Publications

intranasal immunization with the cholera toxin b subunit-pneumococcal surface antigen a fusion protein induces protection against colonization with streptococcus pneumoniae and has negligible impact on the nasopharyngeal and oral microbiota of mice.	one of the candidate proteins for a mucosal vaccine antigen against streptococcus pneumoniae is psaa (pneumococcal surface antigen a). vaccines targeting mucosal immunity may raise concerns as to possible alterations in the normal microbiota, especially in the case of psaa, which was shown to have homologs with elevated sequence identity in other viridans group streptococci. in this work, we demonstrate that intranasal immunization with a cholera toxin b subunit-psaa fusion protein is able to pr ...	2006	16861686
[antibiotic therapy for exacerbation].	bacterial infections are involved in approximately 50% of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis (aecb). pneumococci, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis are the main pathogens. studies using quantitative cultures and molecular typing suggest a causal relationship between bacterial infection and exacerbation. furthermore, an association between infection and bronchial inflammation has been demonstrated. in contrast to steroid therapy and non-invasive ventilation, the benefits of ...	2006	16855849
comparison of throat swabs and nasopharyngeal suction specimens in non-sputum-producing patients with cystic fibrosis.	both throat swabs and nasopharyngeal suction (nps) specimens are used for microbiological assessment in non-sputum-producing patients with cystic fibrosis (cf), but studies comparing their diagnostic yield are lacking. we, therefore, conducted a prospective study in young cf patients, in which both techniques were performed in random order. forty-seven consecutive cf children aged 6 months to 10 years were studied during routine visits to the clinic. cf relevant pathogens were found in the major ...	2006	16850448
increased recovery of moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae in association with group a beta-haemolytic streptococci in healthy children and those with pharyngo-tonsillitis.	the inflamed tonsils harbour numerous types of bacteria, alone or in combination with group a beta-haemolytic streptococci (gabhs). the cohabitation of the tonsils by gabhs and certain other bacterial species may contribute to the inflammatory process and the failure of penicillin therapy. this study evaluated the recovery of moraxella catarrhalis, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus and streptococcus pneumoniae in association with gabhs in healthy children and those with acute pharyng ...	2006	16849717
influence of sampling technique on detection of potential pathogens in the nasopharynx.	to determine the optimal approach for nasopharyngeal culture and to establish which approach children tolerate best.	2006	16847184
the respiratory pathogen moraxella catarrhalis binds to laminin via ubiquitous surface proteins a1 and a2.	moraxella catarrhalis is one of the leading causes of exacerbations in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). in the present article, we show that moraxella (n=15) binds to the major basement-membrane glycoprotein laminin, which is thickened in the airways of smokers. using clinical strains of m. catarrhalis and their corresponding ubiquitous surface protein (usp) a1/a2 mutants, we demonstrate that uspa1 and uspa2 are important for the laminin interaction. binding assays with recombinant ...	2006	16845633
[use of transport medium in sputum bacterial culture examination of lower airway infection].	our medical institution does not have a bacterial culture facility, requiring outsourcing of bacterial culture tests. due to the time elapsed from the time of specimen collection to culturing, the identification of causative bacteria in respiratory tract infections tends to be difficult. we therefore used transport medium for sputum bacteria examinations. expectorated purulent or purulent-mucous sputum specimens were collected from 32 patients with lower respiratory tract infection. we divided e ...	2006	16841712
[antibiotics for acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd)].	this study had for aim to evaluate the rationale and indications for antibiotic treatment in acute exacerbations of copd and to identify potential differences among various antibiotics available for the treatment of exacerbations in france.	2006	16839731
[blood and respiratory diffusion of antibiotics. a critical analysis of predictive parameters for clinical effectiveness].	the implementation of a treatment for lower respiratory tract infections must integrate a pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic (pk-pd) approach of antibiotic dosing. the activity of beta-lactam antibiotics is best predicted by the duration of time during which serum concentrations exceed the mic (t>mic). t>mic of 30-40% is sufficient to achieve clinical cure in immunocompetent patients. this threshold is achieved with amoxicillin for penicillin susceptible or resistant sreptococcus pneumoniae and wit ...	2006	16837154
direct detection of bacterial biofilms on the middle-ear mucosa of children with chronic otitis media.	chronic otitis media (om) is a common pediatric infectious disease. previous studies demonstrating that metabolically active bacteria exist in culture-negative pediatric middle-ear effusions and that experimental infection with haemophilus influenzae in the chinchilla model of otitis media results in the formation of adherent mucosal biofilms suggest that chronic om may result from a mucosal biofilm infection.	2006	16835426
antibacterial activity of tosufloxacin against major organisms detected from patients with respiratory or otorhinological infections: comparison with the results obtained from organisms isolated about 10 years ago.	the minimum inhibitory concentrations (mics) of tosufloxacin and other fluoroquinolone antimicrobials for streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella (branhamella) catarrhalis, isolated, between january 2003 and july 2004, from patients suspected of having respiratory or otorhinological infections were determined. the results were compared with those for these organisms isolated in 1994, plus some h. influenzae strains isolated in 1998. tosufloxacin was the most potent of all ...	2006	16826349
abc of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. acute exacerbations.		2006	16825232
evaluation of pyrrolidonyl arylamidase for the identification of nonfermenting gram-negative rods.	to evaluate the activity of pyrrolidonyl arylamidase (pyr) for the differentiation and identification of nonfermenting gram negative rods (nfgnr), 293 isolates were tested. a 24 h culture of each test organism was prepared. from this a 108-109 cfu/ml suspension was added to 0.25 ml of sterile physiologic solution. a pyr disk was then added and the test was incubated for 30 minutes at 35-37 degrees c, at environmental atmosphere. reading was done by adding 1 drop of cinnamaldehyde reagent. strain ...	2007	16822636
