Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| influenza detection and subtyping by reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for laboratory surveillance in brazil. | a duplex reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism for influenza virus subtyping was applied to 412 patient samples. the assay was able to discriminate all 47 influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. this rapid technique assessed if positive samples were current circulating strains or an emergent one and could be used as the 1st test in prepandemic stages. | 2008 | 18234464 |
| time lines of infection and disease in human influenza: a review of volunteer challenge studies. | the dynamics of viral shedding and symptoms following influenza virus infection are key factors when considering epidemic control measures. the authors reviewed published studies describing the course of influenza virus infection in placebo-treated and untreated volunteers challenged with wild-type influenza virus. a total of 56 different studies with 1,280 healthy participants were considered. viral shedding increased sharply between 0.5 and 1 day after challenge and consistently peaked on day ... | 2008 | 18230677 |
| flublok, a recombinant influenza vaccine. | protein sciences corp and umn pharma inc are developing flublok, an injectable trivalent influenza vaccine formulation composed of recombinant influenza hemagglutinin (ha) proteins that match the ha from the three influenza isolates that currently circulate in humans (h1n1, h3n2 and b), for the potential prevention of influenza virus infection. phase iii clinical trials to compare flublok and a licensed trivalent influenza vaccine for immunogenicity, safety and efficacy in preventing naturally o ... | 2008 | 18228185 |
| sublingual vaccination with influenza virus protects mice against lethal viral infection. | we assessed whether the sublingual (s.l.) route would be an effective means of delivering vaccines against influenza virus in mice by using either formalin-inactivated or live influenza a/pr/8 virus (h1n1). sublingual administration of inactivated influenza virus given on two occasions induced both systemic and mucosal antibody responses and conferred protection against a lethal intranasal (i.n.) challenge with influenza virus. coadministration of a mucosal adjuvant (mcta-ltb) enhanced these res ... | 2008 | 18227512 |
| prevalence of and risk factors for influenza in southern ontario swine herds in 2001 and 2003. | this research included 2 prevalence studies and a risk-factor investigation conducted in 2001 at 93 sites with sows only, finishers only, or both. in 2001, 1300 serum samples from sows in 65 herds and 720 serum samples from finisher pigs in 72 herds were tested for antibodies to swine influenzavirus (siv) of h1n1 subtype with an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). in 2003, 1140 serum samples from sows in 76 herds were tested for antibodies to siv of h3n2 subtype with a hemagglutination-in ... | 2008 | 18214156 |
| healthy human subjects have cd4+ t cells directed against h5n1 influenza virus. | it is commonly perceived that the human immune system is naive to the newly emerged h5n1 virus. in contrast, most adults have been exposed to influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses through vaccination or infection. adults born before 1968 have likely been exposed to h2n2 viruses. we hypothesized that cd4(+) t cells generated in response to h1n1, h3n2, and h2n2 influenza a viruses also recognize h5n1 epitopes. tetramer-guided epitope mapping and ag-specific class ii tetramers were used to identify h5n ... | 2008 | 18209073 |
| genetic and antigenic relatedness of h3 subtype influenza a viruses isolated from avian and mammalian species. | in 2004, we isolated triple reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses from turkey breeder hens in ohio and illinois. the illinois flock was vaccinated twice with an inactivated h3n2 vaccine containing a swine origin virus before the outbreak. additionally, a commercial inactivated vaccine containing an h3n4 virus of duck origin is being used in some turkey breeders. this prompted us to initiate a comparative study on the antigenic and genetic relatedness of various h3 subtype influenza viruses isolated ... | 2008 | 18206275 |
| genetic evolution of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses in china from 1970 to 2006. | pigs are susceptible to both human and avian influenza viruses and have been proposed to be intermediate hosts, or mixing vessels, for the generation of pandemic influenza viruses through reassortment or adaptation to the mammalian host. in this study, we summarize and report for the first time the coexistence of wholly human-like h3n2 viruses, double-reassortant h3n2 viruses, and triple-reassortant h3n2 viruses in pigs in china by analyzing the eight genes of swine influenza a (h3n2) viruses fo ... | 2008 | 18199784 |
| bioinformatics models for predicting antigenic variants of influenza a/h3n2 virus. | motivation: continual and accumulated mutations in hemagglutinin (ha) protein of influenza a virus generate novel antigenic strains that cause annual epidemics. results: we propose a model by incorporating scoring and regression methods to predict antigenic variants. based on collected sequences of influenza a/h3n2 viruses isolated between 1971 and 2002, our model can be used to accurately predict the antigenic variants in 1999-2004 (agreement rate = 91.67%). twenty amino acid positions identifi ... | 2008 | 18187440 |
| glycan topology determines human adaptation of avian h5n1 virus hemagglutinin. | a switch in specificity of avian influenza a viruses' hemagglutinin (ha) from avian-like (alpha2-3 sialylated glycans) to human-like (alpha2-6 sialylated glycans) receptors is believed to be associated with their adaptation to infect humans. we show that a characteristic structural topology--and not the alpha2-6 linkage itself--enables specific binding of ha to alpha2-6 sialylated glycans and that recognition of this topology may be critical for adaptation of ha to bind glycans in the upper resp ... | 2008 | 18176555 |
| rapid differentiation of influenza a virus subtypes and genetic screening for virus variants by high-resolution melting analysis. | we assessed the use of high-resolution melting (hrm) analysis for the rapid identification of influenza a virus subtypes and the detection of newly emerging virus variants. the viral matrix gene was amplified by lightcycler real-time reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) in the presence of the lcgreen i fluorescent dye. upon optimization of the assay conditions, all the major influenza a virus subtypes, including h1n1, h3n2, h5n1, h7n3, and h9n2, were amplifiable by this method and had a pcr produc ... | 2008 | 18174299 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of h1n1 and h3n2 human influenza a viruses among infants and children in thailand. | the annual influenza outbreaks can cause a high mortality rate among infants and children. in the tropics, influenza shows no clear dependence on seasons. in the present study, we performed molecular and phylogenetic analysis of h1n1 and h3n2 influenza virus isolated from infants and children diagnosed with respiratory tract illness between february 2006 and february 2007. a total of 33 samples (10.92%) were found positive for human influenza virus infection. characterization of the hemagglutini ... | 2008 | 18160168 |
