Publications

biology of trichomonosis.	trichomonas vaginalis is emerging as a major pathogen of men and women and is associated with serious health consequences. advances in diagnosis and treatment are presented. the complexity of trichomonad pathogenesis is illustrated in the interaction of this parasite with human cells, tissues and the immune system. it is now becoming evident that the interaction of trichomonads with the host is frequently modulated by environmental signals. the molecular biology of trichomonads is still in its i ...	2000	11964771
[study on etiologic agents of vaginitis].	in order to provide scientific basis for preventing and curing vaginitis, etiologic agents were examined in 354 patients with vaginitis and 115 healthy women using rapid and reliable laboratory methods. the inducements of vaginitis were analysed. the results showed that candida was only detected for the normal control group. bacteria, candida and trichomonas were the commonest causes of vaginitis. with the increasing ages of patients with vaginitis, the incidence rates of all kinds of vaginitis ...	1999	11938750
phylogenetic relationships between the six superoxide dismutase proteins (fesod) of trichomonas vaginalis and fesod6 genetic diversity.	the parasitic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis is known to contain several types of fe-containing superoxide dismutase proteins (fesod). using three different methods of phylogenetic analysis, maximum parsimony (mp), neighbor joining (nj), and maximum likelihood (ml) methods, we examined the phylogenetic relationships among the six fesod (fesod1-fesod6) based on their amino acid sequences. all the analyses consistently suggested that the six proteins formed a monophyletic group implying that they ...	2002	11938694
timing of inoculation of the pouch makes no difference in increased detection of trichomonas vaginalis by the inpouch tv method.	the inpouch tv is a method which combines a wet preparation and a culture method to detect trichomonas vaginalis. the top portion of the inpouch tv essentially functions as a slide to be examined under the microscope. if the initial examination is negative, the specimen is pushed down into the bottom pouch, which serves as a broth for cultivation. the issue of timing has not been specifically addressed for optimal processing. to assess the effect of timing on the inoculation of the bottom pouch, ...	2002	11923361
prevalence of trichomonas vaginalis in patients with vaginal discharge in lagos, nigeria.	trichomonas vaginalis is the most prevalent, non-viral sexually transmitted infection worldwide and probably the most commonly treatable in africa and worldwide. the purpose of this study was to determine the prevalence of t. vaginalis among women with vaginal discharge attending a gynaecologic clinic in lagos and to identify the common characteristics of the vaginal discharge in t vaginalis. high vaginal swabs were taken from consenting adults with vaginal discharge. the quantity, colour and od ...	2001	11922025
[vulvovaginitis caused by candida spp. and trichomonas vaginalis in sexually active women].	vulvovaginitis accounts for 20 to 30% of gynecological diseases and it is observed in women from 20 to 30 years of age. it has a higher frequency in women using oral contraceptives and during the third trimester of pregnancy. the aim of this research was to assess the prevalence of candida spp and trichomonas vaginalis in patients with the diagnosis of vulvovaginitis from the gynecology service in hospital universitario "ruiz y páez" in ciudad bolívar and hospital "raúl leoni" in san félix (bolí ...	2002	11921745
intrauterine infection and prematurity.	intrauterine infection is a major cause of premature labor with and without intact membranes. intrauterine infection is present in approximately 25% of all preterm births and the earlier the gestational age at delivery, the higher the frequency of intra-amniotic infection. microorganisms may also gain access to the fetus before delivery. a fetal inflammatory response syndrome elicited in response to microbial products is associated with the impending onset of preterm labor and also with multi-sy ...	2002	11921380
a hydrogenosomal [fe]-hydrogenase from the anaerobic chytrid neocallimastix sp. l2.	the presence of a [fe]-hydrogenase in the hydrogenosomes of the anaerobic chytridiomycete fungus neocallimastix sp. l2 has been demonstrated by immunocytochemistry, subcellular fractionation, western-blotting and measurements of hydrogenase activity in the presence of various concentrations of carbon monoxide (co). since the hydrogenosomal hydrogenase activity can be inhibited nearly completely by low concentrations of co, it is likely that the [fe]-hydrogenase is responsible for at least 90% of ...	2002	11891051
giardia intestinalis, a eukaryote without hydrogenosomes, produces hydrogen.	the microaerophilic flagellated protist giardia intestinalis, the commonest protozoal agent of intestinal infections worldwide, is of uncertain phylogeny, but is usually regarded as the earliest branching of the eukaryotic clades. under strictly anaerobic conditions, a mass spectrometric investigation of gas production indicated a low level of generation of dihydrogen (2 nmol x min(-1) per 10(7) organisms), about 10-fold lower than that in trichomonas vaginalis under similar conditions. hydrogen ...	2002	11882707
trichomonas vaginalis: characterization of a family of p-type atpase genes.	p-type atpases are ion-transporting pumps that enable organisms to control cellular functions and survive changing environmental conditions by regulating internal ion concentrations. eight p-type atpases were identified in the amitochondriate protist trichomonas vaginalis using polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification with oligonucleotide primers that recognize conserved motifs present in all p-type atpases, the atp phosphorylation site (dktgtlt) and the atp binding site (tgdgvnd). phylogen ...	2002	11880226
a spliceosomal intron in giardia lamblia.	short introns occur in numerous protist lineages, but there are no reports of intervening sequences in the protists giardia lamblia and trichomonas vaginalis, which may represent the deepest known branches in the eukaryotic line of descent. we have discovered a 35-bp spliceosomal intron in a gene encoding a putative [2fe-2s] ferredoxin of g. lamblia. the giardia intron contains a canonical splice site at its 3' end (ag), a noncanonical splice site at its 5' end (ct), and a branch point sequence ...	2002	11854456
