Publications
Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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anti-malarial effect of histone deacetylation inhibitors and mammalian tumour cytodifferentiating agents. | the histones of plasmodium falciparum represent a potential new target for anti-malarial compounds. a naturally occurring compound, apicidin, has recently been shown to inhibit the in vitro growth of p. falciparum. apicidin was shown to hyperacetylate histones, suggesting that its mode of action is through histone deacetylase inhibition. we have tested the ability of known histone deacetylase inhibitors, mammalian tumour suppressor compounds, and cytodifferentiating agents to inhibit the in vitr ... | 2000 | 10856511 |
plasmodium berghei: the antimalarial activity of albendazole in rats is mediated via effects on the hematopoietic system. | 2000 | 10831394 | |
the intraperitoneal plasmodium berghei-pasteur infection of swiss mice is not a system that is able to detect the antiplasmodial activity in the pothomorphe plant extracts that are used as antimalarials in brazilian endemic areas. | the antimalarial activity of the hexane and methanol extracts derived from the brazilian plants pothomorphe peltata and pothomorphe umbellata-whose leaves are popularly employed in medicinal folk remedies for the treatment of malaria-was assessed through in vivo tests with the peters method. the extracts were delivered to plasmodium berghei-infected mice via the oral or the subcutaneous route. a suppressive effect on the parasitemia seemed to be evident when data regarding the intraperitoneal in ... | 2000 | 10831392 |
divergence of noncoding sequences and of insertions encoding nonglobular domains at a genomic region well conserved in plasmodia. | to identify conserved features in the rapidly diverging portions of a well-conserved locus, completely sequenced in plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei, a computational method based on recurrence analysis was exploited. at the level of the genomic sequence, in both species, introns and intergenic sequences-though subject to rapid diversification-do not drift without constraints, but rather coevolve, in the sense that they maintain not only an at-rich base composition, but also a consist ... | 2000 | 10824091 |
in vivo antimalarial activity of the beta-carboline alkaloid manzamine a. | manzamine a, a beta-carboline alkaloid present in several marine sponge species, inhibits the growth of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei in vivo. more than 90% of the asexual erythrocytic stages of p. berghei were inhibited after a single intraperitoneal injection of manzamine a into infected mice. a remarkable aspect of manzamine a treatment is its ability to prolong the survival of highly parasitemic mice, with 40% recovery 60 days after a single injection. oral administration of ... | 2000 | 10817722 |
role of macrophages in experimental malaria: vi--effect of freund's complete adjuvant in plasmodium berghei infected mice. | freund's complete adjuvant (fca) treated group of mice when challenged with lethal plasmodium berghei showed increased survival value; survival period (sp) and median survival day (msd) compared to their respective control groups. k values were affected and mean parasitaemia during infection period was lower than that of control. in general survival rate after 35 days of infection was 10.5% in fca recipients. the survival rate in a particular group of animals which received 0.2 ml fca 3 days bef ... | 1999 | 10810600 |
immune responses to chloroquine--sensitive and resistant populations of plasmodium berghei in mice. | in order to elucidate the role of the host as a factor in the spread of chloroquine resistance, a study of the host's immune responses in chloroquine resistant (cqr) and chloroquine sensitive (cqs) plasmodial infections is essential. course of the infection and the nature of immune responses in mice infected with chloroquine resistant (r) and chloroquine sensitive (s) strains of plasmodium berghei were compared. crude parasite antigen activated t cells from both the groups of mice (r and s) and ... | 1999 | 10810580 |
[time course of serum nuclease activity in mice infected with plasmodium berghei]. | the present paper shows that murine serum nuclease activity increases following p.berghei infection. dna activity begins increasing just 48 hours after infection. following 78 hours, it achieves the maximum, by exceeding the baseline level by 6 times. then dna activity starts decreasing and following 94 hours after infection it is just thrice higher than the baseline. serum rna activity shows only 30% increases 72 hours after infection and returns to the baseline following 94 hours. microscopic ... | 2000 | 10808713 |
the role of intrahepatic lymphocytes in mediating protective immunity induced by attenuated plasmodium berghei sporozoites. | exposure to irradiated plasmodium sporozoites (gamma-spz) results in protection against malaria. like infectious spz, gamma-spz colonize hepatocytes to undergo maturation. disruption of liver stage development prevents the generation of protection, which appears, therefore, to depend on liver stage antigens. although some mechanisms of protection have been identified, they do not include a role for intrahepatic mononuclear cells (ihmc). we demonstrated that p. berghei gamma-spz-immune murine ihm ... | 2000 | 10807512 |
cutting edge: the igg response to the circumsporozoite protein is mhc class ii-dependent and cd1d-independent: exploring the role of gpis in nk t cell activation and antimalarial responses. | biochemical analysis has suggested that self gpi anchors are the main natural ligand associated with mouse cd1d molecules. a recent study reported that valpha14+ nk t cells responded to self as well as foreign (parasite-derived) gpis in a cd1d-dependent manner. it further reported that the igg response to the plasmodium berghei malarial circumsporozoite (cs) protein was severely impaired in cd1d-deficient mice, leading to a model whereby nk t cells, upon recognition of cd1d molecules presenting ... | 2000 | 10799852 |
synthesis and antimalarial activity of artemisinin derivatives containing an amino group. | in search of water-soluble artemisinin derivatives that are more stable than sodium artesunate, over 30 derivatives containing an amino group (compounds 3-5) were synthesized and tested in mice. all products tested (except 5a and 5b) are the beta isomers. these basic compounds combined with organic acids (oxalic acid, maleic acid, etc. ) to yield the corresponding salts. generally, the maleates have better solubility in water than the corresponding oxalates. the aqueous solutions of these salts ... | 2000 | 10780920 |
optimisation of flow cytometric measurement of parasitaemia in plasmodium-infected mice. | mouse malaria is often used as a model for drug testing. the results of drug trials are monitored by tedious (and consequently, sometimes inaccurate) microscopic counting of blood smears, or by flow cytometry. we suggest an improved, accurate and time-saving flow cytometric method for determination of parasitaemias in mice infected with plasmodium vinckei petteri or plasmodium berghei. the method involves collection of drops of blood from the tail vein, fixation, storage, permeabilisation, stain ... | 2000 | 10779580 |
