Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| influenza virus entry and infection require host cell n-linked glycoprotein. | a widely held view of influenza virus infection is that the viral receptor consists of cell surface carbohydrate sialic acid, which can be present as glycoprotein or glycolipid. here, we examined influenza virus entry and infection in lec1 cells, a mutant cho cell line deficient in terminal n-linked glycosylation caused by a mutation in the n-acetylglucosaminyltransferase i (gnt1) gene. we show that influenza virus cannot infect lec1 cells, despite having full capacity to undergo virus binding a ... | 2004 | 15601777 |
| influenza vaccine with squalene adjuvant: new preparation. no better than available products. | (1) injectable influenza vaccines reduce morbidity and mortality in people over 65 years. (2) a new influenza vaccine, with an adjuvant (mf59c.1) based on squalene, is now marketed in france for people over 65, and especially those with chronic conditions at risk of influenza complications. (3) the clinical evaluation dossier contains data from about twenty immunogenicity studies in more than 4000 elderly subjects. according to a meta-analysis of these studies, there is no firm evidence that the ... | 2004 | 15599987 |
| high permissivity of human hepg2 hepatoma cells for influenza viruses. | human hepg2 hepatoma cells are highly permissive for influenza virus type a and type b, even without the addition of trypsin, and they exhibit a marked cytopathic effect. this property greatly facilitates the primary isolation of influenza viruses. virus replication was significantly reduced by the plasmin(ogen)-specific inhibitor tranexamic acid, and this suggests a potential role played by the plasminogen/tissue plasminogen activator complex at the surface of hepg2 cells. this might represent ... | 2004 | 15583326 |
| mapping of genomic segments of influenza b virus strains by an oligonucleotide microarray method. | similar to other segmented rna viruses, influenza viruses can exchange genome segments and form a wide variety of reassortant strains upon coreplication within a host cell. therefore, the mapping of genome segments of influenza viruses is essential for understanding their phenotypes. in this work, we have developed an oligonucleotide microarray hybridization method for simultaneous genotyping of all genomic segments of two highly homologous strains of influenza b virus. a few strain-specific oli ... | 2004 | 15583314 |
| prevention and control of influenza: recommendations of the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip). | this report updates 1999 recommendations by the advisory committee on immunization practices (acip) on the use of influenza vaccine and antiviral agents (mmwr 1999;48[no. rr-4]: 1-29). these recommendations include five principal changes: a) the age for universal vaccination has been lowered to 50 years from 65 years; b) scheduling of large, organized vaccination campaigns after mid-october may be considered because the availability of vaccine in any location cannot be assured consistently in th ... | 2000 | 15580733 |
| recommended composition of influenza virus vaccines for use in the 2005 influenza season. | 2004 | 15571174 | |
| recent influenza b viruses in europe: a phylogenetic analysis. | influenza b virus evolution is currently in a unique situation having two cocirculating main lineages b/yamagata/16/88 (ym/88)-like and b/victoria/2/87 (vi/87)-like viruses. continuation of this bifurcation would mean development towards distinct forms resembling the ha subtypes of influenza a viruses. | 1996 | 15566891 |
| monoclonal antibodies for the rapid diagnosis of influenza-b virus infections by elisa: production and characterization. | monoclonal antibodies directed against conserved epitopes of viral proteins have substantially improved the accuracy of several immunochemical methods in diagnostic virology. | 1995 | 15566825 |
| monoclonal antibodies for the direct detection of influenza-a virus by elisa in clinical specimens from patients with respiratory infections. | monoclonal antibody technology provides antibody reagents of known specificity, high titres and unlimited availability, that form ideal reference antibodies for use in specific viral antigen-detection methods. | 1995 | 15566817 |
| identification of influenza a virus by shell vial culture and two commercially available antigen detection methods. | effective use of amantidine and rimantidine for treating patients and for reducing transmission requires rapid diagnosis of influenza a. rapid culture methods require 1-2 days to detect influenza a virus. direct fluorescent antibody (dfa) staining and enzyme immunoassay (eia) can detect influenza a antigen within 1-4 h. | 1994 | 15566771 |