definition of a type of abnormal vaginal flora that is distinct from bacterial vaginosis: aerobic vaginitis.	to define an entity of abnormal vaginal flora: aerobic vaginitis.	2002	11845812
vitamin a deficiency and genital tract infections in women living in central africa.		2002	11832693
tubulins in trichomonas vaginalis: molecular characterization of alpha-tubulin genes, posttranslational modifications, and homology modeling of the tubulin dimer.	we have isolated and analysed an alpha-tubulin-encoding gene (atub1) in an early-diverging eukaryote, trichomonas vaginalis. the complete atub1 open reading frame included 1.356 bp encoding a polypeptide of 452 amino-acyl residues. a second alpha-tubulin gene (atub2) was amplified by pcr using primers derived from consensus alpha-tubulin amino acid sequences. both t. vaginalis alpha-tubulin sequences showed high identity to those described in other parabasalids (94.4%-97.3%), and exhibited a hig ...	2001	11831773
identification of a satellite double-stranded rna in the parasitic protozoan trichomonas vaginalis infected with t. vaginalis virus t1.	co-infection by a 0.5-kb small double-stranded (ds) rna together with trichomonas vaginalis virus (tvv) genomic 4.6-kb dsrna is commonly observed in a number of t. vaginalis isolates. by molecular cloning and primer extension experiments, the 497-bp cdna sequence of a 0.5-kb dsrna co-infecting with tvv-t1 in t vagina/is t1 isolate was elucidated. consistent with the replication cycle of a typical dsrna virus, a plus-strand viral rna beginning at +1 of the 0.5-kb dsrna was identified in infected ...	1995	11831699
[vaginal trichomoniasis in a group of hiv-positive people].	a total of 132 women who received attention at the outpatient department of dermatology of the "pedro kouri" institute of tropical medicine from january to july, 1998, were studied. 64 of them were hiv carriers and 68 were sound controls. on determining the infection frequency by trichomonas vaginalis, it was found that 15.6% and 16.1%, respectively, were parasitized by this protozoa. the diagnostic techniques used were simple direct examination of the vaginal exudate and culture in vitro. the l ...	2000	11826530
meeting report: anaerobic protozoan parasites, prague, czech republic, july 15-19, 2001.		2001	11822654
genitourinary infections and their association with preterm labor.	genitourinary tract infections are one cause of preterm delivery. prematurity is one of the leading causes of perinatal mortality in the united states. uterine contractions may be induced by cytokines and prostaglandins, which are released by microorganisms. asymptomatic bacteriuria, gonococcal cervicitis and bacterial vaginosis are strongly associated with preterm delivery. the role of chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis and ureaplasma urealyticum is less clear. by adopting a rational ...	2002	11820488
trichomonas vaginalis is associated with pelvic inflammatory disease in women infected with human immunodeficiency virus.	we assessed the association between the causative agents of vaginal discharge and pelvic inflammatory disease (pid) among women attending a rural sexually transmitted disease clinic in south africa; the role played by coinfection with human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) was studied. vaginal and cervical specimens were obtained to detect neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis, and bacterial vaginosis. hiv-1 infection was established by use of serum antibody te ...	2002	11797180
trichomonas vaginalis in vaginal smears of women using intrauterine contraceptive device.	to detect the association between the use of an intrauterine contraceptive device (iucd) and the presence of trichomonas vaginalis (tv), vaginal smears of 1110 women were examined cytologically. among 45 iucd users, 10 women were positive for tv (22.22%). forty six of 1065 non-users were also positive for tv (4.32%). there was a significant correlation between the use of iucd and the presence of tv (p < 0.05). the data also indicated that the prolonged use (> or = 3 years) of copper-iucd may pro ...	2001	11787243
evaluation of the effect of a plant alkaloid (berberine derived from berberis aristata) on trichomonas vaginalis in vitro.	berberine is a quaternary alkaloid derived from the plant berberis aristata having antibacterial, antiamoebic, antifungal, antihelminthic, leishmanicidal and tuberculostatic properties. the effect of berberine sulphate salt on the growth of trichomonas vaginalis in vitro was compared to the efficacy of metronidazole as a reference drug. results showed that berberine sulphate was comparable to metronidazole as regards potency with the advantage of being more safe and possible replacement in metro ...	2001	11775115
in-pouch tv culture system in diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection.	a newly simplified culture method, the in-pouch tv culture system, the wet mount (wm) examination and the acridine orange stain were compared with the oxoid culture as a standard technique in the diagnosis of trichomoniasis. out of 70 symptomatic cases enrolled in this study, 28 specimens were positive by all methods. among these positive specimens, 21 were positive by the oxoid culture (75%) and 24 (85.7%) with sensitivity of 85.7% by the in-pouch system. both wet mount preparation and acridine ...	2001	11775092
the bali std/aids study: evaluation of an intervention for sex workers.	prostitution has been an important factor in the spread of hiv infection in asia. interventions need to be developed to reduce the risk of transmission of sexually transmitted infections in this area.	2002	11773879
development and validation of a pcr-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay with urine for use in clinical research settings to detect trichomonas vaginalis in women.	trichomonas vaginalis infection is highly prevalent worldwide and is associated with poor birth outcomes and enhanced human immunodeficiency virus transmission. traditional detection methods rely on microscopic examination of vaginal specimens (wet mount) and culture, which can be insensitive and time-consuming. more than 3,000 women attending two sexually transmitted disease clinics were enrolled in this cross-sectional study to evaluate urine-based pcr for detection of t. vaginalis using a com ...	2002	11773098
