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nutritional and metabolic requirements for the infection of hela cells by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.salmonella is the causative agent of a spectrum of human and animal diseases ranging from gastroenteritis to typhoid fever. it is a food--and water--borne pathogen and infects via ingestion followed by invasion of intestinal epithelial cells and phagocytic cells. in this study we employed a mutational approach to define the nutrients and metabolic pathways required by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium during infection of a human epithelial cell line (hela). we deleted the key glycolytic ge ...201424797930
control of salmonella enteritidis in turkeys using organic acids and competitive exclusion product.to evaluate the use of organic acids (oas) and competitive exclusion (ce) product administered continuously in the feed and transiently in drinking water on the control of salmonella enterica subspecie enterica serotype enteritidis (se) prior to slaughter.201424797347
demonstration of persistent contamination of a cooked egg product production facility with salmonella enterica serovar tennessee and characterization of the persistent strain.the aim of this study was to investigate whether continuous contamination of light pasteurized egg products with salmonella enterica serovar tennessee (s. tennessee) at a large european producer of industrial egg products was caused by persistent contamination of the production facility and to characterize the persistent strains.201424797223
efficacy and safety of an oral somatostatin dna vaccine without antibiotic resistance gene in promoting growth of piglets.this study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of an oral dna vaccine against somatostatin (ss) (pgs/2ss-asd, encoding two copies of somatostatin genes) mediated by attenuated salmonella choleraesuis c500 without antibiotic resistance gene on piglets growth. a total of 50 piglets were uniformly divided into five groups. the animals in the first three groups were orally given vaccine in dose of either 5 9 1010, 5 9 109 or 5 9 108 colony-forming units (cfu).the remaining two groups were oral ...201424795986
segmented continuous-flow multiplex polymerase chain reaction microfluidics for high-throughput and rapid foodborne pathogen detection.high-throughput and rapid identification of multiple foodborne bacterial pathogens is vital in global public health and food industry. to fulfill this need, we propose a segmented continuous-flow multiplex polymerase chain reaction (scf-mpcr) on a spiral-channel microfluidic device. the device consists of a disposable polytetrafluoroethylene (ptfe) capillary microchannel coiled on three isothermal blocks. within the channel, n segmented flow regimes are sequentially generated, and m-plex pcr is ...201424793853
decay of enteric microorganisms in biosolids-amended soil under wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivation.there is a growing need for better assessment of health risks associated with land-applied biosolids. this study investigated in-situ decay of seeded human adenovirus (hadv), salmonella enterica, escherichia coli, and bacteriophage (ms2) in biosolids-amended soil under wheat cultivation. the biosolids seeded with microorganisms were placed in decay chambers which were then placed in the topsoil (10 cm depth) at three different sites. sites were selected in arid wheat-growing regions of australia ...201424793663
decay of genetic markers for fecal bacterial indicators and pathogens in sand from lake superior.beach sands impact water quality and pathogen loads, however, the comparative decay of the fecal indicator bacteria (fib) enterococcus spp. and escherichia coli, and pathogens in freshwater sand have not been examined. in this study, freshwater sand microcosms were inoculated with sewage and pure cultures of bacterial pathogens to compare relative decay rates. the abundance of culturable enterococcus spp. and e. coli, genetic markers for enterococcus spp. (entero1), total bacteroides (allbac), a ...201424793108
preparation and properties of poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan blend bionanocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals/zno-ag multifunctional nanosized filler.a series of novel bionanocomposites were cast using different contents of zinc oxide-silver nanoparticles (zno-agnps) stabilized by cellulose nanocrystals (cnc) as multifunctional nanosized fillers in poly(vinyl alcohol)/chitosan (pva/cs) matrices. the morphological structure, mechanical properties, ultraviolet-visible absorption, and antimicrobial properties of the prepared films were investigated as a function of their cnc/zno-agnp content and compared with pva/chitosan/cnc bionanocomposite fi ...201424790433
multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats analysis of salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a from yuxi and comparison with isolates from the chinese medical culture collection center.the aim of the present study was to genotype salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi a (spa) isolated from yuxi, china, in a multiple-locus variable number of tandem repeats (vntrs) analysis (mlva) and to compare them with isolates from the chinese medical culture collection center (cmcc). potential vntrs were screened from the genomes of atcc9150 and aku_12601 using the tandem repeats finder program. nine vntrs were established for mlva typing of 195 spa isolates from yuxi and 20 isolates from c ...201424788795
characterization of multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovars indiana and enteritidis from chickens in eastern china.a total of 310 salmonella isolates were isolated from 6 broiler farms in eastern china, serotyped according to the kauffmann-white classification. all isolates were examined for susceptibility to 17 commonly used antimicrobial agents, representative isolates were examined for resistance genes and class i integrons using pcr technology. clonality was determined by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). there were two serotypes detected in the 310 salmonella strains, which included 133 salmonell ...201424788434
high-quality draft whole-genome sequences of 162 salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis strains isolated from diverse sources in canada.we report the high-quality draft genome sequences of 162 strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis representing diverse phage types and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) profiles. the analysis of these genomes will enable the identification of markers that are useful for differentiating strains of this highly clonal serovar and will provide insights into the evolution, virulence, and epidemiology of the strains.201424786953
a sequence-based approach for prediction of csra/rsma targets in bacteria with experimental validation in pseudomonas aeruginosa.csra/rsma homologs are an extensive family of ribonucleic acid (rna)-binding proteins that function as global post-transcriptional regulators controlling important cellular processes such as secondary metabolism, motility, biofilm formation and the production and secretion of virulence factors in diverse bacterial species. while direct messenger rna binding by csra/rsma has been studied in detail for some genes, it is anticipated that there are numerous additional, as yet undiscovered, direct ta ...201424782516