phylogenomic and biochemical characterization of three legionella pneumophila polypeptide deformylases.	legionella pneumophila is a gram-negative facultative intracellular human pathogen that can cause fatal legionnaires' disease. polypeptide deformylase (pdf) is a novel broad-spectrum antibacterial target, and reports of inhibitors of pdf with potent activities against l. pneumophila have been published previously. here, we report the identification of not one but three putative pdf genes, pdfa, pdfb, and pdfc, in the complete genome sequences of three strains of l. pneumophila. phylogenetic anal ...	2006	16816197
beginning antibiotics for acute rhinosinusitis and choosing the right treatment.	acute bacterial sinusitis (abs) is an extremely common problem in both children and adults. there are three clinical presentations of acute sinusitis: (1) onset with persistent symptoms (nasal symptoms or cough or both for > 10 but < 30 d without evidence of improvement); (2) onset with severe symptoms (high fever and purulent nasal discharge for 3-4 consecutive days); and (3) onset with worsening symptoms (respiratory symptoms, with or without fever, which worsen after several days of improveme ...	2006	16785586
microbial pathogens of adult community-acquired pneumonia in southern estonia.	prospective analysis of the etiology of community-acquired pneumonia in 209 inpatients (mean age 56.2+/-11.2 years) was performed at the lung hospital of tartu university, estonia. majority of the patients (87.6%) had at least one significant modifying or risk factor and 30.6% had severe community-acquired pneumonia. streptococcus pneumoniae, beta-hemolytic streptococci, klebsiella pneumoniae, and moraxella catarrhalis were the most frequent pathogens (22.0, 12.2, 11.4, and 10.2%, respectively). ...	2006	16778466
in vitro activity of cefditoren: antimicrobial efficacy against major respiratory pathogens from asian countries.	in this study we evaluated the in vitro activities of cefditoren and 14 other comparator agents against 1025 isolates of major respiratory tract pathogens including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis, klebsiella pneumoniae and staphylococcus aureus. bacterial isolates were collected from 11 asian countries. the majority of s. pneumoniae isolates (98.8%) were susceptible to cefditoren. the mic(50) and mic(90) values (minimum inhibitory concentrations for 50% a ...	2006	16777383
frequency of recovery of pathogens causing acute maxillary sinusitis in adults before and after introduction of vaccination of children with the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine.	the objective of the study was to compare the proportions of the recovery of pathogens of acute maxillary sinusitis in adults in the 4-year period prior to the 5-year period that followed the introduction of vaccination of children with the 7-valent pneumococcal vaccine (pcv7). cultures were obtained through endoscopy from 385 adults with acute maxillary sinusitis, 156 between 1997 and 2000, and 229 between 2001 and 2005. one hundred and seventeen potentially pathogenic organisms were isolated f ...	2006	16772423
community-acquired pneumonia in shanghai, china: microbial etiology and implications for empirical therapy in a prospective study of 389 patients.	the aim of this multicenter study was to identify the causative pathogens of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in shanghai, china, and to determine their susceptibility to antimicrobial agents. pathogens obtained from 389 patients with documented cap during 2001-2003 were identified by multiple diagnostic tools that included bacterial culture, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and specific immunological assays. susceptibility of the bacterial isolates was tested by the broth microdilution method ...	2006	16767484
plasmid pww115, a cloning vector for use with moraxella catarrhalis.	the plasmid shuttle vector pww102b is able to replicate in only a modest number of moraxella catarrhalis strains. plasmid pww115, a spontaneous deletion mutant of pww102b, was shown to lack both the pacyc184-derived origin of replication and the associated chloramphenicol-resistance gene but was able to replicate in every m. catarrhalis strain tested in this study, including one strain that had been previously refractory to all types of genetic manipulations. to test the utility of this plasmid, ...	2006	16757025
in vitro activity of fluoroquinolones against common respiratory pathogens.	the treatment of respiratory infections is often empiric, necessitating the use of agents with a broad range of antimicrobial activity. the fluoroquinolones, having activity against common respiratory pathogens, fit this description. new fluoroquinolones have been developed in an attempt to improve the in vitro activity against a wide variety of respiratory tract pathogens. the objective of the study is to compare in vitro activity of newest fluoroquinolones, gatifloxacin and moxifloxacin, with ...	2006	16755812
copd exacerbations.5: management.	a review of the most relevant evidence based therapeutic options currently available for the management of exacerbations of copd.	2006	16738044
antibacterial activity of propolis and its active principles alone and in combination with macrolides, beta-lactams and fluoroquinolones against microorganisms responsible for respiratory infections.	propolis is produced by bees and is reported to have several pharmaceutical properties. its antibacterial activity against strains causing upper respiratory tract infections is particularly important: propolis might be used as a therapeutic agent to prevent the bacterial infections that sometimes overlap viral infections. in this study the in vitro activity of both an alcoholic solution and a hydroglyceric extract of propolis, as well as its active principles, was tested against bacteria respons ...	2006	16736885
in vitro and in vivo antibacterial activities of dw-224a, a new fluoronaphthyridone.	dw-224a showed the most potent in vitro activity among the quinolone compounds tested against clinical isolates of gram-positive bacteria. against gram-negative bacteria, dw-224a was slightly less active than the other fluoroquinolones. the in vivo activities of dw-224a against gram-positive bacteria were more potent than those of other quinolones.	2006	16723601
