Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| phospholipid microspheres: a novel delivery mode for targeting antileishmanial agent in experimental leishmaniasis. | novel phospholipid microspheres were prepared from polylactic-co-glycolic acid (plga) and phosphatidyl ethanol amine in the molar ratio 1:71, to deliver drugs to macrophages in experimental leishmaniasis. liposomes, well known as drug carrier systems, made from phosphatidylethanolamine, cholesterol and dicetyl phosphate in the molar ratio 7:2:1, were used as control, in order to compare the efficacies of the two carriers. as such, the membrane fluidity of the two carriers was kept at comparable ... | 2003 | 12881199 |
| antiparasitic alkaloids from psychotria klugii. | psychotria klugii yielded two new benzoquinolizidine alkaloids, klugine (1) and 7'-o-demethylisocephaeline (2), together with the previously known cephaeline (3), isocephaeline (4), and 7-o-methylipecoside (5). the structures and stereochemistry of 1 and 2 were determined by 1d and 2d nmr data and circular dichroism experiments. cephaeline (3) demonstrated potent in vitro antileishmanial activity against leishmania donavani (ic(50) 0.03 microg/ml) and was >20- and >5-fold more potent than pentam ... | 2003 | 12880315 |
| immunoenhancement combined with amphotericin b as treatment for experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | to determine if stimulation of th1-cell-associated immune responses, mediated by interleukin 12 (il-12) and gamma interferon (ifn-gamma), enhance the antileishmanial effect of amphotericin b (amb), leishmania donovani-infected balb/c mice were first treated with (i) exogenous il-12 to induce ifn-gamma, (ii) agonist anti-cd40 monoclonal antibody (mab) to maintain il-12 and induce ifn-gamma, or (iii) anti-il-10 receptor (il-10r) mab to blockade suppression of il-12 and ifn-gamma. in animals with e ... | 2003 | 12878513 |
| leishmania donovani resistance to miltefosine involves a defective inward translocation of the drug. | miltefosine (hexadecylphosphocholine [hepc]) is the first drug approved for the oral treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. as part of a study on the mechanisms of action of this drug and on the rates of resistance to this drug, we have been working in vitro with an leishmania donovani line that was previously shown to be 15-fold more resistant to hepc. we have studied the accumulation of [(14)c]hepc by l. donovani promastigotes and have found a drastic reduction (>95%) in the ability of the resis ... | 2003 | 12878496 |
| old world cutaneous leishmaniasis in los angeles: a case report, overview of the current literature, and guide for the treating dermatopathologist. | we describe a case of cutaneous leishmaniasis in a spanish patient visiting los angeles. leishmania species cause both cutaneous and visceral disease; the majority of infections with leishmania are of the cutaneous form. although leishmaniasis is a relatively rare occurrence in the united states, travel by united states' citizens to endemic regions and increased united states military operations in the middle east raise the chances of encountering cutaneous leishmaniasis. the following case repo ... | 2003 | 12876489 |
| both interleukin-4 (il-4) and il-4 receptor alpha signaling contribute to the development of hepatic granulomas with optimal antileishmanial activity. | the roles of interleukin-4 (il-4) and il-13 in the regulation of immunity to leishmania donovani infection are still poorly understood. here we show that the increased parasite load observed in il-4(-/-) and il-4 receptor alpha(-/-) mice correlates with retarded granuloma maturation and antileishmanial activity and that the increased parasite load observed in il-4 receptor alpha(-/-) mice correlates with increased nos2 expression and decreased serum gamma interferon levels. il-4 and il-13 appear ... | 2003 | 12874364 |
| determinants of response to interleukin-10 receptor blockade immunotherapy in experimental visceral leishmaniasis. | in established leishmania donovani visceral infection in normal mice, anti-interleukin (il)-10 receptor (il-10r) monoclonal antibody (mab) treatment induced intracellular parasite killing within liver macrophages. il-10r blockade maintained il-12 protein 40, markedly increased interferon (ifn)-gamma serum levels, and enhanced tissue inducible nitric oxide synthase (inos) expression and granuloma assembly. optimal mab-induced killing, including synergism with antimony chemotherapy, required endog ... | 2003 | 12870129 |
| antiparasitic activity of marine pyridoacridone alkaloids related to the ascididemins. | a series of pyridoacridone alkaloids, including the marine alkaloid ascididemin were tested in vitro for antiparasitic activity against p. falciparum (k1, nf54), l. donovani, t. cruzi, t. b. rhodesiense and two mammalian cell lines (l6, raw 264.7). most compounds showed high antiplasmodial activity, moderate antileishmanial activity against both extra- and intracellular forms, and significant trypanocidal effects against t. cruzi and t. b. brucei. however, when tested against mammalian cell line ... | 2003 | 12865971 |
| an overview of paediatric leishmaniasis. | leishmaniasis, a parasitic disease transmitted by the bite of some species of sandflies affects various age groups depending on the infecting leishmania species, geographic location, disease reservoir, and host immunocompetence. visceral leishmaniasis is the most severe form of the disease affecting children. the extent and presentation of the disease depend on several factors, including the humoral and cell-mediated immune response of the host, the virulence of the infecting species, and the pa ... | 2003 | 12865569 |
| identification of new leishmanicidal peptide lead structures by automated real-time monitoring of changes in intracellular atp. | leishmanicidal drugs interacting stoichiometrically with parasite plasma membrane lipids, thus promoting permeability, have raised significant expectations for leishmania chemotherapy due to their nil or very low induction of resistance. inherent in this process is a decrease in intracellular atp, either wasted by ionic pumps to restore membrane potential or directly leaked through larger membrane lesions caused by the drug. we have adapted a luminescence method for fast automated real-time moni ... | 2003 | 12864731 |
| the domestic dog, a potential reservoir for leishmania in the peten region of guatemala. | in the present study, domestic dogs in a leishmania endemic area in the peten region of guatemala were sampled to determine if they are a potential reservoir for leishmania parasites. blood from 100 dogs from six villages was tested with two different antibody-capture assays for leishmania-specific antibodies and a 28% seroprevalence was determined. tissue scrapings from six dogs presenting with chronic lesions characteristic of leishmania infection were sampled and four dogs were positive by a ... | 2003 | 12860062 |