vespa tropica venom suppresses lipopolysaccharide-mediated secretion of pro-inflammatory cyto-chemokines by abrogating nuclear factor-κ b activation in microglia.the present study was aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory potentials of vespa tropica (vt) venom and its isolated peptides. effects of whole venom and its two peptides (vt1512 and vt1386) on lipopolysaccharide (lps) challenged bv-2 murine microglial cells was evaluated.201424781802
pathogen exclusion properties of canine probiotics are influenced by the growth media and physical treatments simulating industrial processes.manufacturing process used in preparation of probiotic products may alter beneficial properties of probiotics. the effect of different growth media and inactivation methods on the protective properties of canine-originated probiotic bacteria against adhesion of canine enteropathogens was investigated.201424779583
the focal complex of epithelial cells provides a signalling platform for interleukin-8 induction in response to bacterial pathogens.bacterial pathogens can induce an inflammatory response from epithelial tissues due to secretion of the pro-inflammatory chemokine interleukin-8 (il-8). many bacterial pathogens manipulate components of the focal complex (fc) to induce signalling events in host cells. we examined the interaction of several bacterial pathogens with host cells, including campylobacter jejuni, to determine if the fc is required for induction of chemokine signalling in response to bacterial pathogens. our data indic ...201424779413
unusually long-lived pause required for regulation of a rho-dependent transcription terminator.up to half of all transcription termination events in bacteria rely on the rna-dependent helicase rho. however, the nucleic acid sequences that promote rho-dependent termination remain poorly characterized. defining the molecular determinants that confer rho-dependent termination is especially important for understanding how such terminators can be regulated in response to specific signals. here, we identify an extraordinarily long-lived pause at the site where rho terminates transcription in th ...201424778260
the salmonella effector stea contributes to the control of membrane dynamics of salmonella-containing vacuoles.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a bacterial pathogen causing gastroenteritis in humans and a typhoid-like systemic disease in mice. s. typhimurium virulence is related to its capacity to multiply intracellularly within a membrane-bound compartment, the salmonella-containing vacuole (scv), and depends on type iii secretion systems that deliver bacterial effector proteins into host cells. here, we analyzed the cellular function of the salmonella effector stea. we show that, compared to ...201424778114
identification of potential drug targets in salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium using metabolic modelling and experimental validation.salmonella enterica sv. typhimurium is an established model organism for gram-negative, intracellular pathogens. owing to the rapid spread of resistance to antibiotics among this group of pathogens, new approaches to identify suitable target proteins are required. based on the genome sequence of s. typhimurium and associated databases, a genome-scale metabolic model was constructed. output was based on an experimental determination of the biomass of salmonella when growing in glucose minimal med ...201424777662
in silico detection and typing of plasmids using plasmidfinder and plasmid multilocus sequence typing.in the work presented here, we designed and developed two easy-to-use web tools for in silico detection and characterization of whole-genome sequence (wgs) and whole-plasmid sequence data from members of the family enterobacteriaceae. these tools will facilitate bacterial typing based on draft genomes of multidrug-resistant enterobacteriaceae species by the rapid detection of known plasmid types. replicon sequences from 559 fully sequenced plasmids associated with the family enterobacteriaceae i ...201424777092
phytochemistry and preliminary assessment of the antibacterial activity of chloroform extract of amburana cearensis (allemão) a.c. sm. against klebsiella pneumoniae carbapenemase-producing strains.the chloroform extract of the stem bark of amburana cearensis was chemically characterized and tested for antibacterial activity.the extract was analyzed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. the main compounds identified were 4-methoxy-3-methylphenol (76.7%), triciclene (3.9%), α -pinene (1.0%), β -pinene (2.2%), and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3.1%). preliminary antibacterial tests were carried out against species of distinct morphophysiological characteristics: escherichia coli, salmonella ...201424772183
salmonella enterica induces and subverts the plant immune system.infections with salmonella enterica belong to the most prominent causes of food poisoning and infected fruits and vegetables represent important vectors for salmonellosis. although it was shown that plants raise defense responses against salmonella, these bacteria persist and proliferate in various plant tissues. recent reports shed light into the molecular interaction between plants and salmonella, highlighting the defense pathways induced and the means used by the bacteria to escape the plant ...201424772109
the evolutionary history and diagnostic utility of the crispr-cas system within salmonella enterica ssp. enterica.evolutionary studies of clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (crisprs) and their associated (cas) genes can provide insights into host-pathogen co-evolutionary dynamics and the frequency at which different genomic events (e.g., horizontal vs. vertical transmission) occur. within this study, we used whole genome sequence (wgs) data to determine the evolutionary history and genetic diversity of crispr loci and cas genes among a diverse set of 427 salmonella enterica ssp. enter ...201424765574
the early innate response of chickens to salmonella enterica is dependent on the presence of o-antigen but not on serovar classification.salmonella vaccines used in poultry in the eu are based on attenuated strains of either salmonella serovar enteritidis or typhimurium which results in a decrease in s. enteritidis and s. typhimurium but may allow other salmonella serovars to fill an empty ecological niche. in this study we were therefore interested in the early interactions of chicken immune system with s. infantis compared to s. enteritidis and s. typhimurium, and a role of o-antigen in these interactions. to reach this aim, we ...201424763249
complete genome sequences of 16 canadian strains of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis is an important zoonotic food-borne pathogen causing serious human illnesses frequently linked to poultry products. here, we report fully assembled genome sequences of 16 s. enteritidis strains with common pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge) and phage types (8, 13, 13a, and 14b) that predominate in north america.201424762938
genome sequences of eight salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovars isolated from a single dairy farm.here, we report draft genome sequences of 26 isolates of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica, representing eight serotypes, which were isolated from cows in a pennsylvania dairy herd, the farm on which they were reared, and the associated off-site heifer-raising facility over an 8-year sampling period.201424762931
