Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| [internal epidemic influenza virus proteins: isolation and investigation]. | the internal influenza virus proteins m1 and rnp free from surface protein impurities were isolated from subviral particles (virions free from ha and na ectomenes). the spikeless particles had no propensity to aggregate in the solution at ph 5.0 as compared with native viruses. the subviral particles of b/hong kong/330/01 influenza virus, which belonged to b/victoria/2/87-lineage, were obtained by proteolytic treatment with the enzyme bromelain under the same conditions as in cases of influenza ... | 2006 | 16756174 |
| genetic characterization of novel reassortant h1n2 influenza a viruses isolated from pigs in southeastern china. | in december 2004, three influenza h1n2 viruses were isolated from lung samples of pigs that had died from respiratory disease on a farm in southeastern china. to determine the genetic characterization and probable origin, one of the three isolates, a/swine/zhejiang/1/2004 (sw/zj/1/2004), was genetically analyzed. sw/zj/1/2004 was a reassortant with an na gene most closely related to the corresponding gene from a human-like h3n2 virus circulating in 1995. the remaining seven genes were most close ... | 2006 | 16755371 |
| systemic capillary leak syndrome presenting as recurrent shock. | to report a case of systemic capillary leak syndrome (scls) in a child. | 2006 | 16738498 |
| in vitro inhibition of human influenza a virus replication by chloroquine. | chloroquine is a 9-aminoquinolone with well-known anti-malarial effects. it has biochemical properties that could be applied to inhibit viral replication. we report here that chloroquine is able to inhibit influenza a virus replication, in vitro, and the ic50s of chloroquine against influenza a viruses h1n1 and h3n2 are lower than the plasma concentrations reached during treatment of acute malaria. the potential of chloroquine to be added to the limited range of anti-influenza drugs should be ex ... | 2006 | 16729896 |
| protection against influenza virus infection by intranasal vaccine with surf clam microparticles (smp) as an adjuvant. | a safe and effective adjuvant is necessary to enhance mucosal immune responses for the development of an inactivated intranasal influenza vaccine. the present study demonstrated the effectiveness of surf clam microparticles (smp) derived from natural surf clams as an adjuvant for an intranasal influenza vaccine. the adjuvant effect of smp was examined when co-administered intranasally with inactivated a/pr8 (h1n1) influenza virus hemagglutinin vaccine in balb/c mice. administration of the vaccin ... | 2006 | 16721854 |
| novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1, united states. | influenza a virus infects various animal species and transmits among different hosts, especially between humans and swine. swine may serve as a mixing vessel to create new reassortants that could infect humans. thus, monitoring and characterizing influenza viruses in swine are important in preventing interspecies transmission. we report the emergence and characterization of a novel h3n1 subtype of swine influenza virus (siv) in the united states. phylogenetic analysis showed that the h3n1 sivs m ... | 2006 | 16704839 |
| amplification of the entire genome of influenza a virus h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. | this study describes the development of a simple rt-pcr method to amplify the whole genome of the influenza a virus based on the amplification of full-length gene segments. primers were designed based on the conserved regions of both the 5'-end and the 3'-end of each gene segment. after optimizing the duration and temperature of denaturing, annealing, and extension, these primers could amplify all of the full-length gene segments. to test the accuracy of the method, all amplicons were subjected ... | 2006 | 16687177 |
| [a study on the influenza surveillance program in tianjin, 2004]. | to explore the trend of influenza epidemics, predominate strains of the virus in tianjin city and to analyze the economic impact of vaccine-based interventions for the prevention and control of influenza. | 2005 | 16676603 |
| t cell responses are better correlates of vaccine protection in the elderly. | it is commonly held that increased risk of influenza in the elderly is due to a decline in the ab response to influenza vaccination. this study prospectively evaluated the relationship between the development of influenza illness, and serum ab titers and ex vivo cellular immune responses to influenza vaccination in community dwelling older adults including those with congestive heart failure (chf). adults age 60 years and older (90 subjects), and 10 healthy young adult controls received the 2003 ... | 2006 | 16670345 |
| isolation and genetic characterization of new reassortant h3n1 swine influenza virus from pigs in the midwestern united states. | since the introduction of h3n2 swine influenza viruses (sivs) into u.s. swine in 1998, h1n2 and h1n1 reassortant viruses have emerged from reassortment between classical h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. in 2004, a new reassortant h3n1 virus (a/swine/minnesota/00395/2004) was identified from coughing pigs. phylogenetic analyses revealed a hemagglutinin segment similar to those of contemporary cluster iii h3n2 sivs and a neuraminidase sequence of contemporary h1n1 origin. the internal genes were of swine, h ... | 2006 | 16641303 |
| phase i evaluation of intranasal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine with nontoxigenic escherichia coli enterotoxin and novel biovector as mucosal adjuvants, using adult volunteers. | trivalent influenza virus a/duck/singapore (h5n3), a/panama (h3n2), and b/guandong vaccine preparations were used in a randomized, controlled, dose-ranging phase i study. the vaccines were prepared from highly purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase from influenza viruses propagated in embryonated chicken eggs and inactivated with formaldehyde. we assigned 100 participants to six vaccine groups, as follows. three intranasally vaccinated groups received 7.5-microg doses of hemagglutinin from eac ... | 2006 | 16641287 |
| influenza surveillance in victoria, 2005. | influenza activity remained within normal seasonal activity with a well-defined peak at week 29 (beginning 18 july) during the victorian influenza season from may to september 2005. surveillance was based on sentinel general practice influenza-like illness (ili) notifications with laboratory confirmation, medical locum service ili notifications and laboratory notification of influenza detections. one thousand and eighty-seven consultations for ili were reported from 38 general practices, while m ... | 2006 | 16637243 |
| bacterial sinusitis and otitis media following influenza virus infection in ferrets. | streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia. many of these infections result from antecedent influenza virus infections. in this study we sought to determine whether the frequency and character of secondary pneumococcal infections differed depending on the strain of influenza virus that preceded bacterial challenge. in young ferrets infected with influenza virus and then challenged with pneumococcus, influenza viruses of any subtype increased bacterial ... | 2006 | 16622191 |
