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chromosome substitutions of triticum timopheevii in common wheat and some observations on the evolution of polyploid wheat species.whether the two tetraploid wheat species, the well known triticum turgidum l. (macaroni wheat, aabb genomes) and the obscure t. timopheevii zhuk. (a(t)a(t)gg), have monophyletic or diphyletic origin from the same or different diploid species presents an interesting evolutionary problem. moreover, t. timopheevii and its wild form t. araraticum are an important genetic resource for macaroni and bread-wheat improvement. to study these objectives, the substitution and genetic compensation abilities ...199624162542
molecular verification and characterization of bydv-resistant germ plasms derived from hybrids of wheat with thinopyrum ponticum and th. intermedium.twenty-five partial amphiploids (2n=8x=56), which were derived from hybrids of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) with either thinopyrum ponticum (podpera) liu & wang, th. intermedium (host) barkworth & d. dewey, or th. junceum (l.) a. löve, were assayed for resistance to bydv serotype pav by slot-blot hybridization with viral cdna of a partial coat protein gene. three immune lines were found among seven partial amphiploids involving th. ponticum. seven highly resistant lines were found in ten partial ...199624162477
repetitive, genome-specific probes in wheat (triticum aestivum l. em thell) amplified with minisatellite core sequences.the detection and analysis of dna polymorphisms in crops is an essential component of marker-assisted selection and cultivar identification in plant breeding. we have explored the direct amplification of minisatellite dna by pcr (damd-pcr) as a means for generating dna probes that are useful for detecting dna polymorphisms and dna fingerprinting in wheat. this technique was facilitated by high-stringency pcr with known plant and animal minisatellite core sequences as primers on wheat genomic dna ...199624162434
physical mapping of translocation breakpoints in a set of wheat-aegilops umbellulata recombinant lines using in situ hybridization.aegilops umbellulata zhuk. carries genes at glu-u1 loci that code for a pair of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits not found in common wheat, triticum aestivum. wheat-ae. umbellulata recombinant lines were produced with the aim of transferring genes coding for glutenin subunits from ae. umbellulata into wheat with minimal flanking material. we used fluorescent genomic in situ hybridization to evaluate the extent of recombination and to map physically the translocation breakpoints on 11 whea ...199624162413
linkage mapping of '25-kda globulin' genes on homoeologous group-1 chromosomes of bread and durum wheat.acid polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (a-page) of ethanol-soluble proteins from the endosperm of bread and durum wheats reveals some bands encoded by genes on the homoeologous group-1 chromosomes with higher mobility than the α-gliadins. the isolation of these proteins showed that they were the previously described '25-kda globulins' encoded by genes at the glo-a1, glo-b1, and glo-d1 loci. the variability found among a collection of 51 bread and 81 durum wheats was very low: two allelic varian ...199624162408
chromosomal locations of genes that control major rna-degrading activities in common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).seventeen rna-degrading enzymes of common wheat, with apparent molecular masses from 42.2 kda to 16.3 kda, were observed by the rna-sds-page assay. to determine their chromosome locations, all chromosome arms of common wheat except 4bs were assayed in their null condition by using a set of ditelosomic or nullitetrasomic lines of the cultivar chinese spring. our results showed that only one chromosome location each was identified for the 22.8-kda and the 21.2-kda enzymes, as well as for the 21.6 ...199624162360
origin and diversity of north american hard spring wheats.genetic diversity is an important safeguard against crop vulnerability to biotic and abiotic stresses. coefficient-of-parentage (cop) values of 248 north american hard spring wheat (triticum aestivum l. em. thell) cultivars released from 1901 to 1991 were used to estimate the genetic similarity of cultivars. cop values were used: to (1) quantify germ plasm sources and their contributions to the north american hard spring wheat gene pool; (2) measure changes in genetic diversity through time; and ...199624162353
linkage between rflp markers and genes affecting kernel hardness in wheat.a molecular-marker linkage map of wheat (triticum aestivum l. em. thell) provides a powerful tool for identifying genomic regions influencing breadmaking quality. a variance analysis for kernel hardness was conducted using 114 recombinant inbred lines (f7) from a cross between a synthetic and a cultivated wheat. the major gene involved in kernel hardness, ha (hard), known to be on chromosome arm 5ds, was found to be closely linked with the locus xmta9 corresponding to the gene of puroindoline-a. ...199624162351
the regulatory role of vernalization in the expression of low-temperature-induced genes in wheat and rye.low temperature is one of the primary stresses limiting the growth and productivity of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and rye (secale cereale l.). winter cereals low-temperature-acclimate when exposed to temperatures colder than 10°c. however, they gradually lose their ability to tolerate below-freezing temperatures when they are maintained for long periods of time in the optimum range for low-temperature acclimation. the overwinter decline in low-temperature response has been attributed to an ina ...024162347
development of pcr markers linked to resistance to wheat streak mosaic virus in wheat.wheat streak mosaic virus (wsmv), vectored by the wheat curl mite (acer tulipae), is an important disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) in the north american great plains. resistant varieties have not been developed for two primary reasons. first, useful sources of resistance have not been available, and second, field screening for virus resistance is laborious and beyond the scope of most breeding programs. the first problem may have been overcome by the development of resistance to both the ...199624162306
variation of starch granule proteins and chromosome mapping of their coding genes in common wheat.starch granule proteins (sgps) of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were analyzed by two electrophoretic techniques: sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and two-dimensional electrophoresis (2d-page). these analyses identified three kinds of sgps which were tentatively designated sgp-1, sgp-2 and sgp-3. sds-page resolved the products of three homoeologous genes for sgp-1 into three protein fractions, sgp-a1, -b1 and -d1. while sds-page resolved sgp-3 into one f ...199624162229
stability of baking quality in bread wheat using several statistical parameters.stability of quality in bread wheat was investigated for the first time with the alveograph test, a rheological test providing four technological traits. assessment of stability was reliable because a large set of varieties (ten) were grown over a wide range of environments (14). varieties and environments were representative of french agricultural practices. a procedure to evaluate stability of quality is proposed. stability was measured by ecovalence, which was then modelled to determine respo ...199624162214