| identification of influenza a virus by shell vial culture and two commercially available antigen detection methods. | influenza continues to be a major cause of morbidity and mortality especially in the elderly and persons with underlying disease. shell vial cell culture and antigen detection techniques may speed up diagnosis and enable better patient treatment and management. | 1994 | 15566764 |
| influenza vaccination with 1/10th the full dose. | 2004 | 15564552 | |
| preparing for the flu season. | 2004 | 15559456 | |
| update on influenza, 2004-2005. | 2004 | 15559384 | |
| [etiological study on an outbreak of acute respiratory infection in children in beijing]. | an outbreak of acute respiratory infections in children occurred in beijing from november to december, 2002. to investigate the etiological agents of affected children who were in day care centers and primary schools. | 2004 | 15555388 |
| influenza. | 2003 | 15555125 | |
| multiple genotypes of influenza b virus circulated between 1979 and 2003. | the segmented genome of influenza b virus allows exchange of gene segments between cocirculating strains. through this process of reassortment, diversity is generated by the mixing of genes between viruses that differ in one or more gene segments. phylogenetic and evolutionary analyses of all 11 genes of 31 influenza b viruses isolated from 1979 to 2003 were used to study the evolution of whole genomes. all 11 genes diverged into two new lineages prior to 1987. all genes except the ns1 gene were ... | 2004 | 15542634 |
| treatment of mannan-enhanced influenza b virus infections in mice with oseltamivir, ribavirin and viramidine. | mannan, a polysaccharide preparation from saccharomyces cerevisiae, has previously been shown to enhance influenza virus replication in mice by inhibiting host defense collectins. the use of mannan in infections may serve to broaden the types of influenza viruses that can be studied in rodent infection models. when mannan was co-administered with influenza b/sichuan/379/99 virus to mice, the animals died from the infection, whereas mice infected with only virus survived. three types of influenza ... | 2004 | 15535048 |
| dose sparing with intradermal injection of influenza vaccine. | the loss of half the u.s. supply of influenza vaccine due to contamination has created a critical shortage. dose-sparing strategies that use intradermal delivery of vaccines may be one approach to consider. | 2004 | 15525714 |
| serum antibody responses after intradermal vaccination against influenza. | if found to be safe and immunogenic, reduced doses of influenza vaccine given by the intradermal route could increase the number of available doses of vaccine. | 2004 | 15525713 |
| [the 2003/2004 influenza season in the netherlands with a limited epidemic of the virus variant a/fujian, and the vaccine composition for the 2004/2005 season]. | in contrast to the three previous influenza seasons, the influenza epidemic of the 2003/2004 season started early in week 49 of 2003. the epidemic was predominantly caused by influenza-a viruses of the h3n2 subtype. all isolated influenza-a viruses were antigenically related to influenza virus a/fujian/411/02, which was already detected in the influenza season 2002/2003 and that deviated from the vaccine-reference strain a/moscow/10/99 to a certain extent. the magnitude of the epidemic was limit ... | 2004 | 15524136 |
| no apoptotic deaths and different levels of inductions of inflammatory cytokines in alveolar macrophages infected with influenza viruses. | influenza viruses are reported to infect mainly the respiratory tract epithelium of hosts. our studies in a pig model show that influenza a viruses infect alveolar macrophages that constitutively reside in the respiratory tract, without causing apoptosis. tumor necrosis factor alpha was the inflammatory cytokine most highly induced in these macrophages. in vivo, alveolar macrophages infected with human h3n2 influenza virus showed greater expression of tumor necrosis factor alpha than did alveola ... | 2004 | 15518807 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, may-october 2004. | may-october 2004, influenza a (h3n2) viruses circulated worldwide and were associated with mild-to-moderate levels of disease activity. influenza a (h1n1) and b viruses were reported less frequently. in north america, isolates of influenza a (h3n2), a (h1n1), and b were identified sporadically. this report summarizes influenza activity in the united states and worldwide during may-october 2004. influenza activity in north america typically peaks during december-march. | 2004 | 15514583 |
