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high human bocavirus viral load is associated with disease severity in children under five years of age.human bocavirus (hbov) is a parvovirus and detected worldwide in lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis), but its pathogenic role in respiratory illness is still debatable due to high incidence of co-infection with other respiratory viruses. to determine the prevalence of hbov infection in patients with lrti in shanghai and its correlation with disease severity, we performed a 3-year prospective study of hbov in healthy controls, outpatients and inpatients under five years of age with x-ray d ...201323638038
vertical transmission of respiratory syncytial virus modulates pre- and postnatal innervation and reactivity of rat airways.environmental exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of respiratory infections in infants, but it remains unknown whether this infection is transmitted transplacentally from the lungs of infected mothers to the offspring. we sought to test the hypothesis that rsv travels from the respiratory tract during pregnancy, crosses the placenta to the fetus, persists in the lung tissues of the offspring, and modulates pre- and postnatal expression of growth factors, thereby pred ...201323637810
association of human bocavirus with respiratory infections in outpatients and in patients attended at a reference hospital.the role of human bocavirus (hbov) in human infectious disease is unclear due to the frequent detection of this virus in association with other respiratory viruses with a recognized pathogenic role in acute respiratory infection. we have analyzed the impact of hbov in outpatients and in patients requiring hospitalisation or emergency attention for acute respiratory infections. respiratory viruses were investigated by real-time pcr, direct antigen detection and/or viral culture by shell-vial assa ...201123637508
intranasal administration of antibody-bound respiratory syncytial virus particles efficiently primes virus-specific immune responses in mice.infants are protected from a severe respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in the first months of life by maternal antibodies or by prophylactically administered neutralizing antibodies. efforts are under way to produce rsv-specific antibodies with increased neutralizing capacity compared to the currently licensed palivizumab. while clearly beneficial during primary infections, preexisting antibodies might affect the onset of adaptive immune responses and the ability to resist subsequent rs ...201323637394
severe respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in underserved populations and the association with unhealthy diets during pregnancy. 201323634858
immune monitoring of children with respiratory syncytial virus infection. 201323634732
monoclonal antibody for reducing the risk of respiratory syncytial virus infection in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is one of the most important viral pathogens causing acute respiratory infections in children. it results in about 3.4 million hospitalisations annually in children under five. palivizumab is an anti-rsv monoclonal antibody, administered intramuscularly at a dose of 15 mg/kg once every 30 days. the efficacy and safety of palivizumab has been evaluated in multicentre, randomised controlled trials (rcts) and a large number of economic evaluations (ees) have tested ...201323633336
viral etiology of hospitalized acute lower respiratory infections in children under 5 years of age -- a systematic review and meta-analysis.to estimate the proportional contribution of influenza viruses (iv), parainfluenza viruses (piv), adenoviruses (av), and coronaviruses (cv) to the burden of severe acute lower respiratory infections (alri).201323630140
respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis in children with cardiac disease: a retrospective single-centre study.to examine the characteristics of congenital heart disease patients hospitalised with respiratory syncytial virus infection after prophylaxis and determine the associated comorbidities and the incidence of breakthrough respiratory syncytial virus infections.201423628233
genetic stability of rsv-f expression and the restricted growth phenotype of a live attenuated piv3 vectored rsv vaccine candidate (medi-534) following restrictive growth in human lung cells.medi-534 is the first live, attenuated and vectored respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine to be evaluated in seronegative children. it consists of a bovine/human parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) backbone with the rsv fusion glycoprotein (rsv-f) expressed from the second position. the piv3 fusion and hemaglutinin-neuraminidase proteins are human-derived. no small animal appropriately replicates the restrictive growth of bovine piv3 (bpiv3) based viruses relative to human piv3 (hpiv3) observe ...201323623857
viral outbreaks in neonatal intensive care units: what we do not know.nosocomial infection is among the most important causes of morbidity, prolonged hospital stay, increased hospital costs, and mortality in neonates, particularly those born preterm. the vast majority of scientific articles dealing with nosocomial infections address bacterial or fungal infections, and viral agents are often disregarded. this analysis reviews the medical literature in an effort to establish the incidence, types of pathogens, and clinical features of noncongenital neonatal viral inf ...201323623159
structure of rsv fusion glycoprotein trimer bound to a prefusion-specific neutralizing antibody.the prefusion state of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) fusion (f) glycoprotein is the target of most rsv-neutralizing activity in human sera, but its metastability has hindered characterization. to overcome this obstacle, we identified prefusion-specific antibodies that were substantially more potent than the prophylactic antibody palivizumab. the cocrystal structure for one of these antibodies, d25, in complex with the f glycoprotein revealed d25 to lock f in its prefusion state by binding to ...201323618766
a nonviral phema+chitosan nanosphere-mediated high-efficiency gene delivery system.the transport of dna into eukaryotic cells is minimal because of the cell membrane barrier, and this limits the application of dna vaccines, gene silencing, and gene therapy. several available transfection reagents and techniques have been used to circumvent this problem. alternatively, nonviral nanoscale vectors have been shown to bypass the eukaryotic cell membrane. in the present work, we developed a unique nanomaterial, phema+chitosan nanospheres (pcnss), which consisted of poly(2-hydroxyeth ...201323610520