| interfering vaccine (defective interfering influenza a virus) protects ferrets from influenza, and allows them to develop solid immunity to reinfection. | defective interfering (di) virus rnas result from major deletions in full-length viral rnas that occur spontaneously during de novo rna synthesis. these rnas are packaged into virions that are by definition non-infectious, and are delivered to cells normally targeted by the virion. di rnas can only replicate with the aid of a coinfecting infectious helper virus, but the small size of di rna allows more copies of it to be made than of its full-length counterpart, so the cell produces defective vi ... | 2006 | 16621180 |
| a recombinant pseudorabies virus encoding the ha gene from h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus protects mice from virulent challenge. | the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a/swine/inner mogolian/547/2001 (h3n2) swine influenza virus (siv) was recombined into the genome of pseudorabies virus (prv) bartha-k61 vaccine strain, generating a recombinant prv expressing the ha gene, designated as rprv-ha. one group of 15 mice was inoculated intranasally (i.n.) with 10(5.0) pfu of rprv-ha, and another two control groups of mice (15 mice per group) were mock-inoculated or inoculated with bartha-k61. mice inoculated with rprv-ha developed hemag ... | 2006 | 16621018 |
| comparison between denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis and phylogenetic analysis for characterization of a/h3n2 influenza samples detected during the 1999-2004 epidemics in brazil. | in a preliminary study, a denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis method (dgge) was described for influenza virus variants screening [motta, f.c., rosado, a.s., couceiro, j.n.s.s., 2002. standardization of denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis for mutant screening of influenza a (h3n2) virus samples. j. virol. meth. 105, 105-115]. such a protocol has confirmed its usefulness, discriminating closely related samples by the evaluation of the ha1 portion of haemagglutinin coding rna segment. in th ... | 2006 | 16581139 |
| molecular changes associated with adaptation of human influenza a virus in embryonated chicken eggs. | failure to isolate a/fujian/411/2002 (h3n2) in embryonated chicken eggs resulted in its absence from the 2003/2004 vaccine. we analyzed the adaptation of this virus in eggs during serial passages in the amniotic then allantoic cavities. amniotic passage allowed the virus to grow in the allantoic cavity. during adaptation, 6 amino acid substitutions occurred: 4 in ha (g186v, s219f, v226i, v309i) and 2 in na (e119q, q136k). these substitutions allowed binding to saalpha2,3gal- and saalpha2,6gal-co ... | 2006 | 16545416 |
| activation of the intrinsic mitochondrial apoptotic pathway in swine influenza virus-mediated cell death. | the mitochondrial pathway of swine influenza virus (siv)-induced apoptosis was investigated using porcine kidney (pk-15) cells, swine testicle (st) cells, and hela cervical carcinoma cells which are known not to support viral replication. as judged by cell morphology, annexin v staining, and dna fragmentation, pk-15 and st cells infected with three different subtypes of siv (h1n1, h3n2, and h1n2) were obviously killed by apoptosis, not necrosis. siv infection in pk-15 and hela cells was shown to ... | 2006 | 16520548 |
| [influenza pandemic--current crisis]. | in most cases, influenza is not fatal, even without treatment. moreover, vaccination and antivirals have reduced influenza-related mortality in recent years. however, the direct transmission of avian influenza viruses to humans with lethal outcomes in hong kong in 1997 was a potent reminder of the devastating potential of the disease. currently, h5n1 avian influenza viruses are circulating in many asian countries, and the human death toll continues to rise as the virus spreads to european countr ... | 2006 | 16519118 |
| combination chemotherapy, a potential strategy for reducing the emergence of drug-resistant influenza a variants. | rapid development of resistant influenza variants after amantadine treatment is one of the main drawbacks of m2 blockers. on the other hand, the emergence of variants with low susceptibility to the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors is limited. in the present study we examined whether combination therapy with two classes of anti-influenza drugs can affect the emergence of resistant variants in vitro. we observed that virus yields of human a/nanchang/1/99 (h1n1), a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2), and a/hong ko ... | 2006 | 16516984 |
| influenza-associated hospitalization in a subtropical city. | the impact of influenza on morbidity and hospitalization in the tropics and subtropics is poorly quantified. uniquely, the hong kong special administrative region has computerized hospital discharge diagnoses on 95% of total bed days, allowing disease burden for a well-defined population to be accurately assessed. | 2006 | 16515368 |
| [characterization of epidemic influenza virus a(h3n2) strains circulating in russia in the 2003-2004 epidemic season]. | studies indicated that the epidemic rise in the incidence of influenza was caused by its virus a (h3n2) circulation in russia in the 2003-2004 season. the center of influenza ecology and epidemiology investigated 101 epidemic strains isolated the mdck culture. antigenic analysis showed that all viruses a(h3n2) were similar to the reference virus a/fujian/411/02(h3n2) and only 5 strains slightly differed from the latter. twelve (14%) strains resistant to rimantadine at a concentration of 0.5 mg/m ... | 2006 | 16515037 |
| influenza-associated deaths in tropical singapore. | we used a regression model to examine the impact of influenza on death rates in tropical singapore for the period 1996-2003. influenza a (h3n2) was the predominant circulating influenza virus subtype, with consistently significant and robust effect on mortality rates. influenza was associated with an annual death rate from all causes, from underlying pneumonia and influenza, and from underlying circulatory and respiratory conditions of 14.8 (95% confidence interval 9.8-19.8), 2.9 (1.0-5.0), and ... | 2006 | 16494727 |
| swine influenza a outbreak, fort dix, new jersey, 1976. | in early 1976, the novel a/new jersey/76 (hsw1n1) influenza virus caused severe respiratory illness in 13 soldiers with 1 death at fort dix, new jersey. since a/new jersey was similar to the 1918-1919 pandemic virus, rapid outbreak assessment and enhanced surveillance were initiated. a/new jersey virus was detected only from january 19 to february 9 and did not spread beyond fort dix. a/victoria/75 (h3n2) spread simultaneously, also caused illness, and persisted until march. up to 230 soldiers w ... | 2006 | 16494712 |
