Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| trend, risk factors, and costs of clostridium difficile infections in vascular surgery. | starting in december 2013, the hospital inpatient quality reporting program included clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates as a new publically reported quality measure. our goal was to review the trend, hospital variability in cdi rates, and associated risk factors and costs in vascular surgery. | 2015 | 25595110 |
| multicenter evaluation of the biofire filmarray gastrointestinal panel for etiologic diagnosis of infectious gastroenteritis. | the appropriate treatment and control of infectious gastroenteritis depend on the ability to rapidly detect the wide range of etiologic agents associated with the disease. clinical laboratories currently utilize an array of different methodologies to test for bacterial, parasitic, and viral causes of gastroenteritis, a strategy that suffers from poor sensitivity, potentially long turnaround times, and complicated ordering practices and workflows. additionally, there are limited or no testing met ... | 2015 | 25588652 |
| appendectomy: a risk factor for colectomy in patients with clostridium difficile. | the appendix, considered an intestinal microbiota reservoir, may be protective against the risk of fulminant clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 25588621 |
| treatment of recurrent and severe clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a serious complication of hospitalization and antibiotic use with a high mortality and very high costs. despite appropriate treatment, a subset of patients develop chronic recurrent cdi. some other patients develop severe and life-threatening colitis. the risk factors, pathogenesis, and treatment of recurrent cdi and severe cdi are discussed in this review. in particular, fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) as a treatment strategy is outlined and a tre ... | 2015 | 25587656 |
| clinical characteristics of symptomatic clostridium difficile infection in children: conditions as infection risks and whether probiotics is effective. | this study investigated the clinical presentations of symptomatic clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in children. | 2014 | 25587523 |
| clostridium difficile infection, a descriptive analysis of solid organ transplant recipients at a single center. | clostridium difficile is a bacterial enteric pathogen, which causes clinical disease among solid organ transplant (sot) recipients. this large, single-center, retrospective study describes incidence, demographics, and impact of c. difficile infection (cdi) among adult sot recipients, cardiac (n=5), lung (n=14), liver (n=9), renal (n=26), and multiorgan (n=9) patients transplanted and diagnosed with cdi (geneb pcr) between 9/2009 and 12/2012. the overall incidence of cdi in our population during ... | 2015 | 25586932 |
| government introduces action plan to reduce deaths from sepsis. | tackling sepsis - the potentially fatal over-reaction of the immune system to infection - must be given the same priority as reducing clostridium difficile and mrsa infections, the government has said. | 2015 | 25585729 |
| the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection inside and outside health care institutions. | this article describes the global changes in clostridium difficile epidemiology since the late twentieth century and into the twenty-first century when the new epidemic strain bi/nap1/027 emerged. the article provides an overview of how understanding of c difficile epidemiology has rapidly evolved since its initial association with colitis in 1974. it also discusses how c difficile has spread across the globe, the role of asymptomatic carriers in disease transmission, the increased recognition o ... | 2015 | 25582647 |
| potential sources of clostridium difficile in human infection. | the view of clostridium difficile infection as a hospital-acquired infection transmitted only by symptomatic patients is changing. although c difficile is present in food for human consumption, food-borne infection caused by c difficile has never been confirmed. more information on the infective dose and the level of contamination is needed to determine the risk for food-borne exposure to c difficile in humans. the emergence of c difficile polymerase chain reaction (pcr) ribotype 078 in humans i ... | 2015 | 25582646 |
| the contribution of strains and hosts to outcomes in clostridium difficile infection. | acquisition of clostridium difficile spores can be followed by a spectrum of clinical outcomes ranging from asymptomatic transit through the bowel to severe colitis and death. this clinical variability is a product of bacterial virulence and host susceptibility to the pathogen. it is important to identify patients at high risk of poor outcome so that increased monitoring and optimal treatment strategies can be instigated. this article discusses the evidence linking strain type to clinical outcom ... | 2015 | 25582645 |
| predictive values of models of clostridium difficile infection. | in vivo and in vitro models are widely used to simulate clostridium difficile infection (cdi). they have made considerable contributions in the study of c difficile pathogenesis, antibiotic predisposition to cdi, and population dynamics as well as the evaluation of new antimicrobial and immunologic therapeutics. although cdi models have greatly increased understanding of this complicated pathogen, all have limitations in reproducing human disease, notably their inability to generate a truly refl ... | 2015 | 25582644 |
| testing for clostridium difficile in patients newly diagnosed with inflammatory bowel disease in a community setting. | the incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) is increasing, and cdi has a negative impact on ibd outcomes with both increased morbidity and mortality. data are lacking regarding the rate of appropriate testing for cdi at the time of diagnosis. | 2015 | 25581825 |
| does gastrointestinal dysmotility predispose to recurrent or severe forms of clostridium difficile infections? | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the most common cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea. a limited number of studies have looked at the risk factors for recurrent cdi. mitochondrial neurogastrointestinal encephalopathy (mngie) is a rare multisystemic disorder that causes gastrointestinal dysmotility. herein we present a patient with mngie who suffered recurrent and severe c. difficile infection despite appropriate treatment. we aim to bring the gastroenterologist's attention to gastrointest ... | 2014 | 25580313 |