| [evaluation of flow-through immunoassay for rapid detection of influenza a and b viruses]. | we evaluated a flow-through immunoassay for rapid detection of influenza a and b viral antigens, rapidtesta flu ab (daiichi pure chemicals co., ltd., tokyo, japan), by using 507 specimens collected from patients with influenza-like symptoms during the 2002/2003 influenza season in japan. the specimens consisted of 239 nasal swabs and 268 nasal aspirates; 374 specimens were collected from pediatric patients (under 16 years of age) and 133 from adult patients. rapidtesta flu ab was compared with c ... | 2004 | 15508721 |
| [appropriate use of rapid diagnostic testing for influenza]. | to determine a more timely acquisition of accurate results for influenza patients, a rapid diagnostic testing for influenza were studied on 877 pediatric patients performed during the 2002-2003 flu season in our hospital. of these, 337 patients were finally diagnosed as influenza based on the test results and treated with antiviral agents, amantadine or oseltamivir. ten (29%) of the 34 patients whose tests were negative within 12 hours after onset became positive over 12 hours after onset. on th ... | 2004 | 15508719 |
| surveillance for neuraminidase inhibitor resistance in human influenza viruses from australia. | two hundred and forty-five human influenza a and b viruses isolated in australia between 1996 and 2003 were tested for their sensitivity to the na inhibitor drugs, zanamivir and oseltamivir using a fluorescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assay. based on mean ic50 values, influenza a viruses (with neuraminidase subtypes n1 and n2) were more sensitive to both the na inhibitors than were influenza b strains. influenza a viruses with a n1 subtype and influenza b strains both demonstrated a great ... | 2003 | 15508516 |
| specificity of neuraminidase activity from influenza viruses isolated in different hosts tested with novel substrates. | influenza a and b viruses isolated in vero and madin darby canine kidney (mdck) cells as well as in fertilised hen eggs were tested for the specificity of their neuraminidase (na) activity. novel glycoconjugates with variations of terminally bound sialic acid mimicking the three main receptor types for influenza viruses were synthesised. these new substrates together with the lectin from ricinus communis were used in a solid phase microtitre assay for the detection of na specificity. egg or mdck ... | 2004 | 15503202 |
| three-year (1999-2002) of epidemiological and virological surveillance of influenza in north-east italy. | the results of the epidemiological and virological surveillance of influenza performed during the 1999/2000, 2000/2001 and 2001/2002 seasons in the northeastern italy were presented and the relationship between age-specific morbidity rates and circulating strains were discussed.the epidemiological findings pointed out a change in age distribution. during the 1999/2000 season, characterized by a circulation of viruses antigenically close to the vaccine strain, a similar incidence rate in the 0-14 ... | 2004 | 15499899 |
| burden of influenza in healthy children and their households. | a prospective, multicentre study was conducted to evaluate the burden of laboratory confirmed influenza in healthy children and their household contacts. | 2004 | 15499051 |
| changes in the hemagglutinins and neuraminidases of human influenza b viruses isolated in italy during the 2001-02, 2002-03, and 2003-04 seasons. | throughout most of the last decade, b/yamagata/16/88-lineage influenza viruses were predominant among the b isolates circulating worldwide, whereas b/victoria/2/87-lineage viruses were isolated infrequently and restricted geographically to eastern asia. during the 2001-02 influenza season, b/victoria/2/87-lineage viruses re-emerged in north america and europe and spread worldwide. virological surveillance in italy during that season showed wide circulation of influenza b viruses, of which most w ... | 2004 | 15484280 |
| homology model of the structure of influenza b virus ha1. | influenza b virus is one of two types of influenza virus that cause substantial morbidity and mortality in humans, the other being influenza a virus. the inability to provide lasting protection to humans against influenza b virus infection is due, in part, to antigenic drift of the viral surface glycoprotein, haemagglutinin (ha). studies of the antigenicity of the ha of influenza b virus have been hampered by lack of knowledge of its structure. to address this gap, two possible models have been ... | 2004 | 15483238 |