| genetic susceptibility to visceral leishmaniasis in the sudan: linkage and association with il4 and ifngr1. | longitudinal studies in sudan show ethnic differences in incidence and clinical phenotypes associated with leishmania donovani. immunologically, bias in type 1 vs type 2 cytokine responses is important. to determine whether polymorphisms at il4/il9 or ifngr1 contribute to susceptibility, we examined 59 multicase families of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) with/without post kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl). multipoint nonparametric analysis (allegro) linked il4/il9 to vl per se (p=0.002). transm ... | 2003 | 12847550 |
| equilibrative nucleoside transporter family members from leishmania donovani are electrogenic proton symporters. | leishmania donovani express two members of the equilibrative nucleoside transporter family; ldnt1 encoded by two closely related and linked genes, ldnt1.1 and ldnt1.2, that transport adenosine and pyrimidine nucleosides and ldnt2 that transports inosine and guanosine exclusively. ldnt1.1, ldnt1.2, and ldnt2 have been expressed in xenopus laevis oocytes and found to be electrogenic in the presence of nucleoside ligands for which they mediate transport. further analysis revealed that ligand uptake ... | 2003 | 12835315 |
| identification of surface-membrane p-type atpases resembling fungal k(+)- and na(+)-atpases, in trypanosoma brucei, trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania donovani. | genomic dna fragments encoding nine, novel, p-type atpases in trypanosomatid organisms were amplified in pcr, using degenerate oligonucleotide primers that recognize the atp-binding and -phosphorylation sites present in all p-type atpases. subsequent phylogenetic analysis, based on the presence of conserved motifs in predicted peptide sequences for six trypanosoma brucei, t. cruzi or leishmania donovani pcr fragments, identified calcium-, proton- and phospholipid-translocating atpases. dna fragm ... | 2003 | 12831521 |
| in-vitro antileishmanial and trypanocidal activities of arsonoliposomes and preliminary in-vivo distribution in balb/c mice. | we have studied the antiprotozoal activity of some recently prepared and characterized arsonoliposome formulations. plain arsonoliposomes and phosphatidylcholine arsonoliposomes prepared with palmitoyl- (c16) or lauroyl-(c12) acyl side chain arsonolipids showed in-vitro antileishmanial activity after a 72-h incubation period against wild-type promastigote forms of leishmania donovani. the ic50 values ranged from 0.40 to 11.6 microm arsonolipid. interestingly, all preparations tested were found t ... | 2003 | 12831507 |
| comparison of the a2 gene locus in leishmania donovani and leishmania major and its control over cutaneous infection. | in old world leishmania infections, leishmania donovani is responsible for fatal visceral leishmaniasis, and l. major is responsible for non-fatal cutaneous leishmaniasis in humans. the genetic differences between these species which govern the pathology or site of infection are not known. we have therefore carried out detailed analysis of the a2 loci in l. major and l. donovani because a2 is expressed in l. donovani but not l. major, and a2 is required for survival in visceral organs by l. dono ... | 2003 | 12829719 |
| new manzamine alkaloids with activity against infectious and tropical parasitic diseases from an indonesian sponge. | eleven manzamine type alkaloids, two beta-carbolines, and five nucleosides have been isolated from an indonesian sponge. among these are the previously characterized 12,34-oxamanzamine a, 12,34-oxamanzamine e, manzamine a (1), 8-hydroxymanzamine a, 6-deoxymanzamine x, manzamine e (2), manzamine x, manzamine f (4), norharman, thymine, 2',3'-didehydro-2',3'-dideoxyuridine, uracil, thymidine, and 2'-deoxyuridine. the structures for the five new compounds have been assigned as 32,33-dihydro-31-hydro ... | 2003 | 12828469 |
| antimicrobial and antiparasitic (+)-trans-hexahydrodibenzopyrans and analogues from machaerium multiflorum. | machaerium multiflorum yielded two additional new (+)-trans-hexahydrodibenzopyrans (hhdbp's), machaeriol c (1) and machaeriol d (2), and three new 5,6-seco-hhdbp's, machaeridiol a (3), machaeridiol b (4), and machaeridiol c (5). their structures and stereochemistries were determined by 1d and 2d nmr data, including hmbc, noesy, and circular dichroism experiments. machaeriol c (1) demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity against staphylococcus aureus (ic(50) 0.65 microg/ml) and methicillin-re ... | 2003 | 12828466 |
| immune responses induced by the leishmania (leishmania) donovani a2 antigen, but not by the lack antigen, are protective against experimental leishmania (leishmania) amazonensis infection. | leishmania amazonensis is one of the major etiologic agents of a broad spectrum of clinical forms of leishmaniasis and has a wide geographical distribution in the americas, which overlaps with the areas of transmission of many other leishmania species. the lack and a2 antigens are shared by various leishmania species. a2 was previously shown to induce a potent th1 immune response and protection against l. donovani infection in balb/c mice. lack is effective against l. major infection, but no sig ... | 2003 | 12819086 |
| synthesis and biological evaluation of substrate-based inhibitors of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase as potential drugs against african trypanosomiasis. | the synthesis and biological evaluation of three series of 6-phosphogluconate (6pg) analogues is described. (2r)-2-methyl-4,5-dideoxy, (2r)-2-methyl-4-deoxy and 2,4-dideoxy analogues of 6pg were tested as inhibitors of 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6pgdh) from sheep liver and also trypanosoma brucei where the enzyme is a validated drug target. among the three series of analogues, seven compounds were found to competitively inhibit 6pgdh from t. brucei and sheep liver enzymes at micromolar co ... | 2003 | 12818683 |
| decrease of intestinal p-glycoprotein activity by 2n-propylquinoline, a new oral treatment for visceral leishmaniasis. | drugs currently available for visceral leishmaniasis treatment are potentially toxic, have to be administered by parenteral route and frequently give rise to drug resistance, due to the involvement of p-glycoproteins (p-gp) in leishmania. the purpose of this study was to investigate a possible inhibitory effect of 2n-propylquinoline (2npq) on p-gp activity. 2npq is a new oral anti-leishmanial drug that has demonstrated its efficacy in balb/c infected mice with leishmania donovani [antimicrob. ag ... | 2003 | 12810046 |
| functional analysis of an inosine-guanosine transporter from leishmania donovani. the role of conserved residues, aspartate 389 and arginine 393. | equilibrative nucleoside transporters encompass two conserved, charged residues that occur within predicted transmembrane domain 8. to assess the role of these "signature" residues in transporter function, the asp389 and arg393 residues within the ldnt2 nucleoside transporter from leishmania donovani were mutated and the resultant phenotypes evaluated after transfection into delta ldnt2 parasites. whereas an r393k mutant retained transporter activity similar to that of wild type ldnt2, the r393l ... | 2003 | 12807872 |