| clostridium difficile with moxifloxacin/clindamycin resistance in vegetables in ohio, usa, and prevalence meta-analysis. | we (i) determined the prevalence of clostridium difficile and their antimicrobial resistance to six antimicrobial classes, in a variety of fresh vegetables sold in retail in ohio, usa, and (ii) conducted cumulative meta-analysis of reported prevalence in vegetables since the 1990s. six antimicrobial classes were tested for their relevance as risk factors for c. difficile infections (cdis) (clindamycin, moxifloxacin) or their clinical priority as exhaustive therapeutic options (metronidazole, van ... | 2014 | 25580297 |
| [fecal microbiota transplantation: review]. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has gained an increasing medical interest, since the recognition of the role of disturbed microbiota in the development of various diseases. to date, fmt is an established treatment modality for multiple recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi), despite lack of standardization of the procedure. persisting normalization of the disturbed colonic microbiota associated with rcdi seems to be responsible for the therapeutic effect of fmt. for other diseas ... | 2015 | 25577013 |
| mobile genetic elements in clostridium difficile and their role in genome function. | approximately 11% the clostridium difficile genome is made up of mobile genetic elements which have a profound effect on the biology of the organism. this includes transfer of antibiotic resistance and other factors that allow the organism to survive challenging environments, modulation of toxin gene expression, transfer of the toxin genes themselves and the conversion of non-toxigenic strains to toxin producers. mobile genetic elements have also been adapted by investigators to probe the biolog ... | 2015 | 25576774 |
| an alkaline phosphatase reporter for use in clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic, gram-positive pathogen that causes severe gastrointestinal disease in humans and other mammals. c. difficile is notoriously difficult to work with and, until recently, few tools were available for genetic manipulation and molecular analyses. despite the recent advances in the field, there is no simple or cost-effective technique for measuring gene transcription in c. difficile other than direct transcriptional analyses (e.g., quantitative real-time pcr and ... | 2015 | 25576237 |
| clostridium difficile infection targets. | 2015 | 25575770 | |
| fidaxomicin use and clinical outcomes for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | fidaxomicin has been scrutinized because of its high acquisition cost. real-world experience is needed to determine whether fidaxomicin has value in patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) and certain risk factors. | 2015 | 25574116 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation broadening its application beyond intestinal disorders. | intestinal dysbiosis is now known to be a complication in a myriad of diseases. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt), as a microbiota-target therapy, is arguably very effective for curing clostridium difficile infection and has good outcomes in other intestinal diseases. new insights have raised an interest in fmt for the management of extra-intestinal disorders associated with gut microbiota. this review shows that it is an exciting time in the burgeoning science of fmt application in previou ... | 2015 | 25574083 |
| fecal transplant policy and legislation. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has garnered significant attention in recent years in the face of a reemerging clostridium difficile (c. difficile) epidemic. positive results from the first randomized control trial evaluating fmt have encouraged the medical community to explore the process further and expand its application beyond c. difficile infections and even the gastrointestinal domain. however promising and numerous the prospects of fmt appear, the method remains limited in scope to ... | 2015 | 25574076 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile infections. | vancomycin and metronidazole were historically considered equivalent therapies for the management of clostridium difficile infections (cdi); however, recent data confirm more favorable outcomes with vancomycin. fidaxomicin is a narrow spectrum antibiotic that has an advantage in reducing recurrence rates compared with vancomycin, possibly owing to its sparing effect on normal colonic microbiota. data are limited for guiding management of cdi recurrences, particularly multiple recurrences. severa ... | 2015 | 25573676 |
| environmental interventions to control clostridium difficile. | the control of clostridium difficile infection is paramount. c difficile spores are difficult to eradicate and can survive on surfaces for prolonged periods of time. hand washing with either plain or antimicrobial soap is effective in removing c difficile spores from hands. patients should be placed in private rooms and under contact precautions to prevent transmission to other patients. regular hospital germicides are not sporicidal and hypochlorite solutions are required for surface disinfecti ... | 2015 | 25573675 |
| new perspectives in clostridium difficile disease pathogenesis. | clostridium difficile is associated with a spectrum of clinical manifestations ranging from asymptomatic carriage to severe life-threatening pseudomembranous colitis. current perspectives indicate that c difficile pathogenesis is a multifactorial disease process dictated by pathogenic toxin production, gut microbial dysbiosis, and altered host inflammatory responses. this article summarizes recent findings underpinning the cellular and molecular mechanisms regulating bacterial virulence and shed ... | 2015 | 25573674 |
| costs associated with health care-associated infections in cardiac surgery. | health care-associated infections (hais) are the most common noncardiac complications after cardiac surgery and are associated with increased morbidity and mortality. current information about their economic burden is limited. | 2015 | 25572505 |
| clostridium difficile from food and surface samples in a belgian nursing home: an unlikely source of contamination. | this study investigates the contamination of foods and surfaces with clostridium difficile in a single nursing home. c. difficile pcr-ribotype 078 was found in one food sample and in none of the tested surfaces. these results indicate that food and surfaces are an unlikely source of c. difficile infection in this setting. | 2015 | 25571851 |