activities of ceftobiprole, a novel broad-spectrum cephalosporin, against haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis.	ceftobiprole, a broad-spectrum pyrrolidinone-3-ylidenemethyl cephem currently in phase iii clinical trials, had mics between 0.008 microg/ml and 8.0 microg/ml for 321 clinical isolates of haemophilus influenzae and between < or =0.004 microg/ml and 1.0 microg/ml for 49 clinical isolates of moraxella catarrhalis. ceftobiprole mic(50) and mic(90) values for h. influenzae were 0.06 microg/ml and 0.25 microg/ml for beta-lactamase-positive strains (n = 262), 0.03 microg/ml and 0.25 microg/ml for beta ...	2006	16723565
the efficacy of cefdinir in acute bacterial rhinosinusitis.	acute bacterial rhinosinusitis is a common infection resulting in substantial morbidity. cefdinir, an oral cephalosporin, has extended-spectrum, bactericidal activity against common acute bacterial rhinosinusitis pathogens, including streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. cefdinir shows rapid oral absorption and good respiratory tissue penetration, and may be administered once daily. in randomised clinical trials, cefdinir showed efficacy similar to that of o ...	2006	16722817
differential genome contents of nontypeable haemophilus influenzae strains from adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	haemophilus influenzae is an important cause of otitis media in children and lower respiratory infection in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). patients with copd experience periodic exacerbations that are associated with acquisition of new bacterial strains. however, not every strain acquisition is associated with exacerbation. to test the hypothesis that genetic differences among strains account for differences in pathogenic potential, a microarray consisting of 4,992 ran ...	2006	16714566
otomicroscopic findings and systemic interleukin-6 levels in relation to etiologic agent during experimental acute otitis media.	the aim of the present study was to explore whether it was possible to differentiate the clinical course and the otomicroscopic appearance of acute otitis media (aom) caused by common otitis pathogens in an animal model. systemic interleukin (il)-6 levels as early markers for bacterial aom were also studied. four groups of rats were inoculated with either streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, non-typeable haemophilus influenzae or moraxella catarrhalis. the animals were monitored by ...	2006	16689828
measuring nasal bacterial load and its association with otitis media.	nasal colonisation with otitis media (om) pathogens, particularly streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis, is a precursor to the onset of om. many children experience asymptomatic nasal carriage of these pathogens whereas others will progress to otitis media with effusion (ome) or suppurative om. we observed a disparity in the prevalence of suppurative om between aboriginal children living in remote communities and non-aboriginal children attending child-care c ...	2006	16686940
characteristics of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, moraxella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus isolated from the nasopharynx of healthy children attending day-care centres in the czech republic.	nasopharyngeal carriage of potential pathogens was studied in 425 healthy 3- to 6-year-old children attending 16 day-care centres (dccs) in nine czech cities during the winter 2004-2005. the overall carriage of pathogens was 62.8% (streptococcus pneumoniae, 38.1%; haemophilus influenzae, 24.9%; moraxella catarrhalis, 22.1%; staphylococcus aureus, 16%). an age-related downward trend was observed for colonization with respiratory pathogens in contrast to staph. aureus whose carriage was significan ...	2006	16684402
effect of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine on nasopharyngeal bacterial colonization during acute otitis media.	the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) has been shown to reduce the incidence of acute otitis media (aom) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae by 34% and reduces the overall incidence of aom by 6% to 8%. more recent studies have shown increases in the proportion of haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis in the middle-ear fluid of pcv7-immunized children. there has been no report on the effect of pcv7 on all 3 bacterial pathogens combined, either in the middle-ear fluid or ...	2006	16651345
study of upper respiratory tract bacterial flora: first report. variations in upper respiratory tract bacterial flora in patients with acute upper respiratory tract infection and healthy subjects and variations by subject age.	with the appearance of penicillin-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae, there has been increasing debate concerning antimicrobial treatments for acute upper respiratory tract infection (aurti) and acute otitis media in children. this study compares the nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in patients with aurti (aurti group; 710 subjects) and healthy subjects (hs group; 380 subjects). the comparisons were made between subjects aged 6 years or younger (0-6 subgroup: 330 subjects), between 7 and 74 years ...	2006	16648948
eradication of common pathogens at days 2, 3 and 4 of moxifloxacin therapy in patients with acute bacterial sinusitis.	acute bacterial sinusitis (abs) is a common infection in clinical practice. data on time to bacteriologic eradication after antimicrobial therapy are lacking for most agents, but are necessary in order to optimize therapy. this was a prospective, single-arm, open-label, multicenter study to determine the time to bacteriologic eradication in abs patients (maxillary sinusitis) treated with moxifloxacin.	2006	16646958
the other siblings: respiratory infections caused by moraxella catarrhalis and haemophilus influenzae.	respiratory infections remain substantial causes of morbidity and mortality globally. in this paper, two substantial players in bacterial-associated respiratory disease are assessed as to their respective roles in children and adults and in the developed and developing world. moraxella catarrhalis, although initially thought to be a nonpathogen, continues to emerge as a cause of upper respiratory disease in children and pneumonia in adults. no vaccine is currently available to prevent m. catarrh ...	2006	16643773
new antimicrobial agents approved by the u.s. food and drug administration in 2005 and new indications for previously approved agents.		2006	16641478
clinical and bacteriological efficacy in treatment of acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis with cefditoren-pivoxil versus cefuroxime-axetil.	a randomized, double-blind, double-dummy trial was performed comparing 200 mg of cefditoren-pivoxil twice daily for 5 days versus standard cefuroxime-axetil treatment (250 mg twice daily for 10 days) of anthonisen type i or ii acute exacerbations of chronic bronchitis. the modified intention-to-treat population included 541 patients. patients were assessed during therapy, at the end of therapy (visit 3; primary evaluation time point), and at follow-up. clinical success was obtained in 79.9% of t ...	2006	16641447