| protective and cross-protective mucosal immunization of mice by influenza virus type a with bacterial adjuvant. | mucosal immunization by inactivated viruses often fails to evoke a sufficient immune response. intensive efforts have been made to enhance the response by suitable adjuvants. we used the g+ nonpathogenic delipidated bacterium bacillus firmus with pronounced immunostimulatory properties as an adjuvant for immunizing mice with inactivated influenza virus type a. balb/c mice were immunized intratracheally with inactivated influenza a h1n1 and h3n2 viruses. the production of antibodies in sera and s ... | 2008 | 18160106 |
| genetic and antigenic analysis of epidemic influenza viruses isolated during 2006-2007 season in taiwan. | influenza viruses are some of the most active pathogens in taiwan. the monitoring influenza activity has been coordinated by the centers for diseases control, taiwan, and the surveillance is based on integrated clinical and virological surveillance components. data from sentinel physician networks and other sources, mainly hospitals were collected. during 2006-07 season, a total of 1724 cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza were reported by collaborating laboratories and sentinels, which was f ... | 2008 | 18098164 |
| comparison of epitope structures of h3has through protein modeling of influenza a virus hemagglutinin: mechanism for selection of antigenic variants in the presence of a monoclonal antibody. | starting with nine plaques of influenza a/kamata/14/91(h3n2) virus, we selected mutants in the presence of monoclonal antibody 203 (mab203). in total, amino acid substitutions were found at nine positions (77, 80, 131, 135, 141, 142, 143, 144 and 146), which localized in the antigenic site a of the hemagglutinin (ha). the escape mutants differed in the extent to which they had lost binding to mab203. ha protein with substitutions of some amino acid residues created by site-directed mutagenesis i ... | 2007 | 18094536 |
| [generation of cell culture high-yield recombinant h3n2 subtype swine influenza vaccine candidate by reverse genetics]. | high-yield h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus for large-scale vaccine production in cell culture was generated by reverse genetics. the rescued h3n2 (rh3n2) candidate virus contained hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes derived from a field isolate a/swine/henan/s4/01 (h3n2), pb2 gene from a/pr/8/34, and the other five internal genes from a/goose/dalian/3/01 (h9n2). the rh3n2 virus titer in mdck cell culture were measured by hemagglutination assay and the maximum virus titre of 1:512 ... | 2007 | 18092685 |
| novel reassortant of swine influenza h1n2 virus in germany. | european porcine h1n2 influenza viruses arose after multiple reassortment steps involving a porcine influenza virus with avian-influenza-like internal segments and human h1n1 and h3n2 viruses in 1994. in germany, h1n2 swine influenza viruses first appeared in 2000. two german h1n2 swine influenza virus strains isolated from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza are described. they were characterized by the neutralization test, haemagglutination inhibition (hi) test and complete sequencing of ... | 2008 | 18089751 |
| [h3n2 subtype of human influenza pneumonia with staphylococcal sepsis and staphylococcal pneumonia: report of one case]. | to investigate the clinical characteristics, diagnosis and therapy of influenza pneumonia with staphylococcal infection. one patient in our hospital was diagnosed and the literatures on the subject were reviewed. the patient presented with high fever and dyspnea. arterial gas analysis indicated type 1 respiratory failure. chest x ray photographs showed bilateral infiltrations and bilateral encapsulated pleural effusions. viral separation and culture of pharyngeal swab indicated h(3)n(2) subtype ... | 2007 | 18087564 |
| [surveillance program set for influenza a virus (h1n1) in children in taiyuan, china, 2005-2006]. | to study the epidemic situation and dominant strain of influenza in children with acute respiratory infection (ari) during flu season from oct. 2005 to mar. 2006 in taiyuan. | 2007 | 18080559 |
| a multiplex real-time rt-pcr for detection and identification of influenza virus types a and b and subtypes h5 and n1. | a multiplex real-time rt-pcr method for the simultaneous detection of influenza virus types a and b and identification of subtypes h5 and n1 in a single tube is described. the method was developed with four sets of primers and probes which were specific to influenza virus (sub)types a, b, h5, and n1, and evaluated by using a total of 40 influenza virus reference strains, including 17 avian influenza a (12 h5n1, 1 h1n1, 1 h3n2, 1 h4n6, 1 h7n3, and 1 h9n2), 18 human influenza a (11 h3n2, 6 h1n1 an ... | 2008 | 18078675 |
| [antiviral action of some antioxidants/antihypoxants and their combinations with remantadine against human influenza a(h3n2) virus studied in in vitro models]. | the possible antiviral activity of preparations with antioxidant and/or antihypoxant properties was studied on two in vitro models of influenza infection: (i) in cultures of chorio-allantoic membranes of chicken embryos and (ii) in mdck cells. preparations under study were hypoxene, reduced glutathione, dihydroquercetin, trolox, coenzyme q10, and the enzymatic preparation of superoxide-dismutase (recsod). preparations possessing combined antioxidant/antihypoxic and detoxicating properties (reduc ... | 2007 | 18074805 |
| global patterns in seasonal activity of influenza a/h3n2, a/h1n1, and b from 1997 to 2005: viral coexistence and latitudinal gradients. | despite a mass of research on the epidemiology of seasonal influenza, overall patterns of infection have not been fully described on broad geographic scales and for specific types and subtypes of the influenza virus. here we provide a descriptive analysis of laboratory-confirmed influenza surveillance data by type and subtype (a/h3n2, a/h1n1, and b) for 19 temperate countries in the northern and southern hemispheres from 1997 to 2005, compiled from a public database maintained by who (flunet). k ... | 2007 | 18074020 |
| dual infections by influenza a/h3n2 and b viruses and by influenza a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 viruses during winter 2007, corsica island, france. | the investigation of dual influenza infection human cases is of major interest specifically for the control of new emerging influenza strains. | 2008 | 18069055 |
| impact of influenza a virus neuraminidase mutations on the stability, activity, and sensibility of the neuraminidase to neuraminidase inhibitors. | the influenza neuraminidase plays a critical role in the spread of the influenza a and b viruses. through the cleavage of terminal sialic acid from glycoconjugates, it facilitates the elution of progeny virions from infected cells and prevents their self-aggregation. | 2008 | 18065262 |
| [genome sequence analysis of an h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus isolated from guangdong province in china]. | an h3n2 subtype swine influenza virus, a/swine/ guangdong/01/2005 (h3n2), was isolated from pigs with influenza-like signs in guangdong province in 2005. reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) was used to amplify the gene segments for sequencing analysis. phylogenetic analysis showed that the hemagglutinin(ha) gene of a/swine/ guangdong/01/2005 shared high degree of sequence identity with those of h3n2 viruses isolated from swine in guangdong province from 2003 to 2004 and h3n2 ... | 2007 | 18062253 |