| influenza pandemics of the 20th century. | three worldwide (pandemic) outbreaks of influenza occurred in the 20th century: in 1918, 1957, and 1968. the latter 2 were in the era of modern virology and most thoroughly characterized. all 3 have been informally identified by their presumed sites of origin as spanish, asian, and hong kong influenza, respectively. they are now known to represent 3 different antigenic subtypes of influenza a virus: h1n1, h2n2, and h3n2, respectively. not classified as true pandemics are 3 notable epidemics: a p ... | 2006 | 16494710 |
| serum antibodies against circulating influenza strains among vaccinated and unvaccinated general practitioners during two consecutive years (2002-2003). | efficacy studies have not answered the question whether influenza vaccination among general practitioners (gps) has a substantial additive effect on their immunity. to evaluate this effect the influenza antibody titres in vaccinated and unvaccinated gps were compared in a controlled trial during two consecutive winter periods (2002-2003 and 2003-2004). the seroprotection rates against the circulating a/h3n2 influenza virus amount to 80% and 42% in the unvaccinated group in 2002 and 2003, respect ... | 2006 | 16490288 |
| an rna aptamer that distinguishes between closely related human influenza viruses and inhibits haemagglutinin-mediated membrane fusion. | aptamers selected against various kinds of targets have shown remarkable specificity and affinity, similar to those displayed by antibodies to their antigens. to employ aptamers as genotyping reagents for the identification of pathogens and their strains, in vitro selections were carried out to find aptamers that specifically bind and distinguish the closely related human influenza a virus subtype h3n2. the selected aptamer, p30-10-16, binds specifically to the haemagglutinin (ha) region of the ... | 2006 | 16476969 |
| an unexpected antibody response to an engineered influenza virus modifies cd8+ t cell responses. | the ovalbumin(323-339) peptide that binds h2i-a(b) was engineered into the globular heads of hemagglutinin (h) molecules from serologically non-cross-reactive h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses, the aim being to analyze recall cd4+ t cell responses in a virus-induced respiratory disease. prime/challenge experiments with these h1ova and h3ova viruses in h2(b) mice gave the predicted, ovalbumin-specific cd4+ t cell response but showed an unexpectedly enhanced, early expansion of viral epitope-speci ... | 2006 | 16473934 |
| an mf59-adjuvanted inactivated influenza vaccine containing a/panama/1999 (h3n2) induced broader serological protection against heterovariant influenza virus strain a/fujian/2002 than a subunit and a split influenza vaccine. | to test whether inactivated influenza vaccines distributed during the 2003-2004 influenza season in the northern hemisphere were able to confer protection against the mismatched variant a/fujian/411/2002 virus strain, we measured haemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibodies in elderly subjects vaccinated with three inactivated vaccines against the homologous a/h3n2 vaccine strain (a/panama) and against the mismatched a/fujian strain. the results showed that, while 76 to 80% of elder people vacci ... | 2006 | 16464520 |
| adamantane resistance among influenza a viruses isolated early during the 2005-2006 influenza season in the united states. | the adamantanes, amantadine and rimantadine, have been used as first-choice antiviral drugs against community outbreaks of influenza a viruses for many years. rates of viruses resistant to these drugs have been increasing globally. rapid surveillance for the emergence and spread of resistant viruses has become critical for appropriate treatment of patients. | 2006 | 16456087 |
| restricted infectivity of a human-lineage h3n2 influenza a virus in pigs is hemagglutinin and neuraminidase gene dependent. | influenza a viruses cause pandemics at sporadic intervals. pandemic viruses can potentially be introduced into the human population through in toto transfer of an avian influenza virus or through reassortment between avian and human strains. pigs are believed to play a central role in the creation of pandemic viruses through reassortment because of their susceptibility to infection with both avian and human influenza viruses. however, we recently found that a human-lineage h3n2 influenza virus w ... | 2006 | 16455873 |
| avian influenza viruses and human health. | influenza a viruses cause natural infections of humans, some other mammals and birds. few of the 16 haemagglutinin and nine neuraminidase subtype combinations have been isolated from mammals, but all subtypes have been isolated from birds. in the 20th century, there were four pandemics of influenza as a result of the emergence of antigenically different strains in humans: 1918 (h1n1), 1957 (h2n2), 1968 (h3n2) and 1977 (h1n1). influenza a viruses contain eight distinct rna genes and reassortment ... | 2006 | 16447497 |
| influenza pandemics: past, present and future. | influenza a virus is well known for its capability for genetic changes either through antigen drift or antigen shift. antigen shift is derived from reassortment of gene segments between viruses, and may result in an antigenically novel virus that is capable of causing a worldwide pandemic. as we trace backwards through the history of influenza pandemics, a repeating pattern can be observed, namely, a limited wave in the first year followed by global spread in the following year. in the 20th cent ... | 2006 | 16440064 |
| heterocyclic rimantadine analogues with antiviral activity. | 2-(1-adamantyl)-2-methyl-pyrrolidines 3 and 4, 2-(1-adamantyl)-2-methyl-azetidines 5 and 6, and 2-(1-adamantyl)-2-methyl-aziridines 7 and 8 were synthesized and tested for their antiviral activity against influenza a. parent molecules 3, 5, and 7 contain the alpha-methyl-1-adamantan-methanamine 2 pharmacophoric moiety (rimantadine). the ring size effect on anti-influenza a activity was investigated. pyrrolidine 3 was the most potent anti-influenza virus a compound, 9-fold more potent than rimant ... | 2006 | 16439137 |
| viral pneumonia in older adults. | viruses account for a substantial portion of respiratory illnesses, including pneumonia, in the elderly population. presently, influenza virus a h3n2 and respiratory syncytial virus are the most commonly identified viral pathogens in older adults with viral pneumonia. as diagnostic tests such as reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction become more widely used, the relative importance of additional viruses (such as parainfluenza, rhinoviruses, coronaviruses, and human metapneumovirus) will ... | 2006 | 16421796 |
| [antigenic and genetic study of hemagglutinin gene of influenza virus (h3n2) circulated in china in 2004]. | to study the antigenic and genetic characteristics of influenza (h3n2) virus circulated in china in 2004. | 2005 | 16415996 |
| genetic and phenotypic stability of cold-adapted influenza viruses in a trivalent vaccine administered to children in a day care setting. | the genetic and phenotypic stability of viruses isolated from young children following intranasal administration of the trivalent live-attenuated influenza virus vaccine (laiv, marketed in the united states as flumist) was evaluated by determination of genomic sequence and assessment of the cold-adapted (ca), temperature-sensitive (ts) and attenuated (att) phenotypes. the complete genomic sequence was determined for 56 independent isolates obtained from children following vaccination (21 type a/ ... | 2006 | 16413592 |