burden of respiratory tract infections among paediatric in and out-patient units during 2010-11.respiratory tract infections due to viral etiology were studied with an objective to identify and compare the pathogens between hospital indoor and outdoor units.201323609364
field evaluation of taqman array card (tac) for the simultaneous detection of multiple respiratory viruses in children with acute respiratory infection.multipathogen reverse transcription real-time pcr (rt-qpcr) platforms have proven useful in surveillance for acute respiratory illness (ari) and study of respiratory outbreaks of unknown etiology. the taqman(®) array card (tac, life technologies™), can simultaneously test 7 clinical specimens for up to 21 individual pathogens (depending on arrangement of controls and use of duplicate wells) by arrayed singleplex rt-qpcr on a single assay card, using minimal amounts of clinical specimens. a previ ...201323608639
the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) as an animal model for respiratory tract infections with human pathogens.respiratory viral infection is a great human health concern, resulting in disease, death and economic losses. cotton rats (sigmodon hispidus) have been particularly useful in the study of the pathogenesis of human respiratory virus infections, including the development and testing of antiviral compounds and vaccines. in this article, the authors outline the advantages of the cotton rat compared with the mouse as a model for infection with measles virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza vir ...201323604159
implication of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) f transgene sequence heterogeneity observed in phase 1 evaluation of medi-534, a live attenuated parainfluenza type 3 vectored rsv vaccine.medi-534 is the first live vectored rsv vaccine candidate to be evaluated in seronegative children. it consists of the bovine parainfluenza virus type 3 (piv3) genome with substituted human piv3 f and hn glycoproteins engineered to express rsv f protein. a phase 1 study of 49 healthy rsv and piv3 seronegative children 6 to <24 months of age demonstrated an acceptable safety profile at the following doses: 10(4), 10(5) and 10(6)tcid50. after 3 doses of medi-534 at 10(6)tcid50, administered at 0, ...201323602668
[food intake during the previous 24h as a percentage of usual intake: a marker of hypoxia in infants with bronchiolitis: an observational, prospective, multicenter study].hypoxia associated with bronchiolitis is not always easy to assess on clinical grounds alone. the aim of this study was to determine the value of food intake during the previous 24h (bottle and spoon feeding), as a percentage of usual intake (24h fi), as a marker of hypoxia, and to compare its diagnostic value with that of usual clinical signs.201323602048
[analysis of infection status and pathogenic features of human metapneumovirus among children in hangzhou between year 2009 and 2011].to study the infection status and pathogenic features of human metapneumovirus (hmpv) among children with acute respiratory tract infection in hangzhou.201323601519
strategic priorities for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine development.although rsv has been a high priority for vaccine development, efforts to develop a safe and effective vaccine have yet to lead to a licensed product. clinical and epidemiologic features of rsv disease suggest there are at least 4 distinct target populations for vaccines, the rsv naïve young infant, the rsv naïve child ≥ 6 months of age, pregnant women (to provide passive protection to newborns), and the elderly. these target populations raise different safety and efficacy concerns and may requi ...201323598484
vaccines today, vaccines tomorrow: a perspective.vaccines are considered as one of the major contributions of the 20th century and one of the most cost effective public health interventions. the international vaccine institute has as a mission to discover, develop and deliver new and improved vaccines against infectious diseases that affects developing nations. if louis pasteur is known across the globe, vaccinologists like maurice hilleman, jonas salk and charles mérieux are known among experts only despite their contribution to global health ...201323596584
nonreplicating vaccines can protect african green monkeys from the memphis 37 strain of respiratory syncytial virus.we evaluated the immunological responses of african green monkeys immunized with multiple f and g protein-based vaccines and assessed protection against the memphis 37 strain of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv).201323596321
cdk9-dependent transcriptional elongation in the innate interferon-stimulated gene response to respiratory syncytial virus infection in airway epithelial cells.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a negative-sense single-stranded rna virus responsible for lower respiratory tract infections. during infection, the presence of double-stranded rna (dsrna) activates the interferon (ifn) regulatory factor 3 (irf3) transcription factor, an event triggering expression of immediate early, ifn-stimulated genes (isgs). we examine the role of transcriptional elongation in control of irf3-dependent isg expression. rsv infection induces isg54, isg56, and cig5 gene e ...201323596302
evaluation of an intranasal virosomal vaccine against respiratory syncytial virus in mice: effect of tlr2 and nod2 ligands on induction of systemic and mucosal immune responses.rsv infection remains a serious threat to newborns and the elderly. currently, there is no vaccine available to prevent rsv infection. a mucosal rsv vaccine would be attractive as it could induce mucosal as well as systemic antibodies, capable of protecting both the upper and lower respiratory tract. previously, we reported on a virosomal rsv vaccine for intramuscular injection with intrinsic adjuvant properties mediated by an incorporated lipophilic toll-like receptor 2 (tlr2) ligand. however, ...201323593453
host cell entry of respiratory syncytial virus involves macropinocytosis followed by proteolytic activation of the f protein.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a highly pathogenic member of the paramyxoviridae that causes severe respiratory tract infections. reports in the literature have indicated that to infect cells the incoming viruses either fuse their envelope directly with the plasma membrane or exploit clathrin-mediated endocytosis. to study the entry process in human tissue culture cells (hela, a549), we used fluorescence microscopy and developed quantitative, facs-based assays to follow virus binding to ce ...201323593008