| [risk factors for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea among cancer patients]. | the aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection and the risk factors for acquisition of c. difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad) among cancer patients who received chemotherapy or radiation therapy. | 2014 | 25567310 |
| clostridium difficile infection: risk factors, diagnosis and management. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of death due to gastrointestinal infections in the us and is the most common cause of nosocomial diarrhea. the emergence of a hypervirulent strain in the early 2000s has been associated with a dramatic increase in the number and severity of cases in the us, canada, and several other countries. most cases are related to antibiotic use, but sporadic cases occur in otherwise healthy individuals with no risk factors. morbidity and mortality ... | 2015 | 25567105 |
| the gut microbiota and inflammatory noncommunicable diseases: associations and potentials for gut microbiota therapies. | rapid environmental transition and modern lifestyles are likely driving changes in the biodiversity of the human gut microbiota. with clear effects on physiologic, immunologic, and metabolic processes in human health, aberrations in the gut microbiome and intestinal homeostasis have the capacity for multisystem effects. changes in microbial composition are implicated in the increasing propensity for a broad range of inflammatory diseases, such as allergic disease, asthma, inflammatory bowel dise ... | 2015 | 25567038 |
| dysfunctional families: clostridium scindens and secondary bile acids inhibit the growth of clostridium difficile. | c. difficile infection is a deadly disease that is influenced by the microbiome. in a recent article in nature, buffie et al. (2014) demonstrate that the ability of c. scindens to synthesize secondary bile acids is crucial to providing resistance to c. difficile infection. | 2015 | 25565200 |
| the potential for emerging therapeutic options for clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile is mainly a nosocomial pathogen and is a significant cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. it is also implicated in the majority of cases of pseudomembranous colitis. recently, advancements in next generation sequencing technology (ngs) have highlighted the extent of damage to the gut microbiota caused by broad-spectrum antibiotics, often resulting in c. difficile infection (cdi). currently the treatment of choice for cdi involves the use of metronidazole and vancomycin. ... | 2014 | 25564777 |
| evaluation of hydrogen peroxide vapor for the inactivation of nosocomial pathogens on porous and nonporous surfaces. | clostridium difficile spores and multidrug-resistant (mdr) organisms, such as methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre), and mdr acinetobacter baumannii, are important nosocomial pathogens that are difficult to eliminate from the hospital environment. we evaluated the efficacy of hydrogen peroxide vapor (hpv), a no-touch automated room decontamination system, for the inactivation of a range of pathogens dried onto hard nonporous and porous surfac ... | 2015 | 25564129 |
| the intestinal microbiota: its role in health and disease. | the intestinal microbiota (previously referred to as "intestinal flora") has entered the focus of research interest not only in microbiology but also in medicine. huge progress has been made with respect to the analysis of composition and functions of the human microbiota. an "imbalance" of the microbiota, frequently also called a "dysbiosis," has been associated with different diseases in recent years. crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis as two major forms of inflammatory bowel disease, irri ... | 2015 | 25563215 |
| seek and you shall find: prevalence of clostridium difficile in wuhan, china. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the leading health care acquired-infections in the united states, but much of the epidemiology and burden of disease is unknown in china. the aim of this study was to determine the prevalence and possible risk factors of cdi among hospitalized patients with diarrhea in wuhan, china. the overall prevalence of cdi was 28% (31/111). the findings of this study suggest the prevalence of cdi in hospitalized patients with diarrhea is higher then what has ... | 2015 | 25557771 |
| clostridium difficile infection among kidney transplant recipients: frequency, clinical presentation, and outcome. | the objective of this study was to evaluate the frequency of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) among kidney transplant recipients and describe the clinical picture in correlation with the presence of certain risk factors. we included kidney transplant recipients with a functioning graft, who were admitted during the period 1/2012-12/2013, and patients with esrd who were admitted to undergo kidney transplantation (ktx) from a deceased or a living donor in the same period. patients were screen ... | 2015 | 25556694 |
| long-term effects of an antimicrobial stewardship programme at a tertiary-care teaching hospital. | antimicrobial stewardship has been shown to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use, but there are few data on the long-term benefits of such a programme. antimicrobial use over a 13-year period since implementing an antimicrobial stewardship programme (asp) at our institution was examined. nosocomial rates of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and antimicrobial susceptibility patterns of common nosocomial micro-organisms over the same period were also reviewed. total antimicrobial use decreased by ... | 2015 | 25554468 |
| human clostridium difficile infection: altered mucus production and composition. | the majority of antibiotic-induced diarrhea is caused by clostridium difficile (c. difficile). hospitalizations for c. difficile infection (cdi) have tripled in the last decade, emphasizing the need to better understand how the organism colonizes the intestine and maintain infection. the mucus provides an interface for bacterial-host interactions and changes in intestinal mucus have been linked host health. to assess mucus production and composition in healthy and cdi patients, the main mucins m ... | 2014 | 25552581 |