| differences in antibody responses of mice to intranasal or intraperitoneal immunization with influenza a virus and vaccination with subunit influenza vaccine. | two antigenically related but different influenza a virus strains of h3n2 subtype, a/dunedin/ 4/73 (h3n2) (dunedin) and a/mississippi/1/85 (h3n2) (mississippi), were used for intranasal (i.n.) and intraperitoneal (i.p.) immunization of mice and respective antibody responses were compared. in elisa, using purified influenza a virus as antigen, the highest titer of antiviral antibodies was observed after a repeated i.n. infection, in which the dunedin strain was followed by the mississippi strain ... | 2005 | 16402681 |
| patterns of influenza-associated mortality among us elderly by geographic region and virus subtype, 1968-1998. | the regular seasonality of influenza in temperate countries is recognized, but regional differences in patterns of influenza-related mortality are poorly understood. identifying patterns could improve epidemic prediction and prevention. the authors analyzed the monthly percentage of deaths attributable to pneumonia and influenza among people aged 65 or more years in the contiguous united states, 1968-1998. the local moran's i test for spatial autocorrelation and correlograms assessing space-time ... | 2006 | 16394205 |
| surveillance of respiratory virus infections in adult hospital admissions using rapid methods. | both influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) cause epidemics of respiratory illness of variable severity during the winter season. influenza in particular has been blamed for hospital winter bed pressures, although it is thought that rsv may also play a role. human metapneumovirus (hmpv) is a new respiratory virus reported to be important in children; only a limited number of studies are available for adult populations. we aimed to determine initially the burden of virologically confirme ... | 2006 | 16388686 |
| an epidemiologically significant epitope of a 1998 human influenza virus neuraminidase forms a highly hydrated interface in the na-antibody complex. | the crystal structure of the complex between neuraminidase (na) of influenza virus a/memphis/31/98 (h3n2) and fab of monoclonal antibody mem5 has been determined at 2.1a resolution and shows a novel pattern of interactions compared to other na-fab structures. the interface buries a large area of 2400 a2 and the surfaces have high complementarity. however, the interface is also highly hydrated. there are 33 water molecules in the interface>or=95% buried from bulk solvent, but only 13 of these are ... | 2006 | 16384583 |
| variation in the ability of human influenza a viruses to induce and inhibit the ifn-beta pathway. | we investigated the ability of a selection of human influenza a viruses, including recent clinical isolates, to induce ifn-beta production in cultured cell lines. in contrast to the well-characterized laboratory strain a/pr/8/34, several, but not all, recent isolates of h3n2 viruses resulted in moderate ifn-beta stimulation. through the generation of recombinant viruses, we were able to show that this is not due to a loss of the ability of the ns1 genes to suppress ifn-beta induction; indeed, th ... | 2006 | 16378631 |
| preparing for the next influenza pandemic: lessons from multinational data. | in the past decade, avian influenza has made several incursions of increasing scope and virulence into humans. the likelihood of another pandemic is increasing with time. in work recently published, influenza was found to be the principal cause of the increase in mortality in the united states during the winter months. in a companion report, the u.s. national vaccination program was shown to have increased coverage of high risk groups 5-fold from 1980 to 1999, but excess mortality did not declin ... | 2005 | 16378051 |
| influenza and respiratory syncytial virus morbidity among 0-19 aged group in yunus emre health center. | the objective of the study was to determine the morbidity of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infection in the 0-19 years of age group with influenza-like illness among the outpatient cases. from 20 january to 31 march 2003 a total of 123 subjects with upper respiratory tract infection attended yunus emre health center. ninety-one subjects fit the case definition of influenza-like illness, which consisted of acute fever of more than 38 degrees c, cough, and sore throat. after obta ... | 2005 | 16363339 |
| [evaluation on the safety and immunogenicity of canada split influenza virus vaccine]. | to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of canada split influenza virus vaccine. | 2005 | 16335001 |
| evaluation of a recombinant human adenovirus-5 vaccine administered via needle-free device and intramuscular injection for vaccination of pigs against swine influenza virus. | to evaluate the safety and efficacy of a human adenovirus-5 vaccine for protecting weaned pigs against swine influenza virus subtype h3n2 infection when administered via 2 injection methods. | 2005 | 16334954 |
| molecular evolution of human influenza a/h3n2 virus in asia and europe from 2001 to 2003. | hemagglutinin sequences of 146 human influenza a/h3n2 strains identified in respiratory specimens from asia and europe during the 2001-2003 influenza seasons were analyzed by dna sequencing. our results suggest that four amino acid substitutions, l25i, h75q, h155t, and q156h, led to the antigenic conversion of the previously predominant a/panama/2007/99-like strains to the more recent a/fujian/411/2002-like strains. | 2005 | 16333111 |
| anti-influenza virus activity of peramivir in mice with single intramuscular injection. | in the event of an influenza outbreak, antivirals including the neuraminidase (na) inhibitors, peramivir, oseltamivir, and zanamivir may provide valuable benefit when vaccine production is delayed, limited, or cannot be used. here we demonstrate the efficacy of a single intramuscular injection of peramivir in the mouse influenza model. peramivir potently inhibits the neuraminidase enzyme n9 from h1n9 virus in vitro with a 50% inhibitory concentration (ic(50)) of 1.3+/-0.4 nm. on-site dissociatio ... | 2006 | 16325932 |
| are swine workers in the united states at increased risk of infection with zoonotic influenza virus? | pandemic influenza strains originate in nonhuman species. pigs have an important role in interspecies transmission of the virus. we examined multiple swine-exposed human populations in the nation's number 1 swine-producing state for evidence of previous swine influenza virus infection. | 2006 | 16323086 |
| safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in systemic lupus erythematosus patients with quiescent disease. | to assess the safety and efficacy of influenza vaccination in patients with systemic lupus erythematosus (sle), and to evaluate the influence of immunosuppressive drugs on the immune response. | 2006 | 16322083 |