potential for palivizumab interference with commercially available antibody-antigen based respiratory syncytial virus diagnostic assays.palivizumab is a monoclonal antibody indicated for the prevention of serious lower respiratory tract disease caused by respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants. the potential for palivizumab to interfere with commercially available respiratory syncytial virus diagnostic tests was demonstrated. negative test results in palivizumab-treated subjects should be interpreted with caution and confirmed by a nucleic acid amplification-based assay.201323584584
[late onset streptococcus agalactiae disease associated with respiratory syncytial virus infections in very premature newborn]. 201323582195
respiratory syncytial virus induces functional thymic stromal lymphopoietin receptor in airway epithelial cells.the epithelial-derived cytokine thymic stromal lymphopoietin (tslp) plays a key role in the development and progression of atopic disease and has notably been shown to directly promote the allergic inflammatory responses that characterize asthma. current models suggest that tslp is produced by epithelial cells in response to inflammatory stimuli and acts primarily upon dendritic cells to effect a t helper type 2-type inflammatory response. recent reports, however, have shown that epithelial cell ...201323576878
respiratory syncytial virus--a comprehensive review.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is amongst the most important pathogenic infections of childhood and is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. although there have been extensive studies of epidemiology, clinical manifestations, diagnostic techniques, animal models and the immunobiology of infection, there is not yet a convincing and safe vaccine available. the major histopathologic characteristics of rsv infection are acute bronchiolitis, mucosal and submucosal edema, and luminal ...201323575961
respiratory virus multiplex rt-pcr assay sensitivities and influence factors in hospitalized children with lower respiratory tract infections.multiplex rt-pcr assays have been widely used tools for detection and differentiation of a panel of respiratory viral pathogens. in this study, we evaluated the qiagen resplex ii v2.0 kit and explored factors influencing its sensitivity. nasopharyngeal swab (nps) specimens were prospectively collected from pediatric inpatients with lower respiratory tract infections at the time of admission in the shenzhen children's hospital from may 2009 to april 2010. total nucleic acids were extracted using ...201323575731
a virosomal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid a provides protection against viral challenge without priming for enhanced disease in cotton rats.non-replicating respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) vaccine candidates could potentially prime for enhanced respiratory disease (erd) due to a t-cell-mediated immunopathology, following rsv infection. vaccines with built-in immune response modifiers, such as toll-like receptor (tlr) ligands, may avoid such aberrant imprinting of the immune system.201323575113
impact of aerosolized ribavirin on mortality in 280 allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant recipients with respiratory syncytial virus infections.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections are well recognized as a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in allogeneic haematopoietic stem cell transplant (allo-hsct) recipients. we evaluated the spectrum of clinical manifestations, management (including ribavirin-based antiviral therapy) and outcomes of rsv infections and determined the risk factors associated with rsv lower respiratory tract infection (lrti) and all-cause mortality.201323572228
rhinovirus infection and healthcare utilisation in prematurely born infants.our aim was to determine whether rhinovirus (rv) lower respiratory tract infections (lrtis) in prematurely born infants increase health-related cost of care during infancy. 153 infants born at <36 weeks of gestation were prospectively followed to 1 year. cost of care was calculated from the national health service reference costing scheme and healthcare utilisation determined by examining hospital/general practitioner records. 20 infants developed rv lrtis (rv group), 17 respiratory syncytial vi ...201323563263
intervention strategies for emerging viruses: use of antivirals.today, small molecule antiviral drugs are available for the treatment of infections with herpesviruses, hiv, hbv and hcv as well as with influenza viruses. ribavirin, a broad-spectrum (but aspecific) antiviral, has been approved for the treatment of infections with respiratory syncytial virus, hcv and lassa virus. yet, for many other viruses that cause life-threatening infections [most of which are considered emerging and/or neglected] there are no drugs available. ideally, potent and broad-spec ...201323562753
bovine viral diarrhea virus fetal persistent infection after immunization with a contaminated modified-live virus vaccine.the objective was to determine whether a multivalent modified-live virus vaccine containing noncytopathic bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) administered off-label to pregnant cattle can result in persistently infected fetuses and to assess whether vaccinal strains can be shed to unvaccinated pregnant cattle commingling with vaccinates. nineteen bvdv-naïve pregnant heifers were randomly assigned to two groups: cattle vaccinated near day 77 of gestation with modified-live virus vaccine containing ...201323561853
rage inhibits human respiratory syncytial virus syncytium formation by interfering with f-protein function.human respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract infection. infection is critically dependent on the rsv fusion (f) protein, which mediates fusion between the viral envelope and airway epithelial cells. the f protein is also expressed on infected cells and is responsible for fusion of infected cells with adjacent cells, resulting in the formation of multinucleate syncytia. the receptor for advanced glycation end products (rage) is a pattern-recognition r ...201323559480