| human clostridium difficile infection: inhibition of nhe3 and microbiota profile. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is principally responsible for hospital acquired, antibiotic-induced diarrhea and colitis and represents a significant financial burden on our healthcare system. little is known about c. difficile proliferation requirements, and a better understanding of these parameters is critical for development of new therapeutic targets. in cell lines, c. difficile toxin b has been shown to inhibit na(+)/h(+) exchanger 3 (nhe3) and loss of nhe3 in mice results in an alt ... | 2014 | 25552580 |
| evaluation of the bd max cdiff assay for the detection of toxigenic clostridium difficile in human stool specimens. | the becton dickinson (bd) pcr-based geneohm cdiff assay has demonstrated a high sensitivity and specificity for detecting clostridium difficile. recently, the bd max platform, using the same principles as bd geneohm, has become available in australia. this study aimed to investigate the sensitivity and specificity of bd max cdiff assay for the detection of toxigenic c. difficile in an australian setting. between december 2013 and january 2014, 406 stool specimens from 349 patients were analysed ... | 2015 | 25551308 |
| fecal transplantation treatment of antibiotic-induced, noninfectious colitis and long-term microbiota follow-up. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is an effective treatment for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and is considered as a treatment for other gastrointestinal (gi) diseases. we followed up the relief of symptoms and long-term, over-a-year microbiota stabilization in a 46-year-old man, who underwent fmt for antibiotic-induced, non-cdi colitis nine months after being treated for cdi by fmt. fecal and mucosal microbiota was analyzed before the second fmt and during 14 months after ... | 2014 | 25548572 |
| probiotics for antibiotic-associated diarrhea: do we have a verdict? | probiotics use has increased tremendously over the past ten years. this was coupled with a surge of data relating their importance in clinical practice. antibiotic-associated diarrhea, whose frequency has risen recently, was one of the earliest targets with data published more than ten years ago. unfortunately, available trials suffer from severe discrepancies associated with variability and heterogeneity of several factors. most published randomized controlled trials and subsequent meta-analyse ... | 2014 | 25548477 |
| new role for human α-defensin 5 in the fight against hypervirulent clostridium difficile strains. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi), one of the most common hospital-acquired infections, is increasing in incidence and severity with the emergence and diffusion of hypervirulent strains. cdi is precipitated by antibiotic treatment that destroys the equilibrium of the gut microbiota. human α-defensin 5 (hd5), the most abundant enteric antimicrobial peptide, is a key regulator of gut microbiota homeostasis, yet it is still unknown if c. difficile, which successfully evades killing by other hos ... | 2015 | 25547793 |
| effects of tigecycline and vancomycin administration on established clostridium difficile infection. | the glycylcycline antibiotic tigecycline was approved in 2005 for the treatment of complicated skin and soft tissue infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. tigecycline is broadly active against both gram-negative and gram-positive microorganisms, including clostridium difficile. tigecycline has a low mic against c. difficile in vitro and thus may represent an alternate treatment for c. difficile infection (cdi). to assess the use of tigecycline for treatment of established cdi, 5- ... | 2015 | 25547352 |
| chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 functions as the cellular receptor for clostridium difficile toxin b. | as a gram-positive, spore-forming anaerobic bacillus, clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is responsible for severe and fatal pseudomembranous colitis, and poses the most urgent antibiotic resistance threat worldwide. epidemic c. difficile is the leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea globally, especially diarrhoea due to the emergence of hypervirulent strains associated with high mortality and morbidity. tcdb, one of the key virulence factors secreted by this bacterium, enters host c ... | 2015 | 25547119 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for recurrent clostridium difficile infection in pediatric patients: encouragement wrapped in caution. | 2015 | 25546336 | |
| emergency department visits related to clostridium difficile infection: results from the nationwide emergency department sample, 2006 through 2010. | the objective was to estimate emergency department (ed) visits for clostridium difficile infection in the united states for the years 2006 through 2010. | 2015 | 25545404 |
| draft genome sequence of clostridium butyricum strain nor 33234, isolated from an elderly patient with diarrhea. | clostridium butyricum is one of the species frequently present in patients' stool samples. however, the identification of this species is sometimes difficult. here, we present the draft genome of clostridium butyricum nor 33234, which was isolated from a patient with suspected clostridium difficile infection-associated diarrhea and resembles clostridium clostridioforme in biochemical tests. | 2014 | 25540356 |
| proton pump inhibitors increase the risk for hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection in critically ill patients. | proton pump inhibitors (ppi) have been linked to clostridium difficile infection (cdi) but there are few data specific to icu patients. we evaluated duration of ppi exposure as a potential risk factor for hospital-acquired cdi in the icu. | 2014 | 25540023 |
| antibiotic policies in acute english nhs trusts: implementation of 'start smart-then focus' and relationship with clostridium difficile infection rates. | the objective of this study was to establish how antibiotic prescribing policies at national health service (nhs) hospitals match the england department of health 'start smart-then focus' recommendations and relate to clostridium difficile infection (cdi) rates. | 2015 | 25538165 |
| clostridium difficile infection in thailand. | clostridium difficile is the aetiological agent in ca. 20% of cases of antimicrobial-associated diarrhoea in hospitalised adults. diseases caused by this organism range from mild diarrhoea to occasional fatal pseudomembranous colitis. the epidemiology of c. difficile infection (cdi) has changed notably in the past decade, following epidemics in the early 2000s of pcr ribotype (rt) 027 infection in north america and europe, where there was an increase in disease severity and mortality. another ma ... | 2015 | 25537687 |
