Publications

the complete nucleotide sequence of the panasia strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in japan.	the complete nucleotide sequence of the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o/jpn/2000 strain, the panasia strain, was determined by cycle sequencing and primer walking. the 5' end of the genome upstream from homopolymeric poly(c) tract (s-fragment) was 367 nucleotides in length, and the remainder of the genome (l-fragment), excepting the poly(a) tail, was 7808 nucleotides. the l-fragment contains a single open reading frame of 6996 nucleotides terminating at a uaa codon 96 bases from the 3' pol ...	2002	12416675
immune responses of sheep to quadrivalent double emulsion foot-and-mouth disease vaccines: rate of development of immunity and variations among other ruminants.	despite representing the majority of the world's foot-and-mouth disease (fmd)-susceptible livestock, sheep and goats have generally been neglected with regard to their epidemiological role in the spread of fmd. in the present investigations, fmd virus quadrivalent double emulsion (montanide isa 206) vaccines were tested in sheep. the oil adjuvant elicited a better immune response at any time than did aluminum hydroxide gel vaccine, and the response developed quicker. the animals maintained their ...	2002	12409434
a sliding window-based method to detect selective constraints in protein-coding genes and its application to rna viruses.	here we present a new sliding window-based method specially designed to detect selective constraints in specific regions of a multiple protein-coding sequence alignment. in contrast to previous window-based procedures, our method is based on a nonarbitrary statistical approach to find the appropriate codon-window size to test deviations of synonymous (d(s)) and nonsynonymous (d(n)) nucleotide substitutions from the expectation. the probabilities of d(n) and d(s) are obtained from simulated data ...	2002	12399925
foot-and-mouth disease: susceptibility of domestic poultry and free-living birds to infection and to disease--a review of the historical and current literature concerning the role of birds in spread of foot-and-mouth disease viruses.	ruminants and pigs are the dominant natural hosts of food-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses. approximately 70 additional mammalian species are found to be susceptible under natural or experimental conditions. reptilia, amphibia, and fish are probably naturally resistant to infection. according to the reviewed literature, domestic birds (chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, ducks and geese) have been experimentally infected with some strains of fmd viruses and may develop lesions suggestive of fmd such ...	2002	12395578
ires-driven translation is stimulated separately by the fmdv 3'-ncr and poly(a) sequences.	the 3' end region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) consists of two distinct elements, a 90 nt untranslated region (3'-ncr) and a poly(a) tract. removal of either the poly(a) tract or both the 3'-ncr and the poly(a) tract abrogated infectivity in susceptible cells in the context of a full-length cdna clone. we have addressed the question of whether the impairment of rna infectivity is related to defects at the translation level using a double approach. first, compared to the full-length vir ...	2002	12384586
the fencing issue relative to the control of foot-and-mouth disease.	certain livestock diseases in sub-saharan africa, such as foot-and-mouth disease are difficult to control because of the large numbers of infected wildlife hosts. these wildlife disease reservoirs form a continuous hazard of transmittal of the diseases to domestic livestock, which limits the access of livestock products from southern africa to international markets. the disease reservoirs are often found in border areas between countries with susceptible species and infected reservoir animals co ...	2002	12381590
the possible role that buffalo played in the recent outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease in south africa.	african buffalo (syncerus caffer) act as maintenance hosts for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in southern africa. a single buffalo can become infected with all three of the endemic serotypes of fmd virus (sat-1, sat-2, and sat-3) and pose a threat of infection to other susceptible cloven-hoofed animals. the floods of 2000 in southern africa damaged the kruger national park (knp) game fence extensively, and there were several accounts of buffalo that had escaped from the park. the vp1 gene, which c ...	2002	12381589
construction and evaluation of a recombinant foot-and-mouth disease virus: implications for inactivated vaccine production.	the south african territories (sat) types of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) show marked genomic and antigenic variation throughout sub-saharan africa. this variation is geographically linked and requires the use of custom-made vaccines. adaptation of field isolates as vaccine strains is cumbersome, time consuming, and expensive. as an alternative to the adaptation process, the construction of recombinant fmd viruses followed by the production of conventional, inactivated vaccines utilizing ...	2002	12381568
eukaryotic initiation factor 4gi is a poor substrate for hiv-1 proteinase.	eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4gi is efficiently cleaved during picornaviral replication. eif4gi processing has also recently been observed during hiv-1 replication. we have compared the efficiency of eif4gi proteolysis in rabbit reticulocyte lysates during translation of mrnas encoding the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase (l(pro)) or the hiv-1 proteinase (hiv-1(pro)). l(pro) cleaved 50% eif4gi within 12 min whereas hiv-1(pro) required 4 h; the concentrations were 2 pg/microl ...	2002	12372624
epidemiological basis useful for the control of foot-and-mouth disease.	although known for many years, foot-and-mouth disease is still able to represent a real threat to many farming economies in the world. the recent 2001 western european epizootics linked to o panasia virus strain can illustrate the fact that many questions are still unanswered in the field of foot-and-mouth epidemiology. it also demonstrates that the increase in international trade, including livestock, animal products and animal food, means an increase in the probability of transmitting, through ...	2002	12365808
diagnosis and screening of foot-and-mouth disease.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) diagnostic methods are reviewed. as the presence of clinical signs alone is inconclusive, laboratory diagnosis should always be carried out. the presence of fmd virus can be demonstrated by cell culture isolation, complement fixation test, elisa or the more recent polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method. serological diagnosis is also a valuable tool. the virus neutralization test has been replaced by elisa and the antibody response to some viral non-structural protein ...	2002	12365807
foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is an aphthovirus of the family picornaviridae and the etiological agent of the economically most important animal disease. as a typical picornavirus, fmd virions are nonenveloped particles of icosahedral symmetry and its genome is a single stranded rna of about 8500 nucleotides and of positive polarity. fmdv rna is infectious and it replicates via a complementary, minus strand rna. fmdv rna replication is error-prone so that viral populations consist of mutan ...	2002	12365806
foot-and-mouth disease virus: biology and prospects for disease control.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the causative agent of a disease that constitutes one of the main animal health concerns, as evidenced by the devastating outbreaks that occurred in different areas of the world over the last few years. in this review, we summarise important features of fmdv, aspects of its interactions with cells and hosts as well as current and new strategies for fmd control by vaccination.	2002	12361919
dose-dependent responses of sheep inoculated intranasally with a type o foot-and-mouth disease virus.	unlike foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in cattle and pigs, which spreads rapidly, resulting in easily detectable foci of clinical infection, the disease in sheep is characterized by restricted transmission, low morbidity and sporadic clinical cases. the study described was designed to investigate whether the ability of sheep to transmit and maintain fmd virus was dose-related. the viral isolate used was known to be associated epidemiologically with rapid fade-out of transmission within sheep flocks ...	2002	12354542
foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase: a papain-like enzyme requiring an acidic environment in the active site.	foot-and-mouth disease virus leader proteinase (l(pro)), a papain-like cysteine proteinase, has six acidic amino acids between 4 a and 11 a of the catalytic dyad of cys51 and his148. in contrast, in papain and related enzymes, only one acidic residue lies within this distance. we have examined by site-directed mutagenesis the importance of each of these residues for l(pro) self-processing and cleavage of its cellular substrate, eukaryotic initiation factor 4gi. only substitution of the electrost ...	2002	12297280
evidence of recombination in the capsid-coding region of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus.	recombination is one of the factors that contribute to genetic diversity in foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). similarity and bootscan analyses have provided evidence of recombination in the capsid-coding (p1) region of the virus. in the present study, of the 14 subtype a22 field isolates that were distributed in three previously described genotypes (iv, vi and vii) based on the 1d (vp1-encoding) gene sequence (tosh et al., 2002 ), one isolate (ind 170/88) was found to be a hybrid of genotypes ...	2002	12237427
a method to detect major serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	nucleic acid sequence-based amplification (nasba) is an isothermal technique that allows the rapid amplification of specific regions of nucleic acid obtained from a diverse range of sources. it is especially suitable for amplifying rna sequences. a rapid and specific nasba technique was developed, allowing the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus genetic material in a range of sample material, including preserved skin biopsy material from infected animals, vaccines prepared from denatured c ...	2002	12237113
recognition of eukaryotic initiation factor 4g isoforms by picornaviral proteinases.	the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot and mouth disease virus is a papain-like cysteine proteinase. after processing itself from the polyprotein, l(pro) then cleaves the host protein eukaryotic initiation factor (eif) 4gi, thus preventing protein synthesis from capped mrna in the infected cell. we have investigated l(pro) interaction with eif4gi and its isoform, eif4gii. l(pro), expressed as a catalytically inactive fusion protein with glutathione s-transferase, binds specifically to eif4g isom ...	2002	12228254
identification and characterization of a cis-acting replication element (cre) adjacent to the internal ribosome entry site of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	over the last few years, an essential rna structure known as the cis-acting replicative element (cre) has been identified within the protein-coding region of several picornaviruses. the cre, a stem-loop structure containing a conserved aaaca motif, functions as a template for addition of u residues to the protein primer 3b. by surveying the genomes of representatives of several serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), we discovered a putative cre in the 5' untranslated region of the gen ...	2002	12208947
emergence of a new strain of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus: its phylogenetic and evolutionary relationship with the panasia pandemic strain.	in india, foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype o has been associated with more than 75% of the outbreaks. previous studies with this serotype have indicated that the viruses circulating in india belong to a single genotype. recent (february 2001) fmd epidemics in europe have focussed global attention on the source of the virus and have been traced to a strain, panasia (serotype o), which is present in india since 1990. in this study, to further characterize the isolates belonging to the ...	2002	12206305
proton dipolar recoupling in resin-bound peptides under high-resolution magic angle spinning.	rotational resonance and radiofrequency-driven dipolar recoupling (rfdr) experiments have been used to recover the weak proton dipolar interaction present in peptides bound to swollen resins spun at the magic angle. the intensity of the correlation peaks obtained using these sequences is shown to be significantly stronger than the one obtained using the classical noesy experiment. in addition, it is found that during the relatively long mixing times required to transfer magnetization in such sof ...	2002	12202131
immunogenicity of a recombinant fusion protein of tandem repeat epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus type asia 1 for guinea pigs.	in this study, the sequences of capsid protein vpi regions of ynas1.1 and ynas1.2 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) were analyzed and a peptide containing amino acids (aa) 133-158 of vp1 and aa 20-34 of vp4 of fmdv type asia i was assumed to contain b and t cell epitopes, because it is hypervariable and includes a cell attachment site rgd located in the g-h loop. the dna fragments encoding aa 133-158 of vp1 and aa 20-34 of vp4 of fmdv type asia 1 were chemically synthesized and lig ...	2002	12199204
sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the l and vp1 genes of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1.	most of the molecular epidemiological studies of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are based on comparison of vp1 gene sequence. in this report, we determine the nucleotide (nt) sequence of the l (603 nt) and vp1 (633 nt) genes of 27 fmdv serotype asia 1 isolates recovered from different outbreaks in india, and compared with each other and the vaccine strain, ind 63/72, used in the country. independent phylogenetic analyses on both the aligned gene sequences identified two major lineages (desi ...	2002	12191774
