Publications

model of the equine rhinitis a virus capsid: identification of a major neutralizing immunogenic site.	mouse monoclonal antibodies (mabs) were employed to select neutralization escape mutants of equine rhinitis a virus (erav). amino acid changes in the erav mutants resulting in resistance to neutralization were identified in capsid protein vp1 at lys-114, pro-240 and thr-241. although the changes were located in different parts of the polypeptide chain, these mutants exhibited cross-resistance against all four mabs employed, indicating that these residues contribute to a single immunogenic site. ...	2003	12917457
foot-and-mouth disease virus vp1 protein fused with cholera toxin b subunit expressed in chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast.	a chlamydomonas reinhardtii chloroplast expression vector, pactbvp1, containing the fusion of the foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) vp1 gene and the cholera toxin b subunit (ctb) gene was constructed and transfered to the chloroplast genome of c. reinhardtii by the biolistic method. the transformants were identified by pcr, southern blot, western blot and elisa assays after selection on resistant medium and incubation in the dark. the ctbvp1 fusion protein was expressed in c. reinhardtii chlor ...	2003	12889819
identification of foot-and-mouth disease virus-specific linear b-cell epitopes to differentiate between infected and vaccinated cattle.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals. for several years, vaccination of animals, which had proven to be successful for the eradication of the disease, has been forbidden in the united states and the european community because of the difficulty of differentiating between vaccinated and infected animals. in this study, detailed investigations of the bovine humoral immune response against fmd virus (fmdv) were performed with the aim of identifyi ...	2003	12885881
early dissemination of foot-and-mouth disease virus through sheep marketing in february 2001.	the results of epidemiological investigations suggest that livestock on up to 79 premises, spread widely throughout the british isles, may have been exposed to infection by foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus by the movement of infected sheep before the first case of the disease was confirmed at an abattoir in essex on february 20, 2001. a further 36 premises may have been infected by this route before the national livestock movement ban was imposed on february 23.	2003	12885212
detection of carrier cattle and sheep persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus by a rapid real-time rt-pcr assay.	the detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in persistently infected carriers among exposed ruminants is of great importance in disease control. for this purpose, a real time, fluorogenic reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time rt-pcr) assay was evaluated for the identification of fmdv carrier animals. the results indicate that this real time rt-pcr assay may be suitable for detection of fmdv carrier animals.	2003	12880924
the pathogenesis and diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease.	the pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is reviewed, taking account of knowledge gained from field and experimental studies and embracing investigations at the level of the virus, the cell, the organ, the whole animal and the herd or flock. the review also addresses the immune response and the carrier state in fmd. progress made in understanding the pathogenesis of the disease is highlighted in relation to developments in diagnosis and methods of control.	2003	12859905
complete alanine scanning of intersubunit interfaces in a foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid reveals critical contributions of many side chains to particle stability and viral function.	spherical virus capsids are large, multimeric protein shells whose assembly and stability depend on the establishment of multiple non-covalent interactions between many polypeptide subunits. in a foot-and-mouth disease virus capsid, 42 amino acid side chains per protomer are involved in noncovalent interactions between pentameric subunits that function as assembly/disassembly intermediates. we have individually truncated to alanine these 42 side chains and assessed their relevance for completion ...	2003	12857761
benefit-cost analysis of vaccination and preemptive slaughter as a means of eradicating foot-and-mouth disease.	to assess relative costs and benefits of vaccination and preemptive herd slaughter to control transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus (fmdv).	2003	12856762
a b cell-based sensor for rapid identification of pathogens.	we report the use of genetically engineered cells in a pathogen identification sensor. this sensor uses b lymphocytes that have been engineered to emit light within seconds of exposure to specific bacteria and viruses. we demonstrated rapid screening of relevant samples and identification of a variety of pathogens at very low levels. because of its speed, sensitivity, and specificity, this pathogen identification technology could prove useful for medical diagnostics, biowarfare defense, food- an ...	2003	12855808
curing of foot-and-mouth disease virus from persistently infected cells by ribavirin involves enhanced mutagenesis.	bhk-21 cells persistently infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) can be cured of virus by treatment with the antiviral nucleoside analogue ribavirin. to study whether the process involved an increase in the number of mutations in the mutant spectrum of the viral population, viral genomes were cloned from persistently infected cells treated or untreated with ribavirin. an increase of up to 10-fold in mutation frequencies associated with ribavirin treatment was observed in the viral gen ...	2003	12842623
genomic sequence analyses of segments 1 to 6 of dendrolimus punctatus cytoplasmic polyhedrosis virus.	the complete nucleotide sequences of genomic segments s1 to s6 from dendrolimus punctatus cypovirus 1 (dpcpv-1) have been determined. each segment of s1 to s6 possess a single open reading frame. conserved motifs 5' (aguaa) and 3'(guuagcc) were found at the ends of each segment. comparison of the proteins of dpcpv with those of other members in the family reoviridae lead us to suggest that s1, s3, s4 and s6 encode the viral structural protein vp1, vp2, vp3 and vp4, respectively. s5 encoded viral ...	2003	12827465
epidemiology and control of an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease in the republic of ireland in 2001.	an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease was confirmed in a flock of sheep on a farm in the cooley peninsula, county louth, on march 22, 2001. the virus was similar to other viruses of the serotype o panasian strain and virtually indistinguishable from other isolates from northern ireland and great britain. the epidemiological evidence suggested that infected sheep brought from great britain on february 19, 2001, were the source of the infection. the disease was eradicated by epidemiological invest ...	2003	12825703