| dynamics and establishment of clostridium difficile infection in the murine gastrointestinal tract. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) following antibiotic therapy is a major public health threat. while antibiotic disruption of the indigenous microbiota underlies the majority of cases of cdi, the early dynamics of infection in the disturbed intestinal ecosystem are poorly characterized. this study defines the dynamics of infection with c. difficile strain vpi 10463 throughout the gastrointestinal (gi) tract using a murine model of infection. after inducing susceptibility to c. difficile col ... | 2015 | 25534943 |
| antisecretory factor peptide af-16 inhibits the secreted autotransporter toxin-stimulated transcellular and paracellular passages of fluid in cultured human enterocyte-like cells. | both the endogenous antisecretory factor (af) protein and peptide af-16, which has a sequence that matches that of the active n-terminal region of af, inhibit the increase in the epithelial transport of fluid and electrolytes induced by bacterial toxins in animal and ex vivo models. we conducted a study to investigate the inhibitory effect of peptide af-16 against the increase of transcellular passage and paracellular permeability promoted by the secreted autotransporter toxin (sat) in a culture ... | 2015 | 25534938 |
| fluoroquinolone resistance does not impose a cost on the fitness of clostridium difficile in vitro. | point mutations conferring resistance to fluoroquinolones were introduced in the gyr genes of the reference strain clostridium difficile 630. only mutants with the substitution thr-82→ile in gyra, which characterizes the hypervirulent epidemic clone iii/027/nap1, were resistant to all fluoroquinolones tested. the absence of a fitness cost in vitro for the most frequent mutations detected in resistant clinical isolates suggests that resistance will be maintained even in the absence of antibiotic ... | 2015 | 25534738 |
| multicenter, randomized clinical trial to compare the safety and efficacy of lff571 and vancomycin for clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infection causes serious diarrheal disease. although several drugs are available for treatment, including vancomycin, recurrences remain a problem. lff571 is a semisynthetic thiopeptide with potency against c. difficile in vitro. in this phase 2 exploratory study, we compared the safety and efficacy (based on a noninferiority analysis) of lff571 to those of vancomycin used in adults with primary episodes or first recurrences of moderate c. difficile infection. patients were ... | 2015 | 25534727 |
| pharmacokinetics of lff571 and vancomycin in patients with moderate clostridium difficile infections. | clostridium difficile infection causes diarrheal disease with potentially fatal complications. although treatments are available, including vancomycin, metronidazole, and fidaxomicin, the recurrence of disease after therapy remains a problem. lff571 is a novel thiopeptide antibacterial that shows in vitro potency against c. difficile that is comparable to or greater than that of other clinically used antibiotics. here, we compare the pharmacokinetics (pk) of lff571 and vancomycin in patients wit ... | 2015 | 25534724 |
| fidaxomicin therapy in critically ill patients with clostridium difficile infection. | fidaxomicin use to treat proven clostridium difficile infection (cdi) was compared between 20 patients receiving care in critical care units (ccus) and 30 patients treated on general medical floors. at baseline, the ccu patients had more initial cdi episodes, more severe and complicated disease, and more concurrent broad-spectrum antibiotic coverage. on multivariate analysis, the response to fidaxomicin therapy among the critically ill patients was comparable to that among patients in the genera ... | 2015 | 25534722 |
| use of a daily disinfectant cleaner instead of a daily cleaner reduced hospital-acquired infection rates. | documenting effective approaches to eliminate environmental reservoirs and reduce the spread of hospital-acquired infections (hais) has been difficult. this was a prospective study to determine if hospital-wide implementation of a disinfectant cleaner in a disposable wipe system to replace a cleaner alone could reduce hais over 1 year when housekeeping compliance was ≥80%. | 2015 | 25534117 |
| [clostridium difficile infections in internal medicine departments. addendum]. | 2015 | 25533745 | |
| clostridium difficile infection and inflammatory bowel disease: what gastroenterologists and surgeons should know. | over the past two decades there has been a dramatic increase worldwide in both incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). paralleling the rising incidence of cdi in the general population, there has been an even higher increase in the incidence of cdi among patients with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd). cdi may mimic a flare of ibd as symptoms and laboratory parameters are often similar, and therefore, screening for cdi is recommended at every flare in such patients. enzym ... | 2015 | 25532244 |
| epidemiology and predictors of recurrence of clostridium difficile infection in a north italian tertiary care hospital. | 2014 | 25532010 | |
| rheological properties of erythrocytes in patients infected with clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a bacterial infection of the digestive tract. acute infections are accompanied by increased risk for venous thromboembolism (vte). to date, there have been no studies of the rheological properties of blood during the course of digestive tract infections. the aim of our study was to examine the effects of cdi on red blood cell (rbc) rheology, specifically rbc deformability, rbc aggregation, and plasma viscosity. in addition, the activity of glucose 6 phosp ... | 2014 | 25531703 |
| human neutrophils are activated by a peptide fragment of clostridium difficile toxin b presumably via formyl peptide receptor. | clostridium difficile may induce antibiotic-associated diarrhoea and, in severe cases, pseudomembranous colitis characterized by tremendous neutrophil infiltration. all symptoms are caused by two exotoxins: tcda and tcdb. we describe here the activation of isolated human blood neutrophils by tcdb and, moreover, by toxin fragments generated by limited proteolytical digestion. kinetics and profiles of tcdb-induced rise in intracellular-free ca(2+) and reactive oxygen species production were simila ... | 2015 | 25529763 |