isolation of antigen from the circulating immune complex in mice infected with plasmodium berghei. | circulating immune complex (cic) is known to play a role in pathological glomerular alterations in malaria. however, the nature of the antigens comprising the cic is still not fully understood. we report here the isolation of the antigen in cic and its localisation in mice infected with plasmodium berghei nk65. the antigen was successfully isolated from cic extracted from the blood of mice infected with p. berghei, by using c1q-coated microplates. the molecular mass of the antigen separated from ... | 2000 | 10779574 |
direct immunization of malaria dna vaccine into the liver by gene gun protects against lethal challenge of plasmodium berghei sporozoite. | the liver is the first target organ for malaria parasites immediately after the bite of an infected mosquito. we studied local immunization of malaria dna vaccines at the site of the liver using a gene gun as a useful tool for in vivo transfection of foreign genes. a malaria dna vaccine consisting of the plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein (pbcsp) gene plus the mouse il-12 gene was bombarded directly by a gene gun into mouse liver once or into the skin twice. a marked protective effect w ... | 2000 | 10777689 |
scorpine, an anti-malaria and anti-bacterial agent purified from scorpion venom. | a novel peptide, scorpine, was isolated from the venom of the scorpion pandinus imperator, with anti-bacterial activity and a potent inhibitory effect on the ookinete (ed(50) 0.7 microm) and gamete (ed(50) 10 microm) stages of plasmodium berghei development. it has 75 amino acids, three disulfide bridges with a molecular mass of 8350 da. scorpine has a unique amino acid sequence, similar only to some cecropins in its n-terminal segment and to some defensins in its c-terminal region. its gene was ... | 2000 | 10767415 |
molecular characterization of a prophenoloxidase cdna from the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi. | some refractory anopheline mosquitoes are capable of killing plasmodium, the causative agent of malaria, by melanotic encapsulation of invading ookinetes. phenoloxidase (po) appears to be involved in the formation of melanin and toxic metabolites in the surrounding capsule. a cdna encoding anopheles stephensi prophenoloxidase (ans-propo) was isolated from a cdna library screened with an amplimer produced by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) with degenerate primers designed ... | 2000 | 10762420 |
neutrophils play a critical role in the pathogenesis of experimental cerebral malaria. | the role of neutrophils in experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) is not well understood. in this study we used a moab, rb6-8c5, to deplete the peripheral neutrophils of ecm-susceptible cba/nslc mice 24 h before plasmodium berghei anka (pba) infection. we found that early neutrophil depletion prevented the development of ecm and dramatically decreased the sequestration of monocytes and microhaemorrhage in the brain. the depletion of neutrophils also down-regulated tumour necrosis factor-alpha, inte ... | 2000 | 10759773 |
the mosquito transmission of malaria: the effects of atovaquone-proguanil (malarone) and chloroquine. | despite its recognized importance, the prevention of patients with malaria from continuing to infect mosquitoes after treatment is not always achieved in practice. an inevitable consequence of the prolonged life-span and relative metabolic stasis of the mature gametocytes of plasmodium falciparum is that they are not cleared by most antimalarials, and few antimalarials block infection in the mosquito vector. previous research on the constituents of malarone, a new 'combined antimalarial', sugges ... | 2000 | 10748906 |
oxidative phosphorylation, ca(2+) transport, and fatty acid-induced uncoupling in malaria parasites mitochondria. | respiration, oxidative phosphorylation, calcium uptake, and the mitochondrial membrane potential of trophozoites of the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei were assayed in situ after permeabilization with digitonin. adp promoted an oligomycin-sensitive transition from resting to phosphorylating respiration. respiration was sensitive to antimycin a and cyanide. the capacity of trophozoites to sustain oxidative phosphorylation was additionally supported by the detection of an oligomycin-sensitive ... | 2000 | 10734123 |
acidocalcisomes and a vacuolar h+-pyrophosphatase in malaria parasites. | plasmodium berghei trophozoites were loaded with the fluorescent calcium indicator, fura-2 acetoxymethyl ester, to measure their intracellular ca(2+) concentration ([ca(2+)](i)). [ca(2+)](i) was increased in the presence of the sarcoplasmic/endoplasmic reticulum ca(2+)-atpase inhibitor, thapsigargin. trophozoites also possess a significant amount of ca(2+) stored in an acidic compartment. this was indicated by: (1) the increase in [ca(2+)](i) induced by bafilomycin a(1), nigericin, monensin, or ... | 2000 | 10727425 |
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. lviii. drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, part. 2: the new generation--artemisinin or artesunate with long-acting blood schizontocides. | the search for combinations of antimalarial drugs that will impede the selection of drug resistance, especially in plasmodium falciparum, is currently focused on the use of a member of the artemisinin family, with a short half-life, in association with a relatively long-acting blood schizontocide. experiments with such 'third-generation' combinations, in mice infected either with chloroquine-sensitive p. berghei or p. chabaudi, or chloroquine-resistant p. yoelii ssp. ns, have produced interestin ... | 2000 | 10723521 |
nitric oxide in murine malaria: divergent roles in blood and brain suggested by voltametric measures. | 1999 | 10717761 | |
enumeration of micronucleated reticulocytes in rat peripheral blood: a flow cytometric study. | micronuclei (mn) are routinely enumerated in mouse peripheral blood to index genotoxicity. recent data from the collaborative study group for the micronucleus test (csgmt) [csgmt (the collaborative study group for the micronucleus test), evaluation of the rat micronucleus test with bone marrow and peripheral blood: summary of the 9th collaborative study by csgmt/jems mms, environ. mol. mutagen. 32 (1998) 84-100] suggest that rat peripheral blood may also be appropriate for the enumeration of mn, ... | 2000 | 10708974 |
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. lvii. drug combinations to impede the selection of drug resistance, part 1: which model is appropriate? | the principle has finally been accepted that, whenever possible, antimalarial drugs should be deployed in appropriate combinations in endemic areas, in order to minimize the inevitability that monotherapy will, probably sooner than later, select populations of drug-resistant parasites. which laboratory models can predict the combinations of old or novel compounds that are likely to be of practical value in minimizing this risk? very few relevant data on the use of plasmodium falciparum in vitro ... | 1999 | 10707103 |