| [involvement of the renal function in patients with visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar)]. | evaluation of the renal involvement of visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) aiming at verifying clinical and laboratorial repercussions of the renal implication on vl. laboratory analysis was performed of blood and urine samples collected immediately after confirming diagnosis through the finding of leishmania in bone marrow. two (18.1%) patient presented complications associated with kala-azar. five patients (45.4%) presented macroscopic hematuria and one case (n 9) clinical manifestations compa ... | 2003 | 12806457 |
| antileishmanial drugs cause up-regulation of interferon-gamma receptor 1, not only in the monocytes of visceral leishmaniasis cases but also in cultured thp1 cells. | apparently for the first time, the peripheral blood monocytes of individuals with active visceral leishmaniasis (vl) have been found to show reduced expression of interferon gamma receptor-1 (ifngr1). since interferon gamma is the main cytokine responsible for defence against leishmanial parasites, it was thought possible that effective antileishmanial drugs may up-regulate ifngr1. confocal microscopy confirmed that monocytes from vl patients who had been treated, with sodium antimony gluconate ... | 2003 | 12803856 |
| the origin and evolution of the leishmania donovani complex as inferred from a mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase ii gene sequence. | members of the leishmania donovani complex are parasites of the reticulo-endothelial system that are often associated with serious epidemics of a life threatening disease known as visceral leishmaniasis or kala-azar. twenty-two leishmania isolates representative of the geographical range of the parasite were analysed for sequence variations in their cytochrome oxidase ii gene. in performing phylogenetic analysis, the maximum parsimonious, neighbour joining and maximum likelihood trees were congr ... | 2001 | 12798051 |
| fever, hepatosplenomegaly, and pancytopenia in a renal transplant recipient. | 2003 | 12791075 | |
| prognostic factors for death from visceral leishmaniasis in teresina, brazil. | a possible strategy to reduce fatality rates of visceral leishmaniasis is to identify prognostic factors that can be easily assessed and used as an aid to clinical decision-making. | 2003 | 12789476 |
| structure-activity relationships of antileishmanial and antimalarial chalcones. | a series of oxygenated chalcones which have been evaluated earlier for antimalarial activity (plasmodium falciparum k1) were tested for antileishmanial activity against leishmania donovani amastigotes. a comparison of structure-activity relationships reveal that different physicochemical and structural requirements exist for these two activities. antileishmanial activity is associated with less lipophilic chalcones, in particular those with 4'-hydroxyl-substituted b rings and hetero/polyaromatic ... | 2003 | 12788347 |
| the activity of diguanidino and 'reversed' diamidino 2,5-diarylfurans versus trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania donovani. | the in vitro activity of 20 dicationic molecules containing either diguanidino or reversed amidine cationic groups were evaluated versus trypanosoma cruzi and leishmania donovani. the most active compounds were in the reversed amidine series and six exhibited ic(50) values of less than 1 micro mol versus t. cruzi and five gave similar values versus l. donovani. | 2003 | 12781196 |
| targeting of immunostimulatory dna cures experimental visceral leishmaniasis through nitric oxide up-regulation and t cell activation. | active targeting of cpg-containing oligodeoxynucleotide (cpg-odn) to macrophages was studied by incorporating it in mannose-coated liposomes, using visceral leishmaniasis as the model macrophage disease. mannosylated liposomal cpg-odn was more effective than liposomal or free cpg-odn in inhibiting amastigote multiplication within macrophages. moreover, in a 60-day mouse model of visceral leishmaniasis, complete elimination of spleen parasite burden was achieved by mannosylated liposomal cpg-odn, ... | 2003 | 12778468 |
| dihydrobetulinic acid induces apoptosis in leishmania donovani by targeting dna topoisomerase i and ii: implications in antileishmanial therapy. | leishmaniasis is the second-most dreaded parasitic disease in the modern world, behind malaria. the lack of effective vaccines demand improved chemotherapy along with the development of lead compounds and newer targets. we report here that the pentacyclic triterpenoid, dihydrobetulinic acid (dhba), is a novel lead compound for antileishmanial therapy. it acts by targeting dna topoisomerases. dna topoisomerase i and ii activity was studied using relaxation and decatenation assays. mechanistic stu ... | 2003 | 12765337 |
| human mixed infections of leishmania spp. and leishmania-trypanosoma cruzi in a sub andean bolivian area: identification by polymerase chain reaction/hybridization and isoenzyme. | parasites belonging to leishmania braziliensis, leishmania donovani, leishmania mexicana complexes and trypanosoma cruzi (clones 20 and 39) were searched in blood, lesions and strains collected from 28 patients with active cutaneous leishmaniasis and one patient with visceral leishmaniasis. pcr-hybridization with specific probes of leishmania complexes (l. braziliensis, l. donovani and l. mexicana) and t. cruzi clones was applied to the different dna samples. over 29 patients, 8 (27.6%) presente ... | 2003 | 12764443 |
| neuroimmunomodulatory effects of morphine in leishmania donovani-infected hamsters. | the effect of morphine on host defense during leishmania donovani infection in golden hamsters was studied. | 2002 | 12759563 |
| dendritic cell-based immunotherapy combined with antimony-based chemotherapy cures established murine visceral leishmaniasis. | dendritic cells (dcs) have been proposed to play a critical role as adjuvants in vaccination and immunotherapy. in this study we evaluated the combined effect of soluble leishmania donovani ag (slda)-pulsed syngeneic bone marrow-derived dc-based immunotherapy and antimony-based chemotherapy for the treatment of established murine visceral leishmaniasis. three weekly injections of slda-pulsed dcs into l. donovani-infected mice reduced liver and splenic parasite burden significantly, but could not ... | 2003 | 12759442 |
| igg1/igg2 antibody dichotomy in sera of vaccinated or naturally infected dogs with visceral leishmaniosis. | canine antibody igg, igg1 and igg2 anti-fml responses were investigated in dogs vaccinated with the fucose-mannose ligand (fml)-vaccine of leishmania donovani and in dogs with naturally acquired visceral leishmaniosis. while similar levels of total igg antibodies were seen in the seropositive naturally infected dogs and in vaccinees, significant differences between the groups were found regarding their igg1/igg2 anti-fml antibody composition (p<0.005). higher igg1 absorbencies were seen in infec ... | 2003 | 12744895 |
| improvements in transfection efficiency and tests of rna interference (rnai) approaches in the protozoan parasite leishmania. | approaches which eliminate mrna expression directly are ideally suited for reverse genetics applications in eukaryotic microbes which are asexual diploids, such as the protozoan parasite leishmania. rna interference (rnai) approaches have been successful in many species, including the related parasite trypanosoma brucei. for rnai tests in leishmania, we developed improved protocols for transient and stable dna transfection, attaining efficiencies of up to 25 and 3%, respectively. this facilitate ... | 2003 | 12742588 |