| the potential role of nemonoxacin for treatment of common infections. | nemonoxacin , a novel non-fluorinated quinolone, exhibits potent activity against gram-positive bacteria, including mrsa and fluoroquinolone-resistant mrsa, gram-negative and atypical pathogens. this agent also has a reduced propensity for resistance development in many kinds of pathogens. | 2015 | 25529577 |
| use of mcherry red fluorescent protein for studies of protein localization and gene expression in clostridium difficile. | fluorescent proteins are powerful reporters in biology, but most require o2 for chromophore maturation, making them inherently difficult to use in anaerobic bacteria. clostridium difficile, a strict anaerobe with a genomic gc content of only 29%, is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhea in developed countries, and new methods for studying this pathogen are sorely needed. we recently demonstrated that a cyan fluorescent protein called cfpopt that has been codon optimized for production ... | 2015 | 25527559 |
| effect of airborne hydrogen peroxide on spores of clostridium difficile. | contamination of surfaces by spores of clostridium difficile is a major factor influencing the spread of healthcare-associated c. difficile infection. the aim of this study was to test the effect of an automated room disinfection system that provides an aerosol of 7.5 % hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) disinfectant, on spores of two different strains of c. difficile, and to evaluate the impact of biological soiling on the efficacy of h2o2 disinfection. | 2015 | 25527140 |
| microbial bile acid metabolic clusters: the bouncers at the bar. | colonization resistance refers to the ability of the colonic microbiota to prevent invasion by pathogens including clostridium difficile. in a recent article, buffie et al. (2014) have demonstrated that a single metabolic cluster present in the normal, colonic microflora is responsible for preventing c. difficile invasion of healthy hosts. | 2014 | 25525784 |
| treatment of clostridium difficile infection: recent trial results. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of infection worldwide and is associated with increasing morbidity and mortality in vulnerable patient populations. metronidazole and oral vancomycin are the currently recommended therapies for the treatment of c. difficile infection (cdi) but are associated with unacceptably high rates of disease recurrence. novel therapies for the treatment of cdi and prevention of recurrent cdi are urgently needed. important developments in the treatment of cdi are curre ... | 2013 | 25525499 |
| evaluation of the cepheid xpert c. difficile/epi and meridian bioscience illumigene c. difficile assays for detecting clostridium difficile ribotype 033 strains. | clostridium difficile pcr ribotype 033 (rt033) is found in the gastrointestinal tracts of production animals and, occasionally, humans. the illumigene c. difficile assay (meridian bioscience, inc.) failed to detect any of 52 c. difficile rt033 isolates, while all strains signaled positive for the binary toxin genes but were reported as negative for c. difficile by the xpert c. difficile/epi assay (cepheid). | 2015 | 25520452 |
| emphysematous cystitis due to recurrent clostridium difficile infection. | a 78-year-old woman with long-standing obstipation presented herself to the hospital with diarrhoea and progressive abdominal cramping since 2 days. acute abdomen developed and an emergency exploratory laparotomy was indicated, which showed no signs of bowel ischaemia. after admission to the internal ward, stool clostridium difficile pcr was tested positive. hence the diagnosis of pseudomembranous colitis became apparent. abdominal imaging demonstrated multiple gas foci in the wall of the bladde ... | 2014 | 25519862 |
| changes to clinician attire have done more harm than good. | the introduction of 'bare below the elbows' policies to facilitate handwashing led to the disappearance of the white coat from medical and surgical wards. while rates of key healthcare acquired infections in hospitals, e.g. clostridium difficile and methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus bacteraemia, have fallen, argument continues around the contribution of hand hygiene and dress codes to these changes. conversely, the number of complaints against clinicians continues to rise, and respect ... | 2014 | 25516900 |
| characterization of drug-product-related impurities and variants of a therapeutic monoclonal antibody by higher energy c-trap dissociation mass spectrometry. | mass spectrometry (ms) characterization of recombinant monoclonal antibody (mab) drugs and their degraded and/or post-translationally modified counterparts, drug-product-related impurities and variants, is critical for successful development of biotherapeutics. specifically in this study, drug-product-related impurities of an anti-clostridium difficile igg1 mab drug substance were profiled by cation-exchange liquid chromatography (cex) followed by the cex peaks being fraction-collected for ms ch ... | 2015 | 25513708 |
| subinhibitory concentrations of lff571 reduce toxin production by clostridium difficile. | lff571 is a novel semisynthetic thiopeptide antibacterial that is undergoing investigation for safety and efficacy in patients with moderate clostridium difficile infections. lff571 inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by interacting with elongation factor tu (ef-tu) and interrupting complex formation between ef-tu and aminoacyl-trna. given this mechanism of action, we hypothesized that concentrations of lff571 below those necessary to inhibit bacterial growth would reduce steady-state toxin lev ... | 2015 | 25512411 |
| cyclic di-gmp riboswitch-regulated type iv pili contribute to aggregation of clostridium difficile. | clostridium difficile is an anaerobic gram-positive bacterium that causes intestinal infections with symptoms ranging from mild diarrhea to fulminant colitis. cyclic diguanosine monophosphate (c-di-gmp) is a bacterial second messenger that typically regulates the switch from motile, free-living to sessile and multicellular behaviors in gram-negative bacteria. increased intracellular c-di-gmp concentration in c. difficile was recently shown to reduce flagellar motility and to increase cell aggreg ... | 2014 | 25512308 |
| letter: clinical predictors of clostridium difficile infection - advanced age and residential status are important factors for prediction and prevention - authors' reply. | 2015 | 25511771 | |
| letter: clinical predictors of clostridium difficile infection - advanced age and residential status are important factors for prediction and prevention. | 2015 | 25511770 | |