effects of tylosin administration on c-reactive protein concentration and carriage of salmonella enterica in pigs.to evaluate the effects of tylosin on c-reactive protein concentration, carriage of salmonella enterica, and antimicrobial resistance genes in commercial pigs.201424762018
bile-induced peptidoglycan remodelling in salmonella enterica.changes in the peptidoglycan (pg) structure of salmonella enterica are detected in the presence of a sublethal concentration of sodium deoxycholate (doc): (i) lower proportions of braun lipoprotein (lpp)-bound muropeptides; (ii) reduced levels of muropeptides cross-linked by l(meso)-diaminopimelyl-d(meso)-diaminopimelic acid (l-d) peptide bridges (3-3 cross-links). similar structural changes are found in s. enterica cultures adapted to grow in the presence of a lethal concentration of doc, sugge ...201524762004
an association of genotypes and antimicrobial resistance patterns among salmonella isolates from pigs and humans in taiwan.we collected 110 salmonella enterica isolates from sick pigs and determined their serotypes, genotypes using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and antimicrobial susceptibility to 12 antimicrobials and compared the data with a collection of 18,280 isolates obtained from humans. the pig isolates fell into 12 common serovars for human salmonellosis in taiwan; s. typhimurium, s. choleraesuis, s. derby, s. livingstone, and s. schwarzengrund were the 5 most common serovars and accounted for a t ...201424760078
presence of salmonella enteritidis and salmonella gallinarum in commercial laying hens diagnosed with fowl typhoid disease in colombia.a severe outbreak of salmonellosis in commercial brown table egg layers first occurred in colombia in 2006. from 2008 to 2012, 35 samples collected from commercial layers farms in the states of cundinamarca, santander, bolivar, and san andres, were positive for salmonella enterica. salmonella was isolated from liver and spleen (71.42%), pools of organs (liver, spleen, and ovarian follicles; 25.71%), and drag swabs (2.85%). serotype was assigned using single nucleotide polymorphisms or dna microa ...201424758131
serotype and antimicrobial resistance patterns of salmonella isolates from commercial birds and poultry environment in mississippi.to obtain information about salmonella from commercial birds and poultry environments within mississippi, 50 salmonella enterica isolates were collected and characterized by intergenic sequence ribotyping (isr) serotyping and by determining antimicrobial resistance. isr assigned serotype to all 50 salmonella enterica isolates whereas the kauffman-white-leminor antibody-based scheme assigned serotype to 48. agreement between both methods was k = 89.58. within the set, 12 serotypes were detected. ...201424758115
peptidases from latex of carica candamarcensis upregulate cox-2 and il-1 mrna transcripts against salmonella enterica ser. typhimurium-mediated inflammation.the immunomodulatory properties of a mixture of cysteine peptidases (p1g10) obtained from the fruit lattice of carica candamarcensis were investigated. p1g10 was obtained from fresh latex samples by chromatography in a sephadex column and initially administered to swiss mice (n = 5; 1 or 10 mg/kg) via i.p. after 30 min, the mice were injected with carrageenan (0.5 mg/mouse) or heat-killed s. typhimurium (10(7) cfu/ml; 100°c/30 min) into the peritoneal cavity. afterwards, two animal groups were i ...201424757289
emergence of clinical salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium isolates with concurrent resistance to ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, and azithromycin.salmonella infection is an important public health issue for which the needs of antimicrobial treatment are increasing. a total of 546 human clinical s. enterica serovar typhimurium isolates were recovered from patients in hospitals in china during the period of 2005 to ∼ 2011. twenty percent of the isolates exhibited resistance to ciprofloxacin, and 4% were resistant to ceftriaxone. importantly, for the first time, 12 (2%) s. typhimurium isolates resistant to both ciprofloxacin and ceftriaxone ...201424752251
sub-inhibitory fosmidomycin exposures elicits oxidative stress in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2.fosmidomycin is a time-dependent nanomolar inhibitor of methylerythritol phosphate (mep) synthase, which is the enzyme that catalyzes the first committed step in the mep pathway to isoprenoids. importantly, fosmidomycin is one of only a few mep pathway-specific inhibitors that exhibits antimicrobial activity. most inhibitors identified to date only exhibit activity against isolated pathway enzymes. the mep pathway is the sole route to isoprenoids in many bacteria, yet has no human homologs. the ...201424751777
ciprofloxacin-resistant salmonella enterica serotype kentucky sequence type 198. 201424751334
best practices for planning events encouraging human-animal interactions.educational events encouraging human-animal interaction include the risk of zoonotic disease transmission. it is estimated that 14% of all disease in the usa caused by campylobacter spp., cryptosporidium spp., shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) o157, non-o157 stecs, listeria monocytogenes, non-typhoidal salmonella enterica and yersinia enterocolitica were attributable to animal contact. this article reviews best practices for organizing events where human-animal interactions are encou ...201524751220
combined treatments of high-pressure with the lactoperoxidase system or lactoferrin on the inactivation of listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 in beef carpaccio.the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (hhp) treatments in combination with the lactoperoxidase system (lpos) or activated lactoferrin (alf) on listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar enteritidis and escherichia coli o157:h7 was investigated in cured beef carpaccio stored at 8 °c or 22 °c during 7 d. hhp (450 mpa for 5 min) reduced pathogen levels by 1-3 log units and the antimicrobial effect remained during 7 d of storage under temperature abuse conditions at 8 °c a ...201424750810
septic arthritis of the hip in a cambodian child caused by multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhi with intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin treated with ceftriaxone and azithromycin.septic arthritis is a rare complication of typhoid fever. a 12-year-old boy without pre-existing disease attended a paediatric hospital in cambodia with fever and left hip pain. a hip synovial fluid aspirate grew multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica ser. typhi with intermediate susceptibility to ciprofloxacin. arthrotomy, 2 weeks of intravenous ceftriaxone and 4 weeks of oral azithromycin led to resolution of symptoms. the optimum management of septic arthritis in drug-resistant typhoid is un ...201424749773
distributions of salmonella subtypes differ between two u.s. produce-growing regions.salmonella accounts for approximately 50% of produce-associated outbreaks in the united states, several of which have been traced back to contamination in the produce production environment. to quantify salmonella diversity and aid in identification of salmonella contamination sources, we characterized salmonella isolates from two geographically diverse produce-growing regions in the united states. initially, we characterized the salmonella serotype and subtype diversity associated with 1,677 sa ...201424747908