| higher polymerase activity of a human influenza virus enhances activation of the hemagglutinin-induced raf/mek/erk signal cascade. | influenza viruses replicate within the nucleus of infected cells. viral genomic rna, three polymerase subunits (pb2, pb1, and pa), and the nucleoprotein (np) form ribonucleoprotein complexes (rnps) that are exported from the nucleus late during the infectious cycle. the virus-induced raf/mek/erk (mapk) signal cascade is crucial for efficient virus replication. blockade of this pathway retards rnp export and reduces virus titers. hemagglutinin (ha) accumulation and its tight association with lipi ... | 2007 | 18053252 |
| novel 3-sulphonamido-quinazolin-4(3h)-one derivatives: microwave-assisted synthesis and evaluation of antiviral activities against respiratory and biodefense viruses. | we designed and synthesized novel 2,3-disubstituted quinazolin-4(3h)-ones by microwave technique and characterized them by spectral analysis. synthesized compounds were screened for cytotoxicity and for antiviral activity against influenza a (h1n1, h3n2 and h5n1), severe acute respiratory syndrome corona, dengue, yellow fever, venezuelan equine encephalitis (vee), rift valley fever, and tacaribe viruses in cell culture. a neutral red uptake assay was used to determine 50% virus-inhibitory concen ... | 2007 | 18046963 |
| interspecies and intraspecies transmission of triple reassortant h3n2 influenza a viruses. | the triple reassortant h3n2 viruses were isolated for the first time from pigs in 1998 and are known to be endemic in swine and turkey populations in the united states. in 2004, we isolated two h3n2 triple reassortant viruses from two turkey breeder flocks in ohio and illinois. infected hens showed no clinical signs, but experienced a complete cessation of egg production. in this study, we evaluated three triple reassortant h3n2 isolates of turkey origin and one isolate of swine origin for their ... | 2007 | 18045494 |
| a biological model for influenza transmission: pandemic planning implications of asymptomatic infection and immunity. | the clinical attack rate of influenza is influenced by prior immunity and mixing patterns in the host population, and also by the proportion of infections that are asymptomatic. this complexity makes it difficult to directly estimate r(0) from the attack rate, contributing to uncertainty in epidemiological models to guide pandemic planning. we have modelled multiple wave outbreaks of influenza from different populations to allow for changing immunity and asymptomatic infection and to make infere ... | 2007 | 18043733 |
| networks of genomic co-occurrence capture characteristics of human influenza a (h3n2) evolution. | the recent availability of full genomic sequence data for a large number of human influenza a (h3n2) virus isolates over many years provides us an opportunity to analyze human influenza virus evolution by considering all gene segments simultaneously. however, such analysis requires development of new computational models that can capture the complex evolutionary features over the entire genome. by analyzing nucleotide co-occurrence over the entire genome of human h3n2 viruses, we have developed ... | 2008 | 18032723 |
| induction of heterosubtypic immunity to influenza virus by intranasal immunization. | recovery from live influenza virus infection is known to induce heterosubtypic immunity. in contrast, immunity induced by inactivated vaccines is predominantly subtype specific. in this study, we investigated the heterosubtypic protective immunity induced by inactivated influenza virus. intranasal immunization of mice with inactivated influenza virus a/pr8 (h1n1) provided complete protection against the homologous virus and a drift virus within the same subtype, a/wsn (h1n1), but not against the ... | 2008 | 18032492 |
| epidemiological and virological assessment of influenza activity in europe during the winter 2005-2006. | influenza activity in europe during the winter 2005-2006 started late january - early february 2006 and first occurred in the netherlands, france, greece and england. subsequently, countries were affected in a random pattern across europe and the period of influenza activity lasted till the end of april. in contrast to the winter seasons in the period 2001-2005, no west-east pattern was detected. in 12 out of 23 countries, the consultation rates for influenza-like illness or acute respiratory in ... | 2007 | 17991413 |
| vaccination against influenza in patients with rheumatoid arthritis: the effect of rituximab on the humoral response. | to assess the effect of rituximab on the efficacy and safety of influenza virus vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra). | 2008 | 17981914 |
| [expression of influenza a3 virus (h3n2) m2 gene in vaccinia virus tiantan strain]. | to construct a recombinant vaccinia virus rvj1175m2 expressing influenza a3 virus (h3n2) m2 gene, full length gene encoding influenza virus (h3n2) m2 protein was amplified with pcr and cloned into plasmid pjsc1175 which was used for homologous recombination with vaccinia virus tiantan strain. along with this, a recombinant vaccinia virus rvj1175m2 containing the m2 gene was subsequently constructed. it was identified by pcr that the gene of m2 protein was inserted into the tk locus of vaccinia v ... | 2007 | 17969855 |
| [characteristic analysis of na gene of human influenza viruses (h3n2) isolated from 1996 to 2005 in china]. | the na genes of 395 strains of human h3n2 influenza virus isolated from 1996 to 2005 in china were sequenced, analyzed with bioinformatics tools. the na nucleotide sequence of phylogenetic tree showed a main evolution branch with multiple short side branches. the strains in the same year may be divided into several branches. there was an obvious lag between vaccine strains recommended by who and the chinese circulating strains in phylogenetic tree of the na nucleotide. the result also showed no ... | 2007 | 17969849 |
| development and preclinical evaluation of an alphavirus replicon vaccine for influenza. | we used a propagation-defective, single-cycle, alphavirus replicon vector system to produce virus-like replicon particles (vrp) expressing the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) proteins from influenza a/wyoming/03/2003 (h3n2). efficient production methods were scaled to produce pilot lots of ha vrp and na vrp and clinical lots of ha vrp. ha vrp-induced high-titered antibody responses in mice, rabbits and rhesus macaques, as measured by elisa or hemagglutination inhibition (hi) assays, an ... | 2007 | 17961878 |
| [the 2006/'07 influenza season in the netherlands and the vaccine composition for the 2007/'08 season]. | the influenza epidemic of 2006/'07 began late in the season, like the two previous influenza epidemics. in week 8 a peak of modest height was reached. as usual, the causal strains were mainly a/h3n2 viruses and to a lesser extent a/h1n1 and b viruses. a new a/h1n1 virus variant has emerged, an event that on average takes place only every 10 years. however, almost all a/h1n1 virus isolates belonged to the old variant and were similar to the vaccine virus. the a/h3n2 virus isolates appeared to dev ... | 2007 | 17957994 |