| prospective audit and feedback in antimicrobial stewardship: is there value in early reviewing within 48 h of antibiotic prescription? | antimicrobial stewardship programme (asp) methodologies are not well defined, with most preferring to wait ≥72-96 h following antibiotic prescription before reviewing patients. however, we hypothesise that early asp reviews and interventions are beneficial and do not adversely impact patient safety. this study aimed to evaluate the impact of early asp interventions within 48 h of antibiotic prescription on patient outcomes and safety. a prospective review of asp interventions made within 48 h of ... | 2015 | 25511192 |
| total synthesis of the tiacumicin b (lipiarmycin a3/fidaxomicin) aglycone. | tiacumicin b (lipiarmycin a3, fidaxomicin) is an atypical macrolide antibiotic which is used for the treatment of clostridium difficile infections. tiacumicin b is also a potent inhibitor of mycobacterium tuberculosis, but due to its limited oral bioavailability is unsuitable for systemic therapy. to provide a basis for structure-activity studies that might eventually lead to improved variants of tiacumicin b, we have developed an efficient approach to the synthesis of the tiacumicin b aglycone. ... | 2015 | 25510439 |
| real-time cell analysis for monitoring cholera toxin-induced human intestinal epithelial cell response. | the pathogenic mechanism of vibrio cholerae manifests as diarrhea and causes life-threatening dehydration. here, we observe the human intestinal epithelial cells (hiec) response to cholera toxin (ct) by a real-time cell analysis (rtca) platform, and disclose the difference from ct-induced cytotoxicity and others in hiec. an hiec cell of 1.0 × 10(5) cells/ml was characterized as the suitable concentration for each well. for experimentation, the assay requires an inoculation of ct dissolved in dul ... | 2015 | 25510171 |
| international patents granted for clostridium difficile program. | 2014 | 25507269 | |
| characterization of comorbid factors in hip fracture related in-hospital mortality. | it is important to delineate factors which influence in-hospital mortality rates following a hip fracture. the current study aimed to identify the nature and frequency of comorbidities prevalent in this patient cohort. a retrospective chart review of cases of in-patient mortality following admission for a hip fracture was performed. these cases (n=127) were characterized for comorbidities, complications, medical status indicators, and other contributory factors. cardiovascular 104 (81.9%), respi ... | 2014 | 25507116 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation. | the use of faeces for the treatment of gastrointestinal diseases was described in 4th century chinese medicine for the treatment of severe diarrhoea.1 more recently there has been renewed interest in this unconventional biological therapy, particularly for the treatment of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (cdi) and to a lesser extent inflammatory bowel diseases (ibd). faecal microbiota transplantation† (fmt) involves the introduction of enteric bacteria from the faeces of healthy donors ... | 2014 | 25505015 |
| global transcriptional response of clostridium difficile carrying the cd38 prophage. | clostridium difficile is one of the most dangerous pathogens in hospital settings. most strains of c. difficile carry one or more prophages, and some of them, like cd38-2 and cd119, can influence the expression of toxin genes. however, little is known about the global host response in the presence of a given prophage. in order to fill this knowledge gap, we used high-throughput rna sequencing (rna-seq) to conduct a genome-wide transcriptomic analysis of the epidemic c. difficile strain r20291 ca ... | 2015 | 25501487 |
| impacts of infection with different toxigenic clostridium difficile strains on faecal microbiota in children. | increasing evidence suggests that altered intestinal microbial composition and function result in an increased risk of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad); however, the specific changes of intestinal microbiota in children suffering from cdad and their associations with c. difficile strain toxigenicity are poorly understood. high-throughput pyrosequencing showed that reduced faecal bacterial diversity and dramatic shifts of microbial composition were found in children with cdad. th ... | 2014 | 25501371 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for gastrointestinal diseases. | fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) is a treatment to restore the normal microbial composition of the gut by introducing fecal microbiota obtained from a healthy donor into a diseased individual. there has been a growing interest in the use of fmt as a treatment of various diseases including clostridium difficile infection (cdi), inflammatory bowel disease, and irritable bowel syndrome. despite the increasing application of fmt, there are no standard protocols. many aspects of fmt procedures ... | 2014 | 25500625 |
| essential oils have different effects on human pathogenic and commensal bacteria in mixed faecal fermentations compared with pure cultures. | a static batch culture system inoculated with human faeces was used to determine the influence of essential oil compounds (eocs) on mixed faecal microbiota. bacteria were quantified using quantitative pcr of 16s rrna genes. incubation for 24 h of diluted faeces from six individuals caused enrichment of bifidobacterium spp., but proportions of other major groups were unaffected. thymol and geraniol at 500 p.p.m. suppressed total bacteria, resulting in minimal fermentation. thymol at 100 p.p.m. ha ... | 2015 | 25500493 |
| investigational new treatments for clostridium difficile infection. | significant progress has been made by industry and academia in the past two years to address the medical threats posed by clostridium difficile infection. these developments provide an excellent example of how patient need has driven a surge of innovation in drug discovery. indeed, only two drugs were approved for the infection in the past 30 years but there are 13 treatment candidates in clinical trials today. what makes the latter number even more remarkable is the diversity in the strategies ... | 2015 | 25499664 |
| non-selective and selective enrichment media for the recovery of clostridium difficile from chopped beef. | clostridium difficile exists within the intestines of animals and in meat products. enrichment of c. difficile in an appropriate medium is necessary for the detection of c. difficile in meat products. non-selective media (brain heart infusion medium [tbhi] and cooked meat medium containing sodium taurocholate [tcm]) and selective media (cycloserine-cefoxitin-fructose medium [tccfb] and c. difficile moxalactam-norfloxacin medium containing antibiotics and sodium taurocholate [tcdmn]) can be used ... | 2015 | 25499549 |