intranasal immunization of guinea pigs with an immunodominant foot-and-mouth disease virus peptide conjugate induces mucosal and humoral antibodies and protection against challenge.	guinea pigs immunized intranasally with a keyhole limpet hemocyanin-linked peptide, corresponding to the prominent g-h loop of the vp1 protein of foot-and-mouth disease virus, raised substantial levels of antipeptide and virus-neutralizing antibodies in sera and of peptide-specific secretory immunoglobulin a in nasal secretions. in groups of animals immunized intranasally without adjuvant, 86 percent were fully protected upon challenge with homotypic virus. surprisingly, animals given the peptid ...	2003	12805448
foot-and-mouth disease vaccine potency testing: determination and statistical validation of a model using a serological approach.	european foot-and-mouth disease vaccine manufacturers are required to quantify the efficacy of their product in accordance with the european pharmacopoeia (ep). the method used most often to establish the potency of foot-and-mouth disease vaccines requires viral challenge of vaccinated cattle. alternative approaches, such as challenge-free serological assessments have many advantages over existing methods and could be used if robust statistical models could be developed that related antibody tit ...	2003	12804854
phenotypic mixing and hiding may contribute to memory in viral quasispecies.	in a number of recent experiments with food-and-mouth disease virus, a deleterious mutant, red, was found to avoid extinction and remain in the population for long periods of time. since red characterizes the past evolutionary history of the population, this observation was called quasispecies memory. while the quasispecies theory predicts the existence of these memory genomes, there is a disagreement between the expected and observed mutant frequency values. therefore, the origin of quasispecie ...	2003	12795816
synthesis, structural characterization, and immunological properties of carbon nanotubes functionalized with peptides.	carbon nanotubes (nts) are becoming highly attractive molecules for applications in medicinal chemistry. the main problem of insolubility in aqueous media has been solved by developing a synthetic protocol that allows highly water-soluble carbon nts to be obtained. as a result, biologically active peptides can be easily linked through a stable covalent bond to carbon nts. we have demonstrated that a bound peptide from the foot-and-mouth disease virus, corresponding to the 141-159 region of the v ...	2003	12785847
recombinant adenovirus co-expressing capsid proteins of two serotypes of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv): in vitro characterization and induction of neutralizing antibodies against fmdv in swine.	human adenovirus type 5 (ad5) has been evaluated as a novel gene delivery vector for the development of live-viral vaccines for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd). in this study, we constructed an ad5 vector co-expressing the capsid precursor proteins, p1, of fmd virus (fmdv) field strains a24 cruzeiro and o1 campos and examined the neutralizing antibody responses in swine after inoculation with the vector. to construct the ad5 vector, a bicistronic expression cassette containing a cytomegalovirus pro ...	2003	12782369
construction, expression, purification, refold and activity assay of a specific scfv fragment against foot and mouth disease virus.	an active form of a single-chain antibody (scfv) from the murine monoclonal antibody (mab) 1c7, which is specific for type o foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv), was produced in escherichia coli. the complementary dnas encoding the variable regions of the heavy chain (vh) and light chain (vl) were connected by a (gly4ser)3 linker, using an assembly polymerase chain reaction. vh-(gly4ser)3-vl genes were screened by phage display technology. the sequencing results showed that the vh gene of scfv w ...	2003	12777098
mapping epitopes in equine rhinitis a virus vp1 recognized by antibodies elicited in response to infection of the natural host.	equine rhinitis a virus (erav) is an important respiratory pathogen of horses and is of additional interest because of its close relationship and common classification with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). as is the case with fmdv, the vp1 capsid protein of erav has been shown to be a target of neutralizing antibodies. in fmdv vp1, such antibodies commonly recognize linear epitopes present in the betag-betah loop region. to map linear b cell epitopes in erav vp1, overlapping fragments spanni ...	2003	12771431
the implications of virus diversity within the sat 2 serotype for control of foot-and-mouth disease in sub-saharan africa.	sat 2 is the serotype most often associated with outbreaks of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in livestock in southern and western africa and is the only sat type to have been recorded outside the african continent in the last decade. its epidemiology is complicated by the presence of african buffalo (syncerus caffer), which play an important role in virus maintenance and transmission. to assess the level of genetic complexity of this serotype among viruses associated with both domestic livestock a ...	2003	12771430
comparisons of the complete genomes of asian, african and european isolates of a recent foot-and-mouth disease virus type o pandemic strain (panasia).	during the last 12 years, a strain of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus serotype o, named panasia, has spread from india throughout southern asia and the middle east. during 2000, this strain caused outbreaks in the republic of korea, japan, russia (primorsky territory), mongolia and south africa (kwazulu-natal province), areas which last experienced fmd outbreaks in 1934, 1908, 1964, 1974 and 1957, respectively. in february 2001, the panasia strain spread to the united kingdom where, in just o ...	2003	12771429
mutagenesis versus inhibition in the efficiency of extinction of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	rna viruses replicate near the error threshold for maintenance of genetic information, and an increase in mutation frequency during replication may drive rna viruses to extinction in a process termed lethal mutagenesis. this report addresses the efficiency of extinction (versus escape from extinction) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) by combinations of the mutagenic base analog 5-fluorouracil (fu) and the antiviral inhibitors guanidine hydrochloride (g) and heparin (h). selection of g- or ...	2003	12768034
surveillance of fmd virus non-structural protein antibodies in pig populations involved in an eradication programme.		2003	12762489
viral internal ribosome entry site structures segregate into two distinct morphologies.	an increasing number of viruses have been shown to initiate protein synthesis by a cap-independent mechanism involving internal ribosome entry sites (iress). predictions of the folding patterns of these rna motifs have been based primarily on sequence and biochemical analyses. biophysical confirmation of the models has been achieved only for the ires of hepatitis c virus (hcv), which adopts an open structure consisting of two major stems. we have conducted an extensive comparison of flavivirus a ...	2003	12743317