repeated dna sequences isolated by microdissection. ii. comparative analysis in hordeum vulgare and triticum aestivum.the genomic organization of two satellite dna sequences, phvmwg2314 and phvmwg2315, of barley (hordeum vulgare, 2n=14, hh) was studied by comparative in situ hybridization (ish) and pcr analysis. both sequences are members of different rsai families. the sequence phvmwg2314 is a new satellite element with a monomer unit of 73 bp which is moderately amplified in different grasses and occurs in interstitial clusters on d-genome chromosomes of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum, 2n=42, aabbdd). the ...199624162213
rflp mapping of three new loci for resistance genes to powdery mildew (erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei) in barley.three new major, race-specific, resistance genes to powdery mildew (erysiphe graminis f. sp. hordei) were identified in three barley lines, 'rs42-6*o', 'rs137-28*e', and 'hsy-78*a', derived from crosses with wild barley (hordeum vulgare ssp. spontaneum). the resistance gene origining from wild barley in line 'rs42-6*o', showed a recessive mode of inheritance, whereas the other wild barley genes were (semi)-dominant. rflp mapping of these three genes was performed in segregating f2 populations. t ...199624162198
chromosomal location of a gene suppressing powdery mildew resistance genes pm8 and pm17 in common wheat (triticum aestivum l. em. thell.).the chromosomal location of a suppressor for the powdery mildew resistance genes pm8 and pm17 was determined by a monosomic set of the wheat cultivar caribo. this cultivar carries a suppressor gene inhibiting the expression of pm8 in cv disponent and of pm17 in line helami-105. in disease resistance assessments, monosomic f1 hybrids (2n=41) of caribo x disponent and caribo x helami-105 lacking chromosome 7d were resistant, whereas monosomic f1 hybrids involving the other 20 chromosomes, as well ...199624162196
yield stability of hybrids versus lines in wheat, barley, and triticale.we present experimental data for wheat, barley, and triticale suggesting that hybrids manifest on average higher yield stability than inbred lines. yield stability is assumed to be higher for hybrids than for inbred lines, but experimental data proving this hypothesis is scarce for autogamous cereals. we used multi-location grain yield trials and compared the yield stability of hybrids versus lines for wheat (triticum aestivum l.), barley (hordeum vulgare l.), and triticale (×triticosecale wittm ...024162154
[influence of vrn-b1a and vrn-b1c alleles on length of developmental phases of substitution and near-isogenic lines of common wheat].the influence of vrn-b1a and vrn-b1c alleles on the length of developmental phases in lines of winter cv. sava with intervarietal substitution of chromosomes 5b and near-isogenic lines (nils) with these loci in the genetic background of winter cv. bezostaya 1 is studied. we have confirmed that effects of vrn genes appear on the tillering phase and that the response to vernalization and shortening of day length can change the duration of this phase. we have shown that, after vernalization and und ...201324159805
[genetic differentiation of common wheat cultivars using multiple alleles of gliadin-coding loci].the alleles ofgliadin-coding loci have been identified in 105 spring common wheat cultivars bred in omsk and saratov by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. it has been shown that 49% of the omsk cultivars and 40% of the saratov cultivars are heterogeneous, i.e., composed of several biotypes that differ in alleles of the gliadin-coding loci. a total of 278 genotypes have been determined (170 in the saratov cultivars and 112 in the omsk cultivars); in these two groups of cultivars, four genotypes ...201324159797
genome-wide marker development for the wheat d genome based on single nucleotide polymorphisms identified from transcripts in the wild wheat progenitor aegilops tauschii.13,347 high-confidence snps were discovered through transcriptome sequencing of aegilops tauschii, which are useful for genomic analysis and molecular breeding of hexaploid wheat. in organisms with large and complex genomes, such as wheat, rna-seq analysis is cost-effective for discovery of genome-wide single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps). in this study, deep sequencing of the spike transcriptome from two aegilops tauschii accessions representing two major lineages led to the discovery of 13,3 ...201424158251
mutual impacts of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and earthworms (eisenia fetida) on the bioavailability of perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass) in soil.wheat and earthworms were exposed individually and together to soils contaminated with 11 perfluoroalkyl substances (pfass). wheat accumulated pfass from soil with root concentration factors and bioconcentration factors that decreased as the number of perfluorinated carbons in the molecule increased. earthworms accumulated pfass from soil with biota-to-soil accumulation factors that increased with the number of carbons. translocation factors (tf) of perfluorinated carboxylates (pfcas) in wheat p ...201424158108
quantitative trait loci-dependent analysis of a gene co-expression network associated with fusarium head blight resistance in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).fusarium head blight (fhb) caused by fusarium graminearum schwabe is one of the most prevalent diseases of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and other small grain cereals. resistance against the fungus is quantitative and more than 100 quantitative trait loci (qtl) have been described. two well-validated and highly reproducible qtl, fhb1 and qfhs.ifa-5a have been widely investigated, but to date the underlying genes have not been identified.201324152241
segregation distortion caused by weak hybrid necrosis in recombinant inbred lines of common wheat.segregation distortion of molecular markers is closely related to hybrid incompatibility in progeny from intraspecific crosses. recent reports in higher plants have demonstrated that hybrid sterility results in segregation distortion at the causal gene regions in progeny of intraspecific crosses. ne1 and ne2 complementary loci are known to control hybrid necrosis in intraspecific crosses of common wheat cultivars. here, we examine the effect of a weak necrosis allele ne1(w) on the segregation ra ...201324146090
pacbio sequencing of gene families - a case study with wheat gluten genes.amino acids in wheat (triticum aestivum) seeds mainly accumulate in storage proteins called gliadins and glutenins. gliadins contain α/β-, γ- and ω-types whereas glutenins contain hmw- and lmw-types. known gliadin and glutenin sequences were largely determined through cloning and sequencing by capillary electrophoresis. this time-consuming process prevents us to intensively study the variation of each orthologous gene copy among cultivars. the throughput and sequencing length of pacific bioscien ...201424144842
performance of elisa and pcr methods for the determination of allergens in food: an evaluation of six years of proficiency testing for soy (glycine max l.) and wheat gluten (triticum aestivum l.).for the routine detection of allergens in foods, pcr and/or elisa methods are employed. to assess the suitability of these methods, proficiency tests (pts) could be used as a valuable instrument. it is a common practice to evaluate the results with respect to the experimentally obtained robust mean without considering the actual allergen content. in the present study, an overview is given of the results of allergen pts for the determination of soy and gluten conducted by dienstleistung lebensmit ...201324144233