eosinophil-derived neurotoxin levels at 3 months post-respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis are a predictive biomarker of recurrent wheezing.to determine whether eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (edn) is a predictive marker of recurrent wheezing episodes in post-respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) bronchiolitis.201323557131
potential use of atlantic cod trypsin in biomedicine.surface proteins of viruses and bacteria used for cell attachment and invasion are candidates for degradation by proteases. trypsin from atlantic cod (gadus morhua) was previously demonstrated to have efficacy against influenza viruses in vitro and on skin. in this paper, cod trypsin is shown to be 3-12 times more effective in degrading large native proteins than its mesophilic analogue, bovine trypsin. this is in agreement with previous findings where cod trypsin was found to be the most active ...201323555095
prospective validation of a prognostic model for respiratory syncytial virus bronchiolitis in late preterm infants: a multicenter birth cohort study.this study aimed to update and validate a prediction rule for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) hospitalization in preterm infants 33-35 weeks gestational age (wga).201323554987
the impact of viral infections in children with community-acquired pneumonia.for many years viral causes of community-acquired pneumonia were often been given limited attention. the number of published studies on influenza alone increased fivefold from 2001 to 2010. specifically several studies have underlined that the involvement of viruses in community-acquired pneumonia has been underestimated, and this underestimation has been attributed to a lack of appropriate diagnostic methods. now, with the advent of modern molecular assays, it is well recognized that viruses ac ...201323549618
seasonal respiratory syncytial virus prophylaxis based on predetermined dates versus regional surveillance data.in ontario, canada, the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis period onset is defined by a fixed-date set provincially each year and offset by local hospital rsv admission activity. inaccurate timing can result in inadequate or more costly prophylaxis.201323546534
ifnβ/tnfα synergism induces a non-canonical stat2/irf9-dependent pathway triggering a novel duox2 nadph oxidase-mediated airway antiviral response.airway epithelial cells are key initial innate immune responders in the fight against respiratory viruses, primarily via the secretion of antiviral and proinflammatory cytokines that act in an autocrine/paracrine fashion to trigger the establishment of an antiviral state. it is currently thought that the early antiviral state in airway epithelial cells primarily relies on ifnβ secretion and the subsequent activation of the interferon-stimulated gene factor 3 (isgf3) transcription factor complex, ...201323545780
il-4rα on cd4+ t cells plays a pathogenic role in respiratory syncytial virus reinfection in mice infected initially as neonates.rsv is the major cause of severe bronchiolitis in infants, and severe bronchiolitis as a result of rsv is associated with subsequent asthma development. a biased th2 immune response is thought to be responsible for neonatal rsv pathogenesis; however, molecular mechanisms remain elusive. our data demonstrate, for the first time, that il-4rα is up-regulated in vitro on human cd4(+) t cells from cord blood following rsv stimulation and in vivo on mouse pulmonary cd4(+) t cells upon reinfection of m ...201323543769
xiao-qing-long-tang (sho-seiryu-to) inhibited cytopathic effect of human respiratory syncytial virus in cell lines of human respiratory tract.xiao-qing-long-tang (xqlt, tj-19, sho-seiryu-to, so-cheong-ryong-tang) has been used against acute airway diseases for thousands of year in ancient china. most of the acute airway illnesses are caused by virus. however, without activity against influenza virus, xqlt has been questioned to manage respiratory tract viral infection. nevertheless, xqlt might be active against airway viruses other than influenza. human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is one of the most common respiratory viral pat ...201323542148
in vitro antiviral activity of hypothiocyanite against a/h1n1/2009 pandemic influenza virus.influenza virus spreads via small particle aerosols, droplets and fomites, and since it can survive for a short time on surfaces, can be introduced into the nasal mucosa before it loses infectivity. the hypothiocyanite ion (oscn-), product of the lactoperoxidase/h2o2/scn- system of central airways, is emerging as an important molecule for innate defense mechanism against bacteria, fungi and viruses. here we demonstrated that oscn(-) displays virucidal activity in vitro against the a/h1n1 2009 pa ...201423540488
changes in infectious disease mortality in children during the past three decades.our aim was to evaluate changes in infectious disease mortality in children in finland from 1969 to 2004. we especially wanted to find out whether infection mortality could be further reduced by means of existing vaccines not included in national vaccination program.201323538525
relationship between the population incidence of pertussis in children in new south wales, australia and emergency department visits with cough: a time series analysis.little is known about the potential of syndromic surveillance to provide early warning of pertussis outbreaks. we conducted a time series analysis to assess whether an emergency department (ed) cough syndrome would respond to changes in the incidence of pertussis in children aged under 10 years in new south wales (nsw), australia, and to evaluate the timing of any association. a further aim was to assess the lag between the onset of pertussis symptoms and case notification in the infectious dise ...201323537222
risk factors for respiratory syncytial virus illness among patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), although not typically considered an important pathogen in adults, may cause acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (copd). it is unclear which copd patients are at highest risk for developing serious rsv illness. our objective was to identify risk factors for rsv illness among adult patients with copd. we conducted a pooled analysis of data from copd patients in 2 previously published longitudinal studies that examined rsv infection in hig ...201323536980
virological and clinical characterizations of respiratory infections in hospitalized children.the purpose of this study was to determine the incidence and seasonal distribution of viral etiological agents and to compare their clinical manifestations and disease severity, including single and co infections.201323536956