| cloning of the canine rna polymerase i promoter and establishment of reverse genetics for influenza a and b in mdck cells. | recent incidents where highly pathogenic influenza a h5n1 viruses have spread from avian species into humans have prompted the development of cell-based production of influenza vaccines as an alternative to or replacement of current egg-based production. madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells are the primary cell-substrate candidate for influenza virus production but an efficient system for the direct rescue of influenza virus from cloned influenza cdnas in mdck cells did not exist. the objectiv ... | 2007 | 17956624 |
| [influenza in poland in 2005]. | a total number of 773,234 cases of influenza and influenza-like illness registered in poland in 2004 (incidence 1921.4 per 100,000 population). regionally the incidence ranged from 3391.8 per 100,000 population in mazowieckie to 364.0 in swietokrzyskie. children and adolescents under 15 years of age accounted for 34.5% of all cases (age specific incidence 4045.3 per 100,000). in this age group the incidence varied regionally from 6381.1 in mazowieckie to 797.6 in swietokrzyskie. 1469 patients (0 ... | 2007 | 17956033 |
| genetic analysis of influenza a/h3n2 and a/h1n1 viruses circulating in vietnam from 2001 to 2006. | influenza a virus has the ability to overcome immunity from previous infections through the acquisition of genetic changes. thus, understanding the evolution of the viruses in humans is important for the surveillance and the selection of vaccine strains. a total of 30 influenza a/h3n2 viruses and 35 influenza a/h1n1 viruses that were collected in vietnam from 2001 to 2006 were used to analyze the evolution of the hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), and matrix protein (m) genes. phylogenetic ... | 2008 | 17942644 |
| phylogenetic analysis reveals the global migration of seasonal influenza a viruses. | the winter seasonality of influenza a virus in temperate climates is one of the most widely recognized, yet least understood, epidemiological patterns in infectious disease. central to understanding what drives the seasonal emergence of this important human pathogen is determining what becomes of the virus during the non-epidemic summer months. herein, we take a step towards elucidating the seasonal emergence of influenza virus by determining the evolutionary relationship between populations of ... | 2007 | 17941707 |
| evolutionary analyses of european h1n2 swine influenza a virus by placing timestamps on the multiple reassortment events. | a novel h1n2 swine influenza a virus emerged in europe since 1994. previous phylogenetic analyses revealed that its genome segments were derived from h1n1 human virus, h3n2 human virus and avian-like h1n1/h3n2 swine virus, indicating the possibility of multiple reassortments events. however, dates of these reassortment events have not been investigated systematically. in this study, we used both global and local molecular clock concepts in a maximum likelihood framework to extrapolate the times ... | 2008 | 17936394 |
| efficacy of intranasal administration of a truncated ns1 modified live influenza virus vaccine in swine. | in the u.s., despite available swine influenza virus (siv) vaccines, multiple influenza subtypes as well as antigenic and genetic variants within subtypes continue to circulate in the swine population. one of the challenges to control and eliminate siv is that the currently used inactivated influenza virus vaccines do not provide adequate cross-protection against multiple antigenic variants of siv in the field. we previously generated a recombinant h3n2 swine influenza virus (siv) based on the i ... | 2007 | 17933442 |
| cross-protection against h5n1 influenza virus infection is afforded by intranasal inoculation with seasonal trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine. | avian h5n1 influenza a virus is an emerging pathogen with the potential to cause substantial human morbidity and mortality. we evaluated the ability of currently licensed seasonal influenza vaccine to confer cross-protection against highly pathogenic h5n1 influenza virus in mice. | 2007 | 17922395 |
| immediate and broad-spectrum protection against heterologous and heterotypic lethal challenge in mice by live influenza vaccine. | in this study, we evaluated a live attenuated influenza vaccine (x-31 ca, h3n2) as a fast-acting prophylaxis against both heterologous (a/new caledonia/99, h1n1) and heterotypic (b/shangdong/97, influenza b) infection. an immediate and broad-spectrum protection was achieved in the absence of specific antibody responses. vaccination immediately prior to challenge resulted in the generation of a significant pool of reassortant virus between the vaccine and virulent strains suggesting that the acqu ... | 2007 | 17919786 |
| safety and immunogenicity profile of the concomitant administration of zostavax and inactivated influenza vaccine in adults aged 50 and older. | to evaluate the safety and immunogenicity of zostavax administered concomitantly with inactivated influenza vaccine or sequentially in adults aged 50 and older. | 2007 | 17908055 |
| comparative study of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes of influenza a virus h3n2, h9n2, and h5n1 subtypes using bioinformatics techniques. | to investigate the genomic patterns of influenza a virus subtypes, such as h3n2, h9n2, and h5n1, we collected 1842 sequences of the hemagglutinin and neuraminidase genes from the ncbi database and parsed them into 7 categories: accession number, host species, sampling year, country, subtype, gene name, and sequence. the sequences that were isolated from the human, avian, and swine populations were extracted and stored in a mysql database for intensive analysis. the gc content and relative synony ... | 2007 | 17898838 |
| in vivo prophylactic activity of qr-435 against h3n2 influenza virus infection. | prophylaxis against influenza infection can take several forms, none of which is totally effective at preventing the spread of the disease. qr-435, an all-natural compound of green-tea extract and other agents, has been developed to protect against a range of viral infections, including the influenza subtype h3n2. | 2007 | 17890936 |
| preclinical in vitro activity of qr-435 against influenza a virus as a virucide and in paper masks for prevention of viral transmission. | prophylaxis against influenza is difficult, and current approaches against pandemics may be ineffective because of shortages of the two proven classes of antivirals in the face of a large-scale infection. herbal/natural products may represent an effective alternative to conventional attempts to protect against infection by avian influenza virus. qr-435, an all-natural compound of green tea extract and other agents, has been developed to provide protection against a wide range of viral infections ... | 2007 | 17890935 |
| creating a model program for influenza surveillance in california: results from the 2005-2006 influenza season. | influenza surveillance is valuable for monitoring trends in influenza-related morbidity and mortality. using the 2005-2006 influenza season as an example, this paper describes a comprehensive influenza surveillance program used by the california department of public health (cdph). | 2007 | 17888862 |