aspects of the persistence of foot-and-mouth disease virus in animals--the carrier problem.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a member of the aphthovirus genus in the picornaviridae family. seven distinct serotypes, each including a wide range of variants, have been defined. fmd, affects wild and domesticated ruminants and pigs, is difficult to control and is the major constraint to international trade in livestock and animal products. after the acute stage of infection, fmdv may cause a prolonged, asymptomatic but persistent infection in ruminants. also, vaccinated or naturally i ...	2002	12191660
contaminants in feed for food-producing animals.	outbreaks of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and food borne microbial infections, dioxin contaminated animal products, the presence of veterinary drug residues, microbial resistance to antibiotics, mycotoxins, agricultural and industrial chemicals, etc. are serious concerns for the food industry in many countries. since the direct links between feed safety and safety of foods of animal origin are obvious, feed production and manufacture should be considered as an integral part of the food ...	2002	12189948
polycistronic viral vectors.	traditionally, vectors for gene transfer/therapy experiments were mono- or bicistronic. in the latter case, vectors express the gene of interest coupled with a marker gene. an increasing demand for more complex polycistronic vectors has arisen in recent years to obtain complex gene transfer/therapy effects. in particular, this demand is stimulated by the hope of a more powerful effect from combined gene therapy than from single gene therapy in a process whose parallels lie in the multi-drug comb ...	2002	12189721
detection of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus by real-time, fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction assay.	a fluorogenic rt-pcr (5'-nuclease probe-based) assay using a primer/probe set designed from the internal ribosomal entry site region of the virus genome was developed for the specific detection of all seven serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus in epithelial suspensions and cell culture virus preparations. the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) specifically detected fmd virus in sample submissions from the uk 2001 fmd outbreak with greater sensitivity than our con ...	2002	12176143
modeling viral genome fitness evolution associated with serial bottleneck events: evidence of stationary states of fitness.	evolution of fitness values upon replication of viral populations is strongly influenced by the size of the virus population that participates in the infections. while large population passages often result in fitness gains, repeated plaque-to-plaque transfers result in average fitness losses. here we develop a numerical model that describes fitness evolution of viral clones subjected to serial bottleneck events. the model predicts a biphasic evolution of fitness values in that a period of expon ...	2002	12163587
further studies on the early protective responses of pigs following immunisation with high potency foot and mouth disease vaccine.	the ability of an emergency oil adjuvanted foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine to elicit early protective immunity in pigs against direct contact homologous challenge was examined. all vaccinates showed reduced viraemia and shedding of fmdv, and certain animals were protected, showing no clinical signs. il-6, il-8 and il-12 were consistently detected in challenged animals that had been vaccinated. other cytokines--il-1, il-2, tnf, tgf and interferons--were not detected. this demonstrates that t ...	2002	12163272
a novel three-dimensional variant of the watershed transform for segmentation of electron density maps.	electron density maps at moderate resolution are often difficult to interpret due to the lack of recognizable features. this is especially true for electron tomograms that suffer in addition to the resolution limitation from low signal-to-noise ratios. reliable segmentation of such maps into smaller, manageable units can greatly facilitate interpretation. here, we present a segmentation approach targeting three-dimensional electron density maps derived by electron microscopy. the approach consis ...	2002	12160708
macrophage phagocytosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus may create infectious carriers.	macrophages play critical roles in innate defences against virus infections, particularly pertinent to the rapid immune response required following emergency vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). consequently, macrophage-fmdv interaction was studied in vitro, in the absence of specific antibodies, to mimic the animal early postvaccination. a gradual loss of infectivity and viral antigen was observed over 48 hr, and no evidence of productive virus replication was found. from th ...	2002	12153517
differentiation of foot-and-mouth disease virus-infected from vaccinated pigs by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using nonstructural protein 3ab as the antigen and application to an eradication program.	baculovirus-expressed foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) nonstructural protein 3ab was used as the antigen in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. this assay allowed the differentiation of vaccinated from infected pigs. serial studies were performed using sera collected from pigs in the field. positive reactions were found in sera from fattening pigs and sows 16 weeks and 3.5 years postoutbreak, respectively. there was, however, no positive reaction in sows with at least 10 vaccinations. mater ...	2002	12149340
interferons specifically suppress the translation from the internal ribosome entry site of hepatitis c virus through a double-stranded rna-activated protein kinase-independent pathway.	interferon (ifn) therapy is used worldwide as the best available treatment for hepatitis c virus (hcv) infection; however, little is known about how ifn or other drugs work against liver diseases. the effect of 6 drugs (glycyrrhizin, ursodeoxycholic acid, ribavirin, methylprednisolone, ifn-alpha, and ifn-beta) on hcv rna translation from the hcv internal ribosome entry site (ires) was investigated, using a bicistronic reporter containing the hcv ires. ifns suppressed both cap-dependent and hcv i ...	2002	12134250
foot-and-mouth disease. report urges u.k. to vaccinate herds.		2002	12130760
quantities of infectious virus and viral rna recovered from sheep and cattle experimentally infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus o uk 2001.	the profiles of virus production and excretion have been established for sheep experimentally infected with the uk 2001 strain of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus by inoculation and by direct and intensive contact. virus replicated rapidly in the inoculated sheep, from which a peak infectivity of airborne virus of 10(4.3) tcid(50) per sheep per 24 h was recovered. around 24 h later, contact-infected sheep excreted airborne virus maximally. similar amounts of airborne virus were recovered from ...	2002	12124455