analysis of a malaria sporozoite protein family required for gliding motility and cell invasion. | 2000 | 10707054 | |
reactive changes of retinal microglia during fatal murine cerebral malaria: effects of dexamethasone and experimental permeabilization of the blood-brain barrier. | microglial activation and redistribution toward blood vessels are some of the earliest observable events occurring within the central nervous system (cns) during fatal murine cerebral malaria (fmcm). to investigate stimuli that might modulate microglial reactivity during fmcm we have performed two experimental manipulations and observed microglial responses in retinal whole mounts. first, to determine whether increased blood-brain barrier (bbb) permeability in the absence of the malaria parasite ... | 2000 | 10702421 |
the selectable marker human dihydrofolate reductase enables sequential genetic manipulation of the plasmodium berghei genome. | genetic transformation of malaria parasites has been limited by the number of selectable markers available. for the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, only a single selection marker has been at hand, utilising the dihydrofolate reductase-thymidylate synthase gene from either p. berghei or toxoplasma gondii to confer resistance to the anti-malarial drug pyrimethamine. here we report the use of the human dihydrofolate reductase (hdhfr) gene as a new selectable marker, which confers resis ... | 2000 | 10699250 |
plasmodium falciparum cs c-terminal fragment: preclinical evaluation and phase i clinical studies. | preclinical evaluation of synthetic peptides corresponding to the c-terminal regions of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein in various plasmodia showed that these preparations were immunogenic and safe upon injection in various animal models. additionally, the corresponding peptide from plasmodium falciparum was widely recognized by sera and pbl obtained from semi-immune adults living in malaria endemic areas. moreover, the cs c-terminal peptide derived from p. berghei conferred protection upon ch ... | 1999 | 10697896 |
genome plasticity and sexual differentiation in plasmodium. | spontaneous subtelomeric deletions of plasmodium chromosomes have been observed both in natural infections and in laboratory maintained parasites. in the latter case, functions dispensable for asexual parasite multiplication and encoded at the extremities of the chromosomes are easily lost. in particular, spontaneous subtelomeric deletions have been characterised which affect gametocytogenesis both in plasmodium berghei maintained in laboratory animals and in plasmodium falciparum propagated in ... | 1999 | 10697847 |
phenyl beta-methoxyacrylates: a new antimalarial pharmacophore. | phenyl beta-methoxyacrylates, linked to an aromatic ring via an olefinic bridge, have been identified as novel, potentially inexpensive, antimalarial agents. the compounds are believed to exert their activity by inhibition of mitochondrial electron transport at the cytochrome bc(1) complex. a series of compounds have been synthesized to define structure-activity relationships affecting antimalarial activity. it was found that the beta-methoxyacrylate was required ortho to the linker and the opti ... | 2000 | 10691682 |
a search for natural bioactive compounds in bolivia through a multidisciplinary approach. part i. evaluation of the antimalarial activity of plants used by the chacobo indians. | thirty extracts of plants traditionally used by the chacobos, a native community living in the amazonian part of bolivia, were screened in vitro and/or in vivo for antimalarial activity. two of the four species designated as antimalarial, geissospermum laeve and maquira coriacea, displayed rather good activity, corroborating their traditional uses. however, they did show a rather high toxicity in vivo. among twelve species used to cure symptoms relevant to malaria, five showed good activity: apu ... | 2000 | 10687869 |
schizontocidal effects of oral artesunate on plasmodium berghei in mice and p knowlesi in monkeys. | to study the blood schizontocidal effect of oral artesunate on p berghei in mice and p knowlesi in monkey. | 1999 | 10678113 |
covalent binding of polyethylene glycol to the surface of red blood cells as detected and followed up by cell electrophoresis and rheological methods. | cyanuric chloride activated polyethylene glycol (peg)-5000 was covalently coupled to murine and human red blood cells (pegylated rbc). our purpose was to camouflage rbc receptors, which is necessary for parasite invasion, a process essential to sustain parasitemia. cell electrophoretic mobility analysis (cem) of pegylated rbc distinguished a new population of cells bearing characteristic cem. pegylation of rbc also modified their rheological properties, which were documented by evaluation of cel ... | 2000 | 10675005 |
plasmodium berghei in the white rat: severe malaria of pregnancy does not occur in the progeny of mothers infected during gestation. | 1999 | 10656044 | |
the chemotherapy of rodent malaria. lvi. studies on the development of resistance to natural and synthetic endoperoxides. | chloroquine-sensitive plasmodium berghei n and chloroquine-resistant p. yoelii ssp. ns were exposed to selection pressure, in the '2% relapse technique', from artemisinin, artesunate, a bicyclic, synthetic endoperoxide ro 41-3823 (an analogue of arteflene) or fenozan b07, a synthetic 1,2,4-trioxane endoperoxide. whereas resistance against artemisinin did develop to a moderate level in both parasites, only a low level of resistance or none developed to the other compounds, and resistant parasites ... | 1999 | 10656034 |
the effect of nitric oxide on the growth of plasmodium falciparum, p. chabaudi and p. berghei in vitro. | protective immune mechanisms to the asexual erythrocytic stages of the malaria parasite plasmodium chabaudi as strain include antibody-independent mechanisms. nitric oxide (no) is produced during the infection and indirect evidence suggests that it can contribute to the antiparasitic mechanisms. we examined the effect of an no producer, s-nitroso-acetyl-penicillamine (snap), on the growth and survival in vitro of p. chabaudi as, p. berghei and p. falciparum. growth of the parasites was monitored ... | 2000 | 10652122 |
malaria-infected erythrocytes serve as biological standards to ensure reliable and consistent scoring of micronucleated erythrocytes by flow cytometry. | a procedure for optimizing the configuration of flow cytometers for enumerating micronucleated erythrocytes is described. the method is based on the use of a biological model for micronucleated erythrocytes, the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. p. berghei endows target cells of interest (erythrocytes) with a micronucleus-like dna content. unlike micronuclei, parasitized red blood cells have a homogenous dna content, and can be very prevalent in circulation. these characteristics make malaria ... | 2000 | 10648906 |