| the n- and c-terminal domains of the ns1 protein of influenza b virus can independently inhibit irf-3 and beta interferon promoter activation. | the ns1 proteins of influenza a and b viruses (a/ns1 and b/ns1 proteins) have only approximately 20% amino acid sequence identity. nevertheless, these proteins show several functional similarities, such as their ability to bind to the same rna targets and to inhibit the activation of protein kinase r in vitro. a critical function of the a/ns1 protein is the inhibition of synthesis of alpha/beta interferon (ifn-alpha/beta) during viral infection. recently, it was also found that the b/ns1 protein ... | 2004 | 15479798 |
| influence of acylation sites of influenza b virus hemagglutinin on fusion pore formation and dilation. | the cytoplasmic tail (ct) of hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza b virus (bha) contains at positions 578 and 581 two highly conserved cysteine residues (cys578 and cys581) that are modified with palmitic acid (pa) through a thioester linkage. to investigate the role of pa in the fusion activity of bha, site-specific mutagenesis was performed with influenza b virus b/kanagawa/73 ha cdna. all of the ha mutants were expressed on cos cells by an expression vector. the membrane fusion ability of the ha m ... | 2004 | 15479794 |
| [clinical symptoms of influenza infection in the 2002-2003 season]. | the highest body temperature and clinical symptoms during the influenza infection were analyzed on 2,145 patients with influenza, (type a: 1,408cases, type b: 737cases: confirmed by a rapid diagnosis kit, capilia flua, b), and for 670 patients with a negative response to the rapid diagnosis kit (controls). the study was a multi-center study of the 2002-2003 influenza season. the percentages of patients with fever over 38 degrees c, 38.5 degrees c and 39 degrees c were significantly higher in inf ... | 2004 | 15478643 |
| strong local and systemic protective immunity induced in the ferret model by an intranasal virosome-formulated influenza subunit vaccine. | the proliferation of influenza viruses causes costly, recurrent, annual epidemics. current vaccines, mainly administered parenterally, have been shown to be suboptimal in terms of efficacy, particularly where local iga responses are concerned. recent investigations of virosomes as delivery systems for viral ha and na antigens have demonstrated an improved immune response. this paper investigates the efficacy of a novel virosome-based intranasal influenza vaccine by its ability to reduce disease ... | 2004 | 15474733 |
| [the surveillance and facing new challenge of influenza]. | 2003 | 15470772 | |
| higher than normal seasonal influenza activity in victoria, 2003. | influenza surveillance in victoria comprises surveillance of patients with influenza-like illness (ili) from sentinel general practices and laboratory based reporting of influenza detections, predominantly from hospital inpatients. surveillance of patients with ili seen by the melbourne medical locum service (mmls) was conducted for the first time in 2003, when the influenza season was characterised by a late onset with higher than normal seasonal activity. influenza a (h3n2) was the predominant ... | 2004 | 15460953 |
| the influenza surveillance program in western australia, 2003. | in the winter of 2003 western australia experienced its largest epidemic of influenza for at least five years, with activity peaking in august and september. the season was short resulting in very high numbers of cases during the peak weeks. activity in country areas followed the peak of metropolitan activity. influenza a virus was detected in 28.3 per cent of the sentinel samples, and influenza b in less than one per cent. both routine and sentinel detections and the overall estimates of influe ... | 2004 | 15460952 |
| annual report of the national influenza surveillance scheme, 2003. | surveillance of influenza in australia is based on laboratory isolation of influenza viruses, sentinel general-practitioner practices for influenza-like illness, and absenteeism data from a major national employer. in 2003, the peak in influenza activity was in august which was later than in 2002. in 2003, 3,604 laboratory-confirmed cases of influenza were notified to the national notifiable diseases surveillance system, which was marginally lower than for the previous year. ninety-four per cent ... | 2004 | 15460951 |