mechanism and clinical significance of metronidazole resistance in helicobacter pylori.	metronidazole was introduced in 1959 for the treatment of trichomonas vaginalis, but was subsequently shown to be active against anaerobic and some micro-aerophilic bacteria as well. in anaerobic microorganisms with their low redox potential, metronidazole is reduced to its active metabolite by a one-electron transfer step. metronidazole is often used in treatment regimens for helicobacter pylori, a microaerophilic bacterium, but resistance to this drug is frequently encountered. the metabolism ...	2001	11768554
interrelationships among human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection, bacterial vaginosis, trichomoniasis, and the presence of yeasts.	vaginal discharge of mixed etiology occurs frequently, with abnormal vaginal flora being the most common condition. the interrelationships among the disturbance of the vaginal ecology, the presence of yeasts, and infection with trichomonas vaginalis and human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) were investigated among women presenting to a sexually transmitted diseases service. analysis was done for 598 women. although the prevalence of hiv-1 infection increased linearly with increasing nugent ...	2002	11756983
in vitro activity of nitazoxanide and related compounds against isolates of giardia intestinalis, entamoeba histolytica and trichomonas vaginalis.	the activities of the n-(nitrothiazolyl) salicylamide nitazoxanide and its metabolite tizoxanide were compared with metronidazole in vitro in microplates against six axenic isolates of giardia intestinalis. tizoxanide was eight times more active than metronidazole against metronidazole-susceptible isolates and twice as active against a resistant isolate. in 10 axenic isolates of entamoeba histolytica, while tizoxanide was almost twice as active as metronidazole against more susceptible isolates, ...	2002	11751773
a clinical study on the association of trichomonas vaginalis and mycoplasma hominis infections in women attending a sexually transmitted disease (std) outpatient clinic.	swabs from the posterior vaginal fornix were obtained from 804 consecutive female patients visiting a large dutch sexually transmitted diseases (std) outpatient clinic. a detailed clinical history was obtained and complaints concerning the lower genital tract, such as vaginal discharge or vulval and vaginal irritation, were recorded. patients were examined and the presence of non-physiological vaginal secretions was established by speculum examination. the swabs were monitored for bacterial vagi ...	2001	11750218
unique phylogenetic relationships of glucokinase and glucosephosphate isomerase of the amitochondriate eukaryotes giardia intestinalis, spironucleus barkhanus and trichomonas vaginalis.	glucokinase (gk) and glucosephosphate isomerase (gpi), the first two enzymes of the glycolytic pathway of the diplomonads giardia intestinalis and spironucleus barkhanus, type i amitochondriate eukaryotes, were sequenced. gpi of the parabasalid trichomonas vaginalis was also sequenced. the diplomonad gks belong to a family of specific gks present in cyanobacteria, in some proteobacteria and also in t. vaginalis, a type ii amitochondriate protist. these enzymes are not part of the hexokinase fami ...	2001	11750134
trichomonas vaginalis, hiv, and african-americans.	trichomonas vaginalis may be emerging as one of the most important cofactors in amplifying hiv transmission, particularly in african-american communities of the united states. in a person co-infected with hiv, the pathology induced by t. vaginalis infection can increase hiv shedding. trichomonas infection may also act to expand the portal of entry for hiv in an hiv-negative person. studies from africa have suggested that t. vaginalis infection may increase the rate of hiv transmission by approxi ...	2001	11747718
characterization of an iron-responsive promoter in the protozoan pathogen trichomonas vaginalis.	iron has been shown to regulate transcription in the protozoan pathogen trichomonas vaginalis. in this study, a dna transfection system was developed to monitor ap65-1 promoter activity in response to changing iron supply. in conjunction with electrophoretic mobility shift assay, iron-induced transcription of the ap65-1 gene was shown to be regulated by multiple closely spaced dna elements spanning an iron-responsive region (-110/-54), including an iron-responsive dna element ((-98)agataacga(-90 ...	2002	11741916
synthesis and in vitro trichomonacidal activities of some new dialkylperoxides and 1,2,4-trioxanes.	two series of three trioxanes and 18 disubstituted peroxides were synthesised and evaluated for their in vitro trichomonacidal activity against trichomonas vaginalis. the most active compound, 2-methylprop-2-yl 2-methoxyeth-1-yl peroxide exhibited an ic(50) value of 1.0+/-0.2 microm whereas other dialkyl peroxides had various ic(50) values which could not be correlated to their molecule structure. the best compound was about five times more active than metronidazole. the amount of generated oxyg ...	2001	11738490
concordance between genetic relatedness and phenotypic similarities of trichomonas vaginalis strains.	despite the medical importance of trichomoniasis, little is known about the genetic relatedness of trichomonas vaginalis strains with similar biological characteristics. furthermore, the distribution of endobionts such as mycoplasmas or trichomonas vaginalis virus (tvv) in the t. vaginalis metapopulation is poorly characterised.	2001	11734059
phagocytosis of rod-shaped bacteria and cocci by trichomonas vaginalis: light microscopic observations.		2001	11726111
frequency of trichomonas vaginalis, candida sp and gardnerella vaginalis in cervical-vaginal smears in four different decades.	vaginitis is one of the principal motives that lead women to seek out an obstetrician or gynecologist. bacterial vaginosis, candidiasis and trichomoniasis are responsible for 90% of the cases of infectious vaginitis.	2001	11723534