activity of retapamulin against streptococcus pyogenes and staphylococcus aureus evaluated by agar dilution, microdilution, e-test, and disk diffusion methodologies.	the in vitro activity of retapamulin against 106 staphylococcus aureus isolates and 109 streptococcus pyogenes isolates was evaluated by the agar dilution, broth microdilution, e-test, and disk diffusion methodologies. where possible, the tests were performed by using the clsi methodology. the results of agar dilution, broth microdilution, and e-test (all with incubation in ambient air) for s. aureus yielded similar mics, in the range of 0.03 to 0.25 microg/ml. these values corresponded to zone ...	2006	16641442
[a multicentre study on the pathogenic agents in 665 adult patients with community-acquired pneumonia in cities of china].	to investigate the pathogenic causes of community-acquired pneumonia (cap) in adult patients in china, the relation of previous antibiotic use and the pneumonia patient outcome research team (port) classification to microbial etiology, and the prevalence of drug resistance of common cap bacteria.	2006	16638292
managing acute lower respiratory tract infections in an era of antibacterial resistance.	respiratory tract infections account for more than 116 million office visits and an estimated 3 million visits to hospital eds annually. patients presenting at eds with symptoms suggestive of lower respiratory tract infections of suspected bacterial etiology are often severely ill, thus requiring a rapid presumptive diagnosis and empiric antimicrobial treatment. traditionally, clinicians have relied on beta-lactam or macrolide antibiotics to manage community-acquired lower respiratory tract infe ...	2006	16635707
population distributions of minimum inhibitory concentration--increasing accuracy and utility.	to generate continuous minimum inhibitory concentration (mic) data that describes the discrete nature of experimentally derived population mic data.	2006	16630000
quantitative detection of streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis in lower respiratory tract samples by real-time pcr.	the limitation of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) in diagnosis of lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) caused by streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis has been a distinguishing colonization from infection. we assess here the usefulness of real-time quantitative pcr (rq-pcr) performed on lower respiratory tract samples to overcome this problem. consecutive respiratory tract samples from patients with and without signs of infection (n = 203) were subject ...	2006	16626914
expression of haemophilus ducreyi collagen binding outer membrane protein ncaa is required for virulence in swine and human challenge models of chancroid.	haemophilus ducreyi, the etiologic agent of the sexually transmitted genital ulcer disease chancroid, has been shown to associate with dermal collagen fibers within infected skin lesions. here we describe ncaa, a previously uncharacterized outer membrane protein that is important for h. ducreyi collagen binding and host colonization. an h. ducreyi strain lacking the ncaa gene was impaired in adherence to type i collagen but not fibronectin (plasma or cellular form) or heparin. the mutation had n ...	2006	16622201
effect of telithromycin and azithromycin on nasopharyngeal bacterial flora in patients with acute maxillary sinusitis.	to explore the efficacy of the ketolide telithromycin compared with azithromycin in eradicating s pneumoniae from the nasopharynx of adults with acute maxillary sinusitis. the growing resistance of streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin and macrolides brought about the development of a new class of antibiotics-the ketolides-that are effective against resistant pneumococci.	2006	16618915
macrolide-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae: clinical implications for the empiric treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections.		2005	16614685
diagnostic value of real-time polymerase chain reaction to detect viruses in young children admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit with lower respiratory tract infection.	the aetiology of lower respiratory tract infections in young children admitted to the paediatric intensive care unit (picu) is often difficult to establish. however, most infections are believed to be caused by respiratory viruses. a diagnostic study was performed to compare conventional viral tests with the recently developed real-time pcr technique.	2006	16611370
tigecycline (tygacil): the first in the glycylcycline class of antibiotics.		2006	16609746
capsaicin cough sensitivity in bronchiectasis.	bronchiectasis is a suppurative airway disease characterised by persistent cough and sputum production associated with bronchial dilatation. a study was undertaken to determine whether cough sensitivity is increased in bronchiectatic patients.	2006	16601085
quantitative real-time legionella pcr for environmental water samples: data interpretation.	quantitative legionella pcrs targeting the 16s rrna gene (specific for the genus legionella) and the mip gene (specific for the species legionella pneumophila) were applied to a total of 223 hot water system samples (131 in one laboratory and 92 in another laboratory) and 37 cooling tower samples (all in the same laboratory). the pcr results were compared with those of conventional culture. 16s rrna gene pcr results were nonquantifiable for 2.8% of cooling tower samples and up to 39.1% of hot wa ...	2006	16597985
development of conventional and real-time nucleic acid sequence-based amplification assays for detection of chlamydophila pneumoniae in respiratory specimens.	isothermal nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) was applied to the detection of chlamydophila pneumoniae 16s rrna by using the nuclisens basic kit (biomérieux, boxtel, the netherlands). the assay was originally developed as a conventional nasba assay with electrochemiluminescence detection and was subsequently adapted to a real-time nasba format by using a molecular beacon. c. pneumoniae rna prepared from a plasmid construct was used to assess the analytical sensitivity of the assay ...	2006	16597845
inhalation of beta 2 agonists impairs the clearance of nontypable haemophilus influenzae from the murine respiratory tract.	nontypable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) is a common bacterial pathogen causing human respiratory tract infections under permissive conditions such as chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. inhalation of beta2-receptor agonists is a widely used treatment in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. the aim of this study was to determine the effect of inhalation of beta2 agonists on the host immune response to respiratory tract infection with nthi.	2006	16595015