| influenza b virus bm2 protein is a crucial component for incorporation of viral ribonucleoprotein complex into virions during virus assembly. | influenza b virus contains four integral membrane proteins in its envelope. of these, bm2 has recently been found to have ion channel activity and is considered to be a functional counterpart to influenza a virus m2, but the role of bm2 in the life cycle of influenza b virus remains unclear. in an effort to explore its function, a number of bm2 mutant viruses were generated by using a reverse genetics technique. the bm2deltaatg mutant virus synthesized bm2 at markedly lower levels but exhibited ... | 2004 | 15452221 |
| in vitro generation and characterisation of an influenza b variant with reduced sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitors. | a contemporary influenza type b virus was passaged in vitro in the presence of increasing concentrations of the neuraminidase inhibitors, zanamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate (0.1-1000 microm over nine passages). after the fifth passage in the presence of zanamivir (10 microm), the virus acquired a glu 119 asp neuraminidase mutation (influenza a n2 subtype numbering) in the enzyme active site. after a further three passages, in which growth occurred in 100 microm of zanamivir, a gln 218 lys mut ... | 2004 | 15451185 |
| [influenza-b in the netherlands during the spring of 1950]. | 1950 | 15439380 | |
| influenza b epidemic in industrial workers in curacao. | 1949 | 15393966 | |
| how to deal with influenza? | 2004 | 15374891 | |
| influenza-associated hospitalizations in the united states. | respiratory viral infections are responsible for a large number of hospitalizations in the united states each year. | 2004 | 15367555 |
| influenza circulating strains in argentina exhibit differential induction of cytotoxicity and caspase-3 in vitro. | human influenza infections are a significant cause of morbidity worldwide. though damage to the respiratory epithelium and has been related to apoptosis, which occurs subsequent to influenza virus infection, little information is available regarding cell cytotoxicity of human strains. | 2004 | 15364270 |
| comparison of binax now and directigen for rapid detection of influenza a and b. | directigen flu a + b and binax now flu a and flu b tests detected 33 (55.9%) and 31 (52.5%) of 59 influenza-positive samples, respectively. in children under 2 years of age, sensitivity increased to 75% for both tests. three samples tested falsely-positive for influenza b using binax now. | 2004 | 15364266 |
| antiviral treatment and prophylaxis of influenza in primary care: german recommendations. | antiviral drugs are a valuable supplementation to vaccines for the control and prevention of influenza. in germany, for treating influenza amantadine, oseltamivir and zanamivir are approved. amantadine and oseltamivir are also licensed for prophylactic use. on behalf of the paul-ehrlich-society of germany and the german association for the control of virus diseases, as two independent scientific societies, the first consensus conference on the antiviral treatment and prophylaxis of influenza was ... | 2004 | 15364262 |
| [evaluation of an immunochromatography test using enzyme immunoassay for rapid detection of influenza a and b viruses]. | we evaluated the performance of an improved version of espline influenza a & b-n (fujirebio inc., japan), an immunochromatography test using enzyme immunoassay for rapid diagnosis of influenza a and b. the test produced positive results for four strains of influenza viruses and thirty-one influenza viral antigens and negative results for all of thirty strains of other respiratory viruses that were tested. the detection limit of this test was 5.8 x 10(2) to 5.8 x 10(3) pfu/assay, which is more se ... | 2004 | 15359892 |
| detection and control of influenza outbreaks in well-vaccinated nursing home populations. | influenza outbreaks continue to occur in nursing homes despite high vaccination coverage among residents. recommendations for outbreak control in institutions such as nursing homes advises use of antiviral drugs to reduce influenza transmission. | 2004 | 15356805 |
| influenza surveillance in indonesia: 1999-2003. | although influenza is recognized for its worldwide importance, little is known about the disease from tropical countries like indonesia. from august 1999 through january 2003, a surveillance study was conducted in clinics at 6 sentinel locations. adults (age, >14 years) and children (age, 4-14 years) presenting with respiratory symptoms suggestive of influenza were asked to enroll in the study. nasal and pharyngeal swabs were examined by virus isolation, polymerase chain reaction, and rapid immu ... | 2004 | 15356802 |