in situ evaluation of paenibacillus alvei in reducing carriage of salmonella enterica serovar newport on whole tomato plants.recently, tomatoes have been implicated as a primary vehicle in food-borne outbreaks of salmonella enterica serovar newport and other salmonella serovars. long-term intervention measures to reduce salmonella prevalence on tomatoes remain elusive for growing and postharvest environments. a naturally occurring bacterium identified by 16s rrna gene sequencing as paenibacillus alvei was isolated epiphytically from plants native to the virginia eastern shore tomato-growing region. after initial antim ...201424747888
live vaccination tactics: possible approaches for controlling visceral leishmaniasis.vaccination with durable immunity is the main goal and fundamental to control leishmaniasis. to stimulate the immune response, small numbers of parasites are necessary to be presented in the mammalian host. similar to natural course of infection, strategy using live vaccine is more attractive when compared to other approaches. live vaccines present the whole spectrum of antigens to the host immune system in the absence of any adjuvant. leishmanization was the first effort for live vaccination an ...201424744757
quinolone resistance mechanisms in salmonella enterica serovars hadar, kentucky, virchow, schwarzengrund, and 4,5,12:i:-, isolated from humans in switzerland, and identification of a novel qnrd variant, qnrd2, in s. hadar.human isolates of salmonella enterica serovars hadar, kentucky, virchow, schwarzengrund, and the monophasic variant of s. typhimurium, salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar 4,5,12:i:- were examined for mutations within the quinolone resistance target genes gyra, gyrb, parc, and pare and for plasmid-mediated resistance genes. differences were observed among the serovars. a novel variant of qnrd, qnrd2, was detected in an s. hadar isolate.201424733466
giardia duodenalis cathepsin b proteases degrade intestinal epithelial interleukin-8 and attenuate interleukin-8-induced neutrophil chemotaxis.giardia duodenalis (syn. g. intestinalis, g. lamblia) infections are a leading cause of waterborne diarrheal disease that can also result in the development of postinfectious functional gastrointestinal disorders via mechanisms that remain unclear. parasite numbers exceed 10(6) trophozoites per centimeter of gut at the height of an infection. yet the intestinal mucosa of g. duodenalis-infected individuals is devoid of signs of overt inflammation. g. duodenalis infections can also occur concurren ...201424733096
comparative genomic analysis and virulence differences in closely related salmonella enterica serotype heidelberg isolates from humans, retail meats, and animals.salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar heidelberg (s. heidelberg) is one of the top serovars causing human salmonellosis. recently, an antibiotic-resistant strain of this serovar was implicated in a large 2011 multistate outbreak resulting from consumption of contaminated ground turkey that involved 136 confirmed cases, with one death. in this study, we assessed the evolutionary diversity of 44 s. heidelberg isolates using whole-genome sequencing (wgs) generated by the 454 gs flx (roche) pl ...201424732280
development of a novel cross-streaking method for isolation, confirmation, and enumeration of salmonella from irrigation ponds.the 2013 produce safety rules in food safety modernization act (fsma) require regular testing for generic escherichia coli in agricultural water intended for pre-harvest contact with the edible portion of fresh produce. however, the use of fecal contamination indicators frequently does not correctly reflect distribution of foodborne pathogens such as salmonella enterica, and ensuring food safety may require direct detection and enumeration of pathogens in agricultural settings. herein we report ...201424732066
sequence analysis of a ctx-m-1 inci1 plasmid found in salmonella 4,5,12:i:-, escherichia coli and klebsiella pneumoniae on a uk pig farm.in 2009, ctx-m enterobacteriaceae and salmonella isolates were recovered from a uk pig farm, prompting studies into the dissemination of the resistance and to establish any relationships between the isolates.201424729584
selected lactic acid-producing bacterial isolates with the capacity to reduce salmonella translocation and virulence gene expression in chickens.probiotics have been used to control salmonella colonization/infection in chickens. yet the mechanisms of probiotic effects are not fully understood. this study has characterized our previously-selected lactic acid-producing bacterial (lab) isolates for controlling salmonella infection in chickens, particularly the mechanism underlying the control.201424728092
emergence and clonal dissemination of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis causing salmonellosis in mauritius.for decades, salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis has been among the most prevalent serovars reported worldwide. however, it was rarely encountered in mauritius until 2007; since then the number of non-typhoidal salmonella serogroup o:9 (including serovar enteritidis) increased. a study was conducted to investigate the genetic relatedness between s. enteritidis isolates recovered in mauritius from food and clinical specimens (stool, blood, and exudate).201424727511
the sdia-regulated gene srge encodes a type iii secreted effector.salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium is a food-borne pathogen that causes severe gastroenteritis. the ability of salmonella to cause disease depends on two type iii secretion systems (t3sss) encoded in two distinct salmonella pathogenicity islands, 1 and 2 (spi1 and spi2, respectively). s. typhimurium encodes a solo luxr homolog, sdia, which can detect the acyl-homoserine lactones (ahls) produced by other bacteria and upregulate the rck operon and the srge gene. srge is predicted to encode a ...201424727228
development of a pcr test system for specific detection of salmonella paratyphi b in foods.salmonella enterica serotype paratyphi b is a globally distributed human-specific pathogen causing paratyphoid fever. the aim of this study was to develop a rapid and reliable polymerase chain reaction (pcr) assay for its detection in food. the spab_01124 gene was found to be unique to s. paratyphi b using comparative genomics. primers for fragments of the spab_01124 gene and the salmonella-specific inva gene were used in combination to establish a multiplex pcr assay that showed 100% specificit ...201424725227
murine solid tumours as a novel model to study bacterial biofilm formation in vivo.bacteria of many species are able to invade and colonize solid tumours in mice. we have focused on salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. detailed analysis revealed that such tumour-invading salmonella form biofilms, thus providing a versatile in vivo test system for studying bacterial phenotypes and host-pathogen interactions. it appears that biofilm formation by s. typhimurium is induced as a defence against the immune system of the host, and in particular against neutrophils. further, we ex ...201424724621
