Publications

an integrated model to predict the atmospheric spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the application of a computer model called rimpuff for simulating the airborne spread of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is described. rimpuff is more sophisticated and accurate than other fmd simulation models previously described. it can be run on a desktop computer and performs analyses very quickly. it can be linked to a geographical information system and so the information generated can be integrated with geographical and demographical data for display in a format that can be easily assimilat ...	2000	10982082
detection of porcine enteroviruses by nrt-pcr: differentiation of cpe groups i-iii with specific primer sets.	porcine enteroviruses (pev) comprising at least 13 serotypes grouped into three species are described as causative agents of neurological disorders, fertility disorders, and dermal lesions of swine. despite their well-documented acid stability, enteric infection route, and similarity of clinical symptoms, most of the porcine enterovirus (pev) serotypes are set apart from the genus enterovirus of the picornaviridae. hence, pcr procedures used commonly to detect enteroviruses are not applicable to ...	2000	10960708
a sensitive method for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus by in situ hybridisation using biotin-labelled oligodeoxynucleotides and tyramide signal amplification.	an in situ hybridisation technique, based on oligodeoxynucleotide probes and tyramide signal amplification, is described for the detection of foot and mouth disease virus rna in infected cells. biotinylated oligodeoxynucleotide probes, with and without tyramide signal amplification, were compared. the tyramide signal amplification detection enhances by at least 100-fold the sensitivity of in situ hybridisation.	2000	10960706
response of foot-and-mouth disease virus to increased mutagenesis: influence of viral load and fitness in loss of infectivity.	passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cell culture in the presence of the mutagenic base analog 5-fluorouracil or 5-azacytidine resulted in decreases of infectivity and occasional extinction of the virus. low viral loads and low viral fitness enhanced the frequency of extinction events; this finding was shown with a number of closely related fmdv clones and populations differing by up to 10(6)-fold in relative fitness in infections involving either single or multiple passages in the ...	2000	10954530
comparison of bicistronic retroviral vectors containing internal ribosome entry sites (ires) using expression of human interleukin-12 (il-12) as a readout.	many gene therapy applications require the co-ordinated delivery of more than one reading frame. we wished to systematically compare ires in the context of a retroviral vector to determine which was the most effective for protein production and viral titre. to do this we monitored expression of il-12, as co-ordinated expression of both p35 and p40 subunits is required for production of the active heterodimer.	2000	10953915
a cell cycle-dependent protein serves as a template-specific translation initiation factor.	cap-independent translation initiation on picornavirus mrnas is mediated by an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) in the 5' untranslated region (5' utr) and requires both eukaryotic initiation factors (eifs) and ires-specific cellular trans-acting factors (itafs). we show here that the requirements for trans-acting factors differ between related picornavirus iress and can account for cell type-specific differences in ires function. the neurovirulence of theiler's murine encephalomyelitis virus ...	2000	10950867
nucleotide sequence of the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus a22-india.	nucleotide sequence of the structural protein-encoding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) a22-india 17/77 was determined using non-radioisotopic technique. comparison of nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequence with a22-iraq 24/64 revealed 175 synonymous (silent) and 42 non-synonymous nucleotide changes resulting in 34 amino acid substitutions along the capsid proteins (vp1-vp4). out of the 4 structural proteins vp4 is highly conserved. the highly variable and immunodominant protein ...	2000	10949956
application of latex beads agglutination test for the detection of the antibody against virus-infection-associated (via) antigen of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus.	latex beads agglutination (la) for the detection of the antibody against virus infection-associated (via) antigen of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus was estimated using experimentally infected animals. the via antibody titer by the la test were compared with the neutralization titer and the titer by agarose gel diffusion (agd) test, which has been used as a standard method for via antibody titration. the latex beads were coated with via antigen in carbonate buffer solution (0.5 m, ph 9.6) for ...	2000	10945307
characteristics of foot and mouth disease virus in taiwan.	since march 1997 two strains of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus have found their way into taiwan, causing severe outbreaks in pigs and in chinese yellow cattle. outbreaks occurred in march 1997 were caused by a pig-adapted virus strain (o/taiwan/97) which did not infect other species of cloven-hoofed animals by natural route. the epidemic spread over the whole region of taiwan within two months and the aftermath was 6,147 pig farms infected and 3,850,746 pigs destroyed. in june 1999, the seco ...	2000	10945282
the foot-and-mouth disease rna virus as a model in experimental phylogenetics.	phylogenetic reconstruction methods are subject to two types of limitations: our knowledge about the true history of organisms and the gross simplification implied in the numerical simulation models of the relationships between them. in such a situation, experimental phylogenetics provides a way to assess the accuracy of the phylogenetic reconstruction methods. nonetheless, this capacity is only feasible for organisms in which replication and mutation rates are high enough to provide valuable da ...	1998	10943380
selection of t-cell epitopes from foot-and-mouth disease virus reflects the binding affinity to different cattle mhc class ii molecules.	the major histocompatibility complex (mhc)-restricted selection of t-cell epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by individual cattle mhc class ii dr (bola-dr) molecules was studied in a direct mhc-peptide binding assay. by in vitro priming of t lymphocytes derived from animals homozygous for both mhc class i and ii, five t-cell epitopes were analyzed in the context of three mhc class ii haplotypes. we found that the presentation of these t-cell epitopes was mediated by dr molecules, si ...	2000	10941845
high-efficiency utilization of the bovine integrin alpha(v)beta(3) as a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus is dependent on the bovine beta(3) subunit.	we have previously reported that foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), which is virulent for cattle and swine, can utilize the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) as a receptor on cultured cells. since those studies were performed with the human integrin, we have molecularly cloned the bovine homolog of the integrin alpha(v)beta(3) and have compared the two receptors for utilization by fmdv. both the alpha(v) and beta(3) subunits of the bovine integrin have high degrees of amino acid sequence similarity to ...	2000	10906183