nongonococcal and nonchlamydial cervicitis.	cervicitis encompasses a variety of gynecologic conditions. although inflammation on a papanicolaou smear may be indicative of true cervical inflammation, establishing a diagnosis of mucopurulent cervicitis (mcp) is more clinically useful. mcp seems to be analogous to nongonococcal urethritis in men. many cases of mcp are related to chlamydia trachomatis infection, but the majority of cases have other potential causes. other possible pathogens include neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomonas vaginalis ...	2001	11722812
randomized trial of presumptive sexually transmitted disease therapy during pregnancy in rakai, uganda.	the purpose of this study was to assess presumptive sexually transmitted disease treatment on pregnancy outcome and hiv transmission.	2001	11717659
high rate of bacterial vaginosis among women with intrauterine devices in manado, indonesia.	recent research reported that bacterial vaginosis (bv) might enhance the acquisition and transmission of hiv. bv is also associated with an increased risk of pelvic inflammatory disease, a disease also associated with intrauterine device (iud) insertion. to measure the magnitude of this problem, we conducted a prevalence survey of bv and sexually transmitted diseases (stds; defined as current infections with neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, and/or trichomonas vaginalis) among all pa ...	2001	11704096
the epidemiology of trichomoniasis in women in four african cities.	to describe the epidemiology of trichomonas vaginalis infection and its association with hiv infection, in women in four african cities with different levels of hiv infection.	2001	11686470
the epidemiology of gonorrhoea, chlamydial infection and syphilis in four african cities.	to compare the epidemiology of gonorrhoea, chlamydial infection and syphilis in four cities in sub-saharan africa; two with a high prevalence of hiv infection (kisumu, kenya and ndola, zambia), and two with a relatively low hiv prevalence (cotonou, benin and yaoundé, cameroon).	2001	11686469
ecological and individual level analysis of risk factors for hiv infection in four urban populations in sub-saharan africa with different levels of hiv infection.	to identify factors that could explain differences in rate of spread of hiv between different regions in sub-saharan africa.	2001	11686462
taqman-based detection of trichomonas vaginalis dna from female genital specimens.	a double-labeled fluorescent probe was designed and evaluated for detecting trichomonas vaginalis dna in a 5' nuclease (taqman) assay. the t. vaginalis-specific probe contains a 5'-fluorescein (5'-fam) and a 3'-rhodamine (tamra) derivative. female genital secretions were collected on amplicor (roche molecular, indianapolis, ind.) swabs and by a transport system used for chlamydia trachomatis and/or neisseria gonorrhoeae dna detection by pcr. five hundred fifty-two female genital specimens, of wh ...	2001	11682492
structure and division of the golgi complex in trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus.	we present observations on the fine structure and the division process of the golgi complex in the protists trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus, parasites of the urogenital tract of humans and cattle, respectively. the golgi in trichomonads is a prominent structure, associated with striated parabasal filaments to which this organelle seems to be connected. we followed by immunofluorescence and electron microscopy the golgi in interphasic and mitotic cells. ultrastructural studies wer ...	2001	11675935
initiator recognition in a primitive eukaryote: ibp39, an initiator-binding protein from trichomonas vaginalis.	while considerable progress has been made in understanding the mechanisms of transcription in higher eukaryotes, transcription in single-celled, primitive eukaryotes remains poorly understood. promoters of protein-encoding genes in the parasitic protist trichomonas vaginalis, which represents one of the deepest-branching eukaryotic lineages, have a bipartite structure with gene-specific regulatory elements and a conserved core promoter encompassing the transcription start site. core promoters in ...	2001	11604521
[metronidazole].	metronidazole was first introduced for the treatment of trichomoniasis. now, its therapeutics use has subsequently been expanded to include protozoal and anaerobic infections. oral administration is recommended: rosacea, perioral dermatitis, helicobacter pylori, trichomonas vaginalis and giardia lamblia infections and bacterial vaginosis. metronidazole given orally is absorbed almost completely. metronidazole has limited plasma protein binding but can reach very favourable tissue distribution, i ...	2001	11590342
[frequency of gardnerella vaginalis vaginosis and its association with other pathogens causing genital infections in the female].	in order to determine the presence of unspecific vaginosis and their causes, 700 vaginal smears were obtained from patients assisting to the clinical laboratory of the familiar medicine unit no. 28 "gabriel mancera" of the instituto mexicano del seguro social, during 6 months. the patients age was from 18 to 55 years old. to establish the infectious etiology of these pathologies the vaginal smears were observed freshly and stained by gram's method. specific test for differentiate gardnerella vag ...	2001	11588810
a historic photomicrograph of a parasite (trichomonas vaginalis).	knowing that alfred donné was the discoverer of an important human parasite, and finding that he was also a pioneer of photomicrography, it occurred to me that his parasite might well have become a subject of his photography. it was a simple matter to confirm that this was indeed the case. the parasite he discovered was trichomonas vaginalis; and, in collaboration with foucault, donné made a photomicrograph showing several protozoan parasites lying among vaginal epithelial cells. his publication ...	2001	11587965
[spectrum of microflora isolated from various areas of the female reproductive tract].	the composition of microflora in different sections of the reproductive tract of women with disturbances of reproductive function was studied. the study revealed that the spectrum of microorganisms isolated from a bioptic specimen taken from the cavity of the small pelvis was narrower in comparison with such spectrum in material aspirated from the uterine cavity. the latter was narrower in comparison with that in the microflora of the lower sections of the reproductive tract. the possibility for ...	2001	11569275