| [tetravaccine--new fundamental approach to prevention of influenza pandemic]. | according to opinion of who's experts, development and use of tetravaccine, which contains both interdemic and pandemic (h5n1) serotypes of influenza viruses, is one of the most promising approaches to control possible influenza pandemic. results of recently obtained data from clinical trials allowed experts from who to make a conclusion that protective immunity against avian influenza virus can be achieved after 2-doses immunization, when the immune system will be primed to hemagglutinin after ... | 2007 | 17882832 |
| [effectiveness of triennial anti-influenza vaccination in french military during the 2003-2004 influenza season]. | influenza may rapidly disseminate within populations living in confined settings, causing considerable morbidity and disrupting daily activities. the french military health-care system set up since 1994 a prevention strategy based on triennial anti-influenza vaccination. the aim of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of this strategy during the 2003-2004 influenza season. | 2007 | 17870268 |
| highly pathogenic avian influenza h5n1 viruses elicit an attenuated type i interferon response in polarized human bronchial epithelial cells. | the unparalleled spread of highly pathogenic avian influenza a (hpai) h5n1 viruses has resulted in devastating outbreaks in domestic poultry and sporadic human infections with a high fatality rate. to better understand the mechanism(s) of h5n1 virus pathogenesis and host responses in humans, we utilized a polarized human bronchial epithelial cell model that expresses both avian alpha-2,3- and human alpha-2,6-linked sialic acid receptors on the apical surface and supports productive replication o ... | 2007 | 17855549 |
| significant rising antibody titres to influenza a are associated with an acute reduction in milk yield in cattle. | sporadic cases of an acute fall in milk production, "milk drop", were investigated in a holstein friesian dairy herd in devon. the investigation was a case control study with two controls per case. paired blood samples demonstrated that rising antibody titres to human influenza a/england/333/80 (h1n1) and human influenza a/eng/427/88 (h3n2) were associated with an acute fall in milk production. rising titres to bovine respiratory syncytial virus (brsv), bovine virus diarrhoea virus (bvd), infect ... | 2008 | 17851097 |
| [study on the detection of positive selected codons on ha1 sequence of human influenza a subtype h3n2]. | to elucidate the evolution pattern of human influenza virus a h3 subtype by detecting positive selected codons in hemagglutinin gene. | 2007 | 17850715 |
| rapid multiplex nested pcr for detection of respiratory viruses. | respiratory tract infections can be caused by a heterogeneous group of viruses and bacteria that produce similar clinical presentations. specific diagnosis therefore relies on laboratory investigation. this study developed and evaluated five groups of multiplex nested pcr assays that could simultaneously detect 21 different respiratory pathogens: influenza a virus (h1n1, h3n2, and h5n1); influenza b virus; parainfluenza virus types 1, 2, 3, 4a, and 4b; respiratory syncytial virus a and b; human ... | 2007 | 17804659 |
| [results of two-year surveillance of flu in abidjan, côte d'ivoire]. | influenza (flu) is a seasonal viral disease that may have a favorable outcome or be associated with a high morbidity and mortality rate during epidemics. in view of the lack of epidemiological and virological data about flu in côte d'ivoire, a surveillance network was set up in abidjan to monitor the spread of flu and characterize isolated viruses. over the 24-month period from january 2003 to december 2004, nasal secretions were collected in patients presenting with flu syndrome at various heat ... | 2007 | 17784678 |
| severe respiratory disease and its relationship with respiratory viruses in colombia. | there are important gaps in our understanding of the epidemiology of respiratory virus infections in tropical countries. in september 2003, the colombian epidemiological surveillance system was notified of several deaths from an acute respiratory disease (ard). | 2008 | 17720600 |
| human and avian influenza viruses target different cells in the lower respiratory tract of humans and other mammals. | viral attachment to the host cell is critical for tissue and species specificity of virus infections. recently, pattern of viral attachment (pva) in human respiratory tract was determined for highly pathogenic avian influenza virus of subtype h5n1. however, pva of human influenza viruses and other avian influenza viruses in either humans or experimental animals is unknown. therefore, we compared pva of two human influenza viruses (h1n1 and h3n2) and two low pathogenic avian influenza viruses (h5 ... | 2007 | 17717141 |
| attachment of infectious influenza a viruses of various subtypes to live mammalian and avian cells as measured by flow cytometry. | at present there is much interest in the cell tropism and host range of influenza viruses, especially those of the h5n1 subtype. we wished to develop a method that would enable investigation of attachment of infectious virus through the interaction of the hemagglutinin molecule and live mammalian and avian cells and the subsequent infection of these cells. to this end, influenza viruses of various ha subtypes were constructed that either carry the green fluorescent protein (gfp) instead of the n ... | 2007 | 17714820 |
| biological evaluation of anti-influenza viral activity of semi-synthetic catechin derivatives. | catechin derivatives with different alkyl chain length and aromatic ring substitutions at the 3-hydroxyl group were synthesized from epigallocatechin (egc) and (+)-catechin (c) and their anti-influenza viral activity were evaluated in vitro and in ovo. pronounced antiviral activity was observed for derivatives carrying moderate chain length (7-9 carbons) as compared to those with aromatic rings, whereas the 5'-hydroxyl group of the trihydroxy benzyl moiety did not significantly contribute to ant ... | 2007 | 17709148 |
| vaccination with polymerase chain reaction-generated linear expression cassettes protects mice against lethal influenza a challenge. | the feasibility of a linear expression cassette (lec)-based influenza a dna vaccine was demonstrated in mice, using a lethal dose (ld90) of a mouse-adapted a/hong kong/8/68 (h3n2) influenza strain. lecs expressing hemagglutinin (ha) from either the homotypic h3n2 or the heterotypic h1n1 (a/puerto rico/8/34) influenza virus were produced by polymerase chain reaction and either phosphodiester- or phosphorothioate-modified oligonucleotide primers. survival subsequent to lethal viral challenge was u ... | 2007 | 17705698 |
| high prevalence of amantadine-resistance influenza a (h3n2) in six prefectures, japan, in the 2005-2006 season. | substantial increase in amantadine-resistant influenza a (h3n2) was reported in asia and north america in 2005. in this study the frequency and genetic characteristics of amantadine-resistant influenza a, circulated in japan in 2005-2006 season, were investigated. isolates were tested by amantadine susceptibility test (tcid(50)/0.2 ml method), and sequencing of the m2 gene to identify mutations that confer resistance. additionally, the hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) genes of the virus ... | 2007 | 17705168 |