molecular characterization of five serine protease genes cloned from anopheles gambiae hemolymph. | we identified five new serine protease cdnas from the hemolymph of the malaria vector, anopheles gambiae. all five show sequence similarity to genes thought to be involved in vertebrate or invertebrate defense responses. sp14a, sp14d2 and sp22d demonstrate changes in transcript abundance in response to bacteria injections. sp14a and sp14d2, as well as the previously characterized sp14d1, are induced by infection with the malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei. these three proteases, along with sp1 ... | 2000 | 10646969 |
novel, potent, semisynthetic antimalarial carba analogues of the first-generation 1,2,4-trioxane artemether. | ten novel, second-generation, fluorinated ether and ester analogues of the potent first-generation analogues artemether (4a) and arteether (4b) have been designed and synthesized. all of the compounds demonstrate high antimalarial potency in vitro against the chloroquine-sensitive hb3 and -resistant k1 strains of plasmodium falciparum. the most potent derivative 8 was 15 times more potent than artemisinin (2) against the hb3 strain of p. falciparum. in vivo, versus plasmodium berghei in the mous ... | 1999 | 10639291 |
role of icam-1 (cd54) in the development of murine cerebral malaria. | in susceptible mouse strains, infection of mice with plasmodium berghei anka (pba) results in a lethal complication, cerebral malaria. cerebral malaria is due to the immune response induced by the parasite, which results in an increased production of tnf, known to increase the expression of adhesion molecules on the endothelia. to investigate the role of the adhesion molecule icam-1 (cd54), we infected wild-type (+/+) and icam-1-deficient (-/-) mice with pba. while +/+ mice died 6-8 days after i ... | 1999 | 10617927 |
in vivo antimalarial activities of quassia amara and quassia undulata plant extracts in mice. | extracts obtained from two nigerian simaroubaceae plants, quassia amara l. and quassia undulata (giull and perr) d. dietr were screened for antimalarial properties using a total of six extracts. the plant extracts showed significant antimalarial activities in the 4 day suppressive in vivo antimalarial assay in mice inoculated with red blood cells parasitized with plasmodium berghei berghei. plant extracts were studied at 100 mg and 200 mg per kg body weight mouse per day, respectively. at a conc ... | 1999 | 10617067 |
the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei does not contain a typical o-type small subunit ribosomal rna gene. | 2000 | 10613710 | |
characterization of the merozoite surface protein 4/5 gene of plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii. | the genes encoding merozoite surface protein 4/5 (msp4/5) from plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii have been cloned and completely sequenced. comparisons of the predicted protein sequences with those of plasmodium chabaudi msp4/5 and plasmodium falciparum msp4 and msp5 show general structural similarities. all predicted proteins contain hydrophobic signal sequences, potential gpi attachment sequences and a single epidermal growth factor (egf)-like domain at the c-terminus. the amino acid se ... | 2000 | 10613706 |
a simple magnetic method for the purification of malarial pigment. | using a simple magnetic separation apparatus, plasmodium berghei malarial pigment has been purified 200-fold in a single step. the technique exploits the paramagnetic properties of malarial pigment (hemozoin) and provides a simple and rapid method for the isolation of this material with high purification and yield. | 1984 | 10610436 |
analysis of immune responses against t- and b-cell epitopes from plasmodium falciparum liver-stage antigen 1 in rodent malaria models and malaria-exposed human subjects in india. | liver-stage antigen 1 (lsa-1) is a potential vaccine candidate against preerythrocytic stages of malaria. we report here the immunogenicity of linear synthetic constructs delineated as t(h)-cell determinants from the nonrepeat regions of plasmodium falciparum lsa-1 in murine models and human subjects from areas where malaria is endemic in rajasthan state, india. seven peptide constructs (ls1.1 to ls1.7) corresponding to predicted t-cell sites from both the n- and c-terminal regions and peptide l ... | 2000 | 10603380 |
memory phenotype cd8(+) t cells persist in livers of mice protected against malaria by immunization with attenuated plasmodium berghei sporozoites. | natural exposure to plasmodium parasites induces short-lived protective immunity. in contrast, exposure to radiation-attenuated sporozoites (gamma spz) promotes long-lasting protection that is in part mediated by cd8(+) t cells that target exoerythrocytic stage antigens. the mechanisms underlying the maintenance of long-lasting protection are currently unclear. the liver is a repository of plasmodium antigens and may support the development and / or homing of memory t cells. while activated cd8( ... | 1999 | 10602007 |
the aspartic proteinase from the rodent parasite plasmodium berghei as a potential model for plasmepsins from the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum. | the gene encoding an aspartic proteinase precursor (proplasmepsin) from the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei has been cloned. recombinant p. berghei plasmepsin hydrolysed a synthetic peptide substrate and this cleavage was prevented by the general aspartic proteinase inhibitor, isovaleryl pepstatin and by ro40-4388, a lead compound for the inhibition of plasmepsins from the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum. southern blotting detected only one proplasmepsin gene in p. berghe ... | 1999 | 10601635 |
a single-chain antibody fragment specific for the plasmodium berghei ookinete protein pbs21 confers transmission blockade in the mosquito midgut. | mouse monoclonal antibody 13.1 (mab 13.1) directed against pbs21, a 21-kda sexual-stage surface protein of plasmodium berghei, is known to inhibit oocyst development from gametocytes and ookinetes in the mosquito midgut. to examine the properties and potential uses of a single-chain antibody fragment (scfv) for blocking transmission of malaria parasites to mosquitoes, we have cloned and sequenced the genes encoding variable regions of the immunoglobulin heavy and light chains (v(h) and v(l)) of ... | 1999 | 10593175 |
mutations in the cytochrome b gene of plasmodium berghei conferring resistance to atovaquone. | the molecular lesions which underlie the resistance of the malaria parasites to atovaquone, a coenzyme q analogue, were investigated. resistant clones of plasmodium berghei anka strain were isolated following prolonged propagation in mice in the presence of increasing doses of the drug, and their cytochrome b gene sequenced. three mutations were detected, t-c substitution at nt 431, g-a at nt 399 and g-t at nt 850, resulting in amino acid changes in the putative cytochrome b product at residues ... | 1999 | 10593174 |