evaluation of use of a single intravaginal swab to detect multiple sexually transmitted infections in active-duty military women.	the accuracy and suitability of use of a single intravaginal swab (sis) for polymerase chain reaction detection of neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis, and human papillomavirus infection was assessed in a cross-sectional study of 841 active-duty military women. the sis, compared with standard diagnostic tests, allowed detection of more gonorrhea, more chlamydial infection, and more trichomoniasis. sensitivity and specificity of sis detection compared with adjudica ...	2001	11568849
tinidazole therapy for metronidazole-resistant vaginal trichomoniasis.	treatment of patients with metronidazole-refractory vaginal trichomoniasis constitutes a major therapeutic challenge, and treatment options are extremely limited. although the majority of patients infected with trichomonads, who demonstrate reduced in vitro susceptibility to metronidazole, respond to high-dose but poorly tolerated regimens of metronidazole, clinical failure is by no means uncommon. we report a cure rate of 22 (92%) of 24 patients with refractory trichomoniasis treated with high ...	2001	11565074
preliminary studies on target antigens for the diagnosis of trichomonas vaginalis infection.	trichomonas vaginalis, a parasitic protozoa residing in the human urogenital tract, causes one of the most common sexually transmitted diseases, trichomoniasis. clinical diagnosis of t. vaginalis infection mainly involves a wet-mount microscopic examination, and a culture method, and both of which are either laborious or time-consuming. an immunodiagnostic strategy is under development, which is based on the fact that t. vaginalis releases various protein factors, notably proteinases, into the c ...	1999	11561565
mitochondrial type iron-sulfur cluster assembly in the amitochondriate eukaryotes trichomonas vaginalis and giardia intestinalis, as indicated by the phylogeny of iscs.	pyridoxal-5'-phosphate-dependent cysteine desulfurase (iscs) is an essential enzyme in the assembly of fes clusters in bacteria as well as in the mitochondria of eukaryotes. although fes proteins are particularly important for the energy metabolism of amitochondrial anaerobic eukaryotes, there is no information about fes cluster formation in these organisms. we identified and sequenced two iscs homologs of trichomonas vaginalis (tviscs-1 and tviscs-2) and one of giardia intestinalis (giiscs). tv ...	2001	11557797
antimicrobial activity of lithocarpus celebicus.	the methanol extracts of leaves, stem and root barks of lithocarpus celebicus showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity which was increased on fractionation (petrol, dichloromethane, ethylacetate), particularly in the ethyl acetate fraction of the stem bark and petrol fraction of the root bark. none of the extractives was active against tested moulds.	2001	11543975
anti-microbial activity of bidens pilosa, bischofia javanica, elmerillia papuana and sigesbekia orientalis.	the ethanol extracts of bidens pilosa (whole plant), bischofia javanica (leaves), elmerillia papuana (root bark) and sigesbekia orientalis (whole plant) were partitioned (petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate). the crude ethanolic extracts and all the obtained fractions showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity, the ethyl acetate fractions and the petrol fraction of e. papuana being the most effective. no activity was observed against the tested moulds.	2001	11543964
correlation between urine and cervical specimens for the detection of cervical chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae using ligase chain reaction in a cohort of hiv infected and uninfected adolescents.	(a) to examine the concordance between ligase chain reaction (lcr) results from urine and cervical samples for chlamydia trachomatis and neisseria gonorrhoeae in hiv infected and uninfected adolescent women, and (b) to examine factors that may influence the concordance of lcr results in this population.	2001	11530308
evaluation of the affirm ambient temperature transport system for the detection and identification of trichomonas vaginalis, gardnerella vaginalis, and candida species from vaginal fluid specimens.	the objective of this study was to measure the performance of the affirm ambient temperature transport system (atts) over time and to estimate the length of time the system can preserve a vaginal specimen containing the three common organisms causing vaginitis: trichomonas vaginalis, candida species, and gardnerella vaginalis (one of the causative agents of bacterial vaginosis). women with symptoms of vaginitis presenting to one of three clinical centers were evaluated over a 4- to 8-week period ...	2001	11526150
failure of metronidazole to prevent preterm delivery among pregnant women with asymptomatic trichomonas vaginalis infection.	infection with trichomonas vaginalis during pregnancy has been associated with preterm delivery. it is uncertain whether treatment of asymptomatic trichomoniasis in pregnant women reduces the occurrence of preterm delivery.	2001	11519502
metronidazole treatment of women with a positive fetal fibronectin test result.	eighty-nine women with either bacterial vaginosis, trichomonas vaginalis, or both, who also had a positive fetal fibronectin test result were randomized to two courses of metronidazole treatment as part of a maternal-fetal medicine network units study of the national institute of child health and human development. in this subgroup analysis, compared with the placebo group, women who were treated with metronidazole had a nonsignificant reduction in spontaneous preterm birth from 14.6% to 8.3%.	2001	11518914
prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, trichomonas vaginalis and human papillomavirus) in female attendees of a sexually transmitted diseases clinic in ulaanbaatar, mongolia.	epidemiological data suggest that the prevalence of syphilis, gonorrhea and trichomoniasis has increased in both urban and rural areas of mongolia. these data are primarily substantiated by notifications of cases of clinically apparent disease in both rural and urban areas, plus laboratory diagnoses from the aids/std reference center, ulaanbaatar. in the past 5 years, however, there has been a marked decline in the total number of patients being screened for sexually transmitted infections (stis ...	2001	11516062