antimicrobial resistance of salmonella enterica isolates from tonsil and jejunum with lymph node tissues of slaughtered swine in metro manila, philippines.due to frequent antibiotic exposure, swine is now recognized as potential risk in disseminating drug-resistant salmonella enterica strains. this study thus subjected 20 randomly selected s. enterica isolates from tonsil and jejunum with lymph node (jln) tissues of swine slaughtered in metro manila, philippines, to vitek 2 antimicrobial susceptibility testing (ast). the test revealed all 20 isolates had resistance to at least one antimicrobial agent, in which highest occurrence of resistance was ...201424724034
genome sequence of the salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar namur strain 05-2929, lacking the salmonella atypical fimbrial operon.this paper announces the genome sequence and annotation of salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar namur strain 05-2929. s. namur is a new serovar (39:z4,z23:-) that was isolated from a patient with salmonellosis in 2005 in namur, belgium, and has been identified as lacking the salmonella atypical fimbrial (saf) operon.201424723724
transcriptional expression of six genes located on pbssb1 of salmonella enterica serovar typhi in different growth phases and environmental stresses.a linear plasmid pbssb1 of z66-positive salmonella enterica serovar typhi was previously identified to be involved in unidirectional flagellar phase variation due to the expression and regulation of fljb(z66) and flja located on it. however, the expression of the remaining genes and other possible functions of pbssb1 have not been reported yet. here, we investigated the transcriptional expression characteristics of six genes (002, 008, 012, 017, 021, and 026) located on the linear plasmid pbssb1 ...201424723031
functional characterization of the type iii secretion atpase ssan encoded by salmonella pathogenicity island 2.a type iii secretion system (t3ss) is utilized by a large number of gram-negative bacteria to deliver effectors directly into the cytosol of eukaryotic host cells. one essential component of a t3ss is an atpase that catalyzes the unfolding of proteins, which is followed by the translocation of effectors through an injectisome. here we demonstrate a functional role of the atpase ssan, a component of salmonella pathogenicity island 2 t3ss (t3ss-2) in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium. ssan h ...201424722491
genome sequencing, annotation and analysis of salmonella enterica sub species salamae strain dma-1.the genus salmonella is gram-negative which belongs to the family enterobacteriaceae. in this study, we have sequenced the whole genome of the strain dma-1, which was isolated from mouse stool sample and identified as salmonella enterica subspecies salamae.201424721679
first detection of cmy-2 plasmid mediated β-lactamase in salmonella heidelberg in south america.salmonella enterica serovar heidelberg ranks among the most prevalent causes of human salmonellosis in the united states and canada, although it has been infrequently reported in south american and european countries. most salmonella infections are self-limiting; however, some invasive infections require antimicrobial therapy. in this work we characterized an oxyimino-cephalosporin resistant s. heidelberg isolate recovered from an inpatient in a buenos aires hospital. cmy-2 was responsible for t ...201424721271
the salmonella enterica serovar typhi ltrr-ompr-ompc-ompf genes are involved in resistance to the bile salt sodium deoxycholate and in bacterial transformation.a characterization of the ltrr regulator, an s. typhi protein belonging to the lysr family is presented. proteomics, outer membrane protein profiles and transcriptional analyses demonstrated that ltrr is required for the synthesis of ompr, ompc and ompf. dna-protein interaction analysis showed that ltrr binds to the regulatory region of ompr and then ompr interacts with the ompc and ompf promoters inducing porin synthesis. ltrr-dependent and independent ompr promoters were identified, and both p ...201424720747
integrative analysis of salmonellosis in israel reveals association of salmonella enterica serovar 9,12:l,v:- with extraintestinal infections, dissemination of endemic s. enterica serovar typhimurium dt104 biotypes, and severe underreporting of outbreaks.salmonella enterica is the leading etiologic agent of bacterial food-borne outbreaks worldwide. this ubiquitous species contains more than 2,600 serovars that may differ in their host specificity, clinical manifestations, and epidemiology. to characterize salmonellosis epidemiology in israel and to study the association of nontyphoidal salmonella (nts) serovars with invasive infections, 48,345 salmonella cases reported and serotyped at the national salmonella reference center between 1995 and 20 ...201424719441
persistent salmonellosis causes pancreatitis in a murine model of infection.pancreatitis, a known risk factor for the development of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma, is a serious, widespread medical condition usually caused by alcohol abuse or gallstone-mediated ductal obstruction. however, many cases of pancreatitis are of an unknown etiology. pancreatitis has been linked to bacterial infection, but causality has yet to be established. here, we found that persistent infection of mice with the bacterial pathogen salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium) ...201424717768
invasive salmonellosis by the very rare salmonella choleraesuis in a returning traveler on a tumor necrosis factor- α inhibitor.salmonella choleraesuis is one of the least commonly reported nontyphoidal salmonellae in the united states, accounting for only 0.08% and ranking lower than 20th place among all human source salmonellosis reported to the cdc in 2009. in the state of connecticut, only 12 cases have been reported since 1998 and our case is the only case since 2008. we report a case of invasive salmonellosis caused by salmonella choleraesuis in a patient on an antitumor necrosis factor- α agent (adalimumab) who re ...201424715927
molecular typing of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium isolated in abruzzo region (italy) from 2008 to 2010.in this study, 47 antibiotic-resistant strains of salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar typhimurium (st) were characterised, including 15 monophasic variants 1, 4, [5], 12:i:-, (stm) isolated from different matrices. they were all selected from 389 salmonella enterica subspecies enterica strains isolated during 2008-2010 in abruzzo region (italy). thirty-seven strains showed to be resistant to more than 1 antibiotic. among 47 isolates, phage type u311 and dt104 were identified. the ass ...201424715591
trends in antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella typhi from north india (2001-2012).enteric fever is endemic in india with salmonella typhi being the major causative agent. antibiotic therapy constitutes the mainstay of management. the present study was undertaken to find the susceptibility profile of salmonella enterica var typhi (s. typhi) blood isolates in a tertiary care hospital between january 2001 and december 2012.201424713900
removal of the phage-shock protein pspb causes reduction of virulence in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium independently of nramp1.the phage-shock protein (psp) system is believed to manage membrane stress in all enterobacteriaceae and has recently emerged as being important for virulence in several pathogenic species of this phylum. the core of the psp system consists of the pspa-d operon and the distantly located pspg gene. in salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium (s. typhimurium), it has recently been reported that pspa is essential for systemic infection of mice, but only in nramp1(+) mice, signifying that attenuation ...201424713356