| trivalent live attenuated intranasal influenza vaccine administered during the 2003-2004 influenza type a (h3n2) outbreak provided immediate, direct, and indirect protection in children. | live attenuated influenza vaccine may protect against wild-type influenza illness shortly after vaccine administration by innate immunity. the 2003-2004 influenza a (h3n2) outbreak arrived early, and the circulating strain was antigenically distinct from the vaccine strain. the objective of this study was to determine the effectiveness of influenza vaccines for healthy school-aged children when administered during the influenza outbreak. | 2007 | 17698577 |
| [epidemic status of influenza virus between 2004-2005 and 2005-2006 at kawasaki medical school hospital]. | of patients with influenza-like symptoms such as fever, myalgia and arthralgia 2399 visited kawasaki medical school hospital in 2004-2005 and 2171 in 2005-2006. among those patients over 16 years old, laboratory examinations using the rapid antigen test or the serum hi test were positive for 366 (a: 86, b : 280) in 2004-2005 and 372 (a :370, b:2) in 2005-2006. influenza b achieved epidemic status first in 2004-2005, followed by influenza a (h3n2) after april 2005. only influenza a was epidemic i ... | 2007 | 17695799 |
| efficacy of swine influenza a virus vaccines against an h3n2 virus variant. | we compared the efficacy of 3 commercial vaccines against swine influenza a virus (siv) and an experimental homologous vaccine in young pigs that were subsequently challenged with a variant h3n2 siv, a/swine/colorado/00294/2004, selected from a repository of serologically and genetically characterized h3n2 siv isolates obtained from recent cases of swine respiratory disease. the experimental vaccine was prepared from the challenge virus. four groups of 8 pigs each were vaccinated intramuscularly ... | 2007 | 17695596 |
| serologic and genetic characterization of north american h3n2 swine influenza a viruses. | the h3n2 subtype of influenza a viruses isolated from pigs in the united states and canada has shown both genetic and antigenic diversity. the objective of this study was to determine the serologic and genetic characteristics of contemporary strains of these viruses. genetic analysis of 18 reference strains and 8 selected strains demonstrated differences in 1% to 9% of the nucleotides of the hemagglutinin (ha) gene. phylogenetic analysis of the ha gene revealed 3 genetic clusters, as well as div ... | 2007 | 17695595 |
| co-infection of the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) with staphylococcus aureus and influenza a virus results in synergistic disease. | bacterial super-infection of influenza patients is the primary cause of excess mortality during influenza pandemics, with staphylococcus aureus (s. aureus) having the highest fatality rate. the cotton rat (sigmodon hispidus) is an excellent model for both influenza and s. aureus pathogenesis, and therefore a potential tool to model co-infection. we compared physiologic and pathologic changes in cotton rats infected with both s. aureus and influenza a/wuhan/359/95 (h3n2), with animals infected wi ... | 2007 | 17689046 |
| monitoring the impact of influenza by age: emergency department fever and respiratory complaint surveillance in new york city. | the importance of understanding age when estimating the impact of influenza on hospitalizations and deaths has been well described, yet existing surveillance systems have not made adequate use of age-specific data. monitoring influenza-related morbidity using electronic health data may provide timely and detailed insight into the age-specific course, impact and epidemiology of seasonal drift and reassortment epidemic viruses. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the use of emergency departm ... | 2007 | 17683196 |
| alterations in receptor binding properties of recent human influenza h3n2 viruses are associated with reduced natural killer cell lysis of infected cells. | natural killer (nk) cell recognition of influenza virus-infected cells involves hemagglutinin (ha) binding to sialic acid (sa) on activating nk receptors. sa also acts as a receptor for the binding of influenza virus to its target host cells. the sa binding properties of h3n2 influenza viruses have been observed to change during circulation in humans: recent isolates are unable to agglutinate chicken red blood cells and show reduced affinity for synthetic glycopolymers representing sa-alpha-2,3- ... | 2007 | 17670834 |
| intranasal immunization with influenza virus and korean mistletoe lectin c (kml-c) induces heterosubtypic immunity in mice. | the mucosal adjuvanticity of korean mistletoe lectin c (kml-c) was investigated in mice intranasally immunized with inactivated influenza virus (h1n1). mucosal and systemic immune responses were compared to those induced with cholera toxin b subunit (ctb). kml-c increased influenza-specific antibodies with dominant igg1 subclass in serum, igg in genital secretions and iga in saliva, and significantly enhanced influenza-specific lymphocyte proliferation and cytotoxic activity in spleens and in me ... | 2007 | 17640781 |
| undernutrition can affect the invading microorganism. | undernutrition or malnutrition adversely affects host defenses against many invading microorganisms, thereby increasing the severity of infection. studies of rna viruses (e.g., coxsackievirus b and influenzavirus) have shown that selenium or vitamin e deficiency in mice increases disease severity and results in stable genomic changes in the virus that increase virulence. changes in h3n2 influenzavirus were predominantly in the ordinarily stable m1 matrix protein. whether this represents selectio ... | 2007 | 17638196 |
| the molecular epidemiology of influenza viruses: a lesson from a highly epidemic season. | to analyse the epidemiological and molecular features of a long-lasting epidemic (12 weeks) of influenza in north-eastern italy during the 2004-05 season. | 2008 | 17630401 |
| prevention and control of influenza. recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip), 2007. | this report updates the 2006 recommendations by cdc's advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) regarding the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (cdc. prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices [acip]. mmwr 2006;55[no. rr-10]). the groups of persons for whom vaccination is recommended and the antiviral medications recommended for chemoprophylaxis or treatment (oseltamivir or zanamivir) have not changed. estimated ... | 2007 | 17625497 |
| abnormal humoral immune response to influenza vaccination in pediatric type-1 human immunodeficiency virus infected patients receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy. | given that highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has been demonstrated useful to restore immune competence in type-1 human immunodeficiency virus (hiv-1)-infected subjects, we evaluated the specific antibody response to influenza vaccine in a cohort of hiv-1-infected children on haart so as to analyze the quality of this immune response in patients under antiretroviral therapy. sixteen hiv-1-infected children and 10 hiv-1 seronegative controls were immunized with a commercially available ... | 2007 | 17612772 |