airborne transmission of foot-and-mouth disease virus from burnside farm, heddon-on-the-wall, northumberland, during the 2001 epidemic in the united kingdom.	the results of a detailed assessment of the atmospheric conditions when foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus was released from burnside farm, heddon-on-the-wall, northumberland at the start of the 2001 epidemic in the uk are consistent with the hypothesis that the disease was spread to seven of the 12 farms in the immediate vicinity of the source by airborne virus, and airborne infection could not be ruled out for three other premises; the remaining two premises were unlikely to have been infected ...	2003	12739601
effects of potassium and chloride on ribosome association with the rna of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) and other picornaviruses initiate translation of their polyprotein cap-independently at an internal site of the positive-strand viral rna. this process is mediated by the internal ribosome entry site (ires), a highly structured cis-acting rna element that binds translation initiation factors and ribosomal subunits. during their life cycle, picornaviruses induce proliferation of membrane structures involved in viral replication and an increase in membrane perme ...	2003	12727344
scide: identification of stabilization centers in proteins.	summary: scide is a program to identify stabilization centers from known protein structures. these are residues involved in cooperative long-range contacts, which can be formed between various regions of a single polypeptide chain, or they can belong to different peptides or polypeptides in a complex. the server takes a pdb file as an input, and the result is presented in graphical or text format. availability: scide is available on the web at http://www.enzim.hu/scide. the source code can be ob ...	2003	12724305
rapid serological profiling by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and its use as an epidemiological indicator of foot-and-mouth disease viral activity.	frequency distribution of reactivity levels of foot-and-mouth disease infection-specific antibodies in livestock populations was analysed. specific antibody responses against non-capsid polyprotein 3abc were assessed through a highly sensitive indirect enzyme-linked immonosorbent assay (i-elisa 3abc). a graphic display of data was designed based on three negative and three positive categories to illustrate reactivity patterns. the resulting patterns were correlated to the epidemiological status. ...	2003	12721797
genetic and antigenic analysis of two recently circulating genotypes of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus in india: evidence for positive selection in the capsid-coding genes.	we have analyzed isolates of two recently circulating genotypes (genotypes vi and vii) of type a foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) from india. maximum-likelihood models provided support for the presence of positively selected sites in the capsid-coding (p1) region. positive selection was detected at a number of amino acid positions behind a background of strong purifying selection. among the positively selected sites, four were identified at known critical antigenic residues (vp2 79, vp3 59 an ...	2003	12721795
sindbis virus vectors designed to express a foreign protein as a cleavable component of the viral structural polyprotein.	alphavirus-based expression vectors commonly use a duplicated 26s promoter to drive expression of a foreign gene. here we describe an expression strategy in which the foreign sequences are linked to the gene encoding the 2a protease of foot-and-mouth disease virus and then inserted in frame between the capsid and e3 genes of sindbis virus. during replication, the 2a fusion protein is synthesized as a component of the viral structural polyprotein that is then released by intramolecular cleavages ...	2003	12719552
retrospective genetic analysis of sat-1 type foot-and-mouth disease outbreaks in west africa (1975-1981).	the complete 1d genome region encoding the immunogenic and phylogenetically informative vp1 gene was genetically characterized for 23 south african territories (sat)-1 viruses causing foot-and-mouth (fmd) disease outbreaks in the west african region between 1975 and 1981. the results indicate that two independent outbreaks occurred, the first involved two west african countries, namely niger and nigeria, whilst the second affected nigeria alone. in the former epizootic, virus circulation spanned ...	2003	12713891
efficacy of foot-and-mouth disease vaccine in pigs with single dose immunization.	two experiments were conducted to demonstrate the efficacy of a commercial foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccine in pigs born to well-vaccinated sows at various ages with a single injection under field conditions. the first experiment showed that single dose vaccination of pigs could be conducted at an age younger than 10 weeks. second experiment demonstrated that pigs vaccinated once at the age of 8 weeks had mean serum neutralization (sn) titer of 1.89+/-0.95 log(10)sn(50) with full protection ...	2003	12706663
construction and characterization of pentacistronic retrovirus vectors.	the picornavirus foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a sequence was combined with three different internal ribosome entry segments to construct and characterize three independent pentacistronic retroviruses of different sizes. efficient co-expression of the five proteins was successful and titres obtained for these pentacistronic virus vectors (final genome size approximately 7.9 kb) were comparable to those of vector systems with shorter genomes. other vectors constructed that exceeded the genome len ...	2003	12692295
crystal structure of swine vesicular disease virus and implications for host adaptation.	swine vesicular disease virus (svdv) is an enterovirus of the family picornaviridae that causes symptoms indistinguishable from those of foot-and-mouth disease virus. phylogenetic studies suggest that it is a recently evolved genetic sublineage of the important human pathogen coxsackievirus b5 (cbv5), and in agreement with this, it has been shown to utilize the coxsackie and adenovirus receptor (car) for cell entry. the 3.0-a crystal structure of strain uk/27/72 svdv (highly virulent) reveals th ...	2003	12692248
protective immune response of the capsid precursor polypeptide (p1) of foot and mouth disease virus type 'o' produced in pichia pastoris.	foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is the aetiological agent of a highly contagious vesicular disease of cloven-hooved animals. the gene coding for the capsid polyprotein (p1) of fmdv from serotype 'o' vaccine strain (o75madras) was cloned and expressed in yeast pichia pastoris. the expressed p1 protein was characterised by sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) and western blot analysis. immunisation of guinea pigs with recombinant p1 induced fmdv type o specific ...	2003	12686422