cleavage of polypeptide chain initiation factor eif4gi during apoptosis in lymphoma cells: characterisation of an internal fragment generated by caspase-3-mediated cleavage.	polypeptide chain initiation factor eif4gi undergoes caspase-mediated degradation during apoptosis to give characteristic fragments. the most prominent of these has an estimated mass of approximately 76 kda (middle-fragment of apoptotic cleavage of eif4g; m-fag). subcellular fractionation of the bjab lymphoma cell line after induction of apoptosis indicates that m-fag occurs in both ribosome-bound and soluble forms. affinity chromatography on m7gtp-sepharose shows that m-fag retains the ability ...	2000	10889507
ovine interleukin-12: analysis of biologic function and species comparison.	interleukin-12 (il-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine produced mainly by phagocytic and antigen-presenting cells (apc). the cdna encoding the ovine il-12 (ovil-12) subunits, p40 and p35, were generated from concanavalin a (cona)-stimulated peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc). the ovine genes encoded proteins that had the highest amino acid identity to caprine p40 (99% amino acid identity) and p35 (97% amino acid identity) and also displayed a high degree of identity with human p40 (84%) and p ...	2000	10888112
duplicated dq haplotypes increase the complexity of restriction element usage in cattle.	the mhc of cattle encodes two distinct isotypes of class ii molecules, dr and dq. unlike humans, cattle lack the dp locus and about half the common haplotypes express duplicated dq genes. the number and frequency of dqa and dqb alleles means that most cattle are heterozygous. if inter- and/or intrahaplotype pairing of dqa and dqb molecules occurs, cattle carrying dq-duplicated haplotypes may express more restriction elements than would be predicted by the number of expressed alleles. we are inve ...	2000	10861045
detection and characterization of functional t-cell epitopes on the structural proteins vp2, vp3, and vp4 of foot and mouth disease virus o1 campos.	foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the cause of a widespread infectious disease affecting cloven-hoofed animals. it is controlled by vaccination with immune-inactivated virus grown in tissue culture. however, peptide vaccines represent a safer alternative to the current virus-inactivated immunogens. their design requires the identification and evaluation of the sequences recognized by t- and b-lymphocytes. four structural proteins, vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4, comprise the viral capsid of the fmd ...	2000	10860876
limitations on the use of fused green fluorescent protein to investigate structure-function relationships for the cauliflower mosaic virus movement protein.	to investigate the process of tubule formation for the cauliflower mosaic virus movement protein (camv mp), the green fluorescent protein (gfp) was fused to the mp to provide a vital marker for mp location after expression in insect cells. in contrast to the long tubular structures seen previously following baculovirus-based expression of the wild-type mp, the fusion protein produced only aggregates of fluorescing material in the cytoplasm. however, by co-expressing wild-type mp and gfp-mp, or b ...	2000	10859392
caspases are not involved in the cleavage of translation initiation factor eif4gi during picornavirus infection.	infection of cells by many picornaviruses results in the rapid inhibition of cellular protein synthesis due to cleavage of the translation initiation factor eif4g. the poliovirus (pv) 2a and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) l proteases are each sufficient to mediate this cleavage, but the cleavage mechanism may be indirect, involving an unidentified cellular protease(s). eif4g is also targetted for cleavage by caspase-3 during apoptosis. here, it is shown that caspase inhibitors do not inhibi ...	2000	10859375
replication-competent foot-and-mouth disease virus rnas lacking capsid coding sequences.	rna transcripts were prepared from plasmids encoding an infectious cdna of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) or derivatives in which the leader (lab and lb) and capsid protein coding sequences were deleted or replaced by sequences encoding chloramphenicol acetyltransferase (cat). the transcripts were electroporated into bhk cells and the expression of cat and the fmdv 3c protease was monitored. detection of cat and 3c was dependent on the ability of the transcript to replicate. all of the lb c ...	2000	10859374
rescue of infectious classical swine fever and foot-and-mouth disease virus by rna transfection and virus detection by rt-pcr after extended storage of samples in trizol.	a method for storing samples containing classical swine fever virus (csfv) or foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), respectively, was developed, which abolishes the infectivity of both plus strand rna viruses, and allows storage of samples above 0 degrees c for an extended time, yet preserves the viral rna in a state which allows its detection by reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), and even rescue of infectious virus after transfection of the extracted rna into susceptible c ...	2000	10856750
a comparison of methods for measuring the antibody response in mice and cattle following vaccination against foot and mouth disease.	we present a comparison of methods for evaluating the potency of foot and mouth disease vaccine in the laboratory. the anti-fmdv antibodies (ab) in vaccinated mice were tested by liquid phase (lp) elisa, solid phase (sp) elisa and virus neutralization (vn), and were compared with the ab titres detected by lpelisa, which is the official test in argentina for testing the potency of fmd vaccines and protection against a virulent challenge in cattle. the results demonstrated that it is possible to r ...	2000	10836271
antigenic variation among foot-and-mouth disease virus type a field isolates of 1997-1999 from iran.	the sequences of the antigenically relevant capsid proteins vp1-3 of 10 isolates obtained during an epizootic of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus in iran, and collected within two and a half years, were found to be highly similar. however, each isolate differed by at least one amino acid from all others. this prompted us to analyze the immunological reactivity of the isolates. to this end, monoclonal antibodies (mabs) against one isolate were generated and characterized with regard to neu ...	2000	10831859
successful mimicry of a complex viral antigen by multiple peptide insertions in a carrier protein.	the antigenic properties of a viral peptide from the surface of foot-and-mouth disease virus particles have been successfully mimicked by multiple insertion in solvent-exposed regions of escherichia coli beta-galactosidase. by increasing the number of viral peptides per enzyme monomer, the average ic(50) of hybrid proteins in a competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay) have decreased to values close to that presented by natural virions. moreover, the antigenic diversity of these new recombi ...	2000	10828457
a multiply substituted g-h loop from foot-and-mouth disease virus in complex with a neutralizing antibody: a role for water molecules.	the crystal structure of a 15 amino acid synthetic peptide, corresponding to the sequence of the major antigenic site a (g-h loop of vp1) from a multiple variant of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), has been determined at 2.3 a resolution. the variant peptide includes four amino acid substitutions in the loop relative to the previously studied peptide representing fmdv c-s8c1 and corresponds to the loop of a natural fmdv isolate of subtype c(1). the peptide was complexed with the fab fragment ...	2000	10811933
type i interferon production in cattle infected with 2 strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus, as determined by in situ hybridization.	four calves were exposed via aerosol to 1 of 2 strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus. two animals received virus derived from an infectious clone virus (a12-ic) and 2 received virus derived from the same clone but which lacked the leader coding region (a12-llv2) that codes for a protein responsible for turning off host protein synthesis. animals were euthanized at 24 and 72 h post exposure. cattle receiving a12-ic had a rapid course of disease with more virus in tissues while a12-llv2-infected ...	2000	10805253