serial passage of foot-and-mouth disease virus in sheep reveals declining levels of viraemia over time.	if an infectious agent is to maintain itself within a closed population by means of an unbroken serial chain of infections, it must maintain the level of infectiousness of individuals through time, or termination of the transmission chain is inevitable. one possible cause of diminution in infectiousness along serial chains of transmission may be that individuals are unable to amplify and transmit comparable levels of the infectious agent. here, the results are reported of a novel experiment desi ...	2002	12124454
viral infections and bovine mastitis: a review.	this review deals with the role of viruses in the aetiology of bovine mastitis. bovine herpesvirus 1, bovine herpesvirus 4, foot-and-mouth disease virus, and parainfluenza 3 virus have been isolated from milk from cows with clinical mastitis. intramammary inoculations of bovine herpesvirus 1 or parainfluenza 3 virus-induced clinical mastitis, while an intramammary inoculation of foot-and-mouth disease virus resulted in necrosis of the mammary gland. subclinical mastitis has been induced after a ...	2002	12119136
novel polypeptide-comprising biopolymer systems.	covalent bioconjugation between anionic polyelecrolytes and polypeptide antigens chemically synthesized by solid-phase chemistry, were studied in hydrated reversed micelle systems. the epitops of foot-and-mouse disease virus vp1 protein (40--60 and 135--160 residues) were used as polypeptide antigens. the polypeptide-comprising biopolymer systems were obtained by two methods: 1) inclusion of peptides into electrostatic polyelectrolyte complexes of polycations with proteins, 2) inclusion of pepti ...	2002	12118144
differentiation of type a, asia1 and o foot-and-mouth disease virus variants, amplified by the same system, by sequencing of the capsid protein genes.	a reverse transcription-dependent polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) is described that amplifies the genes encoding the capsid proteins vp1-3 of at least three evolutionary lineages each of the foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus types a, asia1 and o. most of these lineages are circulating at present in asia and africa. the method is not only suitable to confirm suspected outbreaks of fmd, but also describes the modulation of major and minor antigenic sites in the course of an epizootic by nucleo ...	2002	12088821
the role of mathematical modelling in the control of the 2001 fmd epidemic in the uk.	mathematical models played an important role in guiding the development of the control policies in the 2001 foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the uk. the variety of approaches that helped to guide the policy can sometimes be confusing. here, the different modelling exercises that were developed over the course of the epidemic are reviewed, describing the difficulties in interpreting the available data and the appropriateness of the various assumptions.	2002	12088664
foot-and-mouth disease virus infection of sheep: implications for diagnosis and control.		2002	12081308
effective synthetic peptide vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease in swine.	we have designed a peptide-based vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) effective in swine. the peptide immunogen has a g-h loop domain from the vp1 capsid protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and a novel promiscuous t helper (th) site for broad immunogenicity in multiple species. the g-h loop vp1 site was optimised for cross-reactivity to fmdv by the inclusion into the peptide of cyclic constraint and adjoining sequences. the incorporation of consensus residues into the hypervariabl ...	2002	12057619
experimental studies with foot-and-mouth disease virus, strain o, responsible for the 2001 epidemic in the united kingdom.	in 2001, the united kingdom experienced its worst epidemic of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). to date approximately 3.9 million animals have been culled and direct and indirect revenue losses are probably in excess of pound 12 billion. this study was carried out to investigate the biological characteristics of the fmd virus strain o/ukg/2001 responsible for the epidemic. animal transmission experiments indicated that this strain is not host restricted and will infect the three main susceptible liv ...	2002	12057606
use of a portable real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction assay for rapid detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	to evaluate a portable real-time reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) assay designed to detect all 7 viral serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv).	2002	12051502
evaluation of the portable cepheid smartcycler real-time pcr machine for the rapid diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.	the ability of the portable cepheid smartcycler real-time pcr machine to detect foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus sensitively and accurately was evaluated by comparing the results of the analyses of nasal swab and serum samples from experimentally infected animals with those obtained from the real-time pcr assay currently in use in the laboratory. the results indicated that the ability of the machine to detect viral rna is greatly affected by the pcr reagents used for the assay. when it was use ...	2002	12046786
genetic heterogeneity in the foot-and-mouth disease virus leader and 3c proteinases.	the leader and 3c proteinases of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) are responsible for almost all the proteolytic processing events of the viral polyprotein precursor. investigation into the genetic heterogeneity of the regions encoding these proteins from isolates of six fmdv serotypes revealed the 3c proteinase to be more conserved than the leader proteinase. maximum likelihood analysis indicated similar phylogenetic groupings for the non-structural protein coding regions of both the leader ...	2002	12036580
early antibody responses of cattle for foot-and-mouth disease quadrivalent double oil emulsion vaccine.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is an economically important disease of cloven-hoofed animals. the multiplicity of fmdv serotypes in animals poses a central problem in the policy of vaccination and is of much concern to health authorities. hence it is the practice of vaccination with polyvalent vaccine for prophylactic measure. in the present report, we analysed the early antibody responses elicited by fmdv quadrivalent (fmdv o, a, c and asia 1 serotypes) double emulsion (montanide isa 206) vaccine ...	2002	12034538
immune responses of goats against foot-and-mouth disease quadrivalent vaccine: comparison of double oil emulsion and aluminium hydroxide gel vaccines in eliciting immunity.	the epidemiological role of small ruminants in foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) outbreaks has been generally neglected. although, the disease in these species is sub-clinical in nature, their role as virus carriers represents a reservoir for further infection and spread of disease. data on the usefulness of polyvalent fmd vaccine (fmdv) in goats is scant. thus, the present study was undertaken to evaluate the benefits of a highly potent polyvalent fmdv in goats. in the present investigations, fmdv q ...	2002	12034105