gene expression analysis in the roots of salt-stressed wheat and the cytogenetic derivatives of wheat combined with the salt-tolerant wheatgrass, lophopyrum elongatum.using microarray analysis, we identified regulatory and signaling-related genes with differential expression in three genotypes with varying degrees of salt tolerance, triticum aestivum , the amphiploid, and the wheat substitution line ds3e(3a). lophopyrum elongatum is among one of the most salt-tolerant members of the triticeae; important genetic stocks developed from crosses between wheat and l. elongatum provide a unique opportunity to compare gene expression in response to salt stress betwee ...201424141639
comparison of ambient solvent extraction methods for the analysis of fatty acids in non-starch lipids of flour and starch.lipids are minor components of flours, but are major determinants of baking properties and end-product quality. to the best of our knowledge, there is no single solvent system currently known that efficiently extracts all non-starch lipids from all flours without the risk of chemical, mechanical or thermal damage. this paper compares nine ambient solvent systems (monophasic and biphasic) with varying polarities: bligh and dyer (bd); modified bligh and dyer using hcl (bdhcl); modified bd using na ...201424132804
polymorphic homoeolog of key gene of rddm pathway, argonaute4_9 class is associated with pre-harvest sprouting in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).resistance to pre-harvest sprouting (phs) is an important objective for the genetic improvement of many cereal crops, including wheat. resistance, or susceptibility, to phs is mainly influenced by seed dormancy, a complex trait. reduced seed dormancy is the most important aspect of seed germination on a spike prior to harvesting, but it is influenced by various environmental factors including light, temperature and abiotic stresses. the basic genetic framework of seed dormancy depends on the ant ...201324130825
cloning and characterization of endo-β-1,4-glucanase genes in the common wheat line three pistils.in this work, we report the cloning and characterization of endo-β-1,4-glucanase (egase) genes (taeg) in the common wheat line three pistils. three taeg homoeologous genes (taeg-4a, taeg-4b and taeg-4d) were isolated and found to be located on chromosomes 4al, 4bs and 4ds, respectively. the three genes showed high conservation of their coding nucleotide sequences and 3 untranslated region. the putative taeg protein had a molecular mass of 69 kda, a theoretical pi of 9.39 and a transmembrane doma ...201324130448
genetic structure of argentinean hexaploid wheat germplasm.the identification of genetically homogeneous groups of individuals is an ancient issue in population genetics and in the case of crops like wheat, it can be valuable information for breeding programs, genetic mapping and germplasm resources. in this work we determined the genetic structure of a set of 102 argentinean bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) elite cultivars using 38 biochemical and molecular markers (functional, closely linked to genes and neutral ones) distributed throughout 18 wheat ...201324130447
genetic analysis and molecular mapping of a new fertility restorer gene rf8 for triticum timopheevi cytoplasm in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) using ssr markers.a study on mode of inheritance and mapping of fertility restorer (rf) gene(s) using simple sequence repeat (ssr) markers was conducted in a cross of male sterile line 2041a having triticum timopheevi cytoplasm and a restorer line pwr4099 of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.). the f1 hybrid was completely fertile indicating that fertility restoration is a dominant trait. based on the pollen fertility and seed set of bagged spikes in f2 generation, the individual plants were classified into ferti ...201324129675
comparing sugar components of cereal and pseudocereal flour by gc-ms analysis.gas chromatography with mass spectrometry was used for carrying out a qualitative analysis of the ethanol soluble flour extract of different types of cereals bread wheat and spelt and pseudocereals (amaranth and buckwheat). tmsi (trimethylsilylimidazole) was used as a reagent for the derivatisation of carbohydrates into trimethylsilyl ethers. all samples were first defatted with hexane. (in our earlier investigations, hexane extracts were used for the analysis of fatty acid of lipid components.) ...024128539
winter wheat cells subjected to freezing temperature undergo death process with features of programmed cell death.programmed cell death is a process defined as genetically regulated self-destruction or cell suicide. it can be activated by different internal and external factors, but few studies have investigated whether this process occurs under cold and freezing temperatures. in this study, a freezing treatment (-8 °c for 6 h) induced cell death with features of programmed cell death in suspension cultures of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.). this process occurred for 10 days after cold exposure. the de ...201424126671
rye pm8 and wheat pm3 are orthologous genes and show evolutionary conservation of resistance function against powdery mildew.the improvement of wheat through breeding has relied strongly on the use of genetic material from related wild and domesticated grass species. the 1rs chromosome arm from rye was introgressed into wheat and crossed into many wheat lines, as it improves yield and fungal disease resistance. pm8 is a powdery mildew resistance gene on 1rs which, after widespread agricultural cultivation, is now widely overcome by adapted mildew races. here we show by homology-based cloning and subsequent physical an ...201324124925
gene identification programs in bread wheat: a comparison study.seven ab initio web-based gene prediction programs (i.e., augustus, bgf, fgenesh, fgenesh+, geneid, genemark.hmm, and hmmgene) were assessed to compare their prediction accuracy using protein-coding sequences of bread wheat. at both nucleotide and exon levels, fgenesh+ was deduced as the superior program and bgf followed by fgenesh were resided in the next positions, respectively. conversely, at gene level, fgenesh with the value of predicting more than 75% of all the genes precisely, concluded ...201324124688
genetic variation and possible snp markers for breeding wheat with low-grain asparagine, the major precursor for acrylamide formation in heat-processed products.in products made from wheat (triticum aestivum) flour, acrylamide formation is almost exclusively determined by the level of free asparagine in the grain. genetic variability for grain asparagine content was evaluated in order to assess the potential for acrylamide mitigation by breeding.201424122675
rna-guided genome editing for target gene mutations in wheat.the clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (crispr) and crispr-associated protein (cas) system has been used as an efficient tool for genome editing. we report the application of crispr-cas-mediated genome editing to wheat (triticum aestivum), the most important food crop plant with a very large and complex genome. the mutations were targeted in the inositol oxygenase (inox) and phytoene desaturase (pds) genes using cell suspension culture of wheat and in the pds gene in lea ...201324122057
resistance to stem rust ug99 in six bread wheat cultivars maps to chromosome 6ds.identified ssr markers ( xcfd49 and xbarc183 ) linked with stem rust resistance for efficient use in marker-assisted selection and stacking of resistance genes in wheat breeding programs. more than 80 % of the worldwide wheat (triticum aestivum l.) area is currently sown with varieties susceptible to the ug99 race group of stem rust fungus. however, wheat lines niini, tinkio, coni, pfunye, blouk, and ripper have demonstrated ug99 resistance at the seedling and adult plant stages. we mapped stem ...201424121568