| detailed analysis of the genetic evolution of influenza virus during the course of an epidemic. | the genetic variability of influenza virus is usually studied with sequences selected over numerous years and countries, and rarely within a single season. here we examined the viral evolution and the correlation between genetic and clinical features during an epidemic. from a french prospective household-based study in 1999-2000, 99 infected patients were randomly selected. the ha1 genomic domain was sequenced. phylogenetic analysis showed the existence of two groups of a/h3n2 viruses. we found ... | 2006 | 16316493 |
| low growth ability of recent influenza clinical isolates in mdck cells is due to their low receptor binding affinities. | madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells have generally been used to isolate influenza viruses from patients. however, in recent years, most fresh isolates of the h3n2 subtype have shown poor growth in mdck cell cultures. such low-growth viruses were often converted to high-growth viruses after several passages through mdck cell cultures. in the present study, viruses were found to lose a potential glycosylation site near the receptor-binding pocket of hemagglutinin (ha), at the same time as they ... | 2006 | 16300986 |
| interaction between a 1998 human influenza virus n2 neuraminidase and monoclonal antibody mem5. | influenza virus constantly escapes antibody inhibition by introducing mutations that disrupt protein-protein interactions. based on the structure of the complex between neuraminidase (na) of influenza a/memphis/31/98 (h3n2) and the fab of a monoclonal antibody (mem5) that binds and inhibits the memphis/98 na, we investigated the contribution made by individual amino acids of na to the stability of the complex. we made mutations d147a, d147n, h150a, h197a, d198a, d198n, e199a, e199q, k221r, a246k ... | 2006 | 16297424 |
| immunization with influenza a np-expressing vaccinia virus recombinant protects mice against experimental infection with human and avian influenza viruses. | two-fold immunization of balb/c mice with a vaccinia virus recombinant expressing the np protein of influenza a/pr8/34 (h1n1) virus under the control of a strong synthetic promoter induced specific antibodies and protected animals against low-dose challenge by mouse-adapted heterosubtypic variants of human a/aichi2/68 (h3n2) and avian a/mallard/pennsylvania/10218/84 (h5n2) influenza virus strains. the surviving immunized animals had lower anti-hemagglutinin antibody titers compared to non-immuni ... | 2006 | 16292596 |
| [the influenza season 2004/'05 in the netherlands with the largest epidemic of the last 5 years caused by the virus variant a/california and the composition of the vaccine for the season 2005/'06]. | in the netherlands, the influenza epidemic of the 2004/'05 season started late. the background value of 3 cases of an influenza-like illness per 10,000 inhabitants per week was exceeded from week 1 until week 14 of 2005. the magnitude of the epidemic was the largest of the last 5 years, namely 104 per 10,000 inhabitants. as usual, the epidemic was caused mainly by influenza-a viruses of subtype h3n2 and to a lesser degree by a/h1n1 and b viruses. the h3n2-virus isolates belonged to the newly eme ... | 2005 | 16261717 |
| [multiplex rt-pcr for the rapid detection of influenza virus types and subtypes]. | to establish a sensitive and specific multiplex rt-pcr(mrt-pcr) for the simultaneous detection of influenza virus types and subtypes. | 2005 | 16261209 |
| [the rimantadine sensitivity spectrum in influenza a viruses circulating in the 2002-2004 epidemic seasons]. | a total of 200 influenza a virus strains were studied. among them there 32 strains of a(h1n1) and 84 strains of a(h3n2) from the 2002-2003 epidemic season and 84 strains of a(h3n2) from the 2003-2004 epidemic season. most rimantadine-sensitive strains whose infectivity and hemagglutinating activity were found to decrease by the drug given at a concentration of 0.5 microg/ml. in terms of infectivity and hemagglutinating activity, the number of rimantadine-resistant strains of a (h1n1) was equal t ... | 2005 | 16250597 |
| it's not about smoldering or neuraminidase: there were 2 variants of the a(h3n2) pandemic virus differing in internal genes. | 2005 | 16235189 | |
| influenza virus hemagglutinin (h3 subtype) requires palmitoylation of its cytoplasmic tail for assembly: m1 proteins of two subtypes differ in their ability to support assembly. | the influenza a virus hemagglutinin (ha) transmembrane domain boundary region and the cytoplasmic tail contain three cysteines (residues 555, 562, and 565 for the h3 ha subtype) that are highly conserved among the 16 ha subtypes and which are each modified by the covalent addition of palmitic acid. previous analysis of the role of these conserved cysteine residues led to differing data, suggesting either no role for ha palmitoylation or an important role for ha palmitoylation. to reexamine the r ... | 2005 | 16227287 |
| [sensitivity of various influenza virus strains to arbidol. influence of arbidol combination with different antiviral drugs on reproduction of influenza virus a]. | to study antiviral activity of arbidol in relation to various antigenic subtypes of influenza virus isolated from humans; efficacy of arbidol action in combination with adamantanic antiviral drugs, ribavirin and ribamidil on reproduction of influenza virus a (iva) in cell culture. | 2005 | 16206613 |
| incidence of adamantane resistance among influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated worldwide from 1994 to 2005: a cause for concern. | adamantanes have been used to treat influenza a virus infections for many years. studies have shown a low incidence of resistance to these drugs among circulating influenza viruses; however, their use is rising worldwide and drug resistance has been reported among influenza a (h5n1) viruses isolated from poultry and human beings in asia. we sought to assess adamantane resistance among influenza a viruses isolated during the past decade from countries participating in who's global influenza surve ... | 2005 | 16198766 |
| influenza a/fujian/411/02(h3n2)-lineage viruses in finland: genetic diversity, epidemic activity and vaccination-induced antibody response. | the first sporadic cases of fujian/411/02-lineage viruses were recorded in finland in winter 2001-2002. the first protracted but low-intensity outbreak occurred here during the first half of 2003, and the second outbreak early in autumn 2003, after detection of sporadic influenza a cases in the summer. the calculated incidence of influenza a in the finnish army was 515/10000 during the first outbreak and 2066/10000 during the second outbreak. during the 2003-2004 epidemic season, the isolates fe ... | 2006 | 16195790 |