targeted disruption of the plasmodium berghei ctrp gene reveals its essential role in malaria infection of the vector mosquito. | ctrp (circumsporozoite protein and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein [trap]-related protein) of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei (pbctrp) makes up a protein family together with other apicomplexan proteins that are specifically expressed in the host-invasive stage 1. pbctrp is produced in the mosquito-invasive, or ookinete, stage and is a protein candidate for a role in ookinete adhesion and invasion of the mosquito midgut epithelium. to demonstrate involvement of pbctrp in t ... | 1999 | 10587361 |
conservation of a gliding motility and cell invasion machinery in apicomplexan parasites. | most apicomplexan parasites, including the human pathogens plasmodium, toxoplasma, and cryptosporidium, actively invade host cells and display gliding motility, both actions powered by parasite microfilaments. in plasmodium sporozoites, thrombospondin-related anonymous protein (trap), a member of a group of apicomplexan transmembrane proteins that have common adhesion domains, is necessary for gliding motility and infection of the vertebrate host. here, we provide genetic evidence that trap is d ... | 1999 | 10579715 |
ctrp is essential for mosquito infection by malaria ookinetes. | the malaria parasite suffers severe population losses as it passes through its mosquito vector. contributing factors are the essential but highly constrained developmental transitions that the parasite undergoes in the mosquito midgut, combined with the invasion of the midgut epithelium by the malaria ookinete (recently described as a principal elicitor of the innate immune response in the plasmodium-infected insect). little is known about the molecular organization of these midgut-stage parasit ... | 1999 | 10562534 |
gene gun intradermal dna immunization followed by boosting with modified vaccinia virus ankara: enhanced cd8+ t cell immunogenicity and protective efficacy in the influenza and malaria models. | in influenza and malaria, cd8+ t cells play an important role in protective immunity in mice. an immunization strategy consisting of dna priming followed by boosting with recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) induces complete protection, associated with high levels of cd8+ t cells, against plasmodium berghei sporozoite challenge in mice. intradermal delivery of dna with a gene gun requires smaller amounts of dna than intramuscular injection, in order to induce similar levels of immune ... | 1999 | 10547421 |
potentiation by febrifugine of host defense in mice against plasmodium berghei nk65. | the effect of febrifugine, the main alkaloidal constituent of an antimalarial crude drug, dichroa febrifuga lour., on protective immunity in mice infected with erythrocytic stage plasmodium berghei nk65 was investigated. febrifugine was administered orally, at a dose of 1 mg/kg/day, to mice before and/or after they were infected intraperitoneally with 2 x 10(6) parasitized red blood cells. then, mortality and the levels of parasitemia and plasma no3- [a degradation product of nitric oxide (no)] ... | 1999 | 10535750 |
iron acquisition by plasmodium spp. | 1999 | 10511692 | |
effects of plasmodium berghei infection on cytochromes p-450 2e1 and 3a2. | metabolism and disposition of most drugs used to treat malaria are substantially altered in malaria infection. few data are available that specify effects of malaria infection on drug metabolism pathways in humans or animal model systems. in this report, studies were undertaken to determine the effect of plasmodium berghei infection on cytochrome p-450 (cyp450) 2e1 and 3a2-mediated metabolism and enzyme expression in rat liver microsomes. malaria infection (mal) resulted in significant decreases ... | 1999 | 10510746 |
the a-domain and the thrombospondin-related motif of plasmodium falciparum trap are implicated in the invasion process of mosquito salivary glands. | sporozoites from all plasmodium species analysed so far express the thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (trap), which contains two distinct adhesive domains. these domains share sequence and structural homology with von willebrand factor type a-domain and the type i repeat of human thrombospondin (tsp). increasing experimental evidence indicates that the adhesive domains bind to vertebrate host ligands and that trap is involved, through an as yet unknown mechanism, in the process of sporozoi ... | 1999 | 10508153 |
plasmodium berghei: induction of aminopeptidase in malaria-resistant strain of anopheles gambiae. | 1999 | 10502473 | |
plasmodium berghei: a new rat model for assessment of blood schizonticidal activity. | 1999 | 10502471 | |
comparative evaluation of methods of malaria parasite density determination in blood samples from patients & experimental animals. | three methods for the quantitation of parasitaemia in malaria were compared with the standard method for ascertaining the accuracy in patients, plasmodium berghei infected mice and p. knowlesi infected rhesus monkeys. technique i, where parasitaemia was calculated from the number of prbcs in 10,000 rbcs in thin blood film and the total rbc count of the host, was used as the standard. technique ii, where parasitaemia was calculated based on the number of prbcs per wbc and average total wbc count ... | 1999 | 10489738 |
metal chelators/antioxidants: approaches to protect erythrocytic oxidative stress injury during plasmodium berghei infection in mastomys coucha. | desferal, n-acetyl penicillamine (metal chelators) and propylgallate, catechin, and reduced glutathione (antioxidants) suppressed the erythrocytic oxidative damage generated during plasmodium berghei infection in mastomys coucha. superoxide anion and lipid peroxide levels were increased and on the contrary, superoxide dismutase activity was noticeably decreased in the infected erythrocytes. metal chelators/antioxidant treatment to infected animals resulted in restoration of o(2)(-), lpo and sod ... | 1999 | 10479467 |
up-regulation of cytokines in glomerulonephritis associated with murine malaria infection. | malaria infections often cause glomerulonephritis (gn), and multiple factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of glomerular injury. the role of cytokines in malaria associated glomerulonephritis has not been clearly defined. to study the importance of cytokines in malarial nephritis, we investigated the expression of tumour necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), interleukin-1alpha (il-1alpha), il-6, il-10 and granulocyte macrophage-colony stimulating factor (gm-csf) in kidneys acutely infect ... | 1999 | 10469263 |
t cell response in malaria pathogenesis: selective increase in t cells carrying the tcr v(beta)8 during experimental cerebral malaria. | to characterize the t cells involved in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria (cm) induced by infection with plasmodium berghei anka clone 1.49l (pba 1.49l), the occurrence of the disease was assessed in mice lacking t cells of either the alphabeta or gammadelta lineage (tcralphabeta(-/-) or tcrgammadelta(-/-)). tcrgammadelta(-/-) mice were susceptible to cm, whereas all tcralphabeta(-/-) mice were resistant, suggesting that t cells of the alphabeta lineage are important in the genesis of cm. the ... | 1999 | 10464176 |