rhinovirus wheezing illness and genetic risk of childhood-onset asthma.both genetic variation at the 17q21 locus and virus-induced respiratory wheezing illnesses are associated with the development of asthma. our aim was to determine the effects of these two factors on the risk of asthma in the childhood origins of asthma (coast) and the copenhagen prospective study on asthma in childhood (copsac) birth cohorts.201323534543
a label-free potentiometric sensor principle for the detection of antibody-antigen interactions.we report here on a new potentiometric biosensing principle for the detection of antibody-antigen interactions at the sensing membrane surface without the need to add a label or a reporter ion to the sample solution. this is accomplished by establishing a steady-state outward flux of a marker ion from the membrane into the contacting solution. the immunobinding event at the sensing surface retards the marker ion, which results in its accumulation at the membrane surface and hence in a potential ...201323534536
rapid antigen-based testing for respiratory syncytial virus: moving diagnostics from bench to bedside?respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the most important cause of infantile bronchiolitis and pneumonia. it is ubiquitous, with most children acquiring their primary infection within the first year of life and with subsequent reinfection occurring in all age groups. clinically, rsv is virtually indistinguishable from other viral respiratory infections. traditionally, the microbiologic diagnosis of rsv has been based on moderate to complex techniques performed in a laboratory (cell culture, nuclei ...201323534357
experiences of alaskan parents with children hospitalized for respiratory syncytial virus treatment.the purpose of this study was to describe the experiences of alaskan parents with children hospitalized for the treatment of the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv). six parents participated in a qualitative descriptive study composed of individual interviews. using content analysis, three major themes emerged: "rsv is scary," "lots of stress; little rest" and "at what point does it become a bingo? he's going to the hospital." findings provided further insight into the educational needs of the par ...201323531460
the innate immune system of the perinatal lung and responses to respiratory syncytial virus infection.the response of the preterm and newborn lung to airborne pathogens, particles, and other insults is initially dependent on innate immune responses since adaptive responses may not fully mature and require weeks for sufficient responses to antigenic stimuli. foreign material and microbial agents trigger soluble, cell surface, and cytoplasmic receptors that activate signaling cascades that invoke release of surfactant proteins, defensins, interferons, lactoferrin, oxidative products, and other inn ...201323528938
viral causes of acute respiratory infection among egyptian children hospitalized with severe acute asthma exacerbation.viral respiratory infections are associated with nearly 80% of asthma exacerbation episodes. these can have severe adverse outcomes in patients with established asthma.201323528533
[leukotriene and respiratory syncytial virus]. 201323527973
surfactant protein d modulates hiv infection of both t-cells and dendritic cells.surfactant protein d (sp-d) is an oligomerized c-type lectin molecule with immunomodulatory properties and involvement in lung surfactant homeostasis in the respiratory tract. sp-d binds to the enveloped viruses, influenza a virus and respiratory syncytial virus and inhibits their replication in vitro and in vivo. sp-d has been shown to bind to hiv via the hiv envelope protein gp120 and inhibit infectivity in vitro. here we show that sp-d binds to different strains of hiv (bal and iiib) and the ...201323527085
lovastatin treatment mitigates the pro-inflammatory cytokine response in respiratory syncytial virus infected macrophage cells.disease severity following respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is associated with inflammation due to enhanced pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion, and lung macrophage cells play a role in this process. in this study we evaluated the hydroxymethylglutaryl coenzyme a reductase inhibitor lovastatin as an anti-inflammatory drug to control rsv-induced cytokine secretion in the murine raw 264.7 (raw) macrophage cell line and in primary murine lung macrophages. these cells could be efficiently ...201323523944
three monthly doses of palivizumab are not adequate for 5-month protection: a population pharmacokinetic analysis.recent guidelines in british columbia, canada have suggested that the use of a maximum of 3 monthly doses of palivizumab 15 mg/kg intramuscularly for rsv immunoprophylaxis of high risk infants born prior to the rsv season is adequate to provide protection against severe rsv disease for a 5-month rsv season. efficacy was established, however, with 2 large, randomized controlled clinical studies using 5 monthly doses of immunoprophylaxis. to evaluate the differences in expected palivizumab exposur ...201323523663
respiratory syncytial virus interaction with human airway epithelium.although respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major human respiratory pathogen, our knowledge of how it causes disease in humans is limited. airway epithelial cells are the primary targets of rsv infection in vivo, so the generation and exploitation of rsv infection models based on morphologically and physiologically authentic well-differentiated primary human airway epithelial cells cultured at an air-liquid interface (wd-paecs) provide timely developments that will help to bridge this gap. h ...201323523320
ciliary dyskinesia is an early feature of respiratory syncytial virus infection.respiratory syncytial virus is a major cause of respiratory disease. there are conflicting accounts of the response of human epithelial cells to respiratory syncytial virus and a lack of data on its effect on ciliary function. our aim was to study the early stages of respiratory syncytial virus infection of primary human basal and ciliated cultures. using high speed videomicroscopy, we found that ciliary beat frequency was unaffected by respiratory syncytial virus infection over 72 h; however, c ...201423520320
pneumomediastinum and subcutaneus emphysema - an uncommon presentation of respiratory-syncytial virus infection in an infant. 201323519751