| [sequence analysis of the ha1 regions of hemagglutinin gene from influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated from children in beijing in 2004 indicated antigenic variation]. | to identify variations in hemagglutinin genes from influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated from infants and young children with acute respiratory infection (ari) between march, 2004 and april 2005. | 2005 | 16191295 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor-resistant influenza viruses may differ substantially in fitness and transmissibility. | mutations of the conserved residues of influenza virus neuraminidase (na) that are associated with na inhibitor (nai) resistance decrease the sialidase activity and/or stability of the na, thus compromising viral fitness. in fact, clinically derived nai-resistant variants with different na mutations have shown different transmissibilities in ferrets (m. l. herlocher, r. truscon, s. elias, h. yen, n. a. roberts, s. e. ohmit, and a. s. monto, j. infect. dis. 190:1627-1630, 2004). molecular charact ... | 2005 | 16189083 |
| the cotton rat provides a useful small-animal model for the study of influenza virus pathogenesis. | influenza a virus continues to cause annual epidemics. the emergence of avian viruses in the human population poses a pandemic threat, and has highlighted the need for more effective influenza vaccines and antivirals. development of such therapeutics would be enhanced by the use of a small-animal model that is permissive for replication of human influenza virus, and for which reagents are available to dissect the host response. a model is presented of nasal and pulmonary infection in adult inbre ... | 2005 | 16186238 |
| implementation of the community network of reference laboratories for human influenza in europe. | the increased need for accurate influenza laboratory surveillance data in the european union required formalisation of the existing network of collaborating national influenza reference laboratories participating in the european influenza surveillance scheme (eiss). | 2005 | 16157259 |
| the origins of new pandemic viruses: the acquisition of new host ranges by canine parvovirus and influenza a viruses. | transfer of viruses between hosts to create a new self-sustaining epidemic is rare; however, those new viruses can cause severe outbreaks. examples of such viruses include three pandemic human influenza a viruses and canine parvovirus in dogs. in each case one virus made the original transfer and spread worldwide, and then further adaptation resulted in the emergence of variants worldwide. for the influenza viruses several changes were required for growth and spread between humans, and the emerg ... | 2005 | 16153179 |
| influenza immunisation in children with solid tumours. | we assessed response to immunisation with trivalent split virus influenza vaccine in children with non-leukaemic malignant disease. children with solid tumours and lymphoma received one or two doses of influenza vaccine, according to current uk guidelines, in autumn 2001 and/or 2002. children were currently receiving chemotherapy or were within 6 months of completing chemotherapy. pre and post vaccination sera were assessed for antibodies to the prevalent influenza strains by haemagglutination i ... | 2005 | 16143516 |
| sialidase activity of influenza a virus in an endocytic pathway enhances viral replication. | n2 neuraminidase (na) genes of the 1957 and 1968 pandemic influenza virus strains possessed avian-like low-ph stability of sialidase activity, unlike most epidemic strains. we generated four reverse-genetics viruses from a genetic background of a/wsn/33 (h1n1) that included parental n2 nas of 1968 pandemic (h3n2) and epidemic (h2n2) strains or their counterpart n2 nas in which the low-ph stability of the sialidase activity was changed by substitutions of one or two amino acid residues. we found ... | 2005 | 16140748 |
| antiviral effect of catechins in green tea on influenza virus. | polyphenolic compound catechins ((-)-epigallocatechin gallate (egcg), (-)-epicatechin gallate (ecg) and (-)-epigallocatechin (egc)) from green tea were evaluated for their ability to inhibit influenza virus replication in cell culture and for potentially direct virucidal effect. among the test compounds, the egcg and ecg were found to be potent inhibitors of influenza virus replication in mdck cell culture and this effect was observed in all influenza virus subtypes tested, including a/h1n1, a/h ... | 2005 | 16137775 |
| sensitivity of influenza viruses to zanamivir and oseltamivir: a study performed on viruses circulating in france prior to the introduction of neuraminidase inhibitors in clinical practice. | influenza virus neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) were introduced in clinical practice in various parts of the world since 1999 but were only scarcely distributed in france. prior to the generalization of zanamivir and oseltamivir utilization in our country, we decided to test a large panel of influenza strains to establish the baseline sensitivity of these viruses to anti-neuraminidase drugs, based upon a fluorometric neuraminidase enzymatic test. our study was performed on clinical samples colle ... | 2005 | 16125799 |
| respiratory disease caused by a species b2 adenovirus in a military camp in turkey. | in april 2004, two patients were admitted to hospital in berlin, germany, with clinical signs of acute respiratory infection after returning from a military exercise in their home country of turkey. they were admitted to a high security infectious disease unit as epidemiological data pointed to an outbreak of unknown etiology. samples taken at the time of admission proved to be strongly positive for adenovirus by pcr, but negative for influenza a/h1n1 virus, influenza a/h3n2 virus, influenza b v ... | 2005 | 16121380 |
| annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2004. | the national influenza surveillance scheme includes data on influenza-like illness from sentinel general practitioner practices, laboratory reports of influenza from national notifiable diseases surveillance scheme and absenteeism data from a national employer. in 2004, 2,116 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza-like illness were reported, which was 41 per cent lower than the previous year. peak activity was recorded in september, a month later than in 2003. influenza a was again predominant ... | 2005 | 16119760 |
| influenza in taiwan: seasonality and vaccine strain match. | this article explores seasonality, epidemiology and dominant epidemic strains of influenza in taiwan. surveillance in taiwan demonstrates that influenza is a disease which occurs throughout the year but has peak activity in winter. due to the high mutability of influenza virus, effective vaccination is the best strategy for protection. although the world health organization-recommended vaccine compositions usually matched with around 77% of circulating strains worldwide, the rate of matching in ... | 2005 | 16118670 |
| influenza a (h3n2) outbreak, nepal. | in july 2004, an outbreak of influenza a (h3n2) was detected at 3 bhutanese refugee camps in southeastern nepal. hemagglutination inhibition showed that approximately 40% of the viruses from this outbreak were antigenically distinct from the a/wyoming/3/03 vaccine strain. four amino acid differences were observed in most of the 26 isolates compared with the a/wyoming/3/2003 vaccine strain. all 4 substitutions are located within or adjacent to known antibody-binding sites. several isolates showed ... | 2005 | 16102305 |