binding of fibronectin by trichomonas vaginalis is influenced by iron and calcium.	we have reported that trichomonas vaginalis, the causative agent of the most common, non-viral sexually transmitted disease, bound to cover slips coated with fibronectin (fn) (crouch & alderete, microbiol 1999 145: 2835-43). in this study, we extend that observation by showing that fn binding is specific, and we present data on the requirements of fn binding by t. vaginalis. immunofluorescence and immuno-gold labelling readily detected fn throughout the trichomonal surface. parasites bound to(12 ...	2001	11500098
sexually transmitted infections in estonia--syndromic management of urethritis in a european country?	sexually transmitted infections (stis) are considered a major public health problem, globally. in particular, increasing sti rates have been documented throughout eastern europe and central asia. the russian federation and adjacent countries have, traditionally, managed stis on an aetiological basis. this approach is expensive in terms of laboratory costs and it may lead to delayed diagnosis and treatment. to overcome the limitations of the aetiological management of stis, the world health organ ...	2001	11487388
evaluation of two self-care treatments for prevention of vaginal candidiasis in women with hiv.	vaginal candidiasis (vc) is a common concern for women living with hiv infection. the authors evaluated the effectiveness of two self-care approaches to prophylaxis of vc among hiv-infected women, weekly intravaginal application of lactobacillus acidophilus or weekly intravaginal application of clotrimazole tablets, in a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. vc was defined as a vaginal swab positive for candida species in the presence of signs/symptoms of vaginitis and the absence ...	2001	11486720
midtrimester vaginal mycoplasma genitalium in women with subsequent spontaneous preterm birth.	we sought to determine the midtrimester prevalence of mycoplasma genitalium in women who had subsequent spontaneous preterm birth.	2001	11483922
subsequent sexually transmitted infection in urban adolescents and young adults.	to compare the rates of subsequent infection with chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, or trichomonas vaginalis in a group of high-risk adolescents and young adults.	2001	11483124
immunolocalization of tubulin isoforms and post-translational modifications in the protists tritrichomonas foetus and trichomonas vaginalis.	in the present report we show the distribution of multiple tubulin isoforms in trichomonas vaginalis and tritrichomonas foetus, flagellated parasitic protists of the urogenital tracts of human and cattle, respectively, using immunofluorescence and immunoelectron microscopy. we used several monoclonal and polyclonal anti-tubulin antibodies from different sources and recognizing variant tubulin isoforms. our results demonstrate that: (1) there is a heterogeneous distribution of the different tubul ...	2001	11479719
validity of self-reported sexually transmitted diseases among african american female adolescents participating in an hiv/std prevention intervention trial.	studies assessing the validity attributed to self-reported measures of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) clearly are needed, particularly those used for high-risk populations such as female adolescents, in whom std prevention is a priority.	2001	11473220
phylogenetic relationships of class ii fumarase genes from trichomonad species.	class ii fumarase sequences were obtained by polymerase chain reaction from five trichomonad species. all residues known to be highly conserved in this enzyme were present. nuclear run-on assays showed that one of the two genes identified in tritrichomonas foetus was expressed, whereas no fumarase transcripts were detected in the related species trichomonas vaginalis. these findings corroborate previous biochemical data. fumarase genes were also expressed in monocercomonas sp. and tetratrichomon ...	2001	11470849
metronidazole-resistant strains of trichomonas vaginalis display increased susceptibility to oxygen.	susceptibility to oxygen and properties relative to oxygen metabolism were compared in metronidazole-resistant and susceptible strains of trichomonas vaginalis. the study involved clinical isolates displaying the aerobic type of resistance, as well as resistant strains developed in vitro, both with aerobic (mr-3) and anaerobic (mr-5, mr-100) resistance. elevated sensitivity to oxygen of the resistant clinical isolates was observed. progressive increase of susceptibility to oxygen also accompanie ...	2001	11467782
sexually transmitted infections and reproductive health in azerbaijan.	little is known about the prevalence of sexually transmitted infections (stis) and about sexual and reproductive health in central and eastern europe. however, it is clear that major epidemics of stis currently exist.	2001	11460020
transcriptome meets metabolome: hierarchical and metabolic regulation of the glycolytic pathway.	the fact that information flows from dna to rna to protein to function suggests that regulation is 'hierarchical', i.e. dominated by regulation of gene expression. in the case of dominant regulation at the metabolic level, however, there is no quantitative relationship between mrna levels and function. we here develop a method to quantitate the relative contributions of metabolic and hierarchical regulation. applying this method to the glycolytic flux in three species of parasitic protists, we c ...	2001	11445079
methionine regeneration and aspartate aminotransferase in parasitic protozoa.	aspartate aminotransferases have been cloned and expressed from crithidia fasciculata, trypanosoma brucei brucei, giardia intestinalis, and plasmodium falciparum and have been found to play a role in the final step of methionine regeneration from methylthioadenosine. all five enzymes contain sequence motifs consistent with membership in the ia subfamily of aminotransferases; the crithidial and giardial enzymes and one trypanosomal enzyme were identified as cytoplasmic aspartate aminotransferases ...	2001	11443076