characterization of a novel rna-binding region of eif4gi critical for ribosomal scanning.	the eukaryotic translation initiation factor eif4gi binds several proteins and acts as a scaffold to promote preinitiation complex formation on the mrna molecule (48s). following mrna attachment this complex scans along the messenger in a 5' to 3' direction until it locates and recognizes the initiation start codon. by using a combination of retroviral and picornaviral proteases (hiv-2 and l respectively) in the reticulocyte lysate system, we have characterized a 40 amino acid (aa) region of eif ...	2003	12682023
prevalence of seroreagents to fmdv in the cattle population in poland: results of 9-year monitoring studies.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the occurrence of antibodies to foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in sera of cattle in poland. the examinations were performed using the virus neutralization (vn) test and elisa methods: liquid-phase blocking elisa (lpbe) and 3abc-elisa. during 1993-2001, about 681,000 samples of sera collected from animals held on the territory of poland were tested. of about 600,000 sera taken from animals exported to the european union, 963 samples (0.16%) were found to ...	2003	12675463
serotype and vp1 gene sequence of a foot-and-mouth disease virus from hong kong (2002).	the nucleotide sequence of the vp1 coding region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) strain hkn/2002, isolated from a disease outbreak occurring in hong kong in february 2002, was determined and compared with the sequences of other fmdvs. the vp1 coding region was 639 nucleotides in length and encoded a protein of 213 amino acid residues. comparison of the vp1 nucleotide sequence with those of other isolates indicated that hkn/2002 belonged to serotype o. a vp1-based sequence similarity tree ...	2003	12646228
induction of lymphopenia and inhibition of t cell function during acute infection of swine with foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv).	foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) is a picornavirus that causes an acute vesicular disease of cloven-hoofed animals. this virus continues to be a threat to livestock worldwide with outbreaks causing severe economic losses. the present study shows an analysis of immune system phenotype and function during the acute phase of fmdv infection in swine. in the first days of infection, a significant lymphopenia is observed that involves all t cell subsets, cd4(+), cd8(+), and cd4(+)/cd8(+). this mark ...	2003	12628764
use of the reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for the rapid diagnosis of foot and mouth disease in south america.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is a limiting factor for the economic progress of the animal industry in south america. the presence of the disease results in the imposition of national and international sanitary barriers to animals and animal products, and, most especially, a reduction in the availability of protein from animal origin and in income. rapid and accurate identification of infected animals, those with either clinical or subclinical disease as well as with persistent infection, is esse ...	2003	12625404
innate immune responses following emergency vaccination against foot-and-mouth disease virus in pigs.	inactivated "emergency" foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) vaccine of high potency will induce early protection against the disease, implying a critical role for innate immune defences. at 3 and 6 days post-vaccination (dpv), there was no evidence of vaccine-induced specific anti-fmdv antibodies (abs), nor enhanced uptake and destruction of opsonised virus by macrophages. sera from vaccinates and control animals showed similar capacity to neutralise the virus, and were not different from the pr ...	2003	12615443
development of a foot-and-mouth disease nsp elisa and its comparison with differential diagnostic methods.	the gene encoding the nonstructural protein (nsp) of o/skr/2000 foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was constructed to express under the polyhedron promoter of baculovirus. the expression of nsp was confirmed by indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and western blotting. the expressed nsp was applied as a diagnostic antigen for indirect-trapping elisa (i-elisa). an i-elisa using monoclonal antibody (mab) against 3a as trapping antibody was developed to differentiate infected from vaccinated ca ...	2003	12615437
longevity of antibody and cytokine responses following vaccination with high potency emergency fmd vaccines.	the ability of high potency emergency foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) vaccines to promote sustainable immune responses in sheep and pigs following a single application was examined. all vaccine formulations induced a rapid seroconversion in both species, as expected, which was maintained at near peak titres for up to 6 months in sheep and 7 months in pigs. the montanide isa 206 formulation gave the best results in sheep. vaccinated pigs challenged with homologous fmdv were protected from disease at ...	2003	12615428
unr is required in vivo for efficient initiation of translation from the internal ribosome entry sites of both rhinovirus and poliovirus.	translation of picornavirus rnas is mediated by internal ribosomal entry site (ires) elements and requires both standard eukaryotic translation initiation factors (eifs) and ires-specific cellular trans-acting factors (itafs). unr, a cytoplasmic rna-binding protein that contains five cold-shock domains and is encoded by the gene upstream of n-ras, stimulates translation directed by the human rhinovirus (hrv) ires in vitro. to examine the role of unr in translation of picornavirus rnas in vivo, w ...	2003	12610110
results of epidemic simulation modeling to evaluate strategies to control an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.	to assess estimated effectiveness of control and eradication procedures for foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in a region of california.	2003	12602590
description of an epidemic simulation model for use in evaluating strategies to control an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease.	to develop a spatial epidemic model to simulate intraherd and interherd transmission of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) virus.	2003	12602589
antigenic characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus serotype asia1 field isolates using polyclonal and monoclonal antibodies.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) serotype asia1 field isolates (n = 100) were compared using a panel of 11 monoclonal antibodies (mab) in sandwich elisa. the majority (over 89%) of the isolates showed either homologous (76% and above reactivity) or reduced affinity (20-75% reactivity) for the mabs 2a, 13, 40, 34 and 81, suggesting that these mab binding epitopes are conserved, whereas a more variable reactivity was observed for the mabs b3, 1a, 24, 72, 82 and 89. polyclonal relationship ('r' ...	2003	12591202
detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus from culture and clinical samples by reverse transcription-pcr coupled to restriction enzyme and sequence analysis.	a reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) method is presented for the highly sensitive and specific detection of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv). a primer pair flanking a region of the viral polymerase gene (3d) corresponding to the c-terminus of the protein was designed and a single step rt-pcr reaction was developed. the assay allowed the detection of viral rna from a variety of animal samples and from a wide range of fmdv isolates of different origins and serotypes. the presence of an ahd i re ...	2003	12588687