a dna vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease elicits an immune response in swine which is enhanced by co-administration with interleukin-2.	a plasmid dna vaccine candidate (pceis) encoding two foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 epitopes (amino acid residues 141-160 and 200-213) has been demonstrated to have the ability to elicit both fmdv-specific t cell proliferation and neutralizing antibody against fmd in swine. in this study, the efficiency of the pceis dna vaccine when administrated by intramuscularly injection in swine was confirmed, and the immunogenicity of the pceis vaccine candidate was found to be enhanced through co ...	2002	12034088
the 3a non-structural-protein coding region of the southern african sat type isolates differs from that of other foot-and-mouth disease viruses.	the 3a non-structural protein of foot-and-mouth disease viruses is a relatively conserved protein comprising 153 amino acids. recent studies have demonstrated correlation between mutations in the 3a non-structural-protein-coding region, including a 10-amino acid deletion, and attenuation of the viruses in cattle. although the 3a coding region of several type a, o and c isolates has previously been described, nucleotide sequence data of the 3a coding region of the south african types (sat) 1, 2 a ...	2001	12026059
a high-efficiency translational control element with potential for cancer gene therapy.	an active internal ribosome entry sequence (ires) that efficiently mediates cap (m7pppgn)-independent translation in human carcinoma cells could be an effective device for gene co-transduction in cancer gene therapy. in this study using the cytomegalovirus (cmv) promoter, a remarkable internal translation activity was observed and mediated by the sequence localized to the 183-653 region of 5' nf-kappab repressor mrna (nfr183ires). to test the potential of such sequence for therapeutic applicatio ...	2002	12012009
dose-response relationships for foot and mouth disease in cattle and sheep.	the relationships between the inhaled dose of foot and mouth disease virus and the outcomes of infection and disease were examined by fitting dose-response models to experimental data. the parameters for both the exponential and beta-poisson models were estimated using maximum likelihood and bayesian methods. the median probability of infection given a single inhaled tcid50 was estimated to be 0.031 with 95% bayesian credibility intervals (ci) of 0.018-0.052 for cattle, and 0.045 (ci = 0.024-0.0 ...	2002	12002551
further studies to quantify the dose of natural aerosols of foot-and-mouth disease virus for pigs.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be spread by a variety of mechanisms, including wind. simulation models, developed to predict the risk of airborne spread, have played an important part in decision making in some outbreaks. the amount of airborne virus excreted as well as the minimal infectious dose (mid) of fmdv for different species are important determinants of airborne spread. the objective of this study was to obtain data for the o1 lausanne, o skr 2000 and o ukg 2001 strains of fmdv ...	2002	12002550
natural aerosol transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus to pigs: minimal infectious dose for strain o1 lausanne.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can spread by a variety of mechanisms, including, under certain circumstances, by the wind. simulation models have been developed to predict the risk of airborne spread of fmdv and have played an important part in decision making during emergencies. the minimal infectious dose of fmdv for different species by inhalation is an important determinant of airborne spread. whereas the doses for cattle and sheep have been quantified, those for pigs are not known. the ...	2002	12002549
vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease: the implications for canada.	vaccination of susceptible animals against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a well established strategy for helping to combat the disease. traditionally, fmd vaccine has been used to control a disease incursion in countries where the disease has been endemic rather than in countries considered free of the disease. in 2001, the use of vaccine was considered but not implemented in the united kingdom (1), whereas vaccine was used to help to control fmd in the netherlands (2,3). canadian contingency ...	2002	12001500
stratified and cryogenically stored (sacs) vaccines, a new concept in emergency foot-and-mouth disease vaccine formulation and storage.	strategic reserves of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) antigen have become an integral part of fmd control policy for many countries. they are based on two principles, ready formulated vaccine stored at +4 degrees c, or concentrated antigen preparations held at ultra-low temperature for later formulation. however, the latter is more economical, since ready formulated vaccine, based on oil or aluminium hydroxide/saponin adjuvants, requires regular replacement. this is primarily the result of the vacc ...	2002	11972974
probing degeneracy in antigen-antibody recognition at the immunodominant site of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	antigen-antibody binding is regarded as one of the most representative examples of specific molecular recognition in nature. the simplistic view of antigenic recognition in terms of a lock-and-key mechanism is obsolete, as it is evident that both antigens and antibodies are flexible and can undergo substantial mutual adaptation. this flexibility is the source of complexities such as degeneracy and nonadditivity in antigenic recognition. we have used surface plasmon resonance to study the effects ...	2002	11966979
modulation of the electrostatic charge at the active site of foot-and-mouth-disease-virus leader proteinase, an unusual papain-like enzyme.	the leader proteinase (l(pro)) of foot-and-mouth-disease virus is an unusual papain-like cysteine proteinase. synthesized without an n-terminal pro precursor region, it frees itself from the growing polypeptide chain by cleavage at its own c-terminus. it also possesses a unique electrostatic environment around the active site, essentially due to asp(163), which orients the catalytic histidine residue, and asp(164); the equivalent residues in papain are asn(175) and ser(176). the importance of th ...	2002	11964149
phylogenetic analysis of serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated in india between 1977 and 2000.	the genetic diversity among the indian serotype a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) isolates sampled over a period of 24 years (1977-2000) was studied by sequencing the vp1 gene. in the phylogenetic tree, constructed from 83 indian and 37 other available sequences, the fmdv type a isolates were distributed into 10 major genotypes (designated as i-x). the indian isolates were distributed in 4 genotypes (i, iv, vi and vii), and co-circulation of at least 2 genotypes (vi and vii) in different sta ...	2002	11958451
development of a rapid in vitro protein refolding assay which discriminates between peptide-bound and peptide-free forms of recombinant porcine major histocompatibility class i complex (sla-i).	the extracellular domains of swine leukocyte antigen class i (sla-i, major histocompatibility complex protein class i) were cloned and sequenced for two haplotypes (h4 and h7) which do not share any alleles based on serological typing, and which are the most important in danish farmed pigs. the extracellular domain of sla-i was connected to porcine beta2 microglobulin by glycine-rich linkers. the engineered single-chain proteins, consisting of fused sla-i and beta2 microglobulin, were overexpres ...	2002	11943330