the effect of hybridization-induced secondary structure alterations on rna detection using backscattering interferometry.backscattering interferometry (bsi) has been used to successfully monitor molecular interactions without labeling and with high sensitivity. these properties suggest that this approach might be useful for detecting biomarkers of infection. in this report, we identify interactions and characteristics of nucleic acid probes that maximize bsi signal upon binding the respiratory syncytial virus nucleocapsid gene rna biomarker. the number of base pairs formed upon the addition of oligonucleotide prob ...201323519610
association between respiratory syncytial virus hospitalizations in infants and respiratory sequelae: systematic review and meta-analysis.the association between hospitalization for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in infancy and asthma/wheezing in later life has long been studied. however, no published studies have combined systematic review and meta-analysis of existing evidence.201323518824
rsv fusion: time for a new model.in this review we propose a partially hypothetical model of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) binding and entry to the cell that includes the recently discovered rsv receptor nucleolin, in an attempt to stimulate further inquiry in this research area. rsv binding and entry is likely to be a two-step process, the first involving the attachment of the virus to the cell membrane, which may be enhanced by electrostatic interactions with cellular glycoproteins/heparin and the viral g protein, and the ...201323518574
water extract of cinnamomum cassia blume inhibited human respiratory syncytial virus by preventing viral attachment, internalization, and syncytium formation.cinnamomum cassia blume is a popular traditional chinese herbal medicine that has been used to manage respiratory tract disease, including common cold and chronic bronchitis for thousand years. human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) is one of the leading causes of severe lower respiratory tract illness worldwide. no effective therapeutic modality against hrsv infection has been proved. it is unknown whether cinnamomum cassia is effective against hrsv.201323518419
respiratory syncytial virus epidemic periods in an equatorial city of brazil.characterization of the human respiratory syncytial virus (hrsv) season at the local level has important implications for appropriate decisions on the time period for administration of specific prophylaxis.201323517375
seasonal patterns of respiratory syncytial virus, influenza a virus, human metapneumovirus, and parainfluenza virus type 3 infections on the basis of virus isolation data between 2004 and 2011 in yamagata, japan.most acute respiratory infections (aris) are thought to be associated with respiratory viruses that cause similar symptoms. therefore, assessment of clinical and epidemiologic features of these viruses is important for diagnosing a viral infection. we collected 13,325 nasopharyngeal specimens from patients with aris and isolated the virus using a microplate method involving 7 cell lines between 2004 and 2011 in yamagata, japan. we isolated a total of 5,483 viruses. respiratory syncytial virus (r ...201323514911
[respiratory syncytial virus infection in infants]. 201223513905
regulation of tight junctions in upper airway epithelium.the mucosal barrier of the upper respiratory tract including the nasal cavity, which is the first site of exposure to inhaled antigens, plays an important role in host defense in terms of innate immunity and is regulated in large part by tight junctions of epithelial cells. tight junction molecules are expressed in both m cells and dendritic cells as well as epithelial cells of upper airway. various antigens are sampled, transported, and released to lymphocytes through the cells in nasal mucosa ...201223509817
prescription surveillance and polymerase chain reaction testing to identify pathogens during outbreaks of infection.syndromic surveillance, including prescription surveillance, offers a rapid method for the early detection of agents of bioterrorism and emerging infectious diseases. however, it has the disadvantage of not considering definitive diagnoses. here, we attempted to definitively diagnose pathogens using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) immediately after the prescription surveillance system detected an outbreak. specimens were collected from 50 patients with respiratory infections. pcr was used to ide ...201323509772
neonatal antibody responses are attenuated by interferon-γ produced by nk and t cells during rsv infection.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infects most children in the first year of life and is a major single cause of hospitalization in infants and young children. there is no effective vaccine, and antibody generated by primary neonatal infection is poorly protective against reinfection even with antigenically homologous viral strains. studying the immunological basis of these observations in neonatal mice, we found that antibody responses to infection were low and unaffected by cd4 depletion, in c ...201323509276
association of the ct values of real-time pcr of viral upper respiratory tract infection with clinical severity, kenya.quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qrt-pcr) assay of the upper respiratory tract is used increasingly to diagnose lower respiratory tract infections. the cycle threshold (ct ) values of qrt-pcr are continuous, semi-quantitative measurements of viral load, although interpretation of diagnostic qrt-pcr results are often categorized as positive, indeterminate, or negative, obscuring potentially useful clinical interpretation of ct values. from 2008 to 2010, naso/oropharyngeal swabs w ...201323508918
maternal immunization as a strategy to decrease susceptibility to infection in newborn infants.following on from the success of maternal tetanus vaccination, recent research has shown that other vaccines given in pregnancy can protect against vaccine-preventable infections in early infancy. this review will outline these recent developments and highlight the impact on current clinical practice.201323507974
antiviral effects of modified dingchuan decoction against respiratory syncytial virus infection in vitro and in an immunosuppressive mouse model.modified dingchuan decoction (mdd) is used in traditional chinese medicine for the treatment of cough, chronic bronchitis, asthma and viral pneumonia.201323506991