evaluation of genetically engineered derivatives of a chinese strain of foot-and-mouth disease virus reveals a novel cell-binding site which functions in cell culture and in animals.	adaptation of field isolates of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) to grow in cells in culture can result in changes in viral properties that include acquisition of the ability to bind to cell surface heparan sulfate (hs). after 13 passages on bhk cells to produce a vaccine, a cathay topotype isolate of fmdv serotype o from china (o/cha/90) extended its cell culture host range and bound to heparin-sepharose, although it did not require cell surface hs as a receptor molecule. to understand these ...	2003	12584350
the foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in the netherlands in 2001.	an outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) in great britain was reported on 21 february 2001, followed by an outbreak of fmd in the netherlands a month later. this dutch index outbreak occurred on a mixed, veal-calf/dairy-goat farm in oene, in the central part of the netherlands. the most-likely route of infection was the import of irish veal-calves to this dutch herd via an fmd-contaminated staging point in france. with hindsight, more herds seemed to be infected by the time the index outbreak ...	2003	12581598
molecular epidemiological investigation of foot-and-mouth disease virus in korea in 2000.	the genetic relatedness of 7 korean type o field strains of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in clinical specimens collected from 5 different geographic locations in 2000 was investigated. the sequence of 162 nucleotides (nt 478-639) at the 3' end of the 1d (vp1) genes was determined from amplified cdna fragments, and subjected to the analysis for the sequence identity/divergence and phylogenetic relationship. the overall nucleotide sequence divergence among the 7 field strains was 0 to 3.8%, ...	2003	12576698
identification and isolation of foot-and-mouth disease virus from primary suspect cases in korea in 2000.	the republic of korea had been free from foot and mouth disease (fmd) since 1934, until a recent outbreak in 2000. from march to april 2000, a total of 15 fmd outbreaks due to the serotype o virus were recorded. coincidental outbreaks of fmd in cattle or pigs by the serotype o virus were reported in the region, including taiwan, china, japan, russia and mongolia. in this report, the results of emergency investigations of fmd cases on a dairy farm located approximately 5-km from the demilitarized ...	2003	12576697
stable expression of antisense rnas targeted to the 5' non-coding region confers heterotypic inhibition to foot-and-mouth disease virus infection.	the antiviral potential of transcripts targeted to the non-coding regions (ncrs) of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna have been studied during transient and constitutive expression in susceptible bhk-21 cells. transient expression of antisense transcripts corresponding to the 5' and 3'ncrs, alone or in combination, confers specific inhibition of homologous (serotype c) virus infection in bhk-21 cells. constitutive expression of antisense 5'ncr transcripts (5'as) exerted higher levels of in ...	2003	12560572
foot-and-mouth disease virus receptors: comparison of bovine alpha(v) integrin utilization by type a and o viruses.	three members of the alpha(v) integrin family of cellular receptors, alpha(v)beta(1), alpha(v)beta(3), and alpha(v)beta(6), have been identified as receptors for foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) in vitro. the virus interacts with these receptors via a highly conserved arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd) amino acid sequence motif located within the betag-betah (g-h) loop of vp1. other alpha(v) integrins, as well as several other integrins, recognize and bind to rgd motifs on their natural lig ...	2003	12551988
a review of the status of foot and mouth disease in south-east asia and approaches to control and eradication.	the author presents reports of foot and mouth disease (fmd) submitted between 1996 and 2001 to the office international des epizooties (oie: world organisation for animal health) sub-commission for fmd in south-east asia. of the ten countries in south-east asia, fmd is endemic in seven (cambodia, laos, malaysia, myanmar, the philippines, thailand and vietnam) and three are free of the disease (brunei, indonesia and singapore). part of the philippines is also recognised internationally as being f ...	2002	12530354
comparison of the capacity of different viral internal ribosome entry segments to direct translation initiation in poly(a)-dependent reticulocyte lysates.	polyadenylation stimulates translation of capped eukaryotic mrnas and those carrying picornaviral internal ribosome entry segments (ireses) in vivo. rabbit reticulocyte lysates (rrl) reproduce poly(a)-mediated translation stimulation in vitro after partial depletion of ribosomes and ribosome-associated factors. here, we have evaluated the effects of varying different parameters (extent of extract depletion, cleavage of eif4g, concentrations of kcl, mgcl(2) and programming mrna) on ires-driven tr ...	2003	12527782
foot and mouth disease in wildlife.		2003	12527441
control and eradication of foot-and-mouth disease.		2003	12527440
fmd vaccines.		2003	12527439
molecular epidemiology of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) is the most economically important veterinary pathogen due to its highly infectious nature, ability to cause persistent infections and long term effects on the condition and productivity of the many animal species it affects. countries which have the disease have many trade restrictions placed upon them. in the last 15 years there have been significant advances in the understanding of fmd epidemiology. these have largely been due to the application of the molecular b ...	2003	12527438
evolution of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	foot-and-mouth disease virus evolution is strongly influenced by high mutation rates and a quasispecies dynamics. mutant swarms are subjected to positive selection, negative selection and random drift of genomes. adaptation is the result of selective amplification of subpopulations of genomes. the extent of adaptation to a given environment is quantified by a relative fitness value. fitness values depend on the virus and its physical and biological environment. generally, infections involving la ...	2003	12527437
structure and receptor binding.		2003	12527436
molecular basis of pathogenesis of fmdv.	current understanding of the molecular basis of pathogenesis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) has been achieved through over 100 years of study into the biology of the etiologic agent, fmdv. over the last 40 years, classical biochemical and physical analyses of fmdv grown in cell culture have helped to reveal the structure and function of the viral proteins, while knowledge gained by the study of the virus' genetic diversity has helped define structures that are essential for replication and prod ...	2003	12527435