| effect of itraconazole and terbinafine on leishmania promastigotes. | the antiproliferative effect induced in vitro by two antifungal compounds, the azole itraconazole and the allylamine terbinafine on leishmania major, l. donovani and l. mexicana promastigotes are reported. treatment of promastigotes cultures with itraconazole or with terbinafine induced growth arrest with l. major but neither with l. donovani nor with l. mexicana. concentrations of 0.75 microl/l or more of itraconazole induced cell lysis after 72 hours with l. major. however, even relatively lar ... | 2003 | 12739804 |
| variation of leishmanicidal activity in four populations of urechites andrieuxii. | urechites andrieuxii muell.-arg. (apocynaceae) is widely used in the yucatan peninsula for the treatment of cutaneous leishmaniasis. the influence of the environment in the variability of the leishmanicidal activity of the plant was evaluated using crude methanol extracts of roots from individuals belonging to four natural populations growing in the yucatan peninsula. the results of the growth inhibition test using three leishmania spp. promastigotes showed a stronger leishmanicidal activity in ... | 2003 | 12738094 |
| visceral leishmaniasis presenting as subcutaneous nodules in a hiv-positive patient. | 2003 | 12736797 | |
| leishmania mexicana and leishmania major: attenuation of wild-type parasites and vaccination with the attenuated lines. | a method for attenuation of leishmania species by culturing in vitro under gentamicin pressure has been used successfully with leishmania mexicana, l. major, l. infantum, and l. donovani. the attenuated lines invaded but were unable to survive within bone marrow-derived macrophages in vitro, whereas wild-type parasites survived and multiplied. the attenuated lines of l. mexicana and l. major both failed to induce cutaneous lesions in the majority of balb/c mice over a minimum 12-week observation ... | 2003 | 12721947 |
| kala-azar in uttar pradesh--a study of 66 patients. | sixty-six laboratory confirmed cases of kala-azar from uttar pradesh attending various hospitals of delhi over a period of 10 years (1989-1999) have been analysed. the geographical distribution showed that the disease involved widespread areas varying from a height of 10,000 ft. extending up-to the plains. male, female ratio was 2:1 and maximum patients were in the age group of 5-15 years. l.d. bodies could be demonstrated in 59 patients in bone marrow aspirate smears while in 7 in splenic aspir ... | 2002 | 12718341 |
| a preliminary report on culture of leishmania donovani in mymensingh medical college and evaluation of new immuno-chromatography test (ict). | a total of 51 inpatients having prolonged low grade irregular fever with anaemia, hepatosplenomegaly, emaciation and other allied features were evaluated by findings of haematologic, seroimmunologic, microscopic examination for ld body and culture for l. donovani. the study was done during the period from september' 1999 to january' 2000. bone marrow or splenic aspirates were examined for ld bodies and those samples were cultured in modified nnn media following a standard method. out of 51 sampl ... | 2003 | 12715645 |
| synthesis and antiprotozoal activity of naphthofuranquinones and naphthothiophenequinones containing a fused thiazole ring. | the synthesis of tetracyclic quinones 10a,b, 14a,b, 19a,b and 20a,b is described. the preparations involve regioselective diels-alder reactions via trapping the thiazole o-quinodimethane 9 with several benzofuranquinones and benzothiophenequinones. the structure of the regioisomers was assigned through 2d nmr 1h-13c hmbc experiments performed on 10a and 14a. compounds 10a,b, 14a as well as phenol 1 and the starting quinones 2, 5, 7 and 15 are evaluated against leishmania sp., toxoplasma gondii a ... | 2003 | 12713827 |
| antileishmanial activity of two gamma-pyrones from podolepsis hieracioides (asteraceae). | two gamma-pyrones isolated from the seeds of podolepsis hieracioides (asteraceae) have been tested for their in vitro leishmanicidal activity against the promastigote form of leishmania donovani, l. major, l. infantum and l. enriettii (ic(50)=3.76-5.43 microg/ml), and against the amastigote form of l. donovani residing within raw 264.7 macrophage-like host cells (ic(50)=8.29-8.59 microg/ml). general toxicity of the gamma-pyrones was investigated in parallel against three mammalian cell lines (ra ... | 2003 | 12711109 |
| peroxisomal function is altered during leishmania infection. | the aim of this study was to investigate host peroxisomal properties after leishmania infection and provide clues to protect peroxisomes during the search for new chemotherapeutic strategies against leishmaniasis. | 2003 | 12709663 |
| the in vivo susceptibility of leishmania donovani to sodium stibogluconate is drug specific and can be reversed by inhibiting glutathione biosynthesis. | resistance to pentavalent antimonial (sb(v)) agents such as sodium stibogluconate (ssg) is creating a major problem in the treatment of visceral leishmaniasis. in the present study the in vivo susceptibilities of leishmania donovani strains, typed as ssg resistant (strain 200011) or ssg sensitive (strain 200016) on the basis of their responses to a single ssg dose of 300 mg of sb(v)/kg of body weight, to other antileishmanial drugs were determined. in addition, the role of glutathione in ssg res ... | 2003 | 12709318 |
| members of a unique histidine acid phosphatase family are conserved amongst a group of primitive eukaryotic human pathogens. | recently, we identified and characterized the genes encoding several distinct members of the histidine-acid phosphatase enzyme family from leishmania donovani, a primitive protozoan pathogen of humans. these included genes encoding the heavily phosphorylated/glycosylated, tartrate-sensitive, secretory acid phosphatases (ld sacp-1 and ld sacp-2) and the unique, tartrate-resistant, externally-oriented, surface membrane-bound acid phosphatase (ld macp) of this parasite. it had been previously sugge ... | 2003 | 12708742 |
| antimonial-induced increase in intracellular ca2+ through non-selective cation channels in the host and the parasite is responsible for apoptosis of intracellular leishmania donovani amastigotes. | the capability of the obligate intracellular parasites like leishmania donovani to survive within the host cell parasitophorous vacuoles as nonmotile amastigotes determines disease pathogenesis, but the mechanism of elimination of the parasites from these vacuoles are not well understood. by using the anti-leishmanial drug potassium antimony tartrate, we demonstrate that, upon drug exposure, intracellular l. donovani amastigotes undergo apoptotic death characterized by nuclear dna fragmentation ... | 2003 | 12707265 |
