 11741977 |
| bacterial peptidoglycan-induced tnf-alpha transcription is mediated through the transcription factors egr-1, elk-1, and nf-kappab. | bacteria and their ubiquitous cell wall component peptidoglycan (pgn) activate the innate immune system of the host and induce the release of inflammatory molecules. tnf-alpha is one of the highest induced cytokines in macrophages stimulated with pgn; however, the regulation of tnf-alpha expression in pgn-activated cells is poorly understood. this study was done to identify some of the transcription factors that regulate the expression of the tnf-alpha gene in macrophages stimulated with pgn. ou ... | 2001 | 11739517 |
| ngf signaling from clathrin-coated vesicles: evidence that signaling endosomes serve as a platform for the ras-mapk pathway. | the target-derived neurotrophic factor "nerve growth factor" (ngf) signals through trka to promote the survival, differentiation, and maintenance of neurons. how the ngf signal in axon terminals is conveyed to the cell body is unknown. the "signaling endosome hypothesis" envisions that ngf-trka complexes are internalized at the axon terminal and retrogradely transported to the cell body. following ngf treatment, we found that clathrin-coated vesicles contained ngf bound to trka together with act ... | 2001 | 11738027 |
| ctgf/hcs24 induces chondrocyte differentiation through a p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (p38mapk), and proliferation through a p44/42 mapk/extracellular-signal regulated kinase (erk). | connective tissue growth factor/hypertrophic chondrocyte specific gene product 24 (ctgf/hcs24) promotes proliferation and differentiation of chondrocytes in culture. we investigated the roles of two major types of mitogen activated protein kinase (mapk) in the promotion of proliferation and differentiation by ctgf/hcs24. here we report the effects of the mapkk/mek 1/2 inhibitor, pd098059, and p38 mapk inhibitor, sb203580, in a human chondrosarcoma-derived chondrocytic cell line (hcs-2/8) and rab ... | 2001 | 11732999 |
| studies on the inhibition of tumor cell growth and microtubule assembly by 3-hydroxy-4-[(e)-(2-furyl)methylidene]methyl-3-cyclopentene-1,2-dione, an intensively coloured maillard reaction product. | very recently, 3-hydroxy-4-[(e)-(2-furyl)methylidene]methyl-3-cyclopentene-1,2-dione (1) has been successfully identified as an intensively coloured maillard product formed from glucose and l-proline upon thermal food processing. using a biomimetic synthetic strategy, reference material of compound 1 was prepared and purified, and then used to study its effect on the growth of human tumor cells. compound 1 was found to potently inhibit the growth of human tumor cells in vitro. using a reporter g ... | 2002 | 11731031 |
| hiv nef increases t cell erk map kinase activity. | the human immunodeficiency regulatory protein nef enhances viral replication and is central to viral pathogenesis. although nef has displayed a capacity to associate with a diverse assortment of cellular molecules and to increase t cell activity, the biochemical activity of nef in t cells remains poorly defined. in this report we examine the bioactivity of nef in primary cd4 t cells and, in particular, focus on the biochemical pathways known to be central to t cell activity. the extracellular si ... | 2002 | 11726657 |
| radicicol suppresses transformation and restores tropomyosin-2 expression in both ras- and mek-transformed cells without inhibiting the raf/mek/erk signaling cascade. | the antibiotic radicicol suppresses transformation in a variety of transformed cells. the antineoplastic effects of the drug have been attributed to the degradation of raf and the inactivation of the ras/raf/mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (mek)/extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) signaling cascade. here we demonstrate that radicicol induces cell spreading, suppresses anchorage-independent cell growth, and increases the expression of the high-molecular weight tropomyosin isoform ... | 2001 | 11714635 |
| biological activity of re-1 silencing transcription factor (rest) towards distinct transcriptional activators. | the zinc finger protein re-1 silencing transcription factor (rest) is a transcriptional repressor that represses neuronal genes in non-neuronal tissues. we have analyzed the ability of rest and the rest mutants, restdeltan and restdeltac lacking either the n-terminal or c-terminal repression domains of rest, to inhibit transcription mediated by distinct transcriptional activator proteins. for this purpose we have designed an activator specific assay where transcription is activated as a result o ... | 2001 | 11703459 |