salmonella enterica invasion of polarized epithelial cells is a highly cooperative effort.the invasion of polarized epithelial cells by salmonella enterica requires the cooperative activity of the salmonella pathogenicity island 1 (spi1)-encoded type iii secretion system (t3ss) and the spi4-encoded adhesin siie. the invasion of polarized cells is more efficient than that of nonpolarized cells, and we observed the formation of clusters of bacteria on infected cells. here we demonstrate that the invasion of polarized cells is a highly cooperative activity. using a novel live-cell imagi ...201424711567
cd11b+ ly6chi ly6g- immature myeloid cells recruited in response to salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium infection exhibit protective and immunosuppressive properties.immature myeloid cells in bone marrow are a heterogeneous population of cells that, under normal conditions, provide tissues with protective cell types such as granulocytes and macrophages. under certain pathological conditions, myeloid cell homeostasis is altered and immature forms of these cells appear in tissues. murine immature myeloid cells that express cd11b and ly6c or ly6g (two isoforms of gr-1) have been associated with immunosuppression in cancer (in the form of myeloid-derived suppres ...201424711563
wild griffon vultures (gyps fulvus) as a source of salmonella and campylobacter in eastern spain.the existence of campylobacter and salmonella reservoirs in wildlife is a potential hazard to animal and human health; however, the prevalence of these species is largely unknown. until now, only a few studies have evaluated the presence of campylobacter and salmonella in wild griffon vultures and based on a small number of birds. the aim of this study was to evaluate the presence of campylobacter and salmonella in wild griffon vultures (n = 97) during the normal ringing programme at the cinctor ...201424710464
identification of key genes in the response to salmonella enterica enteritidis, salmonella enterica pullorum, and poly(i:c) in chicken spleen and caecum.salmonella enterica enteritidis (s. enteritidis) and salmonella enterica pullorum (s. pullorum) are regarded as a threat to poultry production. this study's aim is to characterize the expression profiles in response to three different challenges and to identify infection-related genes in the chicken spleen and caecum. groups of the chinese chicken breed langshan were challenged with either s. enteritidis, s. pullorum, or poly(i:c). the concentrations of cytokines and antibodies and the salmonell ...201424707473
arginine and vitamin e improve the immune response after a salmonella challenge in broiler chicks.two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of arg, vitamin e (ve), and mannanoligosaccharide (mos) on the immune response and clearance of salmonella in broiler chickens. in each experiment, 1-d-old chicks (n = 160) were randomly distributed into 4 groups: antibiotic-free diet (negative control, ctl-), antibiotic-supplemented diet (positive control, ctl+), antibiotic free-diet plus arg and ve (ave), or antibiotic-free diet plus arg, ve, and mos (avm). birds were orally challenged wit ...201424706965
contribution of salmonella enteritidis virulence factors to intestinal colonization and systemic dissemination in 1-day-old chickens.salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is one of the most common serovars associated with poultry and poultry product contamination in the united states. we previously identified 14 mutant strains of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 (pt4) with significantly reduced invasiveness in human intestinal epithelial cells (caco-2), chicken macrophages (hd-11), and chicken hepatocellular epithelial cells (lmh). these included salmonella enteritidis mutants with transposon insertions in 6 newly identi ...201424706964
effects of dietary clays on performance and intestinal mucus barrier of broiler chicks challenged with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and on goblet cell function in vitro.in vivo and in vitro experiments were conducted to test for beneficial effects of dietary clays on broiler chicks challenged with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium and to explore potential mechanisms. first, two hundred forty 1-d-old male broilers (initial bw: 41.6 ± 0.4 g) were allotted in a 2 × 4 factorial arrangement in a randomized complete block design. there were 2 infection treatments (with or without salmonella) and 4 diets: basal (bas), 0.3% smectite a (sma), 0.3% smectite b, and ...201424706960
flgn is required for flagellum-based motility by bacillus subtilis.the assembly of the bacterial flagellum is exquisitely controlled. flagellar biosynthesis is underpinned by a specialized type iii secretion system that allows export of proteins from the cytoplasm to the nascent structure. bacillus subtilis regulates flagellar assembly using both conserved and species-specific mechanisms. here, we show that yvyg is essential for flagellar filament assembly. we define yvyg as an orthologue of the salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium type iii secretion system ...201424706744
analysis of factors that affect flgm-dependent type iii secretion for protein purification with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.the flgm protein is secreted in response to flagellar hook-basal body secretion and can be used as a secretion signal to direct selected protein secretion via the flagellar type iii secretion (t3s) system [h. m. singer, m. erhardt, a. m. steiner, m. m. zhang, d. yoshikami, g. bulaj, b. m. olivera, and k. t. hughes, mbio 3(3):e00115-12, 2012, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mbio.00115-12]. conditions known to affect flagellar gene expression, flgm stability, and flagellar t3s were tested either alone o ...201424706743
impact of quinolone-resistance acquisition on biofilm production and fitness in salmonella enterica.to investigate the potential relationship between quinolone resistance and biofilm production in a collection of salmonella enterica clinical isolates and in s. enterica serovar typhimurium serial mutants with increasing resistance to ciprofloxacin.201424706735
toll-like receptors gene expression in the gastrointestinal tract of salmonella serovar pullorum-infected broiler chicken.salmonella enterica serovar pullorum causes substantial mortality in chicks as well as results in persistent infection and vertical transmission in layer birds. an effective innate immune response in the early stages of infection could reduce bacterial colonization and mortality in chicks and persistency of infection in later stages. toll-like receptors (tlrs), important components of innate immune response, plays a pivotal role in early recognition of pathogen as well as in the initiation of ro ...201424706267
avra effector protein of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis is expressed and translocated in mesenteric lymph nodes at late stages of infection in mice.salmonellosis is a major health problem worldwide. salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) has been a primary cause of salmonella outbreaks in many countries. avra is an spi-1 effector protein involved in the enteritis pathway, with critical roles in inhibiting inflammation and apoptosis. in this work, we constructed an avra-flag-tagged strain of s. enteritidis to analyse the expression profile of avra in vitro, in cell culture and in vivo. avra expression and secretion were obs ...201424705228