penicillin resistance is not extrapolable to amoxicillin resistance in streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from middle ear fluid in children with acute otitis media.	we evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of amoxicillin against penicillin-susceptible and -nonsusceptible streptococcus pneumoniae strains isolated from children with acute otitis media (aom).	2006	16572607
the viriato study: update of antimicrobial susceptibility data of bacterial pathogens from community-acquired respiratory tract infections in portugal in 2003 and 2004.	the viriato study is a nationwide, prospective, multicenter surveillance study of the antimicrobial susceptibility of bacterial pathogens commonly associated with community-acquired respiratory tract infections in portugal. in 2003 and 2004 a total of 2945 isolates was recovered in the 29 laboratories that participated in the study. testing was undertaken in a central laboratory. of the 513 streptococcus pyogenes strains isolated from patients with acute tonsillitis all were susceptible to penic ...	2006	16572254
in vitro activity of tigecycline against burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia thailandensis.	investigation of the in vitro activity of tigecycline against burkholderia pseudomallei and burkholderia thailandensis revealed that the inhibition zone diameters of tigecycline against all isolates were >or=20 mm and that the mic50 values were 0.5 and 1 microg/ml and the mic90 values were 2 and 1.5 microg/ml for b. pseudomallei and b. thailandensis, respectively.	2006	16569883
in vitro characterization of the antibacterial spectrum of novel bacterial type ii topoisomerase inhibitors of the aminobenzimidazole class.	antibiotics with novel mechanisms of action are becoming increasingly important in the battle against bacterial resistance to all currently used classes of antibiotics. bacterial dna gyrase and topoisomerase iv (topoiv) are the familiar targets of fluoroquinolone and coumarin antibiotics. here we present the characterization of two members of a new class of synthetic bacterial topoii atpase inhibitors: vrt-125853 and vrt-752586. these aminobenzimidazole compounds were potent inhibitors of both d ...	2006	16569833
the use of macrolides in treatment of upper respiratory tract infections.	antimicrobial resistance is a growing problem among upper respiratory tract pathogens. resistance to beta-lactam drugs among streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, and streptococcus pyogenes is increasing. as safe and well-tolerated antibiotics, macrolides play a key role in the treatment of community-acquired upper respiratory tract infections (rtis). their broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive cocci, such as s. pneumoniae and s. pyogenes, atypical pathogens, h. influenzae ...	2006	16566868
antimicrobial activity of a novel peptide deformylase inhibitor, lbm415, tested against respiratory tract and cutaneous infection pathogens: a global surveillance report (2003-2004).	to evaluate the spectrum of activity and potency of lbm415, the first of the peptide deformylase inhibitor (pdfi) class to be developed for treatment of community-acquired respiratory tract infections and uncomplicated skin and soft tissue infections (ussti), against a large, contemporary international collection of targeted pathogens collected during 2003-2004.	2006	16549511
phenotypic characterization of streptococcus pneumoniae biofilm development.	streptococcus pneumoniae is among the most common pathogens associated with chronic otitis media with effusion, which has been hypothesized to be a biofilm disease. s. pneumoniae has been shown to form biofilms, however, little is known about the developmental process, the architecture, and the changes that occur upon biofilm development. in the current study we made use of a continuous-culture biofilm system to characterize biofilm development of 14 different s. pneumoniae strains representing ...	2006	16547018
emergence of multidrug-resistant streptococcus pneumoniae: report from the sentry antimicrobial surveillance program (1999-2003).	emerging resistance among streptococcus pneumoniae to penicillin, erythromycin, clindamycin, tetracyclines, and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole continues to compromise orally administered therapy for community-acquired respiratory tract infections. concern also exists that multidrug-resistant (mdr) s. pneumoniae and haemophilus influenzae strains could develop fluoroquinolone resistance (fqr). s. pneumoniae (2379 strains), h. influenzae (2456), and moraxella catarrhalis (901) studied as part of th ...	2006	16546341
endoscopically guided aerobic cultures in postsurgical patients with chronic rhinosinusitis.	there is considerable amount of debate in the literature regarding the microbial flora of normal, acutely infected, and chronically infected paranasal sinuses. few studies have specifically looked at the microbial flora of healthy and infected sinus cavities after functional endoscopic sinus surgery.	2006	16539298
in vitro activity of quinolones against s. pneumoniae, h. influenzae and m. catarrhalis in saudi arabia.	susceptibility of 88 clinical streptococcus pneumoniae isolates, 116 haemophilus influenzae isolates and 80 moraxella catarrhalis isolates to 6 fluoroquinolones--ciprofloxacin, ofloxacin, levofloxacin, trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin and gemifloxacin--were determined. isolates were from patients with invasive disease at 4 hospitals in saudi arabia between 1996 and 1998. s. pneumoniae isolates were fully susceptible to trovafloxacin, grepafloxacin and gemifloxacin; susceptibility to ofloxacin and le ...	2005	16532669
[bacteria isolated from chronic upper and lower respiratory tract infections and the associated therapeutic strategies--in paranasal sinusitis].	nasal sinusitis, tonsillitis, and pharyngolaryngitis typify upper respiratory tract infections, while bronchitis and pneumonia typify lower respiratory tract infections. cases of paranasal sinusitis with severe suppuration are reportedly becoming less frequent, while those of chronic catarrhal paranasal sinusitis and edematous allergic paranasal sinusitis are becoming more so, the primary factor in paranasal sinusitis, a typical infectious disease encountered in otolaryngology, is bacterial infe ...	2006	16519120
high incidence of alloiococcus otitidis in children with otitis media, despite treatment with antibiotics.	acute otitis media (aom) and otitis media with effusion (ome) are common diseases in childhood. alloiococcus otitidis is a newly recognized species of gram-positive bacterium which was recently discovered as a pathogen associated with ome. although some studies show that a. otitidis is frequently detected in children with ome, no study is available concerning the clinical efficiency of antibiotics against this organism. the prevalence of a. otitidis in 116 middle ear effusion specimens from 36 a ...	2006	16517881