prevalence of metronidazole-resistant trichomonas vaginalis in a gynecology clinic.	to determine the prevalence of in vitro resistance to metronidazole among unselected isolates of trichomonas vaginalis and correlate in vitro findings with response to metronidazole therapy.	2001	11441678
ornidazole-induced autoimmune hepatitis.	ornidazole is a commonly prescribed antiparasitic drug for parasitic infestations, including amoebiasis, giardiasis and trichomonas vaginalis. several cases of antibiotic-induced autoimmune hepatitis (aih) or aih-like syndrome have been reported recently. in this report, we describe a 35-year-old woman with two relapses of aih induced by ornidazole prescribed for diarrhoea and vaginal infection.	2001	11434605
antimicrobial activity of clematis papuasica and nauclea obversifolia.	the methanol extracts of clematis papuasica leaves and stem bark and of nauclea obversifolia leaves, stem and root barks showed awide spectrum of antibacterial activity which was increased on fractionation (petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate), the ethyl acetate fractions being in all cases the most effective. none of the extractives was active against tested moulds.	2001	11429260
antimicrobial activity of cassia alata.	the methanol extracts of leaves, flowers, stem and root barks of cassia alata showed a broad spectrum of antibacterial activity. the activity was increased on fractionation (petrol, dichloromethane, ethyl acetate), the dichloromethane fraction of the flower extract being the most effective. no activity was shown against tested moulds.	2001	11429256
factors associated with nucleic acids related to human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in cervico-vaginal secretions.	to assess hiv-related nucleic acids in cervico-vaginal secretions and the factors associated with them.	2001	11426900
enzymes on microbial pathogens and trichomonas vaginalis: molecular mimicry and functional diversity.		2001	11422079
use of intravaginal microbicides to prevent acquisition of trichomonas vaginalis infection in lactobacillus-pretreated, estrogenized young mice.	d2a21, a novel peptide antibiotic has in vitro activity against a wide spectrum of sexually transmitted diseases (std). in this study we tested the hypothesis that intravaginal d2a21 would interfere with acquisition of trichomonas vaginalis infection in a modified mouse model. t. vaginalis infections of estrogenized young mice pretreated with lactobacillus vaginalis or lactobacillus rhamnosus were more frequent and persistent than those in mice pre-treated with lactobacillus gasseri or lactobaci ...	2000	11421379
unusual diversity in alpha-amanitin sensitivity of rna polymerases in trichomonads.	previous studies in the parasitic protist trichomonas vaginalis have revealed that protein coding genes are transcribed by an alpha-amanitin-resistant rna polymerase (rnap) ii. to investigate whether this unusual property is a general characteristic of trichomonads, we addressed the physiology of rna synthesis in lysolecithin-permeabilized cells. unlike in t. vaginalis, rnap ii in tritrichomonas foetus was highly sensitive to the inhibitor alpha-amanitin. on the other hand, rnap iii, identified ...	2001	11420110
construction and bootstrap analysis of dna fingerprinting-based phylogenetic trees with the freeware program freetree: application to trichomonad parasites.	the win95/98/nt program freetree for computation of distance matrices and construction of phylogenetic or phenetic trees on the basis of random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd), rflp and allozyme data is presented. in contrast to other similar software, the program freetree (available at http://www.natur.cuni.cz/~flegr/programs/freetree or http://ijs.sgmjournals.org/content/vol51/issue3/) can also assess the robustness of the tree topology by bootstrap, jackknife or operational taxonomic unit-ja ...	2001	11411692
antiprotozoal activity of neurolaena lobata.	extracts, fractions and sesquiterpene lactones from neurolaena lobata (l.) r. br. (asteraceae), a traditional medicinal plant from guatemala, were tested in vitro against leishmania spp. promastigotes, trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes and epimastigotes and trichomonas vaginalis trophozoites. the ethanol extract inhibited the parasite growth of l. mexicana, t. cruzi and t. vaginalis significantly. the pure germacranolides 1 and a mixture of 2 and 3, isolated from the ethonal extract, were highly ...	2001	11406857
characterisation of an atp diphosphohydrolase (apyrase, ec 3.6.1.5) activity in trichomonas vaginalis.	in the present report the enzymatic properties of an atp diphosphohydrolase (apyrase, ec 3.6.1.5) in trichomonas vaginalis were determined. the enzyme hydrolyses purine and pyrimidine nucleoside 5'-di- and 5'-triphosphates in an optimum ph range of 6.0--8.0. it is ca(2+)-dependent and is insensitive to classical atpase inhibitors, such as ouabain (1 mm), n-ethylmaleimide (0.1 mm), orthovanadate (0.1 mm) and sodium azide (5 mm). a significant inhibition of adp hydrolysis (37%) was observed in the ...	2001	11403767
occurrence of trichomoniasis in women in denmark, 1967-1997.	the neisseria unit at statens serum institut (ssi), copenhagen, denmark administers laboratory surveillance systems for gonorrhea and chlamydia, however, no similar system has been available for trichomoniasis.	2001	11403189
self-collection of vaginal swabs for the detection of chlamydia, gonorrhea, and trichomoniasis: opportunity to encourage sexually transmitted disease testing among adolescents.	many sexually transmitted diseases (stds) are prevalent among adolescents, yet compliance to undergo std testing by this population is suboptimal. efforts to enhance compliance with testing among at-risk youth are needed.	2001	11403188
a mobile phone text message and trichomonas vaginalis.		2001	11402245
molecular evidence for a fe-hydrogenase in the green alga scenedesmus obliquus.	fe-hydrogenase-specific degenerate primers were used in polymerase chain reactions with single-stranded scenedesmus obliquus cdna as template. a resulting 435-bp fragment was used to screen a cdna library from s. obliquus. a 1.6-kb cdna clone, containing the 3'-end of an open reading frame, was obtained. its deduced amino acid sequence contains the conserved h-cluster motives unique for fe-hydrogenases. any other fes-clusters seem to be absent. phylogenetically, the enzyme is closely related to ...	2001	11400057