wheat genotypic variability in grain yield and carbon isotope discrimination under mediterranean conditions assessed by spectral reflectance.a collection of 368 advanced lines and cultivars of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) from chile, uruguay, and cimmyt (centro internacional de mejoramiento de maíz y trigo), with good agronomic characteristics were evaluated under the mediterranean conditions of central chile. three different water regimes were assayed: severe water stress (sws, rain fed), mild water stress (mws; one irrigation around booting), and full irrigation (fi; four irrigations: at tillering, flag leaf appearance, head ...201424118723
reticulate evolution of the rye genome.rye (secale cereale) is closely related to wheat (triticum aestivum) and barley (hordeum vulgare). due to its large genome (~8 gb) and its regional importance, genome analysis of rye has lagged behind other cereals. here, we established a virtual linear gene order model (genome zipper) comprising 22,426 or 72% of the detected set of 31,008 rye genes. this was achieved by high-throughput transcript mapping, chromosome survey sequencing, and integration of conserved synteny information of three se ...024104565
fructan metabolism in developing wheat (triticum aestivum l.) kernels.although fructans play a crucial role in wheat kernel development, their metabolism during kernel maturation is far from being understood. in this study, all major fructan-metabolizing enzymes together with fructan content, fructan degree of polymerization and the presence of fructan oligosaccharides were examined in developing wheat kernels (triticum aestivum l. var. homeros) from anthesis until maturity. fructan accumulation occurred mainly in the first 2 weeks after anthesis, and a maximal fr ...201324104051
evaluation of four endogenous reference genes and their real-time pcr assays for common wheat quantification in gmos detection.proper selection of endogenous reference genes and their real-time pcr assays is quite important in genetically modified organisms (gmos) detection. to find a suitable endogenous reference gene and its real-time pcr assay for common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) dna content or copy number quantification, four previously reported wheat endogenous reference genes and their real-time pcr assays were comprehensively evaluated for the target gene sequence variation and their real-time pcr performance ...201324098735
haplotype variation of glu-d1 locus and the origin of glu-d1d allele conferring superior end-use qualities in common wheat.in higher plants, seed storage proteins (ssps) are frequently expressed from complex gene families, and allelic variation of ssp genes often affects the quality traits of crops. in common wheat, the glu-d1 locus, encoding 1dx and 1dy ssps, has multiple alleles. the glu-d1d allele frequently confers superior end-use qualities to commercial wheat varieties. here, we studied the haplotype structure of glu-d1 genomic region and the origin of glu-d1d. using seven diagnostic dna markers, 12 glu-d1 hap ...201324098671
two wheat glutathione peroxidase genes whose products are located in chloroplasts improve salt and h2o2 tolerances in arabidopsis.oxidative stress caused by accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ros) is capable of damaging effects on numerous cellular components. glutathione peroxidases (gpxs, ec 1.11.1.9) are key enzymes of the antioxidant network in plants. in this study, w69 and w106, two putative gpx genes, were obtained by de novo transcriptome sequencing of salt-treated wheat (triticum aestivum) seedlings. the purified his-tag fusion proteins of w69 and w106 reduced h2o2 and t-butyl hydroperoxide (t-bhp) using glu ...201324098330
can a late bloomer become an early bird? tools for flowering time adjustment.the transition from the vegetative to reproductive stage followed by inflorescence is a critical step in plant life; therefore, studies of the genes that influence flowering time have always been of great interest to scientists. flowering is a process controlled by many genes interacting mutually in a genetic network, and several hypothesis and models of flowering have been suggested so far. plants in temperate climatic conditions must respond mainly to changes in the day length (photoperiod) an ...201424091290
dynamic evolution of rht-1 homologous regions in grass genomes.hexaploid bread wheat contains a, b, and d three subgenomes with its well-characterized ancestral genomes existed at diploid and tetraploid levels, making the wheat act as a good model species for studying evolutionary genomic dynamics. here, we performed intra- and inter-species comparative analyses of wheat and related grass genomes to examine the dynamics of homologous regions surrounding rht-1, a well-known "green revolution" gene. our results showed that the divergence of the two a genomes ...201324086561
next-generation survey sequencing and the molecular organization of wheat chromosome 6b.common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is one of the most important cereals in the world. to improve wheat quality and productivity, the genomic sequence of wheat must be determined. the large genome size (∼17 gb/1 c) and the hexaploid status of wheat have hampered the genome sequencing of wheat. however, flow sorting of individual chromosomes has allowed us to purify and separately shotgun-sequence a pair of telocentric chromosomes. here, we describe a result from the survey sequencing of wheat ch ...024086083
characterization of a wheat-psathyrostachys huashanica keng 4ns disomic addition line for enhanced tiller numbers and stripe rust resistance.exploiting and utilizing excellent gene(s) from wild species has become an essential strategy for wheat improvement. in the disomic addition line 24-6-3, the 4ns chromosomes from psathyrostachys huashanica keng (2n = 2x = 14, nsns) carried valuable tiller and strip rust resistance gene(s), which was selected from the progeny of common wheat cv. 7182 and p. huashanica via embryo culture. cytology, genomic in situ hybridization (gish), and est-sts analyses were used to detect the 4ns chromosome in ...201424085532
identification of mirnas and their targets in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) by est analysis.micrornas (mirnas) are a newly discovered class of noncoding small rnas that regulate gene expression by directing target mrna cleavage or translational inhibition. a large number of mirnas have been identified in plants. increasing evidence has shown that mirnas play multiple roles in plant biological processes. so far, identification of mirnas has been limited to a few model plant species, whose genomes have been sequenced. wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is one of the most important cereal crops ...201324085441
efficacy of putrescine and benzyladenine on photosynthesis and productivity in relation to drought tolerance in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).an experiment was conducted to find out the efficacy of putrescine and benzyladenine on photosynthesis and productivity in wheat. seeds of wheat genotype hd 2329 (widely adapted under irrigated condition) were grown in ceramic pots under standard package and practices. putrescine (0.1 mm) and benzyladenine (0.05 mm) were sprayed on the aerial portion of these plants at the time of anthesis. after spray, half of the plants were subjected to water stress by withholding irrigation. the non stressed ...201224082495