| isolation and characterization of h3n2 influenza a virus from turkeys. | five 34-wk-old turkey breeder layer flocks in separate houses of 2550 birds each in a single farm in ohio experienced a drop in egg production from late january to early february 2004. tracheal swabs (n = 60), cloacal swabs (n = 50), and convalescent sera (n = 110) from the flocks were submitted to the laboratory for diagnostics. virus isolation was attempted in specific-pathogen free embryonating chicken eggs and vero and mdck cells. virus characterization was performed using agar gel immunodif ... | 2005 | 16094824 |
| whole influenza virus vaccine is more immunogenic than split influenza virus vaccine and induces primarily an igg2a response in balb/c mice. | the aim of this study was to compare the kinetics and the magnitude of the humoral immune response to two different influenza vaccine formulations, whole and split virus vaccines. balb/c mice were immunized intramuscularly with one or two doses (3 weeks apart) of 7.5, 15 or 30 microg of haemagglutinin of monovalent a/panama/2007/99 (h3n2) split or whole virus vaccine. the two vaccine formulations induced similar kinetics of the antibody-secreting cells response; however, differences in the magni ... | 2005 | 16092921 |
| in vitro and in vivo influenza virus-inhibitory effects of viramidine. | viramidine, the 3-carboxamidine derivative of ribavirin, was effective against a spectrum of influenza a (h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1) and b viruses in vitro, with the 50% effective concentration (ec50) ranging from 2 to 32 microg/ml. the mean 50% cytotoxic concentration (cc50) in the mdck cells used in these experiments was 760 microg/ml. ribavirin, run in parallel, had a similar antiviral spectrum, with ec50 values ranging from 0.6 to 5.5 microg/ml; the mean cc50 for ribavirin was 560 microg/ml. oral ... | 2005 | 16087250 |
| prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | this report updates the 2004 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2004;53[no. rr-6]:1-40). the 2005 recommendations include new or updated information regarding 1) vaccination of persons with conditions leading to compromise of the respiratory system; 2) vaccination of health-c ... | 2005 | 16086456 |
| p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent hyperinduction of tumor necrosis factor alpha expression in response to avian influenza virus h5n1. | avian influenza a virus subtype h5n1 can infect humans to cause a severe viral pneumonia with mortality rates of more than 30%. the biological basis for this unusual disease severity is not fully understood. we previously demonstrated that in contrast to human influenza a virus subtypes including h1n1 or h3n2, the h5n1 virus associated with the "bird flu" outbreak in hong kong in 1997 (h5n1/97) hyperinduces proinflammatory cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha), in primary ... | 2005 | 16051807 |
| influenza activity among the paediatric age group in chennai. | respiratory viral infections have a major impact on public health. acute respiratory infections largely caused by viruses, are the most common illnesses experienced by otherwise healthy adults and children. among the respiratory viruses, influenza viruses are known to cause outbreaks globally. information on the activity of influenza virus in our country is limited and none from chennai. the present study was carried out to isolate and identify the influenza virus serotypes causing acute respira ... | 2005 | 16037623 |
| cross-reactive protection against influenza a virus by a topically applied dna vaccine encoding m gene with adjuvant. | the skin is rich with immunocompetent cells and therefore immunization through the skin is an attractive alternative to the invasive vaccination methods currently used. in this study the backs of mice were gently shaved, hydrated, and painted with a dna vaccine encoding influenza m protein with adjuvant. the immunized mice were then challenged with two mouse-adapted strains of the influenza virus a: a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) and a/udorn/72 (h3n2). this adjuvanated and topically applied dna vaccine effici ... | 2005 | 16035949 |
| virus-like particle vaccine conferred complete protection against a lethal influenza virus challenge. | we have previously demonstrated the formation and release of influenza virus-like particles (vlps) from the surface of sf9 cells infected with either a quadruple baculovirus recombinant that simultaneously expresses the influenza structural proteins hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix 1 (m1), and matrix 2 (m2), or a combination of single recombinants that include the m1 protein. in this work, we present data on the immunogenicity and protective efficacy afforded by vlps (formed by m1 ... | 2005 | 16035948 |
| whole-genome analysis of human influenza a virus reveals multiple persistent lineages and reassortment among recent h3n2 viruses. | understanding the evolution of influenza a viruses in humans is important for surveillance and vaccine strain selection. we performed a phylogenetic analysis of 156 complete genomes of human h3n2 influenza a viruses collected between 1999 and 2004 from new york state, united states, and observed multiple co-circulating clades with different population frequencies. strikingly, phylogenies inferred for individual gene segments revealed that multiple reassortment events had occurred among these cla ... | 2005 | 16026181 |
| effect of quercetin supplementation on lung antioxidants after experimental influenza virus infection. | in the mice, instillation of influenza virus a/udorn/317/72(h3n2) intranasally resulted in a significant decrease in the pulmonary concentrations of catalase, reduced glutathione, and superoxide dismutase. there was a decrease in vitamin e level also. these effects were observed on the 5th day after viral instillation. oral supplementation with quercetin simultaneous with viral instillation produced significant increases in the pulmonary concentrations of catalase, reduced glutathione, and super ... | 2005 | 16019982 |
| influenza-related hospitalisations among children aged less than 5 years old in the basque country, spain: a 3-year study (july 2001-june 2004). | this population-based study evaluated the incidence of virologically confirmed influenza-related hospitalisation in children aged <5 years between july 2001 and june 2004 in a region of southern europe. forty-nine children with influenza virus infection were hospitalised. the annual hospitalisation rates per 1000 inhabitants for each period were 5.1, 0 and 7.3 for infants aged less than 6 months, 0.9, 0.2 and 0.9 for children aged 6-23 months, and 0.7, 0.1 and 0.8 for those aged 24-59 months. mo ... | 2005 | 16005741 |
| clinical experience with inactivated, virosomal influenza vaccine. | current available influenza vaccines are safe and effective in preventing influenza. nevertheless, there is a need for influenza vaccines with improved efficacy in the elderly. this need is underscored by both the observation that influenza has a major clinical and economic impact in the elderly and the fact that currently available vaccines are generally less effective in elderly than in younger subjects. several approaches are currently being pursued in order to improve the efficacy of influen ... | 2005 | 16005120 |