foot-and-mouth disease: a review of the virus and the symptoms.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the etiologic agent of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd), which is a disease of cattle, swine, and other cloven-footed animals. fmd is characterized by the formation of vesicles on the tongue, nose, muzzle, and coronary bands of infected animals. the virus has several unique characteristics that enable it to cause one of the most economically devastating diseases in today's world. the ease with which it may be transmitted by contact and aerosol, combined with it ...	2001	11936028
[symposium "animal health: question of european legislation?" "human, animal, nature and economy should be in balance"].		2002	11930550
mechanisms of integrin-mediated virus attachment and internalization process.	viruses that propagate within vertebrate hosts have adapted many strategies to infect host cells. one of the first steps in a viral infection is the binding of the virus to cell surface molecules. this interaction between a virus and its receptors plays a key role in the multiplication cycle. entry of viruses into cells is a complex, multistep process, and for several viruses, cell attachment and internalization are distinct steps. a number of virus receptors have been identified; a common famil ...	2001	11922076
functional mimicry of a discontinuous antigenic site by a designed synthetic peptide.	functional reproduction of the discontinuous antigenic site d of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been achieved by means of synthetic peptide constructions that integrate each of the three protein loops that define the antigenic site into a single molecule. the site d mimics were designed on the basis of the x-ray structure of fmdv type c-s8c1 with the aid of molecular dynamics, so that the five residues assumed to be involved in antigenic recognition are located on the same face of the m ...	2002	11921395
antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv): an analysis of the specificities of anti-fmdv antibodies after vaccination of naturally susceptible host species.	of the known neutralizing antigenic sites of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), site 1 or a, formed in part by the g-h loop of vp1, has historically been considered immunodominant because of evidence implicating its importance in the induction of a protective immune response. however, no systematic study has been done to determine the relative importance of the various specificities of antibodies against the known neutralizing antigenic sites of fmdv in the polyclonal immune response of a natu ...	2002	11907326
[the contagiousness of the pestivirus and foot and mouth disease virus].		2002	11905240
coexpression of interleukin-12 chains by a self-splicing vector increases the protective cellular immune response of dna and mycobacterium bovis bcg vaccines against mycobacterium tuberculosis.	more effective vaccines against mycobacterium tuberculosis may contribute to the control of this major human pathogen. dna vaccines encoding single mycobacterial proteins stimulate antimycobacterial t-cell responses and induce partial protection against m. tuberculosis in animal models. the protective efficacy of these vaccines encoding a single antigen, however, has been less than that afforded by the current vaccine, mycobacterium bovis bacillus calmette-guérin (bcg). the heterodimeric cytokin ...	2002	11895958
a replication-competent chimera of plant and animal viruses.	human, animal, fungal, and plant viruses encode papain-like proteinases that function in polyprotein processing, rna synthesis, and virus-host interactions. to compare the functional profiles of diverse papain-like proteinases, we replaced a proteinase gene of the beet yellows virus (byv) with those derived from equine arteritis virus (eav), foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), and the fungal virus chv1. we found that, although each of the foreign proteinases efficiently processed the viral poly ...	2002	11886267
emergence and selection of rna virus variants: memory and extinction.	two features of viral quasispecies are reviewed: the presence of memory genomes as minority components of their mutant spectra, and viral extinction due to enhanced mutagenesis. memory has been documented with several genetic markers of the important animal picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). the presence of memory genomes in viral quasispecies may accelerate their adaptive response whenever a selective constraint has already been experienced by a viral population during previous s ...	2002	11885948
could foot and mouth disease be a biological warfare incident?		2002	11873548
early protection against homologous challenge after a single dose of replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 expressing capsid proteins of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain a24.	previously we demonstrated that two doses of a replication-defective human adenovirus serotype 5 (ad5) carrying the capsid (p1) and 3c protease coding regions of a laboratory strain of fmdv (a12) completely protected five of six swine challenged with homologous virus. the objective of the current study was to evaluate the efficacy of one dose of an ad5-vectored vaccine expressing the p1 coding region of an fmdv field strain. a replication-defective ad5 containing the p1 coding region of fmdv a24 ...	2002	11858872
a review of emergency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines.	the primary objectives of this paper are to describe emergency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines and review literature on emergency vaccine efficacy to protect animals against (1) clinical signs and (2) infection (local virus replication). the reviewed experiments suggest that in cattle, sheep and pigs, the vaccine could be effective in preventing disease within 4-5 days post-vaccination. these studies also suggest that the risk of spreading infection decreases as the interval between vaccin ...	2002	11858856
[foot and mouth disease in (meat)calves: clinical signs and viral shedding].		2002	11858041
genetic diversity in the vp1 gene of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia 1.	complete nucleotide sequence of the 1d (vp1-encoding) gene of 61 foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) serotype asia i virus isolates recovered from different outbreaks in india between 1985 and 1999 including two vaccine strains currently used were determined. the sequences were compared with each other and those from other asian countries. on the basis of phylogenetic analysis the viruses could be grouped into four genotypes (genotypes i-iv). all the 61 isolates from india belong to a single genotype ( ...	2002	11855637
isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus from japanese black cattle in miyazaki prefecture, japan, 2000.	four outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) occurred from march to may 2000 in miyazaki and hokkaido prefectures, japan. fmd virus isolation was achieved by sampling probang materials from japanese black cattle in the third case found in miyazaki prefecture. the probang materials were inoculated to bovine kidney (bk) and bovine thyroid cell cultures. cpe was observed in the bk at two days post-inoculation. specific amplified dna segments for fmd virus (fmdv) were detected by reverse transcrip ...	2002	11853156
synthetic peptides as functional mimics of a viral discontinuous antigenic site.	functional reproduction of discontinuous antigenic site d of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) has been achieved by means of synthetic peptide constructions that integrate into a single molecule each of the three protein loops that define the antigenic site. the site d mimics are designed on the basis of the x-ray structure of fmdv type c-s8c1 with the aid of molecular dynamics, so that the five residues assumed to be involved in antigenic recognition are located on the same face of the molecu ...	2001	11851326
synthetic peptide vaccines: unexpected fulfillment of discarded hope?	in the early eighties it was realized that the ultimate vaccine would be a synthetic peptide. major efforts were put into the development of a synthetic vaccine for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) for which even today no alternative exists besides the classical vaccine based on inactivated virus. despite impressive progress, a peptide vaccine that could match the classical vaccine with respect to efficacy (i.e. full protection of all animals after a single vaccination) has not materialized. ...	2001	11851321
synthetic peptide-based vaccine and diagnostic system for effective control of fmd.	we have designed synthetic peptides corresponding to two different regions of the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) that are effective as (a) a vaccine or (b) a diagnostic reagent which differentiates convalescent from vaccinated animals, respectively. the peptide vaccine is based on a sequence from the prominent g-h loop of vp1, one of the four capsid proteins. the sequence was optimized by the inclusion of a cyclic constraint and adjoining sequences, and broader immunogenicity was ...	2001	11851319
[vaccination against foot and mouth disease: current state and perspectives].	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in many parts of the world and poses a permanent threat for cloven-hoofed animals in all countries. the available vaccines against fmd are safe and efficacious. combat of fmd by vaccination is controversial in currently fmd-free countries including the ones of the european union. the article summarizes our knowledge concerning production and use of vaccines, virus persistence, differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals, vaccination programs an ...	2001	11822168
[persistence of fdmv and its effects on disease control strategies].	it is well-known that foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a persistent infection, lasting for more than 28 days, in cattle, sheep, goat as well as some other ruminant species, but not in pigs. although convincing evidence for virus transmission is missing, these carrier animals have to be considered as a potential risk of infection. some aspects of fmdv persistence are presented and discussed with regard to disease control strategies.	2001	11822166
[diagnosis of foot and mouth disease].	because foot-and-mouth disease has the potential for an explosive spread, instant and reliable diagnosis is of special importance. in this article the clinical examination, types and shipment of samples as well as the current methods of laboratory diagnosis by detection of fmd-virus, antigen, nucleic acid and antibodies are reviewed. special emphasis is laid on the differentiation between vaccinated and infected animals, in respect to conventional as well as novel vaccines.	2001	11822165
conserved rna secondary structures in picornaviridae genomes.	the family picornaviridae contains important pathogens including, for example, hepatitis a virus and foot-and-mouth disease virus. the genome of these viruses is a single messenger-active (+)-rna of 7200-8500 nt. besides coding for the viral proteins, it also contains functionally important rna secondary structures, among them an internal ribosomal entry site (ires) region towards the 5'-end. this contribution provides a comprehensive computational survey of the complete genomic rnas and a detai ...	2001	11812840
resistance to extinction of low fitness virus subjected to plaque-to-plaque transfers: diversification by mutation clustering.	plaque-to-plaque transfers of rna viruses lead to accumulation of mutations and fitness decrease. to test whether continuing plaque-to-plaque transfers would lead to viral extinction, we have subjected several low fitness foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) clones to up to 130 successive plaque transfers, and have analyzed the evolution of plaque titers and genomic nucleotide sequences. no case of viral extinction could be documented. some low fitness clones that posses an internal poly(a) tract ...	2002	11812137
diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease by rt-pcr: use of phylogenetic data to evaluate primers for the typing of viral rna in clinical samples.	the results of type-specific rt-pcr diagnostic assays on foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) viruses in clinical samples were mapped onto serotype-specific dendrograms representing the degree of nucleotide sequence variation between the fmd virus isolates. this novel approach assisted the selection of suitable pcr primer sets for the diagnosis of fmd virus isolates belonging to different topotypes within each serotype. these interpretations were qualified by using a universal (fmd virus group) specific ...	2001	11811689
integrity of gh-loop of foot-and-mouth disease virus during virus inactivation: detection by epitope specific antibodies.	vaccine against foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is prepared after inactivating the virus produced in cell culture. inactivation of the fmd virus (fmdv) was earlier done by formaline. however, several vaccine outbreaks, which occurred in europe revealed that the formaline treatment is not highly effective for virus inactivation. subsequently, binary ethyleneimine (bei) was identified as an effective inactivation reagent for fmdv. however, these chemical reagents are likely to have effect on whole vi ...	2002	11803078
a novel methodology to develop a foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) peptide-based vaccine in transgenic plants.	the expression of antigens in transgenic plants has been increasingly used as an alternative to the classical methodologies for antigen expression in the development of experimental vaccines. however, an important limitation in most cases is the low concentration of the recombinant antigens in the plant tissues, which reduces the possibilities of practical applications. because the site of insertion of the transferred dna into the cellular chromosomal dna is at random, different levels of foreig ...	2002	11803075