phagocytosis of erythrocytes by trichomonas vaginalis: examination of a cervicovaginal smear.		2001	11391827
self-obtained vaginal swabs for diagnosis of treatable sexually transmitted diseases in adolescent girls.	to ascertain the acceptability of testing and prevalence of 3 readily treatable sexually transmitted diseases (stds) (infections with neisseria gonorrhoeae, chlamydia trachomatis, and trichomonas vaginalis) with the use of patient-obtained vaginal swabs.	2001	11386956
evaluation of genetic damage induced by a nitroimidazole derivative in human lymphocytes: tinidazole (tnz).	one of the useful drugs in the treatment against infestations caused by trichomonas vaginalis, entamoeba histolytica and giardia lamblia is tinidazole (tnz) 1-[2-(ethylsulfonyl) ethyl]-2-methyl-5-nitroimidazole) (gilman r.h., marquis g.s., miranda e., vestegui m., martinez h., 1988. rapid reinfection by giardia lamblia after treatment in a hyperendemic third world community. lancet i, 343-345). we decided to evaluate the potential genetic damage induced by tnz using different biological biomarke ...	2001	11377093
bacterial vaginosis among a group of married jordanian women: occurrence and laboratory diagnosis.	a total of 310 vaginal swabs collected from a group of married jordanian women complaining of vaginal discharge were examined for bacterial vaginosis. the scoring system of nugent for the interpretation of gram staining was employed. this system revealed the presence of the condition in 29.7% of patients. results obtained using the scoring system correlated significantly with the detection of clue cells and the scarcity of white blood cells in the vaginal discharge. an inverse relationship was f ...	2001	11368266
using self-administered tampons to diagnose stds.	the new nucleic acid amplification techniques (e.g., lcr and pcr) have allowed the introduction of non- and minimally-invasive techniques for the detection of sexually transmitted diseases (stds). in this article, we describe one of these-the self-administrated tampon method-which we have used to detect the presence of chlamydia trachomatis, neisseria gonorrhoeae, trichomonas vaginalis, and human papillomavirus in women.	1998	11361882
sexual behavior among adolescent women at high risk for sexually transmitted infections.	the temporal pattern of partners and sexual encounters may be key factors in the acquisition and transmission of sexually transmitted diseases (stds). behavior among adolescent women is of particular interest because they frequently have the highest prevalence and incidence of infection.	2001	11354261
drug susceptibility testing of anaerobic protozoa.	a simple technique for routine, reproducible global surveillance of the drug susceptibility status of the anaerobic protozoa trichomonas, entamoeba, and giardia is described. data collected using this technique can be readily compared among different laboratories and with previously reported data. the technique employs a commercially available sachet and bag system to generate a low-oxygen environment and log(2) drug dilutions in microtiter plates, which can be monitored without aerobic exposure ...	2001	11353630
trifluoromethionine, a prodrug designed against methionine gamma-lyase-containing pathogens, has efficacy in vitro and in vivo against trichomonas vaginalis.	methionine gamma-lyase, the enzyme which catalyzes the single-step conversion of methionine to alpha-ketobutyrate, ammonia, and methanethiol, is highly active in many anaerobic pathogenic microorganisms but has no counterpart in mammals. this study tested the hypothesis that this pathogen-specific enzyme can be exploited as a drug target by prodrugs that are exclusively activated by it. trifluoromethionine was confirmed as such a prodrug and shown to be highly toxic in vitro to the anaerobic pro ...	2001	11353620
an evaluation of infectious diseases in cervicovaginal smears from patients with atypical cells of undetermined significance.	despite all studies of infectious disease of the female genital tract, there have been a few studies of the many different types of infectious organisms on pap smears that contain abnormal cells. the purpose of this study is to evaluate the significance of infectious organisms in women with a cytologic diagnosis of atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ascus). this study utilizes 398 cervicovaginal smears and concurrent cervical biopsies (test and control cases) obtained from the ...	2001	11347382
trichomonas vaginalis has two fibronectin-like iron-regulated genes.	trichomonas vaginalis, a protozoan parasite of the human urogenital tract, interacts with fibronectin (fn), a glycoprotein of the extracellular matrix. we, therefore, attempted to identify genes of this eukaryote encoding fn-binding proteins.	2001	11343805
[trichomonas vaginalis: treatment and resistance to nitroimidazoles].		2001	11333589
[microbiologic profile in symptomatic pregnant women's genital secretions in gran buenos aires, argentina].	establish the prevalence of microorganisms associated with genital colonization in symptomatic pregnant women. in order to review the evolution of frequent pathogens ecology and adjust the laboratory design, in a population attended at the public health hospital, in the great buenos aires.	2001	11333586
the burden of reproductive-organ disease in rural women in the gambia, west africa.	data on the epidemiology of reproductive-organ morbidity are needed to guide effective interventions, to set health-care priorities, and to target future research. this study aimed to find out the prevalence of reproductive-organ disease in a sample of rural gambian women.	2001	11323043
effect of iron on the virulence of trichomonas vaginalis.	the role of iron was evaluated with respect to the virulence of trichomonas vaginalis in mice. iron-supplemented and iron-depleted diamond's trypticase-yeast extract-maltose (tym) media were prepared by adding 360 microm of ferrous sulfate and 100 microm of 2,2'-dipyridyl. trophozoites cultivated from normal tym and iron-supplemented tym media produced subcutaneous abscesses; however, trichomonads grown in an iron-deficient tym medium failed to produce any pathology. in addition to the increased ...	2001	11318588