the epithelial integrin alphavbeta6 is a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus.	field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) have been shown to use the rgd-dependent integrin alphavbeta3 as a cellular receptor on cultured cells. however, several other rgd-dependent integrins may have the potential to act as receptors for fmdv in vivo. of these, alphavbeta6 is a likely candidate for use as a receptor by fmdv as it is expressed on epithelial cells, which correlates with the tissue tropism of the virus. in this report, we show that human colon carcinoma cells (sw480) ...	2000	10799568
improvement of a serodiagnostic strategy for foot-and-mouth disease virus surveillance in cattle under systematic vaccination: a combined system of an indirect elisa-3abc with an enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer blot assay.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) recombinant non-capsideal viral antigens 3a, 3b, 2c, 3d and 3abc were assessed individually in an indirect enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (i-elisa) for their ability to screen for persistent infection-specific antibodies in cattle, regardless of vaccination condition. results of sequential serum samples from non-vaccinated animals with experimentally induced persistent infection, and their correlation with virus isolation, indicated that the polypeptides 3a, 3b an ...	2000	10795516
inactivation of viruses by aziridines.	ethyleneimine (ei) and n-acetylethyleneimine (aei) have been shown to inactivate viruses belonging to most of the families described by the international committee for the taxonomy of viruses. the mechanism by which they inactivate the viruses has not been established. in this paper, experiments with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and poliovirus are described which indicate that the inactivating lesion is on the rna.	2000	10794100
interspecies major histocompatibility complex-restricted th cell epitope on foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid protein vp4.	t-cell epitopes within viral polypeptide vp4 of the capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus were analyzed using 15-mer peptides and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (pbmc) from vaccinated outbred pigs. an immunodominant region between vp4 residues 16 and 35 was identified, with peptide residues 20 to 34 (vp4-0) and 21 to 35 (vp4-5) particularly immunostimulatory for pbmc from all of the vaccinated pigs. cd25 upregulation on peptide-stimulated cd4(+) cd8(+) cells-dominated by th memory c ...	2000	10775633
foot-and-mouth disease virus is a ligand for the high-affinity binding conformation of integrin alpha5beta1: influence of the leucine residue within the rgdl motif on selectivity of integrin binding.	field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) use rgd-dependent integrins as receptors for internalization, whereas strains that are adapted for growth in cultured cell lines appear to be able to use alternative receptors like heparan sulphate proteoglycans (hspg). the ligand-binding potential of integrins is regulated by changes in the conformation of their ectodomains and the ligand-binding state would be expected to be an important determinant of tropism for viruses that use integrins ...	2000	10769082
monoclonal antibodies to an indian strain of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus.	a set of five neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (mabs) to an indian strain (ind17/77) of type a (subtype a22) foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv) was used in the study. four of the mabs (27s, 37s, 85s, and 143s) identified a trypsin-sensitive (ts) epitope(s) and were specific for vp1, while the remaining mab (145s) reacted with a trypsin-resistant (tr) epitope and was specific for vp3 in western blot analysis. both the epitopes (ts and tr) were conformation-independent in nature. results ...	1999	10749367
c-terminal region of vp1 of selected foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes: expression in e. coli and affinity purification.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), one of the most contagious and economically important diseases of farm animals, is caused by a fmd virus (fmdv) which belongs to the family of picornaviridae. the virus occurs as seven serotypes of which four (a, o, c and asia 1) are prevalent in india. immunoprophylaxis supported by precise diagnosis is the prime requirement for achieving the success in controlling the disease. recently, recombinant dna technology is gaining importance for the production of cost-ef ...	1999	10749365
structural differences between foot-and-mouth disease and poliomyelitis viruses influence their inactivation by aziridines.	inactivation of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and poliovirus by ethyleneimine (ei) and n-acetylethyleneimine (aei) has been studied at 25 degrees and at 37 degrees c and in different ionic conditions. fmdv is inactivated rapidly in 100 mm tris ph 7.6 by each reagent at both temperatures. poliovirus is also inactivated rapidly in 100 mm tris by ei at both temperatures and by aei at 37 degrees c. however, it is inactivated much more slowly by aei at 25 degrees c; but if the virus is first in ...	2000	10738103
exposure of in vitro-produced bovine embryos to foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the aim of this study was to investigate whether foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) interacts with in vitro produced (ivp) bovine embryos. one milliliter of a suspension of fmdv (2 x 10(7) tcid50/ml) was added to several batches of these embryos 7 d after in vitro fertilization, by which time they had either developed to the morula/blastocyst stage (n = 256) or degenerated (n = 260). six experiments were performed in which developed or degenerated batches of embryos were incubated with fmdv for ...	1998	10734479
memory in viral quasispecies.	biological adaptive systems share some common features: variation among their constituent elements and continuity of core information. some of them, such as the immune system, are endowed with memory of past events. in this study we provide direct evidence that evolving viral quasispecies possess a molecular memory in the form of minority components that populate their mutant spectra. the experiments have involved foot-and-mouth disease virus populations with known evolutionary histories. the co ...	2000	10729128
protective immunity against foot-and-mouth disease virus induced by a recombinant vaccinia virus.	we report the construction of a recombinant vaccinia virus expressing the precursor for the four structural proteins of fmd virus (fmdv) (p1) strain c3arg85 using a procedure for isolation of recombinant vaccinia viruses based solely on plaque formation. adult mice vaccinated with this recombinant vaccinia virus elicited high titers of neutralizing antibodies against both the homologous fmdv and vaccinia virus, measured by neutralization assays. liquid phase blocking sandwich enzyme-linked immun ...	2000	10717342
validation of the specific isotype assay to detect antibodies against foot-and-mouth disease virus in bovine milk.	the specific isotype assay (sia) detects igg1 against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in bovine milk. a strong correlation was demonstrated between milk antibody titres, and those in serum as measured by the liquid phase blocking elisa. thus the sia would be useful on a herd basis to monitor the milk of vaccinated cattle to determine when re-immunisation is advisable. the sia titration elisa was then simplified to a single dilution test and optimised to differentiate the reactions in the milk ...	2000	10716352