the history of research in foot-and-mouth disease.	the history of research in foot-and-mouth disease falls into several distinct areas. in this short chapter i have highlighted what i consider to be the significant advances in our knowledge of the disease and its causal agent. 1. loeffler and frosch's landmark description in 1898 that the disease is caused by a filterable agent, the first observation that an animal disease could be caused by a virus. 2. the search for experimental laboratory animals, culminating in the demonstration by waldmann ...	2003	12527434
synthetic approaches to multivalent lipopeptide dendrimers containing cyclic disulfide epitopes of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	the synthesis of a multiantigenic peptide dendrimer incorporating four copies of a cyclic disulfide epitope has been undertaken. since standard chemoselective ligation procedures involving thioether formation are inadvisable in the presence of a preformed disulfide, conjugation through a peptide bond between the lipidated branched lysine scaffold and a suitably protected version of the cyclic disulfide has been used instead. several synthetic approaches to the partially protected cyclic disulfid ...	2003	12526703
the foot-and-mouth disease virus cis-acting replication element (cre) can be complemented in trans within infected cells.	a temperature-sensitive (ts) mutation was identified within the 5'-untranslated region of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) rna. the mutation destabilizes a stem-loop structure recently identified as a cis-acting replication element (cre). genetic analyses indicated that the ts defect in virus replication could be complemented. thus, the fmdv cre can function in trans. it is suggested that the cre be renamed a 3b-uridylylation site (bus).	2003	12525659
the position of the dutch farmers' union on lessons learned and future prevention and control of foot and mouth disease.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) has devastated animal husbandry in the netherlands frequently in the past and still constitutes a threat. the use of vaccination reduced the number of outbreaks in the netherlands in the 20th century. however, the desire of some member states of the european community not to use vaccination led to a new strategy based on stamping-out of infected and contagious farms and to strict transportation regulations. in 2001, this proved very disruptive to the wider rural econ ...	2002	12523719
foot and mouth disease: the experience of south africa.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) is endemic in african buffalo (syncerus caffer) in the kruger national park (knp) and surrounding game parks in south africa. the last outbreak of the disease in domestic stock outside the fmd control zone occurred in 1957. due to the success in containing the disease, the country was accorded zone freedom from fmd without vaccination by the office international des epizooties (oie: world organisation for animal health) in 1995. this status was lost in september 2000 ...	2002	12523712
foot and mouth disease: the future of vaccine banks.	the authors briefly review the history of vaccine banks for foot and mouth disease, their current location and their constituent serotypes and strains, together with the occasions on which they have been activated. experimental studies on emergency vaccines are summarised and areas identified for further investigation. the future of such banks is considered, including the principal strengths and weaknesses of existing banks, and suggestions are made for potential improvements. the fact that the ...	2002	12523700
prospects, including time-frames, for improved foot and mouth disease vaccines.	inactivated foot and mouth disease (fmd) vaccines have been used successfully as part of eradication programmes. however, there are a number of concerns with the use of such vaccines and the recent outbreaks of fmd in disease-free countries have increased the need for improved fmd control strategies. to address this requirement, new generation fmd vaccines are being developed. currently, one of the most promising of these vaccine candidates utilises an empty viral capsid subunit delivered to ani ...	2002	12523699
development and performance of inactivated vaccines against foot and mouth disease.	the historical background of foot and mouth disease (fmd) vaccine production is briefly described. improvements achieved through the use of monolayer and suspension cultures are outlined. elements that are crucial in the production of modern vaccines are discussed, such as inactivation of viral antigen, successive concentration and purification of the antigen and the final formulation of the vaccine. storage of concentrated antigen at ultra-low temperatures creates greater flexibility for the pr ...	2002	12523698
predicting the spread of foot and mouth disease by airborne virus.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) can spread by a variety of mechanisms which, under certain climatic and epidemiological conditions, includes the windborne spread of disease. recent advances in knowledge of the aerobiological features of fmd are described. the strain of virus and species of infected animal are major determinants of airborne virus emission. pigs emit most virus, cattle and sheep lesser but similar amounts to each other. peak excretion of airborne virus by sheep occurs before the clin ...	2002	12523697
identification of foot and mouth disease virus carrier and subclinically infected animals and differentiation from vaccinated animals.	countries that are free of foot and mouth disease (fmd) are reluctant to use vaccine in the event of an outbreak because of the difficulties this can cause in re-establishing freedom from fmd status to the satisfaction of trading partners. the problem does not lie in distinguishing between vaccinated and recovered animals as vaccinated animals can be tagged or otherwise marked to show that they have been vaccinated; the difficulty is in identifying vaccinated animals that have had contact with l ...	2002	12523694
unapparent foot and mouth disease infection (sub-clinical infections and carriers): implications for control.	unlike animals which are carriers of foot and mouth disease (fmd), sub-clinically infected animals may be highly contagious. the implications of sub-clinical infections for the control of fmd are serious because such animals are likely to disseminate the disease when in contact with susceptible livestock. recent dissemination of fmd virus (fmdv) in europe shows that sub-clinically infected animals render trade in animals or animal products a potential risk for importing countries. this clearly d ...	2002	12523693
clinical variation in foot and mouth disease: pigs.	in intensively reared pigs, the introduction of foot and mouth disease (fmd) results in severe clinical disease and vesicular lesions in adult and fattening animals, and high mortality in piglets. vaccination of uninfected herds can assist fmd control and eradication programmes by reducing susceptibility of pigs older than 12 to 14 weeks and providing early protection to piglets through maternal antibody, but once fmd is established on a farm, vaccination alone will not prevent recurrent outbrea ...	2002	12523692