characteristics of streptococcus pseudopneumoniae isolated from purulent sputum samples.	streptococcus pseudopneumoniae is a recently described streptococcus that is phenotypically and genetically distinct from streptococcus pneumoniae and other viridans streptococci. key characteristics of s. pseudopneumoniae are the absence of a pneumococcal capsule, insolubility in bile, resistance or indeterminate susceptibility to optochin when incubated in 5% co2 but susceptibility to optochin when incubated in ambient air, and a positive reaction with the accuprobe dna probe hybridization tes ...	2006	16517877
copd exacerbations . 2: aetiology.	exacerbations of copd are thought to be caused by complex interactions between the host, bacteria, viruses, and environmental pollution. these factors increase the inflammatory burden in the lower airways, overwhelming the protective anti-inflammatory defences leading to tissue damage. frequent exacerbations are associated with increased morbidity and mortality, a faster decline in lung function, and poorer health status, so prevention or optimal treatment of exacerbations is a global priority. ...	2006	16517585
microbiology of acute sinusitis in mexican patients.	acute bacterial sinusitis is a common disorder affecting children and adults. we performed a study to assess the bacteriology of acute sinusitis in a community hospital in mexico city. patients with an acute exacerbation of persistent sinusitis or acute sinusitis were enrolled. aspiration of sinus secretions was performed and aspirates were sent for culture. all patients received antibiotic treatment for the infection based on microbiologic sensitivity reports. follow-up consultation included en ...	2006	16513492
emergence of vaccine-related pneumococcal serotypes as a cause of bacteremia.	the heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pcv7) has decreased the incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease among children in the united states. in the postlicensure period, the impact of non-pcv7 serotypes against pediatric pneumococcal bacteremia is unknown.	2006	16511752
prospective surveillance for atypical pathogens in children with community-acquired pneumonia in japan.	a total of 141 children with community-acquired pneumonia (cap) were studied prospectively to determine the causative microorganisms. microbial investigations included examination of postnasal swabs, cultures, polymerase chain reaction (pcr), and serology. the atypical pathogens occurring most frequently were mycoplasma pneumoniae (58 patients [41.1%]), chlamydia pneumoniae (4 patients [2.8%]), and concurrent occurrence of both pathogens (1 patient [0.7%]). patients aged under 4 years showed a r ...	2006	16506088
antimicrobial susceptibility of respiratory tract pathogens in japan during protekt years 1-3 (1999-2002).	data are presented on antimicrobial resistance among isolates of streptococcus pneumoniae, streptoco-ccus pyogenes, haemophilus influenzae, and moraxella catarrhalis collected in japan during years 1-3 (1999-2002) of the prospective resistant organism tracking and epidemiology for the ketolide telithromycin (protekt) surveillance study. in addition to the standard panel of protekt antimicrobial agents, eight other agents often used in japan also were tested against these isolates. the majority ( ...	2006	16506084
population genetics of microbial pathogens estimated from multilocus sequence typing (mlst) data.	the inference of population recombination (rho), population mutation (theta), and adaptive selection is of great interest in microbial population genetics. these parameters can be efficiently estimated using explicit statistical frameworks (evolutionary models) that describe their effect on gene sequences. within this framework, we estimated rho and theta using a coalescent approach, and adaptive (or destabilizing) selection under heterogeneous codon-based and amino acid property models in micro ...	2005	16503511
population genetics of microbial pathogens estimated from multilocus sequence typing (mlst) data.	the inference of population recombination (rho), population mutation (theta), and adaptive selection is of great interest in microbial population genetics. these parameters can be efficiently estimated using explicit statistical frameworks (evolutionary models) that describe their effect on gene sequences. within this framework, we estimated rho and theta using a coalescent approach, and adaptive (or destabilizing) selection under heterogeneous codon-based and amino acid property models in micro ...	2005	16503511
binding of vitronectin by the moraxella catarrhalis uspa2 protein interferes with late stages of the complement cascade.	many moraxella catarrhalis strains are resistant to the bactericidal activity of normal human serum (nhs). the uspa2 protein of the serum-resistant strain o35e has previously been shown to be directly involved in conferring serum resistance on this strain. testing of 11 additional serum-resistant m. catarrhalis wild-type isolates and their uspa1 and uspa2 mutants showed that the uspa1 mutants of all 11 strains were consistently serum resistant and that the uspa2 mutants of these same 11 strains ...	2006	16495531
biofilm formation by moraxella catarrhalis in vitro: roles of the uspa1 adhesin and the hag hemagglutinin.	mutant analysis was used to identify moraxella catarrhalis gene products necessary for biofilm development in a crystal violet-based assay involving 24-well tissue culture plates. the wild-type m. catarrhalis strains that formed the most extensive biofilms in this system proved to be refractory to transposon mutagenesis, so an m. catarrhalis strain was constructed that was both able to form biofilms in vitro and amenable to transposon mutagenesis. chromosomal dna from the biofilm-positive strain ...	2006	16495530
moraxella catarrhalis stimulates the release of proinflammatory cytokines and prostaglandin e from human respiratory epithelial cells and monocyte-derived macrophages.	the outer membrane proteins of moraxella catarrhalis, a bacterial pathogen which causes disease in both children and adults, play an important role in its phenotypic properties. however, their proinflammatory potential with regard to respiratory epithelium and macrophages is unclear. to this end, we examined the cytokine- and mediator-inducing capacity of a heat-killed wild-type m. catarrhalis strain and a nonautoagglutinating mutant as well as their outer membrane proteins and secretory/excreto ...	2006	16487301