a simple purification and fluorescent assay method of the poliovirus 3c protease searching for specific inhibitors.	picornaviruses such as poliovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and encephalomyocarditis virus produce their proteins by translating their genomic rna, injected within the host cell, into a precursor polyprotein, which is then subjected to precise processing. the polyprotein is cleaved into mature proteins predominantly by the viral 3c protease. a simple purification and assay method for poliovirus 3c protease for use for screening for inhibitors of the 3c protease is described. a poliovirus cd ...	2000	10680961
native-like cyclic peptide models of a viral antigenic site: finding a balance between rigidity and flexibility.	antigenic site a of foot-and-mouth disease virus (serotype c) has been reproduced by means of cyclic versions of peptide a15, ytasargdlahlttt, corresponding to residues 136-150 of envelope protein vp1. a structural basis for the design of the cyclic peptides is provided by crystallographic data from complexes between the fab fragments of anti-site a monoclonal antibodies and a15, in which the bound peptide is folded into a quasi-cyclic pattern. head-to-tail cyclizations of a15 do not provide pep ...	2000	10679891
direct single-step surface plasmon resonance analysis of interactions between small peptides and immobilized monoclonal antibodies.	surface plasmon resonance (spr) methods have been optimized to permit direct kinetic analysis of the antigenic peptide analytes interacting with immobilized monoclonal antibodies (mabs). high reproducibility and a significant correlation between spr and previous elisa data on the same set of antibodies and peptides were observed. the kinetic data obtained provide further insight into the structure of the main antigenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv).	2000	10675762
a note on outbreaks caused by mixed foot-and-mouth disease virus infections.	two outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in vaccinated cattle were investigated wherein a mixed infection due to fmd virus (fmdv) types o and asia 1 was detected by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and confirmed by antigen capture polymerase chain reaction (pcr). the clinical picture and the epidemiological data on these outbreaks are presented. the isolated virus strains were compared to the respective vaccine strains by means of monoclonal antibody (mab) profiling and nu ...	1999	10672344
heterotypic inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus infection by combinations of rna transcripts corresponding to the 5' and 3' regions.	strategies to inhibit rna virus multiplication based on the use of interfering nucleic acids have to consider the high genetic polymorphism exhibited by this group of viruses. here, we report high levels of heterotypic inhibition of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infective particle formation in cotransfection experiments of susceptible cell lines with infections viral rna and combinations of viral transcripts. the interfering molecules used include the following regions on type c fmdv rna: ...	1999	10669263
genetic and antigenic variance of foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia1.	the capsid protein encoding genes of five recent type asia1 foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates, representative of three genotypes, were sequenced. the deduced amino acid sequences were aligned to each other and to two published sequences. the sequence differences suggested different antigenic properties of the isolates. one isolate was used to generate monoclonal antibodies (mabs) which were analyzed for neutralizing activity and reactivity with trypsinized virus. trypsin removes the major an ...	2000	10664412
engineering cowpea mosaic virus rna-2 into a vector to express heterologous proteins in plants.	a series of new cowpea mosaic virus (cpmv) rna-2-based expression vectors were designed. the jellyfish green fluorescent protein (gfp) was introduced between the movement protein (mp) and the large (l) coat protein or downstream of the small (s) coat protein. release of the gfp inserted between the mp and l proteins was achieved by creating artificial processing sites each side of the insert, either by duplicating the mp-l cleavage site or by introducing a sequence encoding the foot-and-mouth di ...	2000	10662612
cell recognition by foot-and-mouth disease virus that lacks the rgd integrin-binding motif: flexibility in aphthovirus receptor usage.	cell surface molecules that can act as virus receptors may exert an important selective pressure on rna viral quasispecies. large population passages of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in cell culture select for mutant viruses that render dispensable a highly conserved arg-gly-asp (rgd) motif responsible for integrin receptor recognition. here, we provide evidence that viability of recombinant fmdvs including a asp-143-->gly change at the rgd motif was conditioned by a number of capsid subst ...	2000	10644333
inhibitors of rt-pcr in serum.	amplification by rt-pcr of the rna present in foot-and-mouth disease virus particles is inhibited by substances present in the sera of several species. this inhibition appears to be caused by a direct interaction of the substances with the rna and not the enzymes used for its amplification.	2000	10644091
comparative studies on immunoreactivity of truncated recombinant proteins of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) produced in e.coli and insect cells.	for effective fmd control programme, india needs large quantities of cheaper diagnostics in addition to vaccine. diagnostic reagents produced through conventional methods may not be able to meet such requirements. alternatively, rdna technology using suitable heterologous systems that permit production of recombinant antigens to the most native form may be exploited. studies conducted in our laboratory have led us to select carboxy terminal part of vp1 for expression and evaluation. the protein, ...	1999	10641184
production of biologically active, heterodimeric porcine interleukin-12 using a monocistronic baculoviral expression system.	a baculoviral expression system for the production of biologically active, heterodimeric interleukin (il)-12 was developed by utilizing foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) self-cleaving peptide, 2a. recombinant porcine il-12 (rpoil-12) was produced by insect cells after infection with recombinant baculoviruses expressing the gene encoding a fusion protein of p35 and p40 subunits of il-12 connected with 2a. by reducing and non-reducing sds-page analyses, it was demonstrated that rpoil-12 had a he ...	1999	10628673
genetic determinants of altered virulence of taiwanese foot-and-mouth disease virus.	in 1997, a devastating outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in taiwan was caused by a serotype o virus (referred to here as otai) with atypical virulence. it produced high morbidity and mortality in swine but did not affect cattle. we have defined the genetic basis of the species specificity of otai by evaluating the properties of genetically engineered chimeric viruses created from otai and a bovine-virulent fmd virus. these studies have shown that an altered nonstructural protein, 3a, is a ...	2000	10623761
characterization of an internal ribosomal entry segment in the 5' leader of murine leukemia virus env rna.	the 5' untranslated region, also called the leader, of oncoretroviruses and lentiviruses is long and is formed of several structured domains critically important in virus replication. the 5' leader of murine leukemia virus (mlv) rna contains an internal ribosomal entry segment (ires) which promotes synthesis of gag and glyco-gag polyprotein precursors. in the present study we investigated the translational features of the 5' leader of mlv subgenomic rna (env rna) encoding the env polyprotein pre ...	2000	10623747