| immunosuppression in hamsters with progressive visceral leishmaniasis is associated with an impairment of protein kinase c activity in their lymphocytes that can be partially reversed by okadaic acid or anti-transforming growth factor beta antibody. | progressive visceral infection of golden hamsters by leishmania donovani amastigotes led to gradual impairment of the proliferative responses of their splenic or peripheral blood mononuclear cells (spmc or pbmc, respectively) to in vitro stimulation with phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (pma) and ionomycin (io). removal of macrophage-like adherent cells from spmc or pbmc of infected animals (i-spmc or i-pbmc) was earlier shown to restore almost completely their lymphoproliferative responses to pm ... | 2003 | 12704114 |
| anti-leishmania antibodies in cerebrospinal fluid from dogs with visceral leishmaniasis. | visceral leishmaniasis in brazil is caused by leishmania (leishmania) chagasi and the dog is its most important reservoir. the clinical features in dogs include loss of weight, lymphadenopathy, renal failure, skin lesions, fever, hypergammaglobulinemia, hepatosplenomegaly, anemia, and, rarely, neurological symptoms. most infected animals develop active disease, characterized by high anti-leishmania antibody titers and depressed lymphoproliferative ability. antibody production is not primarily im ... | 2003 | 12700826 |
| molecular diagnosis of leishmaniosis in dogs. comparative application of traditional diagnostic methods and the proposed assay on clinical samples. | leishmaniosis is a zoonotic, parasitic disease caused by members of the genus leishmania. the disadvantages of the traditional methods have currently rendered the polymerase chain reaction (pcr), the most reliable alternative for the laboratory diagnosis of this disease. several relevant protocols have been described in the past but their application is in most cases limited to research use. the latter combined with the diagnostic problems that can be caused by the genetic variability of the dif ... | 2003 | 12695035 |
| specific recognition of leishmania major poly-beta-galactosyl epitopes by galectin-9: possible implication of galectin-9 in interaction between l. major and host cells. | leishmania parasites are the causative agents of leishmaniasis, manifesting itself in a species-specific manner. the glycan epitopes on the parasite are suggested to be involved in the leishmania pathogenesis. one of such established species-unique glycan structures is the poly-beta-galactosyl epitope (galbeta1-3)n found on l. major, which can develop cutaneous infections with strong inflammatory responses. interestingly, the polygalactosyl epitope is also suggested to be involved in the develop ... | 2003 | 12684513 |
| synthesis and testing of 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines as potential inhibitors of leishmanial and trypanosomal dihydrofolate reductase. | dihydrofolate reductase is a drug target that has not been thoroughly investigated in leishmania and trypanosomes. work has previously shown that 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines are selective inhibitors of the leishmanial and trypanosome enzymes. modelling predicted that alkyl/aryl substitution on the 6-position of the pyrimidine ring should increase enzyme activity of 5-benzyl-2,4-diaminopyrimidines as inhibitors of leishmanial and trypanosomal dihydrofolate reductase. various compounds were pr ... | 2002 | 12683746 |
| in vitro antileishmanial activity of amphotericin b loaded in poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanospheres. | the activity of formulations for amphotericin b (amb) associated with poly(epsilon-caprolactone) nanospheres and coated with variable amounts of a non ionic surfactant poloxamer 188, was evaluated against amb-susceptible (wt) and amb-resistant (amb(r)) strains of leishmania donovani amastigotes in thioglycolate-elicited peritoneal macrophages. amb-nanospheres were more actives than free amb only against amastigotes of wild strain. the activity was not influenced by the concentration of poloxamer ... | 2002 | 12683663 |
| detection, differentiation, and quantitation of pathogenic leishmania organisms by a fluorescence resonance energy transfer-based real-time pcr assay. | real-time technology eliminates many of the pitfalls of diagnostic pcr, but this method has not been applied to differentiation of leishmania organisms so far. we have developed a real-time pcr that simultaneously detects, quantitates, and categorizes leishmania organisms into three relevant groups causing distinct clinical pictures. the analytical sensitivity (detection rate of >or=95% at 94.1 parasites/ml of blood) was within a range that has been determined previously to facilitate the confir ... | 2003 | 12682141 |
| visceral leishmaniasis: clinical features, pathology, diagnosis and chemotherapeutic developments. | visceral leishmaniasis, or kala-azar, is a chronic disease caused by leishmania donovani, leishmania chagasi or leishmania infantum. the disease is transmitted through the bite of a species of sandfly of the genus phlebotomus, releasing amastigote parasites that invade various organs of the body and eventually result in such conditions as anemia, splenomegaly and hepatomegaly. although no vaccine exists for the disease, diagnostic techniques based not only on pathological tests, but more sophist ... | 2002 | 12677177 |
| unique gene expression profiles of human macrophages and dendritic cells to phylogenetically distinct parasites. | monocyte-derived dendritic cells (dcs) and macrophages (ms) generated in vitro from the same individual blood donors were exposed to 5 different pathogens, and gene expression profiles were assessed by microarray analysis. responses to mycobacterium tuberculosis and to phylogenetically distinct protozoan (leishmania major, leishmania donovani, toxoplasma gondii) and helminth (brugia malayi) parasites were examined, each of which produces chronic infections in humans yet vary considerably in the ... | 2003 | 12663451 |
| infection of human mononuclear phagocytes and macrophage-like thp1 cells with leishmania donovani results in modulation of expression of a subset of chemokines and a chemokine receptor. | the expression of chemokines and chemokine receptors was studied in leishmania donovani (ld)-infected human mononuclear phagocytes and the human monocytic cell line thp1. our studies showed that ld infection caused the upregulation of three beta chemokines (macrophage inflammatory protein-1 alpha (mip-1alpha), mip-1beta and rantes (regulated on activation normal t cell expressed and secreted)), one alpha chemokine (interleukin-8 (il-8)) and the cc chemokine receptor 5 (ccr5) but not ccr1, as evi ... | 2003 | 12662300 |
| leishmania donovani-induced expression of suppressor of cytokine signaling 3 in human macrophages: a novel mechanism for intracellular parasite suppression of activation. | leishmania donovani protozoan parasites, the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis, establish an infection partly by interfering with cytokine signaling in the host macrophages. therefore, we investigated the expression of the suppressor of cytokine signaling (socs) genes in human macrophages infected with l. donovani. the expression of socs3 mrna was induced transiently after exposure to live or heat-killed parasites, but not purified lipophosphoglycan, while that of other socs genes remain ... | 2003 | 12654831 |