clinical variation in foot and mouth disease: sheep and goats.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) in adult sheep and goats is frequently mild or unapparent, but can cause high mortality in young animals. the recent outbreak of fmd in the united kingdom has highlighted the importance of sheep in the epidemiology of the disease, although there have been numerous examples in the past where small ruminants have been responsible for the introduction of fmd into previously disease-free countries. the difficulty in making a clinical diagnosis should encourage the develo ...	2002	12523691
clinical variation in foot and mouth disease: cattle.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) in cattle is usually clinically obvious in the unvaccinated herds of countries in which the disease occurs only occasionally. however, in vaccinated herds and in some breeds indigenous to areas in which fmd is endemic, the disease may circulate undetected.	2002	12523690
recent outbreaks of foot and mouth disease in countries of east asia.	japan regained the status of freedom from foot and mouth disease (fmd) without vaccination in september 2000 and the republic of korea likewise obtained this status in september 2001. however, new outbreaks of fmd caused by the pan-asian topotype have occurred in pigs in the republic of korea since may 2002. taipei china has not experienced an outbreak of fmd since february 2001 and the country is currently implementing an eradication programme. these countries had been free from fmd for many de ...	2002	12523687
regional status and approaches to control and eradication of foot and mouth disease in the middle east and north africa.	the middle east is regarded as the region of the world most heavily affected by foot and mouth disease (fmd). the situation in the middle east and north africa constitutes a threat to other regions of the world, especially europe. risk management differs between north africa and the middle east due to different epidemiological situations. in the middle east, the national cattle population is the principal target of preventive vaccination. vaccination is used as a tool for preventing economic los ...	2002	12523686
review of the status and control of foot and mouth disease in sub-saharan africa.	six of the seven serotypes of foot and mouth disease (fmd) virus (i.e. all but asia 1) are prevalent in africa although there are marked regional differences in distribution. three of these serotypes are unique to africa, namely the three south african territories (sat) serotypes. serotype c may also now be confined to africa because it has not been reported elsewhere recently. in southern africa at least, the sat serotypes have an intimate and probably ancient association with african buffalo ( ...	2002	12523685
co-translational, intraribosomal cleavage of polypeptides by the foot-and-mouth disease virus 2a peptide.	during co-translational protein import into the endoplasmic reticulum ribosomes are docked onto the translocon. this prevents inappropriate exposure of nascent chains to the cytosol and, conversely, cytosolic factors from gaining access to the nascent chain. we exploited this property of co-translational translocation to examine the mechanism of polypeptide cleavage by the 2a peptide of the foot-and-mouth disease virus. we find that the scission reaction is unaffected by placing 2a into a co-tra ...	2003	12522142
[combined use of killed vaccines and immunomodulator ridostin for urgent prevention of epidemic stomatitis, aujeszky disease and carnivore plague in experiment].	results of experimental studies of mice and pigs infected with foot-and-mouth disease virus, minks infected with aujeszky's disease virus, and dogs infected with canine distemper virus are described. in animals with foot-and-mouth disease and aujeszky's disease, combined treatment with killed vaccine and immunomodulator ridostin by the scheme of urgent prophylaxis (3 days before infection) caused 75% (foot-and-mouth disease) and 100% (aujeszky's disease) prevention of animal death and developmen ...	2002	12508681
evaluation of automated rt-pcr to accelerate the laboratory diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease virus.	automated fluorogenic (5' nuclease probe-based) reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) procedures were evaluated for the diagnosis of foot-and-mouth disease (fmd) using suspensions of vesicular epithelium, heparinised or clotted blood, milk and oesophageal-pharyngeal fluid ('probang') samples from the united kingdom (uk) 2001 epidemic and on sera from animals experimentally infected with the outbreak serotype o fmd virus strain. a magna pure lc was initially programmed to autom ...	2003	12505626
engineering of escherichia coli beta-galactosidase for solvent display of a functional scfv antibody fragment.	protein engineering allows the generation of hybrid polypeptides with functional domains from different origins and therefore exhibiting new biological properties. we have explored several permissive sites in escherichia coli beta-galactosidase to generate functional hybrid enzymes displaying a mouse scfv antibody fragment. when this segment was placed at the amino-terminus of the enzyme, the whole fusion protein was stable, maintained its specific activity and interacted specifically with the t ...	2003	12505169
novel viral disease control strategy: adenovirus expressing alpha interferon rapidly protects swine from foot-and-mouth disease.	we have previously shown that replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) is highly sensitive to alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta). in the present study, we constructed recombinant, replication-defective human adenovirus type 5 vectors containing either porcine ifn-alpha or ifn-beta (ad5-pifnalpha or ad5-pifnbeta). we demonstrated that cells infected with these viruses express high levels of biologically active ifn. swine inoculated with 10(9) pfu of a control ad5 virus lacking the i ...	2003	12502879
evidence of the coevolution of antigenicity and host cell tropism of foot-and-mouth disease virus in vivo.	in this work we analyze the antigenic properties and the stability in cell culture of virus mutants recovered upon challenge of peptide-vaccinated cattle with foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) c3 arg85. previously, we showed that a significant proportion of 29 lesions analyzed (41%) contained viruses with single amino acid replacements (r141g, l144p, or l147p) within a major antigenic site located at the g-h loop of vp1, known to participate also in interactions with integrin receptors. here w ...	2003	12502839
review of foot-and-mouth disease virus survival in animal excretions and on fomites.		2002	12498410
serotype c foot-and-mouth disease virus isolates from india belong to a separate so far not described lineage.	complete 1d gene sequences of 13 indian foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) type c field isolates and a vaccine strain (c-bombay/64) were determined. all the field isolates showed a greater genetic homogeneity (95-100%) among themselves and were 19.7-21.2% divergent from the vaccine strain. in the phylogenetic analysis, the indian field isolates formed a separate lineage (lineage vii) different from the previously identified six lineages (lineage i-vi) in type c fmdv [j. virol. 66 (1992) 3557]. ...	2003	12488068