increased genomic prediction accuracy in wheat breeding through spatial adjustment of field trial data.in crop breeding, the interest of predicting the performance of candidate cultivars in the field has increased due to recent advances in molecular breeding technologies. however, the complexity of the wheat genome presents some challenges for applying new technologies in molecular marker identification with next-generation sequencing. we applied genotyping-by-sequencing, a recently developed method to identify single-nucleotide polymorphisms, in the genomes of 384 wheat (triticum aestivum) genot ...201324082033
increasing the starch content and grain weight of common wheat by overexpression of the cytosolic agpase large subunit gene.adp-glucose pyrophosphorylase (agpase) catalyzes the first committed step of starch synthesis. agpase is a heterotetramer composed of two large subunits and two small subunits, has cytosolic and plastidial isoforms, and is detected mainly in the cytosol of endosperm in cereal crops. to investigate the effects of agpase cytosolic large subunit gene (lsu i) on starch biosynthesis in higher plant, in this study, a talsu i gene from wheat was overexpressed under the control of an endosperm-specific ...201324080395
molecular and phenotypic characterization of seedling and adult plant leaf rust resistance in a world wheat collection.genetic resistance is the most effective approach to managing wheat leaf rust. the aim of this study was to characterize seedling and adult plant leaf rust resistance of a world wheat collection. using controlled inoculation with ten races of puccinia triticina, 14 seedling resistance genes were determined or postulated to be present in the collection. lr1, lr3, lr10 and lr20 were the most prevalent genes around the world while lr9, lr14b, lr3ka and/or lr30 and lr26 were rare. to confirm some ge ...201324078786
analysis of expression profiles of selected genes associated with the regenerative property and the receptivity to gene transfer during somatic embryogenesis in triticum aestivum l.the physiological, biochemical and molecular mechanisms regulating the initiation of a regenerative pathway remain partially unknown. efforts to identify the biological features that confer transformation ability, or the tendency of some cells to induce transgene silencing, would help to improve plant genetic engineering. the objective of our study was to monitor the evolution of plant cell competencies in relation to both in vitro tissue culture regeneration and the genetic transformation prope ...201324078158
spatial scaling relationships for spread of disease caused by a wind-dispersed plant pathogen.spatial scale is of great importance to understanding the spread of organisms exhibiting long-distance dispersal (ldd). we tested whether epidemics spread in direct proportion to the size of the host population and size of the initial disease focus. this was done through analysis of a previous study of the effects of landscape heterogeneity variables on the spread of accelerating epidemics of wheat (triticum aestivum) stripe rust, caused by the fungus puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici. end-of- ...201224077925
proteomic analysis of leaves and roots of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) under copper-stress conditions.proteomic studies were performed to identify the protein species involved in copper (cu) stress responses in common wheat. two-week-old wheat seedlings were exposed to 100 μm cuso4 treatment for 3 days. growth of shoots and roots was markedly inhibited and lipid peroxidation was greatly increased. cu was readily absorbed by wheat seedlings, with greater cu contents in roots than in leaves. using 2-de method, 98 protein spots showed significantly enhanced or reduced abundance, of which 93 were su ...201324074260
treatment process and toxicities assessment of wastewater issued from anaerobic digestion of household wastes.modern society grapples with large amounts of household waste. the anaerobic digestion of this waste offers a promising source for energy-rich biogas production but generates high toxic effluents that require treatment before reuse or disposal into the environment. this study aimed to investigate three techniques, namely coagulation/flocculation, electro-coagulation, and activated sludge, in terms of efficiency in the treatment of these effluents. it also aimed to assess their toxicity effects o ...201424072641
mapping qtls for yield and nitrogen-related traits in wheat: influence of nitrogen and phosphorus fertilization on qtl expression.the present study identified some new important genomic regions and demonstrated the availability of conditional analysis in dissecting qtls induced by environmental factors. the high input and low use efficiency of nutrient fertilizers require knowledge of the genetic control of crop reaction to nutrient supplements. in this study, 14 morphological and 8 physiological traits of a set of 182 wheat (triticum aestivum l.) recombinant inbred lines (xiaoyan 54 × jing 411) were investigated in six en ...201424072207
structural analysis of the wheat genes encoding nadh-dependent glutamine-2-oxoglutarate amidotransferases and correlation with grain protein content.nitrogen uptake and the efficient absorption and metabolism of nitrogen are essential elements in attempts to breed improved cereal cultivars for grain or silage production. one of the enzymes related to nitrogen metabolism is glutamine-2-oxoglutarate amidotransferase (gogat). together with glutamine synthetase (gs), gogat maintains the flow of nitrogen from nh4 (+) into glutamine and glutamate, which are then used for several aminotransferase reactions during amino acid synthesis.201324069228
durum wheat and allelopathy: toward wheat breeding for natural weed management.wheat-derived foodstuffs represent about one-fifth of the calories consumed by humans worldwide. bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is one of the most important crops throughout the world, and it has been extensively studied for its allelopathic potential. in contrast, for allelopathy in durum wheat (triticum turgidum ssp. durum), our knowledge is partial and fragmentary. through highlighting recent advances in using allelopathy as a crop-breeding tool, we provide an overview of allelopathy in t ...201324065979
molecular characterization of aspergillus flavus and aflatoxin contamination of wheat grains from saudi arabia.twelve species belonging to six fungal genera were found to be associated with wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grain samples collected from three main regions in saudi arabia. the most common genera (average frequency) were aspergillus (14.3%), fusarium (29.1%), penicillium (9.3%), and alternaria (8.2%). nineteen isolates of aspergillus flavus were screened for their ability to produce aflatoxins using hplc. thirteen isolates produced aflatoxins ranging from 0.5 to 2.6 µg/kg. inter-simple sequence ...201324065675
long non-coding genes implicated in response to stripe rust pathogen stress in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the non-protein-coding genes have been reported as a critical control role in the regulation of gene expression in abiotic stress. we previously identified four expressed sequence tags numbered s18 (el773024), s73 (el773035), s106 (el773041) and s108 (el773042) from a ssh-cdna library of bread wheat shaanmai 139 infected with puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst). here, we isolated four cdna clones and referred them as talncrna18, talncrna73, talncrna106 and talncrna108 (genbank: kc549675-kc ...201324065539
hands: a tool for genome-wide discovery of subgenome-specific base-identity in polyploids.the analysis of polyploid genomes is problematic because homeologous subgenome sequences are closely related. this relatedness makes it difficult to assign individual sequences to the specific subgenome from which they are derived, and hinders the development of polyploid whole genome assemblies.201324063258