| c-reactive protein-mediated phagocytosis of leishmania donovani promastigotes does not alter parasite survival or macrophage responses. | c-reactive protein (crp) is an acute phase protein that binds to surface structures of a number of different organisms. leishmania donovani express crp ligand when first entering the mammalian host and crp has been shown to alter macrophage function. the aim of this study was to investigate the functional significance of crp-mediated uptake of l. donovani on survival of the parasite within human macrophages and macrophage cell responses to the infection. crp opsonized l. donovani uptake was inhi ... | 2002 | 12654086 |
| turnover of trypanosomal ornithine decarboxylases. | interestingly, there is a major difference in turnover rate between ornithine decarboxylases (odcs) from various trypanosomatids. odcs from trypanosoma brucei and leishmania donovani are both stable proteins, whereas odc from crithidia fasciculata is a metabolically unstable protein in the parasite. c. fasciculata odc is also rapidly degraded in mammalian systems, whereas the closely related l. donovani odc is not. the degradation of c. fasciculata odc in the mammalian systems is shown to be dep ... | 2003 | 12653649 |
| role of protein kinase c alpha for uptake of unopsonized prey and phagosomal maturation in macrophages. | protein kinase c alpha (pkc alpha) participates in f-actin remodeling during phagocytosis and phagosomal maturation in macrophages. leishmania donovani promastigotes, which inhibit phagosomal maturation, cause accumulation of periphagosomal f-actin instead of the disassembly observed around other prey [cell. microbiol. 7 (2001) 439]. this accumulation is induced by promastigote lipophosphoglycan (lpg), which has several effects on macrophages including inhibition of pkc alpha. to investigate a p ... | 2003 | 12646218 |
| molecular cloning, biochemical and structural analysis of elongation factor-1 alpha from leishmania donovani: comparison with the mammalian homologue. | the src-homology 2 domain containing protein tyrosine phosphatase-1 (shp-1) is involved in the pathogenesis of infection with leishmania. recently, we identified elongation factor-1 alpha (ef-1 alpha) from leishmania donovani as a shp-1 binding and activating protein [j. biol. chem. 277 (2002) 50190]. to characterize this apparent leishmania virulence factor further, the cdna encoding l. donovani ef-1 alpha was cloned and sequenced. whereas nearly complete sequence conservation was observed amon ... | 2003 | 12646217 |
| proteome mapping of the protozoan parasite leishmania and application to the study of drug targets and resistance mechanisms. | leishmania is a protozoan parasite responsible for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. few parasites have been subjected to proteomic analysis to date, but a genome sequencing project for leishmania major is currently underway, making these studies possible. here we present a high resolution proteome for l. major comprising almost 3700 spots, making it the most complete two-dimensional gel representation of a parasite proteome generated to date. we have identified a number of landmark ... | 2003 | 12644573 |
| infection pattern and immune response in the spleen and liver of balb/c mice intracardially infected with leishmania donovani amastigotes. | intracardial inoculation of balb/c mice with leishmania donovani amastigotes induced progressive visceral leishmaniasis (vl) with increasing splenic parasite load when followed upto 4-month postinfection period. in contrast, the liver parasite load reached maximum around 2-month postinfection period following which it started declining. the infection pattern differed somewhat from the earlier reports on mouse model of vl induced by intravenous inoculation of parasites with respect to the duratio ... | 2003 | 12644314 |
| phagocytosis and phagosome maturation are regulated by calcium in j774 macrophages interacting with unopsonized prey. | phagocytosis by neutrophils, macrophages, and other professional phagocytes requires rapid remodeling of actin. early phagosomes are surrounded by a rim of f-actin that is disassembled during phagosomoal maturation. breakdown of periphagosomal f-actin and phagolysosome fusion are calcium dependent processes in neutrophils interacting with serum-opsonized prey, but appears to be calcium independent in macrophages interacting with serum- or igg-opsonized prey. in the present study, we found that c ... | 2002 | 12635850 |
| prostaglandin production from arachidonic acid and evidence for a 9,11-endoperoxide prostaglandin h2 reductase in leishmania. | lysates of leishmania promastigotes can metabolise arachidonic acid to prostaglandins. prostaglandin production was heat sensitive and not inhibited by aspirin or indomethacin. we cloned and sequenced the cdna of leishmania major, leishmania donovani, and leishmania tropica prostaglandin f(2alpha) synthase, and overexpressed their respective 34-kda recombinant proteins that catalyse the reduction of 9,11-endoperoxide pgh(2) to pgf(2alpha). database search and sequence alignment showed that l. ma ... | 2003 | 12633659 |
| dendritic cell (dc)-based protection against an intracellular pathogen is dependent upon dc-derived il-12 and can be induced by molecularly defined antigens. | upon loading with microbial ag and adoptive transfer, dendritic cells (dc) are able to induce immunity to infections. this offers encouragement for the development of dc-based vaccination strategies. however, the mechanisms underlying the adjuvant effect of dc are not fully understood, and there is a need to identify ag with which to arm dc. in the present study, we analyzed the role of dc-derived il-12 in the induction of resistance to leishmania major, and we evaluated the protective efficacy ... | 2003 | 12626575 |
| identification and characterization of adsorbed serum sialoglycans on leishmania donovani promastigotes. | sialic acids as terminal residues of oligosaccharide chains play a crucial role in several cellular recognition events. the presence of sialic acid on promastigotes of leishmania donovani, the causative organism of indian visceral leishmaniasis, was demonstrated by fluorimetric high-performance liquid chromatography showing neu5ac and, to a minor extent, neu5,9ac2. the presence of neu5ac was confirmed by gc/ms analysis. furthermore, binding with sialic acid-binding lectins sambucus nigra aggluti ... | 2003 | 12626423 |
| identification of a gene linked to drug resistance in field isolates of leishmania donovani. | 2002 | 12625940 | |
| the role of calpain and calpastatin in the catabolism of erythrocyte-membrane proteins during anaemia in hamsters (mesocricetus auretus) infected with leishmania donovani. | the anaemia associated with visceral leishmaniasis is accompanied by altered ca(2+) homeostasis and degradation of the cytoskeletal and integral proteins of the erythrocytic membrane. in the present study, such changes were followed in hamsters that were anaemic as the result of their experimental infection with leishmania donovani. at each stage of the infection, the blood concentration of haemoglobin was found to be negatively correlated with the concentration of ca(2+) (r(2) = 0.91), the perc ... | 2002 | 12625933 |