conjugal transfer of the pathogenicity island rod21 in salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis depends on environmental conditions.unstable pathogenicity islands are chromosomal elements that can be transferred from one bacterium to another. salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) is a pathogenic bacterium containing such unstable pathogenicity islands. one of them, denominated rod21, is 26.5 kb in size and capable of excising from the chromosome in certain culture conditions, as well as during bacterial infection of phagocytic cells. in this study we have evaluated whether rod21 can be effectively transfer ...201424705125
effects of environmental conditions on growth and survival of salmonella in pasteurized whole egg.this study investigated the influence of three parameters (time, temperature and nacl concentration) on survival and four parameters (temperature, nacl and lysozyme concentrations and ph) on growth of salmonella enterica serovar enteritidis (s. enteritidis) in pasteurized whole egg (pwe). doehlert uniform shell design was employed to choose conditions for trials and data was fitted to polynomial models and were presented as estimated response surfaces. a model for prediction of reduction of s. e ...201424703437
complete genome sequence of a multidrug-resistant salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium var. 5- strain isolated from chicken breast. 201424699967
fully assembled genome sequence for salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar javiana cfsan001992. 201424699966
draft genome sequence of the host-restricted salmonella enterica serovar abortusovis strain ss44.salmonella enterica serovar abortusovis is a pathogen strictly adapted to ovines, in which it causes abortion. to enhance our understanding of this pathogen, we assembled the first draft sequence of an s. abortusovis genome (strain ss44). the obtained genomic data might facilitate the study of s. enterica evolution and host adaptation.201424699959
high inhibition of paenibacillus larvae and listeria monocytogenes by enterococcus isolated from different sources in tunisia and identification of their bacteriocin genes.a total of 300 isolates of enterococcus, from different sources including faeces of poultry, cow and sheep, raw milk, ricotta cheese and water, in tunisia, were screened for their antibacterial activity. amongst them, 59 bacteriocin-producing strains were detected and identified by molecular methods. genes encoding for enta, entp, entb, entl50a/b, as-48 and bac31 bacteriocins were targeted by pcr. the bacteriocin-producing strains were assigned to the species enterococcus faecium, enterococcus f ...201424698417
molecular architecture of the bacterial flagellar motor in cells.the flagellum is one of the most sophisticated self-assembling molecular machines in bacteria. powered by the proton-motive force, the flagellum rapidly rotates in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction, which ultimately controls bacterial motility and behavior. escherichia coli and salmonella enterica have served as important model systems for extensive genetic, biochemical, and structural analysis of the flagellum, providing unparalleled insights into its structure, function, and gen ...201424697492
salmonella enterica subspecies ii infections in england and wales--the use of multilocus sequence typing to assist serovar identification.identifying rare salmonella serotypes by conventional serotyping can be a problem for diagnostic or reference microbiology laboratories. we report two cases of the seldom encountered serovar salmonella dubrovnik, which is known as salmonella subspecies ii 41 : z : 1,5, in an elderly man and a young child. multilocus sequence typing, a technique that is being used more frequently in our laboratory, was used to assist serovar identification as serotyping proved to be inconclusive. to our knowledge ...201424696514
cd4+ t cells: guardians of the phagosome.cd4(+) t cells are key cells of the adaptive immune system that use t cell antigen receptors to recognize peptides that are generated in endosomes or phagosomes and displayed on the host cell surface bound to major histocompatibility complex molecules. these t cells participate in immune responses that protect hosts from microbes such as mycobacterium tuberculosis, cryptococcus neoformans, leishmania major, and salmonella enterica, which have evolved to live in the phagosomes of macrophages and ...201424696433
sequence-level and dual-phase identification of salmonella flagellum antigens by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (lc-ms/ms).forty-three reference strains involving the 24 most common serovars of salmonella enterica were examined by using a mass spectrometry-based h antigen typing platform (ms-h). the results indicate that ms-h can be used as a sensitive, rapid, and straightforward approach for the typing of salmonella flagella at the molecular level without antiserum and phase inversion.201424696022
first isolation of salmonella enterica serovar napoli from wild birds in italy.salmonella enterica serovar napoli (s. napoli) is an emerging serovar in italy. it accounts for 2-4% of all serovars isolated from human infections. the zoonotic origin of this serovar is still unknown and this makes difficult to apply any control intervention. we report here the isolation of s. napoli from a river nightingale (cettia cetti, temminck 1820) which represents the first description of this serovar from wild birds. this finding adds knowledge to the ecology of s. napoli and addresses ...201424695259
rig-i detects mrna of intracellular salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium during bacterial infection.the cytoplasmic helicase rig-i is an established sensor for viral 5'-triphosphorylated rna species. recently, rig-i was also implicated in the detection of intracellular bacteria. however, little is known about the host cell specificity of this process and the bacterial pathogen-associated molecular pattern (pamp) that activates rig-i. here we show that rna of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium activates production of beta interferon in a rig-i-dependent fashion only in nonphagocytic cells. ...201424692634
the natural antimicrobial carvacrol inhibits quorum sensing in chromobacterium violaceum and reduces bacterial biofilm formation at sub-lethal concentrations.the formation of biofilm by bacteria confers resistance to biocides and presents problems in medical and veterinary clinical settings. here we report the effect of carvacrol, one of the major antimicrobial components of oregano oil, on the formation of biofilms and its activity on existing biofilms. assays were carried out in polystyrene microplates to observe (a) the effect of 0-0.8 mm carvacrol on the formation of biofilms by selected bacterial pathogens over 24 h and (b) the effect of 0-8 mm ...201424691035
the arable ecosystem as battleground for emergence of new human pathogens.disease incidences related to escherichia coli and salmonella enterica infections by consumption of (fresh) vegetables, sprouts, and occasionally fruits made clear that these pathogens are not only transmitted to humans via the "classical" routes of meat, eggs, and dairy products, but also can be transmitted to humans via plants or products derived from plants. nowadays, it is of major concern that these human pathogens, especially the ones belonging to the taxonomical family of enterobacteriace ...201424688484