lectins.	lectins - carbohydrate-binding proteins involved in a variety of recognition processes - exhibit considerable structural diversity. three new lectin folds and further elaborations of known folds have been described recently. large variability in quaternary association resulting from small alterations in essentially the same tertiary structure is a property exhibited specially by legume lectins. the strategies used by lectins to generate carbohydrate specificity include the extensive use of water ...	1999	10607664
differential utilization of poly(rc) binding protein 2 in translation directed by picornavirus ires elements.	the translation of picornavirus genomic rnas occurs by a cap-independent mechanism that requires the formation of specific ribonucleoprotein complexes involving host cell factors and highly structured regions of picornavirus 5' noncoding regions known as internal ribosome entry sites (ires). although a number of cellular proteins have been shown to be involved in picornavirus rna translation, the precise role of these factors in picornavirus internal ribosome entry is not understood. in this rep ...	1999	10606268
characterization of the structural-protein-coding region of sat 2 type foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the south african territories (sat) types of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus show marked genomic and antigenic variation in sub-saharan africa that is to a large extent geographically determined. this has implications for selection of appropriate vaccine strains as well as the accuracy of laboratory diagnosis. however, adaptation of field isolates as vaccine strains is cumbersome, time consuming and expensive. we propose the construction of recombinant viruses in which specific antigenic dete ...	1999	10595414
genetical and immunological analysis of recent asian type a and o foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates.	this report extends the knowledge on the epizootical situation of foot-and-mouth disease in asia. rna from six samples of type a and five of type o virus, isolated between 1987 and 1997 in bangladesh, iran, malaysia and turkey, was subjected to reverse transcription-dependent polymerase chain reactions that amplify large parts of the capsid protein vp1 encoding genome region. the amplification products were sequenced, and the sequences aligned to each other and to published sequences. this showe ...	1999	10595408
foot-and-mouth disease virus 3c protease induces cleavage of translation initiation factors eif4a and eif4g within infected cells.	infection of cells by foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) results in the rapid inhibition of host cell protein synthesis. this process is accompanied by the early cleavage of the translation initiation factor eif4g, a component of the cap-binding complex eif4f. this cleavage is mediated by the leader (l) protease. subsequently, as the virus proteins accumulate, secondary cleavages of eif4g occur. furthermore, eif4a (46 kda), a second component of eif4f, is also cleaved in these later stages of t ...	2000	10590115
long-range rna interactions between structural domains of the aphthovirus internal ribosome entry site (ires).	internal initiation of translation is promoted by internal ribosome entry site (ires) cis-acting elements. using transcripts that correspond to the structural domains of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires, we have identified rna-rna interactions between separated domains (1-2, 3, 4-5, or hh) of the ires structure. all the assayed domains were able to interact with the full-length ires as well as with domain 3, although to a different extent, with the most efficient interactions being t ...	1999	10573128
synthetic peptide vaccines: foot-and-mouth disease virus as a model.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been one of the pioneering viral systems in the development of synthetic peptides as vaccines. protection against fmdv infection is associated with the induction of neutralising antibodies. therefore, attempts have been made to identify peptides capable of eliciting protective humoral responses. peptides based on a continuous, immunodominant b cell site on the capsid protein vp1 have been shown to confer limited protection in natural hosts. this probably r ...	1999	10566773
ability of foot-and-mouth disease virus to form plaques in cell culture is associated with suppression of alpha/beta interferon.	a genetic variant of foot-and-mouth disease virus lacking the leader proteinase coding region (a12-llv2) is attenuated in both cattle and swine and, in contrast to wild-type virus (a12-ic), does not spread from the initial site of infection after aerosol exposure of bovines. we have identified secondary cells from susceptible animals, i.e., bovine, ovine, and porcine animals, in which infection with a12-llv2, in contrast to a12-ic infection, does not produce plaques; this result indicates that t ...	1999	10559301
little evidence for synergism among deleterious mutations in a nonsegmented rna virus.	several models have been proposed to account for the segmentation of rna viruses. one of the best known models suggests that segmentation, and mixing of segments during coinfections, is a way to eliminate deleterious mutations from the genome. however, for validity, this model requires that deleterious mutations interact in a synergistic way. that is, two mutations together should have a more deleterious effect than the result of adding their individual effects. here i present evidence that dele ...	1999	10552052
protection of mice against challenge with foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) by immunization with foliar extracts from plants infected with recombinant tobacco mosaic virus expressing the fmdv structural protein vp1.	a tobacco mosaic virus (tmv)-based vector has been used to express in plants the complete open reading frame coding for vp1, the major immunogenic protein of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv). in vitro rna transcripts were inoculated into nicotiana benthamiana plants and detectable amounts of recombinant vp1 were identified by western blot as soon as 4 days postinfection. foliar extracts prepared from infected leaves were injected intraperitoneally into mice and all of the immunized animals de ...	1999	10544132
development of replication-defective adenovirus serotype 5 containing the capsid and 3c protease coding regions of foot-and-mouth disease virus as a vaccine candidate.	a recombinant replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 vector containing fmdv capsid, p1-2a, and viral 3c protease coding regions was constructed. two viral clones were isolated, ad5-p12x3cwt, containing the wild-type (wt) 3c protease that processes capsid polyprotein precursor into mature capsid proteins, and ad5-p12x3cmut, containing a point mutation in the protease coding region that inhibits processing. in 293 cells infected with either virus, synthesis of the fmdv capsid polyprotei ...	1999	10544121
e. coli expressed proteins as diagnostic reagents for typing of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	truncated proteins corresponding to the c-terminal half of vp1 of four vaccine strains and two field variants of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were expressed in e. coli. the expressed proteins were affinity purified and their type specific reactivity was confirmed by immunoprecipitation with anti-virus antibodies. antibodies were raised against the purified proteins in guinea pigs and the type specificity of the anti peptide antibodies was confirmed by antigen capture reverse transcription ...	1999	10542020