red cell selectivity in malaria: a study of multiple-infected erythrocytes. | to characterize red cell susceptibility to invasion in malaria, a selectivity index (si) was calculated as the ratio of observed number of multiple-infected red cells to that expected from a random process (poisson distribution). in patients with falciparum malaria (n = 100) si decreased with increasing parasitaemia (p < 0.001), and correlated inversely with plasma lactate concentrations, chosen prospectively as a measure of disease severity (r = -0.36, p < 0.001). for parasitaemias < 5%, the si ... | 1999 | 10450440 |
plants showing antiplasmodial activity--from crude extracts to isolated compounds. | the derivation of important antimalarial compounds started with the discovery of cinchona bark powder with wine. subsequently, post world war-i was a period of intensive work in maintaining such ethnobotanical records, in which the use of quinine has remained the drug of choice in malaria. after world war-ii new chemical techniques were used to fractionate and isolate, and also for structure determinations, which led to an ever increasing number of potential antiplasmodial compounds. recently ex ... | 1998 | 10448228 |
new type of febrifugine analogues, bearing a quinolizidine moiety, show potent antimalarial activity against plasmodium malaria parasite. | febrifugine (1) and isofebrifugine (2), isolated from the roots of dichroa febrifuga lour. (chinese name: cháng shan), are active principles against malaria. adducts of 1 and 2 with acetone, df-1 (3) and df-2 (4), respectively, were obtained using silica gel and acetone. they showed high activity against p. falciparum malaria in vitro. compound 3 was found to be equally effective against p. berghei in vivo as the clinically used drug chloroquine, whereas 4 showed only 1/24 of the activity of 3. ... | 1999 | 10447961 |
morphological analysis of isolated rhoptries from plasmodium yoelii, p. berghei, and p. chabaudi merozoites. | 1999 | 10425155 | |
new 4-aminoquinoline mannich base antimalarials. 1. effect of an alkyl substituent in the 5'-position of the 4'-hydroxyanilino side chain. | a new series of 4-aminoquinoline mannich base derivatives have been synthesized, in which the 3'-diethylamino function of amodiaquine (aq) is replaced by a 3'-tert-butylamino group and an aliphatic hydrocarbon entity is incorporated into the 5'-position of the 4'-hydroxyanilino side chain. seven alkyl mannich base derivatives were screened and found to be active against both chloroquine-sensitive and -resistant strains of plasmodium falciparum in vitro. the propyl and isopropyl alkyl derivatives ... | 1999 | 10425085 |
an alternate pathway for type 1 t cell differentiation. | ifn-regulatory factor-1 (irf-1) gene-disrupted mice are defective in il-12 and il-18 gene expression at the transcriptional and post-translational level respectively. the mutant mouse mounts a type 2 t cell response upon bacterial infection because of the impaired induction of the il-12 p40 gene and ifn-gamma-producing type 1 t cells are not induced. we showed here, however, that different pathogens activate a novel pathway for inducing ifn-gamma-producing type 1 t cells even in an irf-1-deficie ... | 1999 | 10421776 |
antimalarial activity and cytotoxicity of (-)-roemrefidine isolated from the stem bark of sparattanthelium amazonum. | (-)-roemrefidine, an aporphine alkaloid isolated from sparattanthelium amazonum martius (hernandiaceae) a vine from bolivia, has been found to be active against both resistant and sensitive strains of plasmodium falciparum in vitro and against p. berghei in mice. the compound demonstrated no cytotoxic activity against three cell lines (kb, hep-2 and hela). | 1999 | 10418333 |
infectivity of plasmodium berghei sporozoites delivered by intravenous inoculation versus mosquito bite: implications for sporozoite vaccine trials. | plasmodium berghei sporozoites delivered by mosquito bite were more infectious to outbred cd-1 mice than were sporozoites delivered by intravenous inoculation. the route of challenge also affected vaccine efficacy. in view of these findings and the fact that mosquito bites are the natural mode of sporozoite delivery, infectious mosquito bites should be considered the challenge protocol of choice for sporozoite vaccine efficacy trials. | 1999 | 10417207 |
synthesis and antimalarial activity of cyclic peroxides, 1,2,4,5, 7-pentoxocanes and 1,2,4,5-tetroxanes. | a variety of 1,2,4,5,7-pentoxocane and 1,2,4,5-tetroxane derivatives were prepared as potential peroxide antimalarial agents. in both series of cyclic peroxides, the steric and electronic effects of the substituents attached to the peroxide ring exert a remarkable influence on the antimalarial activity. for some cyclic peroxides, which were found to be highly effective in vitro, the study in vivo has been also conducted. | 1999 | 10411480 |
cloning and characterization of the merozoite surface antigen 1 gene of plasmodium berghei. | merozoite surface antigen 1 (msa1) is a promising candidate for vaccine development against malaria parasites. here, we report the complete nucleotide sequence of the gene encoding the precursor to this major surface antigen of plasmodium berghei strain anka using cdna library screening and polymerase chain reaction techniques. a single open reading frame of 5,376 basepairs encoding a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 197 kd was defined. the protein contains a putative signal peptide o ... | 1999 | 10403333 |
dipeptide derivatives of primaquine as transmission-blocking antimalarials: effect of aliphatic side-chain acylation on the gametocytocidal activity and on the formation of carboxyprimaquine in rat liver homogenates. | dipeptide derivatives of primaquine (pq) with reduced oxidative deamination to the inactive metabolite carboxyprimaquine were synthesized and evaluated as a novel class of transmission-blocking antimalarials. methods; antimalarial activity was studied using a model consisting of mefloquine-resistant plasmodium berghei anka 25r/10, balb c mice, and anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. metabolic studies were performed with rat liver homogenates, and the incubates were analyzed by hplc. | 1999 | 10397619 |
gene organization of rab6, a marker for the novel golgi of plasmodium. | 1999 | 10391383 | |
extracellular processing and presentation of a 69-mer synthetic polypetide to mhc class i-restricted t cells. | the classical pathway for mhc class-i-restricted ag presentation processes cytosolic ag synthesized in or delivered into the cytosol for binding to mhc class i molecules in the er. alternatively, ag may be processed and bind class i molecules in endocytic compartments or at the cell surface after regurgitation of processed peptides. we show that a 69-mer synthetic polypeptide that carries the optimal 9-mer kd-restricted epitope from the plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein, pbcs 245-253, ... | 1999 | 10378682 |