a systems-based approach to analyse the host response in murine lung macrophages challenged with respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of lower respiratory tract infection in young children. the degree of disease severity is determined by the host response to infection. lung macrophages play an important early role in the host response to infection and we have used a systems-based approach to examine the host response in rsv-infected lung-derived macrophage cells.201323506210
management of severe respiratory tract disease caused by human respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcus pneumoniae in captive chimpanzees (pan troglodytes).chimpanzees (pan troglodytes) are susceptible to many viral and bacterial pathogens of human origin. this case series reports an acute outbreak of respiratory disease due to human respiratory syncytial virus and streptococcus pneumoniae in a single group of 30 captive chimpanzees. both pathogens are potentially zoonotic. the diagnosis was made antemortem and enabled a targeted response to the outbreak; but it more importantly, prompted improvements to the disease surveillance, biosecurity for ri ...201323505710
efficacy and safety of an intranasal virosomal respiratory syncytial virus vaccine adjuvanted with monophosphoryl lipid a in mice and cotton rats.respiratory syncytial virus infection remains a serious health problem, not only in infants but also in immunocompromised adults and the elderly. an effective and safe vaccine is not available due to several obstacles: non-replicating rsv vaccines may prime for excess th2-type responses and enhanced respiratory disease (erd) upon natural rsv infection of vaccine recipients. we previously found that inclusion of the toll-like receptor 4 (tlr4) ligand monophosphoryl lipid a (mpla) in reconstituted ...201323499594
is treatment with a high flow nasal cannula effective in acute viral bronchiolitis? a physiologic study.the high flow nasal cannula (hfnc) has recently been proposed to support infants with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv)-related respiratory distress. however, in this disease, no physiologic data are currently available on the effects of this device. we assessed the capacity of hfnc to generate positive airway pressure, as well as the resulting effects on breathing pattern and respiratory effort.201323494016
identification of respiratory viruses with a novel point-of-care multianalyte antigen detection test in children with acute respiratory tract infection.rapid etiological diagnosis of a respiratory virus infection may have impact on antiviral and antibiotic therapy, patient cohorting, and prediction of the clinical course. most point-of-care tests for detection of respiratory viruses have limitations in diagnostic performance and clinical usability. a novel, multianalyte point-of-care antigen detection test system (maripoc(®); arcdia international oy ltd., turku, finland) detects eight respiratory viruses (influenza a and b viruses, respiratory ...201323490399
functional genetic variation in nfkbia and susceptibility to childhood asthma, bronchiolitis, and bronchopulmonary dysplasia.respiratory diseases are the most frequent chronic illnesses in babies and children. although a vigorous innate immune system is critical for maintaining lung health, a balanced response is essential to minimize damaging inflammation. we investigated the functional and clinical impact of human genetic variants in the promoter of nfkbia, which encodes iκbα, the major negative regulator of nf-κb. in this study, we quantified the functional impact of nfkbia promoter polymorphisms (rs3138053, rs2233 ...201323487427
the oncolytic effect of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) in human skin cancer cell line, a431.oncolytic viruses have become of noticeable interest as a novel biological approach for selectively infecting cancer cells and triggering apoptosis in a number of malignant cells. many researches are devoted to characterize more viruses with oncolytic properties.201323487261
respiratory syncytial virus infection is strongly correlated with decreased mean platelet volume.to date, infections have usually been associated with elevations of the mean platelet volume. we correlated infection with respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) with changes in mean platelet volume (mpv).201323485431
attenuation of live respiratory syncytial virus vaccines is associated with reductions in levels of nasal cytokines.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a leading cause of lower respiratory tract illness (lrti) in children. several promising live-attenuated rsv vaccines are in development. defining additional markers of attenuation could enhance clinical trials.201323482643
a longitudinal study of the dynamics of bovine corona virus and respiratory syncytial virus infections in dairy herds.the objective of this study was to examine the dynamics of bovine corona virus (bcv) and bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv) infections in dairy herds over a 3-year period. the status of 79 dairy herds located in two northern and two southern regions of sweden were surveyed by measuring antibody concentrations to bcv and brsv in pooled milk samples from primiparous cows, and in bulk-tank milk twice annually. in the southern regions the percentage of antibody-positive herds remained persist ...201323481616
validity of laboratory-based surveillance for detection of respiratory syncytial virus seasons.in this study, we validated the centers for disease control and prevention's use of a 10% threshold of median proportion of positive laboratory tests (median proportion positive (mpp)) to identify respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasons against a standard based on hospitalization claims. medicaid fee-for-service recipients under 2 years of age from california, florida, illinois, and texas (1999-2004), continuously eligible since birth, were categorized for each week as high-risk or low-risk wi ...201323479344
influenza and rsv make a modest contribution to invasive pneumococcal disease incidence in the uk.the common seasonality of incidence of invasive pneumococcal disease (ipd) and viral respiratory infections has long been recognized, however, the extent to which this affects the association between the pathogens is unknown. we have analysed weekly surveillance data of ipd, influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv), using ambient temperature and hours of sunshine as measures of seasonality.201323473714