protective immune response to 16 kda immunoreactive recombinant protein encoding the c-terminal vp1 portion of foot and mouth disease virus type asia 1.	recombinant protein of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) type asia 1 corresponding to the c-terminal half of vp1 was expressed in escherichia coli. as an alternative to the synthetic peptide, this selected c-terminal region was used as a protein vaccine in guinea pigs in order to study the immune response with various adjuvant formulations: immune stimulatory complexes (iscoms), montanide isa 206, freund's incomplete adjuvant (fia), lipopolysaccharide (lps) and cytokine mixture. a primary dose ...	1999	10524794
genomic nucleotide sequence of a foot-and-mouth disease virus clone and its persistent derivatives. implications for the evolution of viral quasispecies during a persistent infection.	the consensus nucleotide sequence of the entire genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) (biological clone c-s8c1) has been completed, and compared with that of two persistent derivatives r99 and r146, rescued after 99 and 146 passages of the carrier bhk-21 cells. consensus sequences were determined directly from supernatants of persistently infected cells, without intervening cytolytic amplification of the viruses. these genomic sequences have also been compared with that of fmdv r100, a v ...	1999	10518712
localization of foot-and-mouth disease virus rna by in situ hybridization within bovine tissues.	foot-and-mouth disease is a highly contagious disease of cloven hooved animals. in cattle, both acute and long-term persistent infections occur. foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), a picornavirus, has been shown, using virus isolation procedures, to replicate in the pharynx and soft palate of cattle. in this study, in situ hybridization has been used to detect fmdv rna within the cells of tissues removed from infected bovines. a digoxigenin-labelled anti-sense rna probe was prepared correspondi ...	1999	10513288
biochemical and structural studies with neutralizing antibodies raised against foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the function of a loop exposed on the aphthovirus capsid (the g-h loop of protein vp1) has been explored by combining genetic and structural studies with viral mutants. the loop displays a dual function of receptor recognition and interaction with neutralizing antibodies. remarkably, some amino acid residues play a critical role in both such disparate functions. therefore residues subjected to antibody pressure for variation may nevertheless maintain a role in receptor recognition for which inva ...	1999	10507326
the structures of picornaviral proteinases.	picornaviruses are a family of positive-strand rna viruses the members of which include poliovirus, hepatitis a virus, rhinovirus, foot-and-mouth disease virus and encephalomyocarditis virus. the genetic information contained in the single-stranded, positive sense rna genome is expressed as a single protein of around 2000 amino acids. this primary product of protein synthesis, designated the polyprotein, is subsequently cleaved into the mature viral proteins by proteinases present within it. the ...	1999	10507325
rhinovirus 2a proteinase mediated stimulation of rhinovirus rna translation is additive to the stimulation effected by cellular rna binding proteins.	the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of enteroviruses, and especially human rhinoviruses (hrv), functions very inefficiently in rabbit reticulocyte lysates, but can be stimulated by addition of hela cell extracts. two hela cell activities have been identified: the a-type activity is due to polypyrimidine tract binding protein and the b-type to unr. in addition hrv and enterovirus ires function requires a third rna binding protein, poly(rc) binding protein 2, but this is present in reticulocyt ...	1999	10507322
surface plasmon resonance screening of synthetic peptides mimicking the immunodominant region of c-s8c1 foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the main antigenic site (site a) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv, strain c-s8c1) may be adequately reproduced by a 15-peptide with the amino acid sequence h-ytasargdlahlttt-nh(2) (a15), corresponding to the residues 136-150 of the viral protein vp1. the effect of amino acid substitutions within a15 on its antigenicity towards monoclonal antibodies (mab) raised against antigenic site a, has been studied by means of biacore technology, based on surface plasmon resonance (spr). although these ...	1999	10506663
delineation of a neutralizing subregion within the immunodominant epitope (gh loop) of foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1 which does not contain the rgd motif.	the major immunogenic site of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is contained in a disordered loop comprising residues 134-158 of capsid protein vp1, located on the surface of the viral particle. peptides corresponding to this sequence generally elicit protective levels of neutralizing antibodies in guinea pigs. in some instances, however, the level of neutralizing antibodies is low although the level of antibodies against the peptide, determined by elisa, is as high as that in the sera with hi ...	1999	10501234
[progress in developing viral polynucleotide (dna) vaccines].	reviews published reports on the progress in development of dna vaccines protecting from viral diseases. emphasizes the advantages of the preparation injection into the epidermis and the possibility of stimulating the immunogenicity of dna vaccines with adjuvants and cytokines. discusses the results of studies on the immunogenicity of dna vaccines from human, simian, and feline immunodeficiency viruses, hepatitis b and c viruses, herpes simplex virus, cytomegalovirus, influenza and measles virus ...	1999	10500980
improvement of the immune response to foot and mouth disease virus vaccine in calves by using avridine as adjuvant.	the epidemiological analysis of the cattle population during the eradication plan of foot and mouth disease (fmd) in argentina clearly indicated a higher incidence of the disease in animals within their first year of age. it is important to improve the efficacy of the vaccination in those animals. in a previous report, we have shown the effect of an immunomodulator, avridine (avr), in the enhancement of the immune response elicited by fmd virus (fmdv) vaccines in experimental hosts [berinstein, ...	1999	10490231
immuno affinity purification of foot and mouth disease virus type specific antibodies using recombinant protein adsorbed to polystyrene wells.	the specificity of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) serological tests depends largely on the quality and purity of the antibodies used. such type specific antibodies can be generated by hybridoma technology. alternatively, the specific antibodies can be selected from polyclonal serum by immunoaffinity chromatography using recombinant protein/peptide bound affinity matrices. based on this approach, we purified selectively antibodies against the major epitopes of vp 1 of fmdv serotype asia 1 us ...	1999	10488757
development of dna vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease, evaluation of vaccines encoding replicating and non-replicating nucleic acids in swine.	we have developed naked dna vaccine candidates for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), an important disease of domestic animals. the virus that causes this disease, fmdv, is a member of the picornavirus family, which includes many important human pathogens, such as poliovirus, hepatitis a virus, and rhinovirus. picornaviruses are characterized by a small (7-9000 nucleotide) rna genome that encodes capsid proteins, processing proteinases, and enzymes required for rna replication. we have developed two ...	1999	10486933