structure and expression of an adhesive protein-like molecule of mosquito invasive-stage malarial parasite. | invasion of the malarial parasite into a vector mosquito begins when the motile ookinete transverses the gut epithelium. adhesive proteins that may mediate this invasive process have not been identified to date. we found that a molecule with an adhesive protein-like structure was expressed in the ookinete of plasmodium berghei. this protein is structurally homologous to circumsporozoite protein and thrombospondin-related adhesive protein (trap)-related protein, ctrp, of plasmodium falciparum. we ... | 1999 | 10377190 |
analysis of stage specificity of promoters in plasmodium berghei using luciferase as a reporter. | 1999 | 10377003 | |
antimalarial activity of extracts of malaysian medicinal plants. | in vitro and in vivo studies revealed that malaysian medicinal plants, piper sarmentosum, andrographis paniculata and tinospora crispa produced considerable antimalarial effects. chloroform extract in vitro did show better effect than the methanol extract. the chloroform extract showed complete parasite growth inhibition as low as 0.05 mg/ml drug dose within 24 h incubation period (andrographis paniculata) as compared to methanol extract of drug dose of 2.5 mg/ml but under incubation time of 48 ... | 1999 | 10363840 |
involvement of lipids in ferriprotoporphyrin ix polymerization in malaria. | approximately 70% of the initial ferriprotoporphyrin ix polymerizing activity in cell-free preparations of erythrocytes infected with plasmodium berghei was recovered in a chloroform extract. no polymerizing activity remained in the residue. in studies to identify substances that promote fp polymerization, arachidonic, linoleic, oleic, and palmitoleic acids, 1-mono- and di-oleoylglycerol, and the detergents, sds, tween 80, and n-octyl-glucopyranoside, were active. tri-oleoylglycerol, cholesterol ... | 1999 | 10354512 |
malaria parasite-specific th1-like t cells simultaneously reduce parasitemia and promote disease. | cd4+ t cells have been implicated in immunity to the blood stages of malaria and cytokines associated with both monocyte and t cell activation have been implicated in disease. to determine whether specific t cells capable of inhibiting parasite growth can also mediate pathology we have transfused populations of plasmodium berghei-specific t cells into normal and immunodeficient naive mice. we observed that they could inhibit parasite growth but were unable to save the animals which exhibited sig ... | 1999 | 10354354 |
role of eicosanoids in the pathogenesis of murine cerebral malaria. | because microvascular damage is a common feature of cerebral malaria, we have examined the role eicosanoid metabolites (prostaglandins and leukotrienes) in experimental cerebral malaria. eighty icr mice were infected with plasmodium berghei anka, with 40 uninfected mice as controls. half of the infected mice were treated on days 4 and 5 with aspirin, a prostaglandin synthesis inhibitor. infected mice started to die of cerebral malaria on day 6, and by day 17, all infected mice died. in contrast, ... | 1999 | 10348246 |
identification of the transcription initiation site of the asexually expressed rrna genes of the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. | the start site of the a-type ribosomal rna transcription units of the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei, has been identified. the two a-type units cannot be distinguished within the transcription unit, yet exist as single copies on different chromosomes. gene transcription initiates 820 bp upstream of the a-type small subunit (ssu) ribosomal gene and two major processing sites were mapped 610 and 611 nucleotides upstream of the ssu in the external transcribed spacer region. surprisingl ... | 1999 | 10340484 |
plasmodium berghei development in irradiated sporozoite-immunized c57bl6 mice. | the c57bl6 strain of mice is highly susceptible to plasmodium berghei sporozoite infections and consequently requires repeated immunizations with irradiated sporozoites to obtain protective immunity. after a live sporozoite challenge in the immunized hosts, hepatic-stage parasites found in the liver after 48 h are of different sizes--small schizonts corresponding to blocked forms (derived from irradiated sporozoites), and schizonts of intermediate size (derived from live sporozoites). large schi ... | 1999 | 10340322 |
glutathione-s-transferase activity in malarial parasites. | glutathione-s-transferase (gst) activity has been detected in rodent (plasmodium berghei, p. yoelii), simian (p. knowlesi) and human (p. falciparum) malarial parasites, and in different intraerythrocytic stages of p. knowlesi (schizont > ring > trophozoite). in chloroquine-resistant strains of rodent and human malarial parasites gst activity significantly increases compared to sensitive strains. further, the increase in enzyme activity is directly related to drug pressure of resistant p. berghei ... | 1999 | 10320651 |
green fluorescent protein as a marker in plasmodium berghei transformation. | we present a new marker that confers both resistance to pyrimethamine and green fluorescent protein-based fluorescence on the malarial parasite plasmodium berghei. a single copy of the cassette integrated into the genome is sufficient to direct fluorescence in parasites throughout the life cycle, in both its mosquito and vertebrate hosts. erythrocyte stages of the parasite that express the marker can be sorted from control parasites by flow cytometry. pyrimethamine pressure is not necessary for ... | 1999 | 10225926 |
gamma interferon production is critical for protective immunity to infection with blood-stage plasmodium berghei xat but neither no production nor nk cell activation is critical. | we have examined the roles of gamma interferon (ifn-gamma), nitric oxide (no), and natural killer (nk) cells in the host resistance to infection with the blood-stage malarial parasite plasmodium berghei xat, an irradiation-induced attenuated variant of the lethal strain p. berghei nk65. although the infection with p. berghei xat enhanced nk cell lytic activity of splenocytes, depletion of nk1.1(+) cells caused by the treatment of mice with anti-nk1.1 antibody affected neither parasitemia nor ifn ... | 1999 | 10225894 |
altered immune response of interferon regulatory factor 1-deficient mice against plasmodium berghei blood-stage malaria infection. | nitric oxide (no) is a short-lived biological mediator which can be induced in various cell types and is able to cause many metabolic changes in target cells. inhibition of tumor cell growth and antimicrobial activity has been attributed to the stimulation of no production by transcriptional upregulation of inducible nitric oxide synthase. in the present study, we used mice devoid of functional interferon regulatory factor 1 by targeted gene disruption (irf-1(-/-)) to investigate the role of no ... | 1999 | 10225884 |
thiolated recombinant human tumor necrosis factor-alpha protects against plasmodium berghei k173-induced experimental cerebral malaria in mice. | the introduction of reactive thiol groups in recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (tnf) alpha (rhtnf-alpha) by the reagent succinimidyl-s-acetylthioacetate resulted in the formation of a chemically stabilized rhtnf-alpha trimer (rhtnfalpha-at; as determined by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis analysis). rhtnfalpha-at showed a substantially enhanced protective efficacy against the development of experimental murine cerebral malaria (ecm) after intravenous injection com ... | 1999 | 10223910 |