| establishment of asymptomatic leishmania donovani infection in indian langurs (presbytis entellus) through intradermal route. | indian langurs, which were previously reported to be highly susceptible, were infected intradermally using variable numbers of promastigotes along with different doses, 1/2 pair, 5 pairs and 10 pairs respectively of salivary gland lysate (sgl). although, all the monkeys developed mild infection and remained subclinically infected throughout the observation period, which later resolved, none of them could develop the classical disease. no marked antigen specific antibody or lymphoproliferative re ... | 2002 | 12622211 |
| habropetaline a, an antimalarial naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid from triphyophyllum peltatum. | the isolation, structural elucidation, and antiprotozoal activities of habropetaline a, a novel naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid from triphyophyllum peltatum, are described. this alkaloid had previously only been identified on line, by the lc-ms/ms-nmr-cd triad, in the crude extract of the rare and difficult-to-provide related plant species habropetalum dawei, whose small quantities available had not permitted to isolate the compound. as predicted by quantitative structure-activity relationship (qs ... | 2003 | 12620347 |
| genetic control of visceral leishmaniasis in a sudanese population: candidate gene testing indicates a linkage to the nramp1 region. | there is some evidence showing that genetic factors are involved in human susceptibility to parasitic diseases such as schistosomiasis and malaria. studies have shown that the nramp1 and h-2 genes are implicated in the control of leishmania donovani infection in mice. we sought genetic loci involved in the control of susceptibility to visceral disease caused by l. donovani in humans. we studied 37 families with at least two affected sibs living in a village in eastern sudan, where an outbreak of ... | 2003 | 12618857 |
| induction of autophagic cell death in leishmania donovani by antimicrobial peptides. | we demonstrate that antimicrobial peptides induce an autophagic cell death in the protozoan pathogen, leishmania donovani. in our study, three antimicrobial peptides, indolicidin, and two peptides derived from seminalplasmin exhibit antileishmanial activity with a 50% lethal dose of 3.5 x 10(-5), 3.8 x 10(-4) and 1.7 x 10(-8) microm, respectively. the action of these antimicrobial peptides on the leishmania cell involves ionic interactions, which are modulated by lipophosphoglycan on the parasit ... | 2003 | 12615333 |
| overexpression and increased dna topoisomerase ii-like enzyme activity in arsenite resistant leishmania donovani. | western immunoblot analyses of whole cell lysates probed with a human specific monoclonal anti-topoisomerase iialpha antibody identified a 190 kda protein over expressed in the arsenite resistant leishmania donovani strain. the crude nuclear extract of the resistant strain showed higher topoisomerase ii-like enzyme activity. suggesting a possible regulatory role of putative topoisomerase ii in arsenite resistant leishmania. | 2003 | 12608580 |
| characterization of the immune response to leishmania infantum recombinant antigens. | leishmaniases have a high prevalence in tropical countries. in order to improve existing diagnostic systems based on total leishmania proteins, and to identify antigen candidates for vaccine development, an intensive search for the identification of antigens was performed using molecular biology techniques. in this study, the immune response to three l. infantum recombinant antigens was evaluated. upon stimulation with kmp11, mononuclear cells from leishmaniasis patients produced high levels of ... | 2003 | 12593967 |
| antileishmanial ring-substituted ether phospholipids. | three series of ring-substituted ether phospholipids were synthesized carrying n,n,n-trimethylammonium, n-methylpiperidino, or n-methylmorpholino headgroups. the first series is substituted by 2-cyclohexyloxyethyl or 2-(4-alkylidenecyclohexyloxy)ethyl groups, the second series by cyclohexylidenealkyl or adamantylidenealkyl moieties, and the third series by 2-aryloxyethyl or 6-aryloxyhexyl groups in the alkyl portion of the molecule. the antileishmanial activity of the new compounds was evaluated ... | 2003 | 12593656 |
| cytology of peritoneal leishmaniasis in a patient with aids. | 2003 | 12585038 | |
| immune complex mediated lesions in experimental kala azar: an ultrastructural study. | immune complexes play an important role in causation of renal lesions in various diseases. circulating immune comlexes (cic) are described in kala azar. role of cic in pathogenesis of kalaazar is discussed in present study. balb/c mice were experimentally infected with l. donovani promastigotes. after visceralisation of infection, sera and kidneys of infected mice were preserved. leishmanial antigen specific cic could be demonstrated in 100% of infected mice by peg elisa, while they were absent ... | 2000 | 12583413 |
| diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis: comparative potential of amastigote antigen, recombinant antigen and pcr. | development of simple, economical and non-invasive tests for the early diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl) or kala-azar (ka) remains a challenge, and serological studies based on antigen prepared from the amastigote stage of leishmania donovani, the stage that causes infection, are lacking. in the present study, circulating antibodies to total antigen isolated from the promastigote and amastigote stages of the parasite, as well as to recombinant k39 (rk39) antigen, are measured by enzyme-li ... | 2002 | 12572956 |
| monoclonal antibody affinity purification of a 78 kda membrane protein of leishmania donovani of indian origin and its role in host-parasite interaction. | monoclonal antibodies were raised against pathogenic promastigotes of leishmania donovani of indian origin. among these, one was used for immuno-affinity purification of a 78 kda membrane protein present in both the amastigote and promastigote forms of the parasite. results of immunoblot experiments with the anti-78 kda antibody revealed that the protein was present only in parasites belonging to the l. donovani complex. the expression of the protein was observed to be the same during different ... | 2002 | 12571371 |
| [cloning and sequence analysis of lack gene of leishmania donovani isolates from plain and desert foci of china]. | to determine the nucleotide sequence of the lack (leishmania homologue of receptors for activated protein kinase c) gene of leishmania donovani isolates from plain foci (l. d sd1) and desert foci (l. d xj771) of china, and to find out the difference of the sequence of lack gene with other leishimania spp. and also the isolate from hill foci of china. | 2002 | 12568016 |
| [evaluation of prevalent status of kala-azar in endemic area of hubei province]. | to identify the diagnosis of 14 cases with "kala-azar" previously reported in hubei province since 1989 and to evaluate the present status of the disease. | 2000 | 12567700 |
| rapid screening with a recombinant antigen (rk39) for diagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis using dipstick. | to evaluate the diagnostic value of the recombinant antigen of 39 amino acid repeats encoded by a kinesin-like gene of leishmania changasi (rk39) in serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis (vl). | 2000 | 12567693 |