design and construction of african swine fever virus chimeras incorporating foreign viral epitopes.	in the present work we have studied the feasibility of introducing foreign epitopes into the african swine fever virus (asfv) particle by genetic manipulation of the virus. for this purpose, we developed specific transfer vectors containing the gene encoding for the highly antigenic structural asfv protein p54 in which foreign sequences were introduced. dna sequences encoding continuous linear epitopes, the antigenic site a from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 protein and the da3 antigen ...	1999	10481737
expression in cattle of epitopes of a heterologous virus using a recombinant rinderpest virus.	we have investigated the bovine immune response to heterologous proteins expressed using a recombinant rinderpest virus (rpv). a new gene unit was created in a cdna copy of the genome of the vaccine strain of rpv, and an open reading frame inserted that encodes the polymerase (3dpol) and parts of the capsid protein vp1 from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). infectious recombinant rpv was rescued and shown to express the fmdv-derived protein at good levels in infected cells. the rescued virus ...	1999	10466801
evidence for the role of his-142 of protein 1c in the acid-induced disassembly of foot-and-mouth disease virus capsids.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) capsids are inherently labile under mildly acidic conditions, dissociating to pentamers at ph values in the region of 6.5, with the release of protein 1a and the viral rna. this acid-induced disassembly is thought to be required for the entry of the virus genome into the host cell. previous work has highlighted a histidine-alpha-helix charge-dipole interaction at the twofold axes of symmetry between pentamers and has suggested that this interaction plays a rol ...	1999	10466786
antigenic properties and population stability of a foot-and-mouth disease virus with an altered arg-gly-asp receptor-recognition motif.	the antigenic properties and genetic stability of a multiply passaged foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) clone c-s8c1 with an arg-gly-gly triplet (rgg) instead of the arg-gly-asp (rgd) integrin-recognition motif at positions 141 to 143 of capsid protein vp1 are described. clear antigenic differences between fmdv rgg and clone c-s8c1 have been documented in elisa, enzyme-linked immunoelectrotransfer (western) blot and neutralization assays using site a-specific monoclonal antibodies and anti-fmd ...	1999	10466785
differentiation of convalescent animals from those vaccinated against foot-and-mouth disease by a peptide elisa.	we have identified continuous antigenic determinants within the amino acid sequences of the conserved nonstructural region containing proteins 2c and 3abc of foot-and-mouth disease virus which can distinguish between the sera from vaccinated and infected animals. an elisa based on a 3b peptide gave a positive reaction with sera from cattle, pigs, sheep and guinea pigs infected with all seven serotypes of the virus, but not with sera from vaccinated animals. in experiments with cattle and pigs to ...	1999	10462239
rapidity of specific antibody-antigen interactions.	analysis of humoral immune responses against viruses has concentrated on studies with serum dilutions, which reflect characteristics pertaining to the diluent buffer but not the serum environment. the majority of virus-specific antibody in serum from foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv)-vaccinated cattle bound to antigen within 10-60 s, whereas aspecific reactions evolved more slowly. upon dilution of sera, the reaction characteristics no longer related to those obtained with the serum, particula ...	1999	10447921
translation initiation factor eif4b interacts with a picornavirus internal ribosome entry site in both 48s and 80s initiation complexes independently of initiator aug location.	most eukaryotic initiation factors (eifs) are required for internal translation initiation at the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of picornaviruses. eif4b is incorporated into ribosomal 48s initiation complexes with the ires rna of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). in contrast to the weak interaction of eif4b with capped cellular mrnas and its release upon entry of the ribosomal 60s subunit, eif4b remains tightly associated with the fmdv ires during formation of complete 80s ribosomes. bi ...	1999	10438840
protection of swine from foot-and-mouth disease with one dose of an all-d retro peptide.	nine pigs were given a single inoculum of 100 microg of the all-d retro peptide corresponding to the immunodominant gh loop encompassing residues 141-159 of capsid protein vp1 of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype a, sub-type 12. the peptide was conjugated to activated keyhole limpet haemocyanin and oil-adjuvanted before inoculation. the animals were challenged eleven weeks post-vaccination by exposing them to a pig which had been infected with the virus by inoculation. two naive animals were ...	1999	10438060
use of the 2a sequence from foot-and-mouth disease virus in the generation of retroviral vectors for gene therapy.	we describe the construction of retroviral plasmid vectors in which two genes are linked by a minimum of 96 nucleotides encoding the 2a sequence from the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). transcription and translation gives rise to a bicistronic mrna and two independent protein products. the system offers advantages to other alternative ways to create polycistronic mrnas and can be used in gene therapy delivery vectors.	1999	10435104
chaperonin 10 of mycobacterium tuberculosis induces a protective immune response to foot-and-mouth disease virus.	chaperonin 10 of m. tuberculosis conferred partial or total protection against generalized foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in guinea-pigs challenged with o1 lausanne fmd virus. chaperonin 10-immunized animals mounted an antibody response to the protein, one epitope of which was found in the c-terminal half. a similar recognition pattern was observed in fmd-convalescent guinea-pigs, swine and cattle. anti-chaperonin 10 sera showed antiviral activity against fmdv-infected bhk-21 cells. there was stro ...	1999	10416374
a universal virus inactivant for decontaminating blood and biopharmaceutical products.	removal of virus infectivity from blood and biopharmaceutical products prepared from blood is an issue of considerable importance. irrespective of the methods that are chosen it is vital that the biological activity of the product is not impaired. for blood and unfractionated plasma or serum, the problem is even more challenging. selective inactivation of the genome is the key step in the preparation of killed virus vaccines. imines have been used for more than 30 years for the preparation of in ...	1999	10404883
efficient inactivation of viruses and mycoplasma in animal sera using uvc irradiation.	transmission of viruses by animal sera represents a considerable risk for humans and animals particularly when the serum is used for the production of pharmaceutical products such as vaccines. procedures applicable for inactivating large numbers of different viruses, both enveloped and non-enveloped, are therefore mandatory. for this purpose we have developed and validated uvc irradiation as the virus-inactivation procedure of choice for serum to be used in an industrial setting. spiking experim ...	1999	10404882
capsid protein-encoding (p1) sequence of foot and mouth disease virus type asia 1 ind 63/72.	variations in the amino acid sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) structural proteins are the basis for the antigenic diversity of the virus. majority of antigenic sites for the virus neutralization are present on vp1, the major immunogenic protein. however, a few conformational epitopes are present on the structural proteins vp2 and vp3. the nucleotide sequence encoding all the four structural proteins (p1 region) of fmdv type asia 1 ind 63/72 was determined. the nucleotide and the d ...	1999	10403702