ty virus-like particles, dna vaccines and modified vaccinia virus ankara; comparisons and combinations. | three types of vaccine, all expressing the same antigen from plasmodium berghei, or a cd8+ t cell epitope from that antigen, were compared for their ability to induce cd8+ t cell responses in mice. higher levels of lysis and numbers of ifn-gamma secreting t cells were primed with ty virus-like particles and modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) than with dna vaccines, but none of the vaccines were able to protect immunised mice from infectious challenge even after repeated doses. however, when th ... | 1999 | 10223332 |
the putative gene for the first enzyme of glutathione biosynthesis in plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum. | the putative gene for gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetase, the rate-limiting enzyme in glutathione biosynthesis, has been characterized both in plasmodium berghei and plasmodium falciparum. protein sequence comparison between these two species reveals large conserved regions sharing more than 80% similarity, separated by less conserved portions. when the comparison is extended to known gamma-glutamylcysteine synthetases from other eukaryotes, a number of high similarity blocks are observed which m ... | 1999 | 10215022 |
synthesis and antimalarial activity of 11 dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxane analogues of wr 148999. 7,8,15,16-tetraoxadispiro[5.2.5.2]hexadecanes substituted at the 1 and 10 positions with unsaturated and polar functional groups. | eleven novel dispiro-1,2,4,5-tetraoxanes 3 bearing unsaturated and polar functional groups were designed to enhance the oral antimalarial activity of the prototype tetraoxane 2 (wr 148999). with the exception of 3g and 3h, tetraoxanes 3 were available via the peroxidation of corresponding cyclohexanone derivatives in h2so4/ch3cn. tetraoxanes 3g and 3h were prepared by hydrolysis of ester tetraoxanes 3e and 3i, respectively. five of the 11 tetraoxanes were inactive, but six tetraoxanes had ic50 v ... | 1999 | 10212135 |
irradiated sporozoites prime mice to produce high antibody titres upon viable plasmodium berghei sporozoite challenge, which act upon liver-stage development. | c57bl6 mice were protected against plasmodium berghei sporozoite challenge by immunization with live 12 krad dose-irradiated sporozoites, but not by 20 krad dose-irradiated sporozoites. immunization with 12 krad irradiated sporozoites generated low levels of antibody reactive to liver-stage parasites (titres of 1/100). inoculation of as few as 100 live p. berghei sporozoites induced complete host protection accompanied by a very quick and high boost of antibody titres up to 1/4000. this sporozoi ... | 1999 | 10205797 |
antimalarial activity of 3-hydroxyalkyl-2-methylene-propionic acid derivatives. | several baylis-hillman adducts and their derivatives were synthesized and evaluated as targeted potential anti-malarials. the compounds 4, 7 and 9 were found to have highest potency against p. falciparum in vitro. the in vivo test result of compound 4 and 9 against p. berghei demonstrated activity at 80 mg/kg dose level. | 1999 | 10201838 |
in vitro and in vivo evaluation of betulinic acid as an antimalarial. | the lupane-type triterpene betulinic acid was isolated from an ethanol extract of the root bark of the tanzanian tree uapaca nitida müll-arg. (euphorbiaceae). the in vitro antiplasmodial ic50 values of betulinic acid against chloroquine resistant (k1) and sensitive (t9-96) plasmodium falciparum were found to be 19.6 micrograms/ml and 25.9 micrograms/ml, respectively. the in vitro activities of several related triterpenes were also evaluated. betulin was found to be inactive at 500 micrograms/ml ... | 1999 | 10190183 |
role of macrophages in experimental malaria: v--effect of ethyl palmitate on macrophages in plasmodium berghei infected mice. | ethyl palmitate (ep) was used as a macrophage cytotoxin. the response of p. berghei after exposing the macrophage to ep was opposite to what was seen with other agents like silica, antimacrophage serum and freund's complete adjuvant. ep at dose of 5 mg and above decreased the survival period (sp), median survival day (msd) and parasite density 24 hrs. before death (k values). prepatent period (pp) was lower at doses 10 mg and 20 mg per day for 5 days before challenge compared to their correspond ... | 1997 | 10085642 |
subtle mutagenesis by ends-in recombination in malaria parasites. | the recent advent of gene-targeting techniques in malaria (plasmodium) parasites provides the means for introducing subtle mutations into their genome. here, we used the trap gene of plasmodium berghei as a target to test whether an ends-in strategy, i.e., targeting plasmids of the insertion type, may be suitable for subtle mutagenesis. we analyzed the recombinant loci generated by insertion of linear plasmids containing either base-pair substitutions, insertions, or deletions in their targeting ... | 1999 | 10082556 |
role of glutathione in the detoxification of ferriprotoporphyrin ix in chloroquine resistant plasmodium berghei. | the reduction in hemozoin content is a well known feature of chloroquine-resistant plasmodium berghei. using nk65-derived lines displaying increasing resistance levels, we observed an inverse relationship between the hemozoin content, and the glutathione (gsh) and glutathione s-transferase (gst) levels. treatment of highly chloroquine-resistant-infected mice with buthionine sulfoximine (bso), which has previously been shown to partially reverse this chloroquine resistance, led to a significant i ... | 1999 | 10080390 |
the biosynthesis and post-translational modification of pbs21 an ookinete-surface protein of plasmodium berghei. | radiolabelled methionine incorporation into synchronised plasmodium berghei gametocytes or ookinete cultures, showed that pbs21 is not synthesised in bloodstage parasites; synthesis was detected within three hours of induction of gametogenesis; synthesis was triggered at gametogenesis, not by fertilisation. we show native pbs21 to be a hydrophobic membrane protein that was insensitive to cleavage by phosphatidylinositol phospholipase c (pi-plc), but sensitive to alkaline hydroxylamine, and parti ... | 1999 | 10080386 |
treatment with recombinant human tumour necrosis factor-alpha reduces parasitaemia and prevents plasmodium berghei k173-induced experimental cerebral malaria in mice. | the present study shows that treatment with recombinant human tumour necrosis factor-alpha (rhtnf-alpha) can suppress parasitaemia and prevents development of experimental cerebral malaria (ecm) in plasmodium berghei k173-infected mice. mice received rhtnf-alpha treatment either by subcutaneous injection of free or liposome-encapsulated rhtnf-alpha or sustained intraperitoneal administration of rhtnf-alpha given via mini-osmotic pumps. low-dose treatment with a subcutaneous bolus injection of rh ... | 1999 | 10070656 |