genome variability and capsid structural constraints of hepatitis a virus.	the number of synonymous mutations per synonymous site (k(s)), the number of nonsynonymous mutations per nonsynonymous site (k(a)), and the codon usage statistic (n(c)) were calculated for several hepatitis a virus (hav) isolates. while k(s) was similar to those of poliovirus (pv) and foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv), k(a) was 1 order of magnitude lower. the n(c) parameter provides information on codon usage bias and decreases when bias increases. the n(c) value in hav was about 38, while in ...	2003	12477850
conservation of l and 3c proteinase activities across distantly related aphthoviruses.	the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) leader (l) proteinase is an important virulence determinant in fmdv infections. it possesses two distinct catalytic activities: (i) c-terminal processing at the l/vp4 junction; and (ii) induction of the cleavage of translation initiation factor eif4g, an event that inhibits cap-dependent translation in infected cells. the only other member of the aphthovirus genus, equine rhinitis a virus (erav), also encodes an l protein, but this shares only 32% amino ac ...	2002	12466488
investigation of the possible spread of foot-and-mouth disease virus by the burning of animal carcases on open pyres.	an atmospheric dispersion model was used to predict the airborne spread and concentrations of foot-and-mouth disease virus within the plumes generated by 11 pyres built to burn infected carcases during the epidemic of 2001 in the uk. on the basis of assumptions about the quantity of virus emitted during the three hours after the pyres were built and the threshold concentration of virus required to cause an infection in cattle, it was concluded that none of the disease breakdowns which occurred u ...	2002	12463534
expression of foot and mouth disease virus non-structural polypeptide 3abc induces histone h3 cleavage in bhk21 cells.	auto-processing of the non-structural polypeptide 3abc of foot and mouth disease virus (fmdv) expressed in escherichia coli-bl21-de3 was prevented by mutating either four glutamic acid residues at the 3a/3b1, 3b1/2, 3b2/3 and 3b3/3c junctions (3abctet) or a single cysteine residue at position 383 within the 3c domain (3abcm). independent expression of 3abc and 3abctet genes induced expression of chaperone dnak and degradation of ribosomal s1 protein in e. coli. they also induced cleavage of nucl ...	2002	12457965
molecular characterization of foot-and-mouth disease virus o/skr/2000.	molecular cloning and sequencing of the genome of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) o/skr/2000, one of panasia strain, were performed from fmdv infected cattle. from the poly (c) tract of the 5' nontranslated region (ntr) to the 3' ntr including 14 base pairs (bp) of poly (a) tail, 7813 bp sequences comprising approximately 95% of the whole genome were obtained by reverse transcription polymerase reaction (rt-pcr). the deduced amino acid sequences of the structural and nonstructural proteins ( ...	2002	12457959
ires elements: features of the rna structure contributing to their activity.	the activity of internal ribosome entry site (ires) elements depends on their structural organization. we have addressed here the study of conserved structural motifs in the foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) ires as an example to understand the relationship between rna structure and function. the features of the rna structure known to be functionally relevant are discussed in regards to the capacity to modulate interaction of translation initiation factors with the fmdv ires element. additiona ...	2002	12457563
a solid-phase blocking elisa for detection of type o foot-and-mouth disease virus antibodies suitable for mass serology.	a simple solid-phase blocking elisa for the detection of antibodies directed against type o foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) was developed. the elisa was validated using field sera collected from cattle, pigs and sheep originating from fmdv infected and non-infected dutch farms, reference sera obtained from the world reference laboratory for foot-and-mouth disease at the institute for animal health, pirbright laboratory, uk and sera from experimentally infected animals. testing 2664 sera coll ...	2003	12445942
foot and mouth disease.	foot and mouth disease (fmd) affects cloven-footed animals. it is caused by seven species ("types") of foot and mouth virus (fmdv) in the genus aphthovirus, family picornaviridae (). fmdv is a single-stranded rna virus, with a protein coat consisting of four capsid proteins enumerated as vp1, vp2, vp3, and vp4 (garland and donaldson 1990).	2002	12443674
virus-derived tubular structure displaying foreign sequences on the surface elicit cd4+ th cell and protective humoral responses.	particulate vector systems for the presentation of immunogenic epitopes provide an alternate and powerful approach for the delivery of immunogens of interest. in this article, we have exploited a viral protein of unknown function, bluetongue virus (btv) nonstructural protein ns1, which forms distinct tubular aggregates in infected cells, as an immunogen delivery system. tubules are helical assemblies of ns1 protein that present the c-terminus of the protein to the outer edge effectively displayi ...	2002	12441082
broad-spectrum virus reduction in red cell concentrates using inactine pen110 chemistry.	the risk of transmission of blood-borne pathogens by transfusion is a persistent problem in medicine. to address this safety issue, inactine pen110 chemistry is being utilized to develop a process for preparing pathogen-reduced red blood cell concentrates (rbcc). the purpose of this study was to characterize the virucidal effectiveness of the inactine pen110 chemistry in full units of rbcc by using a panel of viruses with diverse properties in composition, size and shape.	2002	12437518
full length nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus strain o1 campos/bra/58. brief report.	the complete nucleotide sequence of foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) south american strain o(1) campos/bra/58 was determined. the 8,168 kb sequence and the deduced amino acid sequence were compared to published fmdv sequences. they showed the highest sequence homology with the o(1) kaufbeuren/frg/66 strain, but closer evolutionary relatedness to the argentinean strains.	2002	12417956
the effects of gamma interferon on replication of foot-and-mouth disease virus in persistently infected bovine cells.	foot-and-mouth disease virus (fmdv) causes a highly contagious viral disease of cloven-hoofed animals, which has a considerable socio-economic impact on the countries affected. in addition, persistent infection can occur following clinical or sub-clinical disease in either vaccinated or non-vaccinated cattle. the mechanism(s) by which fmdv persistence is established and maintained is not fully understood. to better understand the basic mechanisms controlling the virus infection in cattle, the ef ...	2002	12417950