serotyping of foot-and-mouth disease virus by antigen capture reverse transcriptase/polymerase chain reaction.	the technique of capturing of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from clinical material in microcentrifuge tubes coated with type-specific antibodies and amplifying the viral sequences by rt/pcr in the same tube, promoted the detection and serotyping of fmdv with high sensitivity and specificity. the efficiency of antigen capturing and shelf life of the coated tubes was improved by glutaraldehyde fixation of antibodies to the tubes. virus in infected tissues, even after storage for 25-30 years ...	1999	10403675
the properties of chimeric picornavirus ireses show that discrimination between internal translation initiation sites is influenced by the identity of the ires and not just the context of the aug codon.	the internal ribosome entry segment (ires) of picornaviruses consists of approximately 450 nt of 5'-untranslated region, terminating at the 3' end with an approximately 25 nt element consisting of an absolutely conserved uuuc motif followed by a more variable pyrimidine-rich tract and g-poor spacer, and finally an aug triplet, which is considered to be the actual ribosome entry site. events following entry at this site differ among picornaviruses: in encephalomyocarditis virus (emcv) virtually a ...	1999	10376876
recombinant viruses expressing the foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) induce cellular but not humoral antiviral immunity and partial protection in pigs.	the importance of the induction of virus neutralizing antibodies to provide protection against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) infection is well established. however, recent studies with recombinant adenovirus expressing the precursor polypeptide of the viral capsid (p1) indicate that cattle inoculated with this recombinant vector developed partial protection against fmdv infection, in the absence of a detectable specific humoral response. other viral vectors have been widely used to induce ...	1999	10364496
interaction of eukaryotic initiation factor eif4b with the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth disease virus is independent of the polypyrimidine tract-binding protein.	eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4b (eif4b) binds directly to the internal ribosome entry site (ires) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). mutations in all three subdomains of the ires stem-loop 4 reduce binding of eif4b and translation efficiency in parallel, indicating that eif4b is functionally involved in fmdv translation initiation. in reticulocyte lysate devoid of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein (ptb), eif4b still bound well to the wild-type ires, even after removal of the ...	1999	10364367
serological survey of viral antibodies in llamas (lama glama) in argentina.	this study analysed sera from 390 llamas (lama glama) from nine farms located in three different argentine provinces: buenos aires, cordoba and jujuy. the samples were tested for antibodies against 8 virus known to infect cattle: bovine herpesvirus type 1 (bhv-1), bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv), bovine adenovirus (badv iii), bovine enterovirus (bev), bovine rotavirus (brv), bluetongue virus (btv), bovine leukaemia virus (blv), and foot-and-mouth virus (fmdv) by conventional methods such as s ...	1999	10337237
recombinant fusion protein and dna vaccines against foot and mouth disease virus infection in guinea pig and swine.	in this study, we provide evidence that a recombinant fusion protein containing beta-galactosidase and a tandem repeat peptide of immunogenic dominant epitope of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 protein elicits high levels of neutralizing antibody and protects both guinea pigs and swine against infection. vaccination with this fusion protein induced a fmdv-specific proliferative t-cell response and a neutralizing antibody response. the immunized guinea pigs and swine were protected agains ...	1999	10333237
evidence for the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs.		1999	10328832
comparative organization and function of the major histocompatibility complex of domesticated cattle.	this review focuses on recent advances in research on the bovine major histocompatibility complex (bola), with specific reference to the genetic organization, polymorphism and function of the class ii genes. the bola region is unlike the mhc of humans and mice in that a large inversion has moved several class ii genes, including the tap/lmp cluster, close to the centromere of bovine chromosome 23. therefore, close linkage of mhc genes and other genes associated with the mhc in humans and mice do ...	1999	10319257
emergency vaccination of sheep against foot-and-mouth disease: protection against disease and reduction in contact transmission.	the ability of several emergency fmd vaccine formulations to elicit early protective immunity in sheep was examined. all vaccine formulations were shown to protect sheep against airborne challenge with homologous fmdv within 4 days of vaccination. protection was associated in part with the induction of serum antibody responses but was also demonstrated in the absence of any detectable antibody response at the time of challenge. aqueous al(oh)3/saponin vaccine formulations and oil emulsion vaccin ...	1999	10217583
production of interleukin-12 as a self-processing 2a polypeptide.	interleukin-12 (il-12) is a heterodimeric cytokine composed of two disulfide-linked subunits (p40 and p35) encoded by separate genes. we used the apparent autocleavage property of a 2a peptide from the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to express bovine (bo) il-12 as a self-processing polypeptide (p402ap35). we demonstrate that 2a will mediate the cleavage of p402ap35 into two separate subunits in a manner similar to that observed during the processing of the fmdv polypeptide. furthermore, thi ...	1999	10213462
self-processing 2a-polyproteins--a system for co-ordinate expression of multiple proteins in transgenic plants.	achieving co-ordinate, high-level and stable expression of multiple transgenes in plants is currently difficult. expression levels are notoriously variable and influenced by factors that act independently on transgenes at different genetic loci. instability of expression due to loss, re-arrangement or silencing of transgenes may occur, and is exacerbated by increasing numbers of transgenic loci and repeated use of homologous sequences. even linking two or more genes within a t-dna does not neces ...	1999	10205902
a comparative study of cyclization strategies applied to the synthesis of head-to-tail cyclic analogs of a viral epitope.	a family of head-to-tail cyclic peptide models of the antigenic site a (g-h loop of viral protein 1) of foot-and-mouth disease virus has been designed on the basis of the three-dimensional structure adopted by the linear peptide ytasargdlahlttt upon binding to neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. three different methods of cyclization have been examined to access the peptides. solution cyclization of a minimally protected linear precursor provided the expected products but required several purifi ...	1999	10195442
a cell adhesion peptide from foot-and-mouth disease virus can direct cell targeted delivery of a functional enzyme.	the g-h loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus is a disordered protrusion of the vp1 protein exposed on the virion surface. this short stretch includes an arginine-glycine-aspartic acid tripeptide, a recognized integrin-binding motif, which is responsible for cell attachment and infection. eight copies of a peptide reproducing the amino acid sequence of this fmdv ligand have been displayed in solvent-exposed regions on an enzymatically active recombinant beta-galactosidase. this viral peptide segm ...	1998	10099340