ocular tropism of respiratory viruses.respiratory viruses (including adenovirus, influenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, coronavirus, and rhinovirus) cause a broad spectrum of disease in humans, ranging from mild influenza-like symptoms to acute respiratory failure. while species d adenoviruses and subtype h7 influenza viruses are known to possess an ocular tropism, documented human ocular disease has been reported following infection with all principal respiratory viruses. in this review, we describe the anatomical proximity ...201323471620
a prospective study of agents associated with acute respiratory infection among young american indian children.native american children have higher rates of morbidity associated with acute respiratory infection than children in the general us population, yet detailed information is lacking regarding their principal clinical presentations and infectious etiologies.201323470677
th17 lymphocytes in respiratory syncytial virus infection.infection by respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) affects approximately 33 million infants annually worldwide and is a major cause of hospitalizations. helper t lymphocytes (th) play a central role in the immune response during such infections. however, th lymphocytes that produce interleukin 17 (il-17), known as th17 lymphocytes, in addition to been protective can also cause pathology that accompany this type of infection. the protective effects of th17 is associated with better prognosis in most ...201323462708
evaluation of a novel web-based prior approval application for palivizumab prophylaxis of respiratory syncytial virus in a state medicaid program.recent disproportionate increases in use of specialty medications, such as palivizumab (synagis), compared with steady utilization of traditional medication use, have prompted complex utilization management strategies that require frequent evaluation to facilitate cost-effectiveness while preserving patient access. clinical criteria utilized by north carolina (nc) medicaid for use of palivizumab for respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) prophylaxis are consistent with the most recent guidelines publ ...201323461427
hsp90 inhibitors exhibit resistance-free antiviral activity against respiratory syncytial virus.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of respiratory illness in young children, leading to significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. despite its medical importance, no vaccine or effective therapeutic interventions are currently available. therefore, there is a pressing need to identify novel antiviral drugs to combat rsv infections. hsp90, a cellular protein-folding factor, has been shown to play an important role in the replication of numerous viruses. we here demonstrate tha ...201323460813
[observation over three seasons of respiratory syncytial virus infection in a geriatric health service facility].to characterize the impact of respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection on respiratory illness in a geriatric health service facility.201223459652
hepatitis during respiratory syncytial virus infection--a case report.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection is the most common cause of hospitalization in infants and small children. the aim was to present a 13-months old boy diagnosed with acute airway infection, acute otitis media (aom) and hepatitis during the rsv-infection.201323457772
latitudinal variations in seasonal activity of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv): a global comparative review.there is limited information on influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) seasonal patterns in tropical areas, although there is renewed interest in understanding the seasonal drivers of respiratory viruses.201323457451
reversion of somatic mutations of the respiratory syncytial virus-specific human monoclonal antibody fab19 reveal a direct relationship between association rate and neutralizing potency.the role of affinity in determining neutralizing potency of mabs directed against viruses is not well understood. we investigated the kinetic, structural, and functional advantage conferred by individual naturally occurring somatic mutations in the ab h chain v region of fab19, a well-described neutralizing human mab directed to respiratory syncytial virus. comparison of the affinity-matured ab fab19 with recombinant fab19 abs that were variants containing reverted amino acids from the inferred ...201323455501
a case of recurrent acute encephalopathy with febrile convulsive status epilepticus with carnitine palmitoyltransferase ii variation.acute encephalopathy with febrile convulsive status epilepticus (aefcse) is the most common type of acute encephalopathy in childhood in japan, which develops with prolonged febrile convulsion, followed by mild unconsciousness. it is generally sporadic and nonrecurrent. in this report, a 1-year-old girl showed signs of aefcse triggered by respiratory syncytial virus infection. two years later, she presented with aefcse triggered by influenza virus infection, resulting in severe neurologic sequel ...201323450341
macronutrients during pregnancy and life-threatening respiratory syncytial virus infections in children.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is an important cause of hospitalization and death in infants worldwide. most rsv deaths occur in developing countries, where burden and risk factors for life-threatening illness are unclear.201323449690
a threshold method for immunological correlates of protection.immunological correlates of protection are biological markers such as disease-specific antibodies which correlate with protection against disease and which are measurable with immunological assays. it is common in vaccine research and in setting immunization policy to rely on threshold values for the correlate where the accepted threshold differentiates between individuals who are considered to be protected against disease and those who are susceptible. examples where thresholds are used include ...201323448322
respiratory syncytial virus activity--united states, july 2011-january 2013.respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) causes lower respiratory infections among infants and young children worldwide. during 1997-2006, an estimated 132,000-172,000 children aged <5 years were hospitalized for rsv infection annually in the united states. in temperate climate zones, rsv generally circulates during the fall, winter, and spring, but the exact timing and duration of rsv seasons vary by region and year. to determine seasonal trends in the circulation of rsv at national and regional level ...201323446512
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