| influenza and respiratory syncytial virus in infants and children: relationship with attendance at a paediatric emergency unit and characteristics of the circulating strains. | a study was carried out on 2,696 italian children, aged 0-14 years. the goals were: (1) to define the age-related impact of acute respiratory infections (ari), measured as the risk of attendance at the paediatric emergency room, (2) to better define the importance and proportion of influenza and respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) infections and (3) to acquire deeper knowledge of the influenza strains circulating in infants and children. a standardised emergency unit attendance risk (euar) was cal ... | 2007 | 17610094 |
| investigation of exposure to swine influenza viruses in ontario (canada) finisher herds in 2004 and 2005. | the epidemiology of influenza in the north american swine population has changed since the emergence of a triple-reassortant h3n2 influenza virus. although seen previously in north america, the ontario swine population had likely been free of viruses of the reassortant h3n2 lineage until 2005. the objective of this study was to investigate the frequency and distribution of exposure to h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes in the ontario finisher pig population prior to and after the h3n2 outbreak that occurred ... | 2008 | 17604859 |
| longer virus shedding in influenza b than in influenza a among outpatients treated with oseltamivir. | to compare the persistence, susceptibility and resistance of influenza a and influenza b viruses in oseltamivir therapy in outpatients of various ages. | 2007 | 17604839 |
| control of mucosal virus infection by influenza nucleoprotein-specific cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes. | mhc class i-restricted cd8+ cytotoxic t lymphocytes (ctl) are thought to play a major role in clearing virus and promoting recovery from influenza infection and disease. this has been demonstrated for clearance of influenza virus from the lungs of infected mice. however, human influenza infection is primarily a respiratory mucosal infection involving the nasopharynx and tracheobronchial tree. the role of cd8+ ctl directed toward the influenza nucleoprotein (np) in defense against influenza virus ... | 2007 | 17597533 |
| quality and kinetics of the antibody response in mice after three different low-dose influenza virus vaccination strategies. | the threat of a new influenza pandemic has led to renewed interest in dose-sparing vaccination strategies such as intradermal immunization and the use of adjuvanted vaccines. in this study we compared the quality and kinetics of the serum antibody response elicited in mice after one or two immunizations with a split influenza a (h3n2) virus, using three different low-dose vaccination strategies. the mice were divided into four groups, receiving either a low-dose vaccine (3 microg hemagglutinin [ ... | 2007 | 17596426 |
| low dose oral combination chemoprophylaxis with oseltamivir and amantadine for influenza a virus infections in mice. | in the present study, the effect of combining anti-influenza drugs active at different steps of the influenza virus replication cycle, oseltamivir as a neuraminidase (na) inhibitor and amantadine targeting m2 protein, was investigated in vivo by oral administration in a mouse model of aerosol influenza virus infection and in vitro in mdck cells. in mice, doses of oseltamivir and amantadine providing 50-60% survival against a/hongkong/1/68 (h3n2) or a/pr/8/34 (h1n1) were capable of conferring com ... | 2007 | 17594925 |
| influenza surveillance in new zealand in 2005. | we report the influenza activity in new zealand in 2005 (including an influenza b epidemic) in terms of the disease burden, hospitalisations, viral strain characterisations, and vaccine recommendations. | 2007 | 17589549 |
| antigenic characterisation of h3n2 subtypes of the influenza virus by mass spectrometry. | the antigenic characterisation of three h3n2 type a influenza strains by mass spectrometry is described. the approach, developed in this laboratory, employs matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation (maldi) mass spectrometry to analyse gel-resolved antigens, post their proteolysis and treatment with monoclonal antibodies. the primary structure and antigenicity of the component antigens of the virus can be determined in a single step. four antigenic domains of hemagglutinin have been identified ... | 2007 | 17588679 |
| n-linked glycosylation attenuates h3n2 influenza viruses. | over the last four decades, h3n2 subtype influenza a viruses have gradually acquired additional potential sites for glycosylation within the globular head of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein. here, we have examined the biological effect of additional glycosylation on the virulence of h3n2 influenza viruses. we created otherwise isogenic reassortant viruses by site-directed mutagenesis that contain additional potential sites for glycosylation and examined the effect on virulence in naïve balb/c, c5 ... | 2007 | 17553891 |
| effect of a plant polyphenol-rich extract on the lung protease activities of influenza-virus-infected mice. | influenza infection was induced in white mice by intranasal inoculation of the virus a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2). the lung protease and the protease-inhibitory activities were followed for 9 days after infection. the intranasal application of a polyphenol-rich extract (pc) isolated from geranium sanguineum l. induced a continuous rise in the anti-protease activity but did not cause substantial changes in the lung protease activity of healthy mice. influenza virus infection triggered a slight reduction i ... | 2007 | 17542152 |
| global surveillance of emerging influenza virus genotypes by mass spectrometry. | effective influenza surveillance requires new methods capable of rapid and inexpensive genomic analysis of evolving viral species for pandemic preparedness, to understand the evolution of circulating viral species, and for vaccine strain selection. we have developed one such approach based on previously described broad-range reverse transcription pcr/electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (rt-pcr/esi-ms) technology. | 2007 | 17534439 |
| spatial clustering of swine influenza in ontario on the basis of herd-level disease status with different misclassification errors. | this approach maximizes sensitivity of serology-based monitoring systems by considering spatial clustering of herds classified as false positive by herd testing, allowing outbreaks to be detected in an early phase. the primary objective of this study was to determine whether swine herds infected with influenza viruses cluster in space, and if so, where they cluster. the secondary objective was to investigate the combining of a multivariate spatial scan statistic with herd test results to maximiz ... | 2007 | 17531333 |
| the genesis and spread of reassortment human influenza a/h3n2 viruses conferring adamantane resistance. | a dramatic rise in the frequency of resistance to adamantane drugs by influenza a (h3n2) viruses has occurred in recent years -- from approximately 2% to approximately 90% in multiple countries worldwide-and associated with a single s31n amino acid replacement in the viral matrix m2 protein. to explore the emergence and spread of these adamantane resistant viruses we performed a phylogenetic analysis of recently sampled complete a/h3n2 genome sequences. strikingly, all adamantane resistant virus ... | 2007 | 17522084 |