antimicrobial susceptibility of salmonella enterica isolates from healthy breeder and broiler flocks in portugal.three hundred and thirty-three isolates representing 40 different serotypes of salmonella enterica, recovered from environmental and faecal samples of breeder and broiler flocks from 2009 to 2011, were studied. antimicrobial susceptibility was determined by measuring the minimal inhibitory concentration of 11 antimicrobials using the agar dilution method. salmonella havana, s. enteritidis and s. mbandaka were the most common serotypes isolated from broiler flocks, while s. enteritidis was the co ...201424685467
a eukaryotic-like 3' untranslated region in salmonella enterica hild mrna.long 3' untranslated regions (3'utrs) are common in eukaryotic mrnas. in contrast, long 3'utrs are rare in bacteria, and have not been characterized in detail. we describe a 3'utr of 310 nucleotides in hild mrna, a transcript that encodes a transcriptional activator of salmonella enterica pathogenicity island 1 (spi-1). deletion of the hild 3'utr increases the hild mrna level, suggesting that the hild 3'utr may play a role in hild mrna turnover. cloning of the hild 3'utr downstream of the green ...201424682814
immersion in antimicrobial solutions reduces salmonella enterica and shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli on beef cheek meat.the objective of this study was to determine the effect of immersing beef cheek meat in antimicrobial solutions on the reduction of o157:h7 shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec), non-o157:h7 stec, and salmonella enterica. beef cheek meat was inoculated with o157:h7 stec, non-o157:h7 stec, and s. enterica on both the adipose and muscle surfaces. the inoculated cheek meat was then immersed in one of seven antimicrobial solutions for 1, 2.5, or 5 min: (i) 1% aftec 3000 (aftec), (ii) 2.5% be ...201424680064
salmonella adhesion, invasion and cellular immune responses are differentially affected by iron concentrations in a combined in vitro gut fermentation-cell model.in regions with a high infectious disease burden, concerns have been raised about the safety of iron supplementation because higher iron concentrations in the gut lumen may increase risk of enteropathogen infection. the aim of this study was to investigate interactions of the enteropathogen salmonella enterica ssp. enterica typhimurium with intestinal cells under different iron concentrations encountered in the gut lumen during iron deficiency and supplementation using an in vitro colonic fermen ...201424676135
selection of orphan rhs toxin expression in evolved salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium.clonally derived bacterial populations exhibit significant genotypic and phenotypic diversity that contribute to fitness in rapidly changing environments. here, we show that serial passage of salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 (stlt2) in broth, or within a mouse host, results in selection of an evolved population that inhibits the growth of ancestral cells by direct contact. cells within each evolved population gain the ability to express and deploy a cryptic "orphan" toxin encoded with ...201424675981
survival of foodborne pathogenic bacteria (bacillus cereus, escherichia coli o157:h7, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, staphylococcus aureus, and listeria monocytogenes) and bacillus cereus spores in fermented alcoholic beverages (beer and refined rice wine).only limited information is available on the microbiological safety of fermented alcoholic beverages because it is still a common belief that such beverages do not provide a favorable environment for bacterial growth and survival. thus, in this study, we examined the survival of major foodborne pathogens and spores in fermented alcoholic beverages. foodborne pathogens (bacillus cereus, escherichia coli o157:h7, listeria monocytogenes, salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium, and staphylococcus a ...201424674433
prevalence and concentration of bacterial pathogens in raw produce and minimally processed packaged salads produced in and for the netherlands.recent outbreaks with vegetable or fruits as vehicles have raised interest in the characterization of the public health risk due to microbial contamination of these commodities. because qualitative and quantitative data regarding prevalence and concentration of various microbes are lacking, we conducted a survey to estimate the prevalence and contamination level of raw produce and the resulting minimally processed packaged salads as sold in the netherlands. a dedicated sampling plan accounted fo ...201424674429
salmonella transfer during pilot plant scale washing and roller conveying of tomatoes.salmonella transfer during washing and roller conveying of inoculated tomatoes was quantified using a pilot scale tomato packing line equipped with plastic, foam, or brush rollers. red round tomatoes (2.3 kg) were dip inoculated with salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium lt2 (avirulent) (4 log cfu/g), air dried for 2 h, and then washed in sanitizer-free water for 2 min. inoculated tomatoes were then passed single file over a 1.5-m conveyor equipped with plastic, foam, or brush rollers followed ...201424674428
effects of postharvest handling conditions on internalization and growth of salmonella enterica in tomatoes.salmonella internalization in tomatoes during postharvest handling is a major food safety concern. this study was conducted to determine the effect of immersion time, immersion depth, and temperature differential between bacterial suspension and tomato pulp on the internalization of salmonella enterica in tomato fruits. the effect of storage temperature and duration on the survival and growth of internalized salmonella cells was also evaluated. overall, immersion time significantly affected the ...201424674426
leveraging management strategies for seedborne plant diseases to reduce salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium incidence on tomato seed and seedlings.tomatoes have been linked to many outbreaks of salmonellosis over the last decade, but the routes of contamination have yet to be discerned. many phytopathogens of tomato are seedborne and are effectively managed using seed sanitizers. seed sanitizers effective against bacterial phytopathogens were evaluated for their efficacy in killing bioluminescent salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium strain set-a14 on tomato seed infested with moderately high and high levels of pathogen. set-a14 incidenc ...201424674425
indole negatively impacts predation by bdellovibrio bacteriovorus and its release from the bdelloplast.bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is a predatory bacterium that attacks a wide range of gram-negative bacterial pathogens and is proposed to be a potential living antibiotic. in this study, we evaluated the effects of indole, a bacterial signalling molecule commonly produced within the gut, on the predatory ability of b. bacteriovorus hd100. indole significantly delayed predation on escherichia coli mg1655 and salmonella enterica kacc 11595 at physiological concentrations (0.25 to 1 mm) and completely ...201524673893
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