airway inflammation and bronchial bacterial colonization in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	inflammation is now recognized as an integral part of the pathogenesis of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). in contrast to the sterile airways of normal lungs, bacterial pathogens are often isolated from the airways in stable copd. this "colonization" of the tracheobronchial tree, currently believed to be innocuous, could serve as an inflammatory stimulus, independent of current tobacco smoke exposure. objective: to test the hypothesis that bacterial colonization is associated with a ...	2006	16474030
nasal middle meatal specimen bacteriology as a predictor of the course of acute respiratory infection in children.	to test our hypothesis that children with potentially pathogenic bacteria (streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae or moraxella catarrhalis) in the nasal middle meatus might have more prolonged symptoms of acute respiratory infection than children without such bacteria, we conducted a prospective cohort study of such children.	2006	16462285
nasopharyngeal versus oropharyngeal sampling for isolation of potential respiratory pathogens in adults.	the optimal methodology for the identification of colonization by potential respiratory pathogens (prp) in adults is not well established. the objectives of the present study were to compare the sensitivities of sampling the nasopharynx and the oropharynx for identification of prp colonization and to compare the sensitivities of samples from the nasopharynx by swab and by washing for the same purpose. the study included 500 participants with a mean age of 65.1 +/- 17.8 years. of these, 300 patie ...	2006	16455908
hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes in patients admitted to hospital with acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	hyperglycaemia is associated with poor outcomes from pneumonia, myocardial infarction and stroke, but the effect of blood glucose on outcomes from acute exacerbations of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (aecopd) has not been established. recent uk guidelines do not comment on measurement or control of blood glucose in aecopd. a study was therefore undertaken to determine the relationship between blood glucose concentrations, length of stay in hospital, and mortality in patients admitted wit ...	2006	16449265
synergistic effect of interleukin 1 alpha on nontypeable haemophilus influenzae-induced up-regulation of human beta-defensin 2 in middle ear epithelial cells.	we recently showed that beta-defensins have antimicrobial activity against nontypeable haemophilus influenzae (nthi) and that interleukin 1 alpha (il-1 alpha) up-regulates the transcription of beta-defensin 2 (defb4 according to new nomenclature of the human genome organization) in human middle ear epithelial cells via a src-dependent raf-mek1/2-erk signaling pathway. based on these observations, we investigated if human middle ear epithelial cells could release il-1 alpha upon exposure to a lys ...	2006	16433908
changes in pharyngeal aerobic microflora in oral breathers after palatal rapid expansion.	the purpose of this study was to investigate in oral breathing children the qualitative and quantitative effects on aerobic and facultatively anaerobic oropharyngeal microflora of respiratory function improved by rapid palatal expansion (rpe).	2006	16426457
use of antimicrobial agents for upper respiratory tract infections in taiwanese children.	upper respiratory tract infections (urtis) are mostly caused by viruses. antibiotic misuse for viral urtis in children is a serious problem that not only results in selection of resistant strains of bacteria but also wastes millions of dollars each year in taiwan. antibiotic resistance among common respiratory bacterial pathogens such as streptococcus pneumoniae, haemophilus influenzae, staphylococcus aureus, and moraxella catarrhalis has become a major issue for public health. the common cold, ...	2005	16422181
human serum and mucosal antibody responses to outer membrane protein g1b of moraxella catarrhalis in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.	moraxella catarrhalis is an important human pathogen that causes otitis media, sinusitis, and lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. outer membrane protein g1b is a approximately 29-kda protein that has a high degree of homology among strains, contains surface-exposed epitopes, and is a potential vaccine candidate. the ompg1b gene was cloned, expressed in escherichia coli, and purified. to assess the expression of outer membrane protein g1b durin ...	2006	16420607
in vitro activity of tigecycline, a new glycylcycline, tested against 1,326 clinical bacterial strains isolated from latin america.	the in vitro activity of tigecycline (former gar-936), a new semisynthetic tetracycline, was evaluated in comparison with tetracycline and other antimicrobial agents.	2006	16410885
prevalence of moraxella catarrhalis infections of the lower respiratory tract in elderly patients.	to determine: rate of isolation of moraxella catarrhalis in elderly patients having lower respiratory tract infection the antibiotic susceptibility pattern of moraxella catarrhalis isolates. *the predisposing factors responsible for moraxella catarrhalis infections of lower respiratory tract.	2005	16401943
moraxella catarrhalis induces inflammatory response of bronchial epithelial cells via mapk and nf-kappab activation and histone deacetylase activity reduction.	moraxella catarrhalis is a major cause of infectious exacerbations of chronic obstructive lung disease (copd) and may also contribute to the pathogenesis of copd. little is known about m. catarrhalis-bronchial epithelium interaction. we investigated activation of m. catarrhalis infected bronchial epithelial cells and characterized the signal transduction pathways. moreover, we tested the hypothesis that the m. catarrhalis-induced cytokine expression is regulated by acetylation of histone residue ...	2006	16399788
a trial of high-dose, short-course levofloxacin for the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis.	compare two dosage strengths of levofloxacin in the treatment of acute bacterial sinusitis.	2006	16399173
[community-acquired acute maxillary sinusitis or rhinosinusitis in adults in france: current management].	sinus infections, often viral, are a common reason for physician visits. the multiplicity of clinical presentations makes its diagnosis difficult. the problem is to recognize bacterial infection without additional testing, except in cases of treatment failures, complications or relapse. patients with signs suggestive of rhinosinusitis fall into one of four basic clinical situations: common colds, 'doubtful' rhinosinusitis, apparent acute maxillary bacterial rhinosinusitis, and complications. ant ...	2005	16395189