| the delivery site of a monovalent influenza vaccine within the respiratory tract impacts on the immune response. | pulmonary vaccination is a promising immunization route. however, there still remains a crucial need to characterize the different parameters affecting the efficacy of inhaled vaccination. this study aimed at assessing the impact of antigen distribution within the respiratory tract on the immune response to a monovalent a/panama/2007/99 h3n2 influenza split virus vaccine administered to balb/c mice. varying the administration technique allowed the targeting of the vaccine to different sites of t ... | 2007 | 17521369 |
| response of influenza vaccines against heterovariant influenza virus strains in adults with chronic diseases. | the ability of influenza vaccination to provide cross-protection against heterovariant influenza strains was evaluated in a double-blind, randomized, trial in north-east italy during the winter of 2005-2006. of 238 adult subjects with underlying chronic diseases, 120 received mf59-adjuvanted subunit vaccine (sub/mf59) and 118 received a conventional subunit vaccine (subunit). immunogenicity was measured for a/h3n2 and b influenza strains against both the homologous vaccine strains (a/new york/55 ... | 2007 | 17514499 |
| specific biochemical features of replication of clinical influenza viruses in human intestinal cell culture. | influenza a viruses isolated from the respiratory tract of patients with influenza were cultured in human intestinal epithelium cells (caco-2 line). the caco-2 cells were found to be 100-fold more susceptible to the clinical viruses than mdck cells and chicken embryos. on passaging in caco-2 cells, clinical isolates of the subtype h3n2 retained the original "human" phenotype and agglutinated human but not chicken erythrocytes, whereas on passaging in mdck cells the virus phenotype changed to the ... | 2007 | 17511604 |
| low ph gel intranasal sprays inactivate influenza viruses in vitro and protect ferrets against influenza infection. | developing strategies for controlling the severity of pandemic influenza is a global public health priority. in the event of a pandemic there may be a place for inexpensive, readily available, effective adjunctive therapies to support containment strategies such as prescription antivirals, vaccines, quarantine and restrictions on travel. inactivation of virus in the intranasal environment is one possible approach. the work described here investigated the sensitivity of influenza viruses to low p ... | 2007 | 17509128 |
| influenza surveillance in victoria, 2006. | the victorian influenza season in 2006 remained within normal seasonal activity thresholds and was relatively mild compared with recent years. the season peaked in mid-august, with influenza-like illness (ili) rates from general practitioner sentinel surveillance and the melbourne medical locum service (mmls), and cases of laboratory-confirmed influenza notified to the department of human services, reaching their zeniths within one week of each other. a total of 74 general practitioners (gps) pa ... | 2007 | 17503649 |
| [rimantadine and arbidol sensitivity of influenza viruses that caused epidemic morbidity rise in russia in the 2004-2005 season]. | the study of the activity of arbidol against epidemic influenza a and b virus strains (2002-2005) in the cultured mdck cells showed the higher sensitivity of enzyme immunoassay than that of hemagglutination test. the influenza a virus strains tested, including those resistant to rimantadine (5 microg/ml), were sensitive to arbidol (10 microg/ml). the population of influenza b virus strains was heterogeneous in this indicator, 43% of the strains being less sensitive to arbidol. there was an incre ... | 2007 | 17500235 |
| avian influenza virus screening in wild waterfowl in norway, 2005. | the prevalence of influenza a virus infection, and the distribution of different subtypes of the virus, were studied in 604 geese and ducks shot during ordinary hunting 2005. the study was based upon molecular screening of cloacal swabs taken by the hunters. the sampling included the following species: greylag (anser anser), mallard (anas platyrhynchos), wigeon (anas penelope), teal (anas crecca), goosander (mergus merganser), tufted duck (aythya fuligula), common scoter (melanitta nigra), golde ... | 2007 | 17494599 |
| receptor binding specificity of recent human h3n2 influenza viruses. | human influenza viruses are known to bind to sialic acid linked alpha2-6 to galactose, but the binding specificity beyond that linkage has not been systematically examined. h3n2 human influenza isolates lost binding to chicken red cells in the 1990s but viruses isolated since 2003 have re-acquired the ability to agglutinate chicken erythrocytes. we have investigated specificity of binding, changes in hemagglutinin sequence of the recent viruses and the role of sialic acid in productive infection ... | 2007 | 17490484 |
| avian influenza a (h5n1) infection: targets and strategies for chemotherapeutic intervention. | in an avian flu pandemic, which drugs could be used to treat or prevent infection with influenza a (h5n1) virus? foremost are the viral neuraminidase inhibitors oseltamivir and zanamivir, which have already been used to treat human influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b virus infections. the use of the m2 ion channel blockers amantadine and rimantadine is compounded by the rapid development of drug resistance. although formally approved for other indications (i.e. treatment of hepatitis c), ribavirin ... | 2007 | 17481739 |
| design and validation of an h5 taqman real-time one-step reverse transcription-pcr and confirmatory assays for diagnosis and verification of influenza a virus h5 infections in humans. | increasing diversity among influenza h5n1 viruses has resulted in the need for sensitive and specific diagnostic assays, fully validated for the detection of h5 viruses belonging to all hemagglutinin (ha) clades, particularly the recently circulating h5n1 viruses of clade 2. in this report, the development and validation of a real-time, one-step taqman reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) assay specific for the detection of influenza a h5 viruses from clades 1, 1', 2, and 3 is described. the real- ... | 2007 | 17473050 |
| differential induction of cd94 and nkg2 in cd4 helper t cells. a consequence of influenza virus infection and interferon-gamma? | influenza a virus causes worldwide epidemics and pandemics and the investigation of memory t helper (th) cells that help maintain serological memory following infection is important for vaccine design. in this study we investigated cd94 and nkg2 gene expression in memory cd4 t-cell clones established from the spleens of c57bl/10 (h-2(b)) and balb/c (h-2(d)) mice infected with influenza a virus (h3n2). cd94 and nkg2a/c/e proteins form heterodimeric membrane receptors that are involved in virus re ... | 2007 | 17462078 |
| molecular and phylogenetic analysis of human influenza virus among iranian patients in shiraz, iran. | influenza is a viral respiratory pathogen responsible for frequent seasonal epidemics. there are currently three major human influenza viruses in global circulation namely a/h1n1, a/h3n2, and b. the objective of this study was to determine the human influenza virus genotypes in shiraz, the capital of the fars province of iran. three hundred patients suspected with human influenza virus infection were enrolled in this survey (2004-2005). the throat samples were cultured and titrated by hemaggluti ... | 2007 | 17457914 |