| no direct mitogenic effect of sex hormones on antlerogenic cells detected in vitro. | deer pedicles, antecedents of antlers, develop from a specialized periosteum (antlerogenic periosteum) which overlies the lateral crest of the deer frontal bone. the initiation of pedicle growth is triggered by androgen hormones. thus far, it is not known whether pedicle initiation is caused by direct stimulation of androgen hormones on the antlerogenic periosteum or whether some intermediate mechanisms are necessary. the present study took an in vitro approach to investigate whether sex hormone ... | 2001 | 11703073 |
| activation of elk-1, an ets transcription factor, by glucose and egf treatment of insulinoma cells. | elk-1, a member of the ternary complex factor family of ets domain proteins that bind serum response elements, is activated by phosphorylation in a cell-specific manner in response to growth factors and other agents. the purpose of the current study was to determine whether elk-1 activation contributes to glucose-/depolarization-induced ca(2+)-dependent induction of immediate early response genes in pancreatic islet beta-cells. the results of experiments in insulinoma (min6) cells demonstrated t ... | 2001 | 11701445 |
| stimulation of endothelin b receptors in astrocytes induces camp response element-binding protein phosphorylation and c-fos expression via multiple mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways. | the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin (et-1) exerts its physiological and pathological effects via activation of et(a) and et(b) receptor (et-r) subtypes. in this study, we demonstrate that both et-r subtypes are highly expressed in rat astrocytes in vivo, indicating that these cells are potential targets of the biological effects of et-1 in the brain. in cultured cortical astrocytes, both et-r subtypes are expressed, and selective stimulation of et(b)-r with et-1 induces phosphorylation of cam ... | 2001 | 11698596 |
| enhancement of survival by lpa via erk1/erk2 and pi 3-kinase/akt pathways in a murine hepatocyte cell line. | first published september 5, 2001; 10.1152/ajpcell.00077.2001.-protective mechanisms for lysophosphatidic acid (lpa) against cell death caused by clostridium difficile toxin, or tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha) plus d-galactosamine, were investigated in a murine hepatocyte cell line aml12 expressing edg2 lpa receptor. in these models of hepatocellular injury, lpa prevented hepatocyte damage, suppressed apoptosis, and enhanced cell survival in a dose-dependent fashion. the protective effec ... | 2001 | 11698260 |
| onchocercosis in red deer (cervus elaphus) from spain. | onchocercosis, caused by onchocerca flexuosa, was observed in red deer (cervus elaphus) from spain for the first time. adult specimens of p. flexuosa were found in nodules in subcutaneous tissues in 42 of 125 (33%) red deer between october 1994 and september 1995; intensity of infection +/- sd was 3.93 +/- 5.26 nodules per infected host. a clear seasonal pattern in the distribution of nodules was observed, with higher values of prevalence and intensity in fall and winter in contrast to spring an ... | 2001 | 11695405 |
| pten does not modulate glut4 translocation in rat adipose cells under physiological conditions. | pten is a 3'-inositol lipid phosphatase that dephosphorylates products of pi 3-kinase. since pi 3-kinase is required for many metabolic actions of insulin, we investigated the role of pten in insulin-stimulated translocation of glut4. in control rat adipose cells, we observed a approximately 2-fold increase in cell surface glut4 upon maximal insulin stimulation. overexpression of wild-type pten abolished this response to insulin. translocation of glut4 in cells overexpressing pten mutants withou ... | 2001 | 11689011 |
| group i metabotropic glutamate receptors control phosphorylation of creb, elk-1 and erk via a camkii-dependent pathway in rat striatum. | in vivo activation of group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) upregulates phosphorylation of cyclic amp response element-binding protein (creb), elk-1 and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erk) in striatal neurons. to evaluate putative roles of ca2+/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase ii (camkii) in creb, elk-1 and erk phosphorylation, the camkii inhibitor, kn62, was infused simultaneously with the group i mglur agonist, 3,5-dihydroxyphenylglycine (dhpg), into the rat dorsal stri ... | 2001 | 11682144 |