silencing of the sulfur rich α-gliadin storage protein family in wheat grains (triticum aestivum l.) causes no unintended side-effects on other metabolites.wheat is an important source of proteins and metabolites for human and animal nutrition. to assess the nutritional quality of wheat products, various protein and diverse metabolites have to be evaluated. the grain storage protein family of the α-gliadins are suggested to be the primary initiator of the inflammatory response to gluten in celiac disease patients. with the technique of rnai, the α-gliadin storage protein fraction in wheat grains was recently knocked down. from a patient's perspecti ...201324062763
genetic analysis and detection of the gene mllx99 on chromosome 2bl conferring resistance to powdery mildew in the wheat cultivar liangxing 99.the effectiveness of wheat cultivar liangxing 99 against powdery mildew was shown to be controlled by a single dominant gene located on a new locus of chromosome 2bl in the bin 2bl2-0.35-0.50. liangxing 99, one of the most widely grown commercial cultivars in the winter wheat (triticum aestivum) producing regions in northern china, was shown to provide a broad spectrum of resistance to blumeria graminis f. sp. tritici (bgt) isolates originating from that region. using an f2 population and f2:3 l ...201324061485
development-associated micrornas in grains of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).micrornas (mirnas) are a class of regulatory small rnas (srnas) that down-regulate target genes by mrna degradation or translational repression. numerous plant mirnas have been identified. evidence is increasing for their crucial roles during plant development. in the globally important crop of wheat (triticum aestivum l.), the process by which grains are formed determines yield and end-use quality. however, little is known about mirna-mediated developmental regulation of grain production. here, ...201324060047
structural development of aleurone and its function in common wheat.the wheat aleurone is formed from surface endosperm cells, and its developmental status reflects its biogenesis, structural characteristics, and physiological functions. in this report, wheat caryopses at different development stages were embedded in spurr's low-viscosity embedding medium for observation of the development of aleurone cells (acs) by light microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and fluorescence microscopy, respectively. according to their structures and physiological character ...201324057188
a multi-environmental study of recent breeding progress on nitrogen use efficiency in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).by comparing 195 varieties in eight trials, this study assesses nitrogen use efficiency improvement in high and low nitrogen conditions in european winter wheat over the last 25 years. in a context where european agriculture practices have to deal with environmental concerns and nitrogen (n) fertiliser cost, nitrogen use efficiency (nue) has to be improved. this study assessed genetic progress in winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) nue. two hundred and twenty-five european elite varieties were t ...201324057081
role of bacterial communities in the natural suppression of rhizoctonia solani bare patch disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.).rhizoctonia bare patch and root rot disease of wheat, caused by rhizoctonia solani ag-8, develops as distinct patches of stunted plants and limits the yield of direct-seeded (no-till) wheat in the pacific northwest of the united states. at the site of a long-term cropping systems study near ritzville, wa, a decline in rhizoctonia patch disease was observed over an 11-year period. bacterial communities from bulk and rhizosphere soil of plants from inside the patches, outside the patches, and reco ...201324056471
characterization of resistance to pratylenchus thornei (nematoda) in wheat (triticum aestivum): attraction, penetration, motility, and reproduction.lines from a cross between two wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivars with contrasting resistance phenotypes to pratylenchus thornei (nematoda) were investigated to determine the stage at which resistance occurs. host resistance was examined at nematode attraction to and penetration of roots and nematode motility, maturation, and reproduction within roots. there was no significant difference in the rate at which p. thornei was attracted toward or penetrated resistant or susceptible roots. however, ...201424047251
proteome analysis of cold response in spring and winter wheat (triticum aestivum) crowns reveals similarities in stress adaptation and differences in regulatory processes between the growth habits.a proteomic response to cold treatment (4 °c) has been studied in crowns of a frost-tolerant winter wheat cultivar samanta and a frost-sensitive spring wheat cultivar sandra after short-term (3 days) and long-term (21 days) cold treatments. densitometric analysis of 2-d differential in gel electrophoresis (2d-dige) gels has resulted in the detection of 386 differentially abundant protein spots, which reveal at least a two-fold change between experimental variants. of these, 58 representative pro ...201324047233
integration of promoters, inverted repeat sequences and proteomic data into a model for high silencing efficiency of coeliac disease related gliadins in bread wheat.wheat gluten has unique nutritional and technological characteristics, but is also a major trigger of allergies and intolerances. one of the most severe diseases caused by gluten is coeliac disease. the peptides produced in the digestive tract by the incomplete digestion of gluten proteins trigger the disease. the majority of the epitopes responsible reside in the gliadin fraction of gluten. the location of the multiple gliadin genes in blocks has to date complicated their elimination by classic ...201324044767
over-expression of a tobacco nitrate reductase gene in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) increases seed protein content and weight without augmenting nitrogen supplying.heavy nitrogen (n) application to gain higher yield of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) resulted in increased production cost and environment pollution. how to diminish the n supply without losing yield and/or quality remains a challenge. to meet the challenge, we integrated and expressed a tobacco nitrate reductase gene (nr) in transgenic wheat. the 35s-nr gene was transferred into two winter cultivars, "nongda146" and "jimai6358", by agrobacterium-mediation. over-expression of the transgene remark ...201324040315
impact of marker ascertainment bias on genomic selection accuracy and estimates of genetic diversity.genome-wide molecular markers are often being used to evaluate genetic diversity in germplasm collections and for making genomic selections in breeding programs. to accurately predict phenotypes and assay genetic diversity, molecular markers should assay a representative sample of the polymorphisms in the population under study. ascertainment bias arises when marker data is not obtained from a random sample of the polymorphisms in the population of interest. genotyping-by-sequencing (gbs) is rap ...024040295
molecular characterization of tastop1 homoeologues and their response to aluminium and proton (h(+)) toxicity in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).aluminium (al) toxicity is considered to be one of the major constraints affecting crop productivity on acid soils. being a trait governed by multiple genes, the identification and characterization of novel transcription factors (tfs) regulating the expression of entire response networks is a very promising approach. therefore, the aim of the present study was to clone, localize, and characterize the tastop1 gene, which belongs to the zinc finger family (cys2his2 type) transcription factor, at m ...201324034075