serological evidence of fmd subclinical infection in sheep population during the 1999 epidemic in morocco.	during 1999, 11 outbreaks of foot and mouth disease (fmd) were declared in the east and central part of morocco. all the fmd clinical cases reported were cattle. in order to analyse the serological status of sheep from the fmd outbreak areas, 598 sheep sera were tested using a liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) to detect antibodies against fmdv structural proteins. the study confirmed the presence of fmdv specific antibodies in 77 clinically normal sheep, indicating that unrecognised fmdv-infect ...	2002	11792487
duration and fitness dependence of quasispecies memory.	the duration and fitness dependence of memory in viral quasispecies evolving in cell culture have been investigated using two genetic markers of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). in lineages of antigenic variant fmdv red, which reverted to fmdv rgd, memory fmdv red genomes were detected after 50 infectious cycles, and memory level was fitness dependent. in growth-competition experiments between a reference fmdv rgd and two different fmdv red populations, a 7.6-fold higher fitness of the initi ...	2002	11786012
[vaccination against foot and mouth disease: a biotechnical approach?].	described is how through a biotechnical approach a fmd 'marker' vaccine and matching diagnostic test could be developed which makes it possible to control fmd safety and effectively. much research is still necessary but important in this is that the european union supports these developments.	2001	11780258
sequence analysis of recent indian isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotypes o, a and asia 1 from clinical materials.	partial nucleotide sequences of 1d gene of 38 isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) of serotypes o, a and asia 1 originating from various parts of india were determined. field materials were subjected straight to rna extraction, reverse transcription - pcr (rt-pcr) and sequencing. also 3 fmdv vaccine strains, ind r2/75 (serotype o), ind 63/72 (serotype asia 1) and ind 17/77 (serotype a) were included in the analysis. the seqences were compared mutually as well as with available corresp ...	2001	11774894
integrin alphavbeta1 is a receptor for foot-and-mouth disease virus.	infection by field strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is initiated by binding to certain species of arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd)-dependent integrin including alphavbeta3 and the epithelial integrin alphavbeta6. in this report we show that the integrin alphavbeta1, when expressed as a human/hamster heterodimer on transfected chob2 cells, is a receptor for fmdv. virus binding and infection mediated by alphavbeta1 was inefficient in the presence of physiological concentrations o ...	2002	11773368
[preventive vaccination against foot and mouth disease not a realistic scenario?].		2001	11766538
the eradication of foot-and-mouth disease: a parallel problem.	poliomyelitis and foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) can both be prevented by vaccination. the vaccines are highly effective but they differ in that, whereas in most countries attenuated viruses have been used to control poliomyelitis, fmd vaccines are prepared from the virulent viruses. the reasons for choosing inactivated vaccines for fmd are (i) the demonstration several decades ago that a virus which was attenuated for one species could be virulent for another and (ii) the great antigenic variabil ...	2001	11763321
diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease by real-time fluorogenic pcr assay.		2001	11761294
anti-3ab antibodies in the chinese yellow cattle infected by the o/taiwan/99 foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the o/taiwan/99 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), a south asian topotype of serotype o, was introduced into taiwan in 1999. the chinese yellow cattle infected by the virus did not develop clinical lesions under experimental and field conditions. a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) kit with the 3ab antigen, a polypeptide of fmdv non-structural (ns) proteins, was used to evaluate the development and duration of anti-3ab antibodies, proving active viral replication, in the chine ...	2002	11750140
sensitivity of primary cells immortalised by oncogene transfection for the detection and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease and swine vesicular disease viruses.	primary cells derived from calf thyroid (cty), calf kidney (ck) and piglet kidney (pk) were immortalised by oncogene transfection and their susceptibility to infection by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus and swine vesicular disease (svd) virus examined. eighty-five immortalised cell lines (47 cty, 20 ck and 18 pk) proved stable upon repeated cell culture passage and many supported the growth of fmd virus and several of the pk cell lines supported svd virus. however, none of the immortalised li ...	2002	11750139
how rna viruses exchange their genetic material.	one of the most unusual features of rna viruses is their enormous genetic variability. among the different processes contributing to the continuous generation of new viral variants rna recombination is of special importance. this process has been observed for human, animal, plant and bacterial viruses. the collected data reveal a great susceptibility of rna viruses to recombination. they also indicate that genetic rna recombination (especially the nonhomologous one) is a major factor responsible ...	2001	11732610
extensive antigenic and genetic variation among foot-and-mouth disease type a viruses isolated from the 1994 and 1995 foci in são paulo, brazil.	nine foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type a isolates recovered from the field fmd foci in são paulo state, brazil, during 1994 and 1995 (a period preceding the last reported focus of fmd in 1996 in this state) were compared among themselves and with the reference vaccine strain a(24)cruzeiro. the techniques used were sandwich elisa, virus neutralization (vn), polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) of the structural polypeptides and direct sequencing of the vp1-coding region (1d gene). res ...	2002	11731156
direct kinetic assay of interactions between small peptides and immobilized antibodies using a surface plasmon resonance biosensor.	a surface plasmon resonance (spr) protocol is described for the direct kinetic analysis of small antigenic peptides interacting with immobilized monoclonal antibodies (mab). high peptide concentrations (up to 2.5 microm) and medium mab surface densities (about 1.5 ng/mm(2)) are needed to ensure measurable binding levels, and fast buffer flow rates (60 microl/min) are required to minimize diffusion-controlled kinetics. good reproducibility levels in the kinetic constants are obtained under these ...	2002	11730856
epidemiological implications of the molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus isolated between 1996 and 2000 in bangladesh.	foot-and-mouth disease virus was collected during two years throughout bangladesh. viral rna from 40 samples was subjected to reverse transcription-dependent polymerase chain reactions that amplify parts of the capsid protein encoding genome region, and the products obtained were sequenced. this showed that all virus isolates up to january 1999 belonged to a genotype of serotype o, observed here already in 1987, 1996 and 1997, and elsewhere since 1990. in february 2001, this virus variant was in ...	2001	11724275