faster identification of pathogens in positive blood cultures by fluorescence in situ hybridization in routine practice.	rapid identification of microorganisms in blood cultures is required to optimize empirical treatment at an early stage. fluorescence in situ hybridization (fish) can reduce the time to identification of microorganisms in growth-positive blood cultures. in this study, we evaluated the performance, time to identification, and potential clinical benefits of fish compared to those of conventional culture methods in routine practice. after gram staining, blood culture fluids were simultaneously furth ...	2006	16390958
fluoroquinolone drug class update.		2000	16389400
different modes of action of naphthyridones in gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria.	naphthyridones that were recently described as a class of translation inhibitors in gram-positive bacteria mediate their mode of action via gyra in haemophilus influenzae and escherichia coli. these are the first examples of compounds in which modes of action in different bacterial pathogens are mediated through widely different targets.	2006	16377719
comparative in vitro activities of retapamulin (sb-275833) against 141 clinical isolates of propionibacterium spp., including 117 p. acnes isolates.	using the nccls agar dilution method, we studied the in vitro activity of retapamulin (sb-275833) against 141 clinical isolates of propionibacterium species, including seven multiresistant strains, and found retapamulin to be the most active agent among those tested with mics of < or = 1 microg/ml against all isolates.	2006	16377717
vaccine development for non-typeable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis: progress and challenges.	an urgent need exists for vaccines to prevent infections caused by nontypeable haemophilus influenzae and moraxella catarrhalis. these bacteria cause otitis media in children, a clinical problem associated with enormous morbidity and cost. h. influenzae and m. catarrhalis also cause lower respiratory tract infections in adults with chronic lung disease. infections in this clinical setting are associated with disability and death. recent progress in identifying potential vaccine antigens in both ...	2005	16372880
fusobacterium nucleatum transports noninvasive streptococcus cristatus into human epithelial cells.	analysis of human buccal epithelial cells frequently reveals an intracellular polymicrobial consortium of bacteria. although several oral bacteria have been demonstrated to invade cultured epithelial cells, several others appear unable to internalize. we hypothesized that normally noninvasive bacteria may gain entry into epithelial cells via adhesion to invasive bacteria. fusobacterium nucleatum is capable of binding to and invading oral epithelial cells. by contrast, streptococcus cristatus bin ...	2006	16369022
pharmacologic characteristics of prulifloxacin.	prulifloxacin, the prodrug of ulifloxacin, is a broad-spectrum oral fluoroquinolone antibacterial agent. after absorption, prulifloxacin is metabolized by esterases to ulifloxacin. the drug has a long elimination half-life, allowing once-daily administration. in vitro, ulifloxacin is generally more active than other fluoroquinolones against a variety of clinical isolates of gram-negative bacteria, including community and nosocomial isolates of escherichia coli, klebsiella spp., proteus, providen ...	2006	16360331
[acute otitis media in children].	acute otitis media (a.o.m.) occurs mainly in children. the first peak of this disease appears between 6-18 month of life, and the second between 4-7 year of age. the younger age at which the first a.o.m. incidence is noted, the higher probability of its recurrence. in poland 65% of children up to the 2 year of age suffer from otitis media once, and 30% more than three times. the portal of infection in a.o.m. comprises: (1) eustachian tube (2) blood vessels (3) external auditory meatus with perfo ...	2005	16358923
[microbiologic diagnosis of acute upper respiratory tract infections].	the main aim of the microbiological diagnosis is to detect the etiologic agent of an infection. in case of bacteria it means to check the susceptibility to antibiotics. it can be difficult to find the etiological agent of respiratory tract infections due to wide range of potential pathogens both viral and bacterial. culture methods are the most frequently used while in case of atypical and viral pathogens rather serological methods based on specific antibody level checking are recommended. in hi ...	2005	16358917
detection and serotyping of streptococcus pneumoniae from nasopharyngeal samples by pcr-based multiplex assay.	we developed a multiplex pcr-based methodology for nasopharyngeal samples maintained in egg thioglycolate antibiotic and skim milk-tryptone-glucose-glycerol media to identify and serotype the most important serotypes of streptococcus pneumoniae that cause invasive disease in children. this technique can be used to study the epidemiology of pneumococcal colonization and the effect of conjugate vaccines.	2005	16333118
multiplex pcr assay that identifies the major lipooligosaccharide serotype expressed by moraxella catarrhalis clinical isolates.	a heterologous cluster of glycosyltransferase genes was identified in the three moraxella catarrhalis los serotype strains. multiple pcr primers designed to this region amplified products that differentiate between the serotypes more rapidly and efficiently than previously described serological analyses. this assay will be valuable for clinical and research-based studies.	2005	16333114
isolation of moraxella catarrhalis from sputum specimens of malaysian patients.	moraxella catarrhalis has gained reputation as a pathogen in the lower respiratory tract especially in patients with underlying chronic lung diseases. it is considered significant when isolated from sputum specimens of adults with respiratory tract infections. a study was carried out to determine the prevalence of moraxella catarrhalis isolated in sputum specimens and beta-lactamase production of these isolates. sputum specimens sent to the bacteriology division, institute for medical research f ...	1994	16329578
rapid typing of moraxella catarrhalis subpopulations based on outer membrane proteins using mass spectrometry.	moraxella catarrhalis is a major mucosal pathogen of the human respiratory tract both in children and in adults. two subpopulations of this organism have been described that differ in 16s rrna gene sequence and virulence traits. three 16s rrna types have been defined. 2-de followed by protein identification by ms revealed significant differences in the outer membrane protein (omp) patterns of each m. catarrhalis 16s rrna type. approximately 130 features were detected on the 2-de map of each m. c ...	2006	16317771
antimicrobial activity of the new macrolide flurithromycin against haemophilus influenzae, streptococcus pneumoniae, streptococcus pyogenes, branhamella catarrhalis and staphylococcus aureus.		1989	16312369