vernalization requirement duration in winter wheat is controlled by tavrn-a1 at the protein level.winter wheat requires a period of low temperatures to accelerate flowering (vernalization). this requirement could make winter wheat more vulnerable to elevated global temperature via insufficient vernalization. all known vernalization genes are cloned according to qualitative variation in vernalization requirement between spring and winter wheat, but the genes controlling quantitative variation for more or less vernalization requirement among winter wheat cultivars remain unknown. we report her ...201324033823
a synthetic framework for modeling the genetic basis of phenotypic plasticity and its costs.the phenotype of an individual is controlled not only by its genes, but also by the environment in which it grows. a growing body of evidence shows that the extent to which phenotypic changes are driven by the environment, known as phenotypic plasticity, is also under genetic control, but an overall picture of genetic variation for phenotypic plasticity remains elusive. here, we develop a model for mapping quantitative trait loci (qtls) that regulate environment-induced plastic response. this mo ...201424032980
conservation tillage, optimal water and organic nutrient supply enhance soil microbial activities during wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivation.the field experiments were conducted on sandy loam soil at new delhi, during 2007 and 2008 to investigate the effect of conservation tillage, irrigation regimes (sub-optimal, optimal and supra-optimal water regimes), and integrated nutrient management (inm) practices on soil biological parameters in wheat cultivation. the conservation tillage soils has shown significant (p<0.05) increase in soil respiration (81.1%), soil microbial biomass carbon (smbc) (104%) and soil dehydrogenase (dh) (59.2%) ...201124031665
comparative study of wild and transformed salt tolerant bacterial strains on triticum aestivum growth under salt stress.eleven salt tolerant bacteria isolated from different sources (soil, plants) and their transformed strains were used to study their influence on triticum aestivum var. inqlab-91 growth under salt (100 mm nacl) stress. salt stress caused reduction in germination (19.4%), seedling growth (46%) and fresh weight (39%) in non-inoculated plants. in general, both wild and transformed strains stimulated germination, seedling growth and fresh weight in salt free and salt stressed conditions. at 100 mm na ...201024031574
pharmacognostic standardization, antioxidant and free radical scavenging activity of the seeds of triticum aestivum l - a dietary staple.to establish the quality standards of triticum aestivum l, seeds as per who guidelines. to study the antioxidant and hepatoprotective profile of t. aestivum l. seeds.201324023455
salicylic acid alleviates adverse effects of heat stress on photosynthesis through changes in proline production and ethylene formation.we investigated the potential of salicylic acid (sa) in alleviating the adverse effects of heat stress on photosynthesis in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cv wh 711. activity of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate carboxylase (rubisco), photosynthetic-nitrogen use efficiency (nue), and net photosynthesis decreased in plants subjected to heat stress (40 °c for 6 h), but proline metabolism increased. sa treatment (0.5 mm) alleviated heat stress by increasing proline production through the increase in γ-glutam ...201324022274
wheat seedling emergence from deep planting depths and its relationship with coleoptile length.successful stand establishment is prerequisite for optimum crop yields. in some low-precipitation zones, wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is planted as deep as 200 mm below the soil surface to reach adequate soil moisture for germination. to better understand the relationship of coleoptile length and other seed characteristics with emergence from deep planting (edp), we evaluated 662 wheat cultivars grown around the world since the beginning of the 20(th) century. coleoptile length of collection ent ...201324019916
the hv-sgt1 gene from haynaldia villosa contributes to resistances towards both biotrophic and hemi-biotrophic pathogens in common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).the sgt1 protein is essential for r protein-mediated and pamps-triggered resistance in many plant species. here we reported the isolation and characterization of the hv-sgt1 gene from haynaldiavillosa (2n = 14, vv). analysis of the subcellular location of hv-sgt1 by transient expression of a fusion to gfp indicated its presence in the cytoplasm and nucleus. levels of hv-sgt1 transcripts were increased by inoculation with either the biotrophic pathogen blumeriagraminis dc. f. sp. tritici (bgt) or ...201324019872
adsorption and desorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol onto and from ash as affected by ag(+), zn (2+), and al (3+).metal cations and organic pollutants mostly co-exist in the natural environment. however, their interactions in adsorption processes have yet to be adequately addressed. in the current study, the effect of inorganic cations with different charges (ag(+), zn(2+), and al(3+)) on the adsorption and desorption of 2,4,6-trichlorophenol (tcp) onto and from processed ash derived from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) straw was investigated. the adsorption and desorption of tcp were both nonlinear; the isoth ...201424019142
coverage and consistency: bioinformatics aspects of the analysis of multirun itraq experiments with wheat leaves.the hexaploid genome of bread wheat (triticum aestivum) is large (17 gb) and repetitive, and this has delayed full sequencing and annotation of the genome, which is a prerequisite for effective quantitative proteomics analysis. aware of these constraints we investigated the most effective approaches for shotgun proteomic analyses of bread wheat that would support large-scale quantitative comparisons using itraq reagents. we used a data set that was generated by two-dimensional lc-ms of itraq lab ...024015675
cell wall degradation and the dynamic changes of ca2+ and related enzymes in the developing aerenchyma of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) under waterlogging.this research was aimed to study the cell wall degradation and the dynamic changes of ca2+ and related enzymes in developing aerenchyma of wheat root under waterlogging. an examination of morphological development by light and electron microscope revealed that the structure of cell wall in middle cortical cells remained intact after 12 h of waterlogging and turned thinner after waterlogging for 24 h. at 48 h, the aerenchyma has been formed. the cellulase activity gradually increased in middle co ...201324013894
wheat gene tas3 contributes to powdery mildew susceptibility.identification of tas3 as a potential susceptibility gene encoding a protein homologous to ulp1 protease in wheat, which may regulate sumo function facilitating powdery mildew attack. some plant genes that are required for susceptibilities to certain pathogens are known as susceptibility genes or susceptibility factors, whose loss-of-function mutations can confer the plants resistances. to identify potential susceptibility genes to powdery mildew in wheat, differentially expressed genes in compa ...201324013794