| gut microbiota-produced succinate promotes c. difficile infection after antibiotic treatment or motility disturbance. | clostridium difficile is a leading cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. the mechanisms underlying c. difficile expansion after microbiota disturbance are just emerging. we assessed the gene expression profile of c. difficile within the intestine of gnotobiotic mice to identify genes regulated in response to either dietary or microbiota compositional changes. in the presence of the gut symbiont bacteroides thetaiotaomicron, c. difficile induces a pathway that metabolizes the microbiota fermen ... | 2014 | 25498344 |
| the potential use of cholestyramine to reduce the risk of developing clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in patients receiving long-term intravenous ceftriaxone. | intravenous pharmacotherapy with the third-generation cephalosporin ceftriaxone is unfortunately associated with a relatively high incidence of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. cholestyramine (colestyramine) is an anion-binding resin which can bind luminal c.difficile toxin a (tcda) and toxin b (tcdb) and which may be beneficial in the treatment of recurrent antibiotic-associated pseudomembranous colitis. we therefore hypothesised that concomitant oral cholestyramine might reduce the ... | 2015 | 25497389 |
| clostridium difficile toxin b inhibits the secretory response of human mast cell line-1 (hmc-1) cells stimulated with high free-ca²⁺ and gtpγs. | clostridium difficile toxins a and b (tcda and tcdb) belong to the class of large clostridial cytotoxins and inactivate by glucosylation some low molecular mass gtpases of the rho-family (predominantly rho, rac and cdc42), known as regulators of the actin cytoskeleton. tcda and b also represent the main virulence factors of the anaerobic gram-positive bacterium that is the causal agent of pseudomembranous colitis. in our study, tcdb was chosen instead of tcda for the well-known higher cytotoxic ... | 2015 | 25497110 |
| nosocomial clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea in assiut university children's hospital, egypt. | there are no large epidemiological studies of clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad) in hospitalised children. | 2016 | 25496416 |
| differential impact of infection control strategies on rates of resistant hospital-acquired pathogens in critically ill surgical patients. | there were two major outbreaks of multi-drug resistant acinetobacter baumannii (mdra) in our general surgery and trauma intensive care units (icus) in 2004 and 2011. both required aggressive multi-faceted interventions to control. we hypothesized that the infection control response may have had a secondary benefit of reducing rates of methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa), vancomycin-resistant enterococcus (vre), and clostridium difficile (c. diff). | 2014 | 25496277 |
| clostridium difficile infection aggravates colitis in interleukin 10-deficient mice. | to investigate the effect of clostridium difficile (c. difficile) infection in an interleukin 10-deficient (il-10(-/-)) mouse model of inflammatory bowel disease. | 2014 | 25493020 |
| europe-wide call to combat c. difficile. | experts from across europe gathered last week to discuss ways to control and improve diagnosis and treatment of clostridium difficile, after research found an estimated 40,000 cases are missed annually. | 2014 | 25492752 |
| practice parameters for the management of clostridium difficile infection. | 2015 | 25489690 | |
| prevalence of clostridium difficile infection presenting to us eds. | the objective of the study is to determine the prevalence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) presenting to emergency departments (eds) in the united states. secondary objectives included defining the burden of cdi. | 2015 | 25488337 |
| mechanisms of protection against clostridium difficile infection by the monoclonal antitoxin antibodies actoxumab and bezlotoxumab. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) represents the most prevalent cause of antibiotic-associated gastrointestinal infections in health care facilities in the developed world. disease symptoms are caused by the two homologous exotoxins, tcda and tcdb. standard therapy for cdi involves administration of antibiotics that are associated with a high rate of disease recurrence, highlighting the need for novel treatment paradigms that target the toxins rather than the organism itself. a combination o ... | 2015 | 25486992 |
| prevalence and characterization of clostridium difficile in beef and mutton meats of isfahan region, iran. | clostridium difficile (c. difficile) is a frequent cause of nosocomial infections. during last few years, the mortality rate of c. difficile infection (cdi) increased in healthcare facilities. this organism has become a major public health concern in developed nations. because of the increasing incidence of acquired-cdi (ca-cdi) and notable genetic overlap between c. difficile isolates from animals and humans, meat has defined as one of the probable transmission route of c. diffiicle to humans. | 2014 | 25485054 |
| adult vaccination. | vaccination of children has had a major impact on the morbidity and mortality of many infectious diseases globally. however, with age, immune responses to vaccines can be less robust, which can be further enhanced by underlying diseases that are common in the older adult. in many countries around the globe booster vaccinations against diphtheria, tetanus, and pertussis are recommended for adults. for the older adult, vaccination against pneumococcal diseases, influenza and herpes zoster are also ... | 2015 | 25483533 |
| clostridium difficile virulence factors: insights into an anaerobic spore-forming pathogen. | the worldwide emergence of epidemic strains of clostridium difficile linked to increased disease severity and mortality has resulted in greater research efforts toward determining the virulence factors and pathogenesis mechanisms used by this organism to cause disease. c. difficile is an opportunist pathogen that employs many factors to infect and damage the host, often with devastating consequences. this review will focus on the role of the 2 major virulence factors, toxin a (tcda) and toxin b ... | 2014 | 25483328 |