| immunization against influenza a virus: comparison of conventional inactivated, live-attenuated and recombinant baculovirus produced purified hemagglutinin and neuraminidase vaccines in a murine model system. | to simulate the 2003-2004 influenza season and compare available vaccination methods, immunologically naive mice were immunized with: influenza a virus hemagglutinin (rha) and neuraminidase (rna) from a/panama/2007/99 h3n2 or a/fujian/411/2002 h3n2 expressed by recombinant baculovirus, chromatographically purified, either as single antigens (rha or rna) or in combination (rharna); conventional inactivated monovalent (civ) vaccines from each heterotypic strain; or a live-attenuated influenza (lav ... | 2005 | 15996702 |
| influenza surveillance in victoria, 2004. | influenza activity during the traditional victorian influenza season from may to october 2004 was low with no well-defined peak. surveillance was based on sentinel general practice influenza-like illness (ili) notification with laboratory confirmation, locum service ili notification and laboratory reporting of influenza detections. eight hundred and fifteen consultations for ili were reported from 38 general practices and 216 consultations for ili were reported from the locum service. the averag ... | 2005 | 15966678 |
| estimation of the neuraminidase content of influenza viruses and split-product vaccines by immunochromatography. | the neuraminidase (na) of the influenza virus, as well as the hemagglutinin, is the most important protective components in the vaccine. however, the na content of the vaccine remains to be standardized because of the labile nature of this glycoprotein during various chemical treatments and storage. in the present study, the na content of the split-product (sp) vaccine (virus treated with ether then formalin) was estimated together with that of the virus by an immunochoromatography technique usi ... | 2005 | 15964668 |
| the efficacy and effectiveness of influenza vaccination among thai elderly persons living in the community. | to determine the efficacy and cost-effectiveness of influenza vaccination in the thai elderly living in an urban community. | 2005 | 15962680 |
| multinational impact of the 1968 hong kong influenza pandemic: evidence for a smoldering pandemic. | the first pandemic season of a/h3n2 influenza virus (1968/1969) resulted in significant mortality in the united states, but it was the second pandemic season of a/h3n2 influenza virus (1969/1970) that caused the majority of deaths in england. we further explored the global pattern of mortality caused by the pandemic during this period. | 2005 | 15962218 |
| respiratory vaccination of mice against influenza virus: dissection of t- and b-cell priming functions. | we find that a single respiratory administration of replicationally inactivated influenza a viral particles most often elicits a waning serum antibody response, as the long-sustained bone marrow antiviral plasma cell populations characteristically induced by viral infection are lacking, though antiviral plasma cells at other sites may occasionally persist for a long time. to determine whether this alteration in the pattern of the b-cell response is a reflection of the nature of t-helper (th) pri ... | 2005 | 15953188 |
| mismatched hemagglutinin and neuraminidase specificities in recent human h3n2 influenza viruses. | the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza viruses initiates infection by binding to sialic acid on the cell surface via alpha2,6 (human) or alpha2,3 (avian) linkage. the influenza neuraminidase (na) can cleave both alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked sialic acids, but all influenza nas have a marked preference for the non-human alpha2,3 linkage. recent h3n2 influenza viruses have lost the ability to agglutinate chicken red blood cells. to determine if changes in ha specificity or affinity correlate with na ... | 2005 | 15950996 |
| evidence of the concurrent circulation of h1n2, h1n1 and h3n2 influenza a viruses in densely populated pig areas in spain. | this paper reports on a serological and virological survey for swine influenza virus (siv) in densely populated pig areas in spain. the survey was undertaken to examine whether the h1n2 siv subtype circulates in pigs in these areas, as in other european regions. six hundred sow sera from 100 unvaccinated breeding herds across northern and eastern spain were examined using haemagglutination inhibition (hi) tests against h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 siv subtypes. additionally, 225 lung samples from pigs wi ... | 2006 | 15914047 |
| divergent genetic evolution of hemagglutinin in influenza a h1n1 and a h1n2 subtypes isolated in the south-france since the winter of 2001-2002. | influenza a viruses are divided into subtypes based on their hemagglutinin (h1 to h15) and neuraminidase (n1 to n9) glycoproteins. of these, three a subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 circulate in the human population. influenza a viruses display a high antigenic variability called "antigenic drift" which allows the virus to escape antibody neutralization. | 2005 | 15911445 |
| sensitivity of diagnostic tests for influenza varies with the circulating strains. | effective strategies to combat the spread of influenza viruses rely on accurate diagnosis of the infection, which is greatly affected by the sensitivity of the assays used. | 2005 | 15911434 |
| an influenza a(h3) reassortant was epidemic in australia and new zealand in 2003. | during 2003, australia and new zealand experienced substantial outbreaks of influenza. the strain responsible was an a(h3n2) influenza virus described as a/fujian/411/2002-like, which had circulated as a minor variant in the previous northern hemisphere (nh) winter, mainly in korea and japan. early in the year the isolates were very similar to those that had been previously isolated in the nh, however, a reassortant strain emerged early in the new zealand winter, followed by the appearance of si ... | 2005 | 15902711 |
| improvement of influenza a/fujian/411/02 (h3n2) virus growth in embryonated chicken eggs by balancing the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase activities, using reverse genetics. | the h3n2 influenza a/fujian/411/02-like virus strains that circulated during the 2003-2004 influenza season caused influenza epidemics. most of the a/fujian/411/02 virus lineages did not replicate well in embryonated chicken eggs and had to be isolated originally by cell culture. the molecular basis for the poor replication of a/fujian/411/02 virus was examined in this study by the reverse genetics technology. two antigenically related strains that replicated well in embryonated chicken eggs, a/ ... | 2005 | 15890915 |
| [immunogenicity and safety of the influenza vaccine, in a population older than 55-years in mexico]. | to confirm the immunogenicity and tolerance of the inactivated, fractionated, and purified influenza vaccine, in a mexican adult population aged 55 and older, medically served at a petróleos mexicanos hospital (pemex, mexican oil company). | 2005 | 15889641 |