analysing complex triticeae genomes - concepts and strategies.the genomic sequences of many important triticeae crop species are hard to assemble and analyse due to their large genome sizes, (in part) polyploid genomes and high repeat content. recently, the draft genomes of barley and bread wheat were reported thanks to cost-efficient and fast ngs technologies. the genome of barley is estimated to be 5 gb in size whereas the genome of bread wheat accounts for 17 gb and harbours an allo-hexaploid genome. direct assembly of the sequence reads and access to t ...201324011260
discovery, distribution and diversity of puroindoline-d1 genes in bread wheat from five countries (triticum aestivum l.).grain texture is one of the most important characteristics in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). puroindoline-d1 genes play the main role in controlling grain texture and are intimately associated with the milling and processing qualities in bread wheat.201324011219
uptake of (14)c-atropine and/or its transformation products from soil by wheat (triticum aestivum var kronjet) and their translocation to shoots.plant uptake of toxins and their translocation to edible plant parts are important processes in the transfer of contaminants into the food chain. atropine, a highly toxic muscarine receptor antagonist produced by solanacea species, is found in all plant tissues and can enter the soil and hence be available for uptake by crops. the absorption of atropine and/or its transformation products from soil by wheat (triticum aestivum var kronjet) and its distribution to shoots was investigated by growing ...201324007480
increase in growth, productivity and nutritional status of wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. wh-711) and enrichment in soil fertility applied with organic matrix entrapped urea.field experiments were conducted during two consequent years in semi-arid, subtropical climate of rohtak district situated in north-west indian state haryana to evaluate the effects of eco-friendly organic matrix entrapped urea (omeu) on wheat (triticum aestivum l. cv. wh-711). the omeu prepared in granular form contained cow dung, rice bran (grain cover of oryza sativa), neem (azadirachta indica) leaves and clay soil (diameter of particles < 0.002 mm) in 1:1:1:1 ratios and saresh (plant gum of ...201324006800
dissecting the genetic architecture of frost tolerance in central european winter wheat.abiotic stress tolerance in plants is pivotal to increase yield stability, but its genetic basis is still poorly understood. to gain insight into the genetic architecture of frost tolerance, this work evaluated a large mapping population of 1739 wheat (triticum aestivum l.) lines and hybrids adapted to central europe in field trials in germany and fingerprinted the lines with a 9000 single-nucleotide polymorphism array. additive effects prevailed over dominance effects. a two-dimensional genome ...201324006418
lectin-functionalized poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-block-poly(vinyldimethyl azlactone) surface scaffolds for high avidity microbial capture.microbial exopolysaccharides (eps) play a critical and dynamic role in shaping the interactions between microbial community members and their local environment. the capture of targeted microbes using surface immobilized lectins that recognize specific extracellular oligosaccharide moieties offers a nondestructive method for functional characterization of eps content. in this report, we evaluate the use of the block copolymer, poly(glycidyl methacrylate)-block-4,4-dimethyl-2-vinylazlactone (pgma- ...201324003861
toxicity of tributyltin (tbt) to terrestrial organisms and its species sensitivity distribution.the contamination of the terrestrial environment by disposal of tributyltin (tbt) by contaminated harbour sediments, sewage sludge and/or biocide products has been raising concerns and it may pose a risk to soil invertebrates and plants. this study aimed to improve the amount and quality of data for tbt toxicity in soils in order to assess the ecological risk of tbt to the terrestrial ecosystems. for this, bioassays were performed with the species porcellionides pruinosus, folsomia candida, bras ...201423994735
novel natural allelic variations at the rht-1 loci in wheat.plant height is an important agronomic trait. dramatic increase in wheat yield during the "green revolution" is mainly due to the widespread utilization of the reduced height (rht)-1 gene. we analyzed the natural allelic variations of three homoeologous loci rht-a1, rht-b1, and rht-d1 in chinese wheat (triticum aestivum l.) micro-core collections and the rht-b1/d1 genotypes in over 1,500 bred cultivars and germplasms using a modified ecotilling. we identified six new rht-a1 allelic variations (r ...201323992198
mapping of qtl conferring resistance to sharp eyespot (rhizoctonia cerealis) in bread wheat at the adult plant growth stage.seven sharp eyespot resistance qtl were detected consistently across five environments and delimited to seven dna marker intervals, respectively, six of which were independent of plant height and heading time. sharp eyespot, caused mainly by the soil-borne fungus rhizoctonia cerealis, is one of the important diseases of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.). this disease has escalated into a major threat to wheat production in some regions of the world. wheat resistance to sharp eyespot can be a po ...201323989648
differential rrna genes expression in bread wheat and its inheritance.the expression of the ribosomal rna (rrna) genes from rye, located within the nucleolus organizer regions (nors), is repressed by cytosine methylation in wheat x rye hybrids and in triticale, as consequence of nucleolar dominance. our previous study revealed that bread wheat cultivars with a maximum number of four ag-nors presented high level of rdna cytosine methylation when compared to others with a maximum of six ag-nors. in order to evaluate the inheritance of the ag-nors number and nor meth ...201323982417
immunotoxicological evaluation of wheat genetically modified with tadreb4 gene on balb/c mice.to evaluate the immunotoxicological effects of genetically modified wheat with tadreb4 gene in female balb/c mice.201323981552
systematic review: the efficacy of herbal therapy in inflammatory bowel disease.complementary and alternative medicine (cam), particularly herbal therapy, is widely used by patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) but controlled data are limited.201323981095
decay of salmonella enterica, escherichia coli and bacteriophage ms2 on the phyllosphere and stored grains of wheat (triticum aestivum).cereal crops grown in the biosolids-amended soil can potentially become contaminated with pathogenic micro-organisms during growth and at the time of harvesting. there is small but unquantified potential risk of transfer of enteric pathogens to humans and animals from contaminated plants and grains. this study examined decay of escherichia coli, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and bacteriophage ms2 on the wheat phyllosphere and on stored grains. this was done to assess the health implica ...201423980794
analysis of storage and structural carbohydrates in developing wheat (triticum aestivum l.) grains using quantitative analysis and microscopy.in this paper, the content of all major carbohydrates and the spatial distribution of starch, arabinoxylan and β-glucan in developing wheat kernels (triticum aestivum l. var. homeros) from anthesis until maturity were studied. by combining information from microscopy and quantitative analysis, a comprehensive overview on the changes in storage and structural carbohydrates in developing grains was obtained. in the phase of cell division and expansion, grains were characterized by a rapid accumula ...201323980757
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