| [diagnosis of kala-azar by rk39 dipstick assay]. | 2000 | 12567678 | |
| [sequence analysis of ssu rdna variable regions of leishmania isolates from hilly foci and plain foci of china]. | to analyze the sequence difference of the ssu rdna variable regions of leishmania isolates from hilly foci and plain foci of china. | 2000 | 12567601 |
| testosterone inhibits apoptosis of leishmania donovani-infected macrophages. | investigate the effect of the male sex hormone, testosterone (te), on apoptosis of bone marrow derived macrophages (bmms) from female c57bl/6j mice | 1999 | 12563810 |
| [analysis of kinetoplast dna of leishmania isolates in china by pcr-sscp]. | to analyse the kdna of the pathogens of leishmaniasis in china. | 1999 | 12563730 |
| epidemiological and immunological aspects of human visceral leishmaniasis on margarita island, venezuela. | sixty-five patients were diagnosed with visceral leishmaniasis (vl) on margarita island in the decade from 1990 to1999; 86.2% were <= 3 years old. all were leishmanin-negative at diagnosis. evaluation of 23 cured patients in 1999 revealed that 22/23 had converted to leishmanin-positive; five had persisting antibodies to rk39 antigen, with no clinical evidence of disease. leishmanin tests were positive in 20.2% of 1,643 healthy individuals from 417 households in endemic areas. of the positive rea ... | 2003 | 12563469 |
| alkylacylglycerolipid domain of gpi molecules of leishmania is responsible for inhibition of pkc-mediated c-fos expression. | glycosylphosphatidylinositols (gpis) are the most abundant molecules present in the membranes of the parasitic protozoa leishmania responsible for multiple forms of leishmaniasis. among the prominent biological activities displayed by the major leishmania gpis [lipophosphoglycan (lpg) and glycoinositolphospholipids (gipls)] is the inhibition of macrophage functions such as the protein kinase c (pkc)-dependent signaling pathway. the bioactivity of leishmania gpis is in contrast to trypanosoma bru ... | 2003 | 12562866 |
| post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis. | post-kala-azar dermal leishmaniasis (pkdl) is a complication of visceral leishmaniasis (vl); it is characterised by a macular, maculopapular, and nodular rash in a patient who has recovered from vl and who is otherwise well. the rash usually starts around the mouth from where it spreads to other parts of the body depending on severity. it is mainly seen in sudan and india where it follows treated vl in 50% and 5-10% of cases, respectively. thus, it is largely restricted to areas where leishmania ... | 2003 | 12560194 |
| ancistrolikokine d, a 5,8'-coupled naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid, and related natural products from ancistrocladus likoko. | a new naphthylisoquinoline alkaloid, ancistrolikokine d, and the likewise 5,8'-coupled alkaloid ancistroealaine a, as well as two further, biosynthetically related, but nitrogen-free natural products, ancistronaphthoic acid b and cis-isoshinanolone, have been isolated from ancistrocladus likoko j. leacute;onard (ancistrocladaceae). the 5,8'-coupling of the new alkaloids and of the alkaloids isolated earlier hints at a close phylogenetic relationship of a. likoko to other central african ancistro ... | 2003 | 12560038 |
| vaccination with dna encoding orff antigen confers protective immunity in mice infected with leishmania donovani. | the gene orff is part of the multigenic ld1 locus on chromosome 35 that is frequently amplified in leishmania. the function of orff is unknown. the gene encoding orff was cloned into a eukaryotic expression vector downstream to the cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter. balb/c mice were injected intramuscularly with orff dna and challenged with leishmania donovani promastigotes. vaccination with orff gene induced both humoral and cellular immune response against orff, which provided significant level o ... | 2003 | 12559811 |
| synthesis and biological activity of nitro heterocycles analogous to megazol, a trypanocidal lead. | as part of our efforts to develop new compounds aimed at the therapy of parasitic infections, we synthesized and assayed analogues of a lead compound megazol, 5-(1-methyl-5-nitro-1h-2-imidazolyl)-1,3,4-thiadiazol-2-amine, cas no. 19622-55-0), in vitro. we first developed a new route for the synthesis of megazol. subsequently several structural changes were introduced, including substitutions on the two rings of the basic nucleus, replacement of the thiadiazole by an oxadiazole, replacement of th ... | 2003 | 12540242 |
| role of peroxidoxins in leishmania chagasi survival. evidence of an enzymatic defense against nitrosative stress. | the mechanisms by which leishmania parasites survive exposure to highly reactive oxygen (ros) and nitrogen (rns) species within phagosomes of macrophages are not well known. recently it has been shown that rns alone is sufficient and necessary to control leishmania donovani infection in mice (murray, h. w., and nathan, c. f. (1999) j. exp. med. 189, 741-746). no enzymatic defense against rns has been discovered in leishmania to date. we have previously isolated two peroxidoxins (lcpxn1 and lcpxn ... | 2003 | 12529367 |
| involvement of protein tyrosine kinases and phosphatases in uptake and intracellular replication of virulent and avirulent leishmania donovani promastigotes in mouse macrophage cells. | in this study we show that protein tyrosine kinases (ptks) and also protein tyrosine phosphatases are involved in the uptake of virulent and avirulent leishmania donovani promastigotes by macrophage cells. protein tyrosine kinase inhibitors such as genistein or tyrphostin 25 decrease parasite uptake in a dose-dependent manner. addition of sodium orthovanadate, a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor, prior to infection significantly increases parasite internalization. a similar uptake profile w ... | 2002 | 12516781 |
| visceral leishmaniasis and hiv coinfection in bihar, india. | 2003 | 12514423 | |
| [pcr amplification and cloning of virulence expression regulatory gene toxr of vibrio cholerae]. | in order to construct a genomic bivalent oral vaccine of leishmania donovani and vibrio cholerae, we amplified a 1.3 kb dna fragment from 7 strains of vibrio cholerae with primers p1 and p2. restriction endonuclease analysis of pcr amplified products from 9 strains of vibrio cholerae was performed by digestion with ecor i. the results revealed an ecor i site in the central part of toxr gene. the entire toxr gene of vibrio cholerae non-ct strain 7743 was amplified by pcr with primers p1 and p2, d ... | 2000 | 12501605 |
| sequence analysis of the nramp1 genes from different bovine and buffalo breeds. | the natural resistance associated macrophage protein 1 (nramp1) has been reported to confer resistance or susceptibility to mycobacterium bovis, salmonella typhimurium, and leishmania donovani in the mouse, mus musculus. a gly and asp substitution at position 169 of the mouse nramp protein is invariably associated with the resistant and susceptible phenotypes, respectively. the present study aimed to detect polymorphisms in the nramp1 gene from different cattle and buffalo breeds. genomic dnas f ... | 2002 | 12499702 |