| development of a homogeneous map kinase reporter gene screen for the identification of agonists and antagonists at the cxcr1 chemokine receptor. | agonist activity at g protein-coupled receptors (gpcrs) that regulate heterotrimeric g proteins of the galpha(i/o) or galpha(q) families has been shown to result in activation of the mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase cascade. to facilitate compound screening for these classes of gpcr, we have developed a reporter gene that detects the activation of the ternary complex transcription factor sap1a following map kinase activation. in contrast to other reporter gene assays for galpha(i/o)-couple ... | 2001 | 11679162 |
| oncogenic levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) signaling of the dinucleotide kras2 mutations g12f and gg12-13vc. | we previously reported the occurrence of novel dinucleotide mutations of the k-ras gene (kras2) in 2% of pancreatic tumors sampled, but it remained unknown whether these were functional mutations that convert the proto-oncogene to an oncogene, or unselected mutations that might inactivate protein function. in the current study, the functionality of these rare mutations was quantitated via a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway-specific transactivational reporter system. pathway activa ... | 2001 | 11668624 |
| activation of mu-opioid receptor induces expression of c-fos and junb via mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade. | opioid-induced long-term functional alterations of the nervous system, such as tolerance, addiction, and dependence, conceivably involve changes in gene expression. the authors have previously reported that opioid receptors are functionally coupled to extracellular signal-regulated kinase, a class of the mitogen-activated protein kinase. to address whether activation of the opioid receptor induces changes in gene expression through the activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase, the aut ... | 2001 | 11605942 |
| [seasonal adaptation of general metabolism and energy metabolism in the elk alces alces from pechora taiga]. | 2001 | 11605439 | |
| activation of raf/erk1/2 map kinase pathway is involved in gm-csf-induced proliferation and survival but not in erythropoietin-induced differentiation of tf-1 cells. | the involvement of mapk pathways in differentiation, proliferation and survival was investigated by comparing epo and gm-csf signalling in human factor-dependent myeloerythroid tf-1 cells with abnormal epo-r. gm-csf withdrawal induced cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis accompanied by increased caspase-3 activity, dna degradation and reduced expression of the antiapoptotic bcl-2 and bcl-xl proteins. readministration of gm-csf but not epo reversed these processes and induced proliferation. the gm-csf ... | 2001 | 11602185 |
| experimental ehrlichia phagocytophila infection in red deer (cervus elaphus). | 2001 | 11601517 | |
| direct action of melatonin in human granulosa-luteal cells. | the direct involvement of melatonin in modulation of ovarian steroidogenesis, the high levels of melatonin found in human follicular fluid, and the presence of melatonin binding sites in the ovary led us to hypothesize that melatonin acts as a modulator of ovarian function. in contrast to the hypothalamus and pituitary, the mechanism of melatonin action at the level of the ovary is still poorly understood. in the present study, we investigated the gene expression of the two different forms of me ... | 2001 | 11600542 |
| heparin and heparan sulfate inhibit extracellular signal-regulated kinase activation and myocardial cell hypertrophy induced by endothelin-1. | heparan sulfate (hs) is one of the components of extracellular matrix and a potent anti-growth factor in various cells. heparin has a similar structure to hs and is demonstrated to inhibit myocardial cell hypertrophy. we examined the intracellular signal mechanisms linking to the inhibitory effects of heparin and hs on endothelin-1 (et-1)-induced hypertrophy in cultured rat neonatal myocardial cells (mcs). heparin inhibited et-1-induced c-fos mrna expression. heparin and hs inhibited et-1-induce ... | 2001 | 11599124 |