| intranasal versus injectable influenza vaccine. | 2004 | 15356796 | |
| the course of c-reactive protein response in untreated upper respiratory tract infection. | high c-reactive protein (crp) values are frequently found in patients with bacterial respiratory infection, and crp testing has been shown to be useful in differentiating pneumonia from other respiratory infections. raised crp values may also be found in viral respiratory infection, and as a result there is a risk that antibiotics may be wrongly prescribed. | 2004 | 15353049 |
| [immunostimulating activity of polycomponent vaccine "immunovac-vp-4" and grippol after their combined administration]. | the experimental study of the immunostimulating activity of therapeutic bacterial polycomponent vaccine vp-4 and prophylactic vaccine grippol, introduced both separately and in combination, on mice infected with salmonella typhimurium, used as a model. both preparations were found to produce an immunomodulating effect. the combined subcutaneous injection of vp-4 and grippol did not decrease their immunostimulating activity, but their separate administration at an interval of 14 days resulted in ... | 2004 | 15346947 |
| antigenic alteration of influenza b virus associated with loss of a glycosylation site due to host-cell adaptation. | effects of host-cell adaptation of the hemagglutinin (ha) protein were evaluated by the analyses of four pairs of recent influenza b field isolates, each pair consisting of an madin darby canine kidney (mdck)- and an embryonated chicken egg-derived isolates from the same clinical specimen. among the isolates examined, all of the mdck-derived isolates retained glycosylation site at amino acid 197 on the ha1 molecule, whereas three egg-derived isolates lost it. antigenic difference in the ha molec ... | 2004 | 15332284 |
| secretory iga antibodies provide cross-protection against infection with different strains of influenza b virus. | this study examined whether secretory iga (s-iga) antibodies (abs) could confer cross-protective immunity against infection with influenza b viruses of antigenically distinct lineages. wild-type or polymeric ig receptor (pigr)-knockout (ko) mice were immunized by infection with different b viruses or by intranasal (i.n.) administration with different inactivated vaccines. four weeks later mice were challenged with either the b/ibaraki/2/85 virus, representative of the b/victoria/2/87 (b/victoria ... | 2004 | 15332283 |
| epidemics of two victoria and yamagata influenza b lineages in yamagata, japan. | we attempted to predict epidemics of influenza b, focusing on b/victoria/2/87-like (v) and b/yamagata/16/88-like (y) lineages, in yamagata, japan. we collected 9624 nasopharyngeal swabs for virus isolation from patients with respiratory infections between 1996 and 2003 and 237 sera for seroepidemiological analysis by haemagglutination-inhibition test in 2001. we isolated 424 v-lineage and 246 y-lineage viruses during the study period. three herald viruses in the 2000--2001 season enabled us to p ... | 2004 | 15310174 |
| [immunogenicity and safety of domestic slit influenza vaccine]. | 2004 | 15308057 | |
| orthomyxovirus replication, transcription, and polyadenylation. | efficient in vitro and in vivo systems are now in place to study the role of viral proteins in replication and/or transcription, the regulation of these processes, polyadenylation of viral mrnas, the viral promoter structures, or the significance of noncoding regions for virus replication. in this chapter, we review the status of current knowledge of the orthomyxovirus rna synthesis. | 2004 | 15298169 |
| comparison of the directigen flu a+b membrane enzyme immunoassay with viral culture for rapid detection of influenza a and b viruses in respiratory specimens. | the performance of a commercially available, rapid membrane enzyme immunoassay for influenza a and b virus detection was compared to that of viral culture in 4,092 respiratory specimens collected from patients presenting with respiratory symptoms during the 2002-2003 influenza season. the test's overall sensitivity was 43.83%, lower than previously reported but similar for detection of both influenza a and b viruses (42.98 versus 44.76%). however, specificity, 99.74%, was excellent for both infl ... | 2004 | 15297520 |
| comparison of a new lateral-flow chromatographic membrane immunoassay to viral culture for rapid detection and differentiation of influenza a and b viruses in respiratory specimens. | the performance of a new rapid lateral-flow chromatographic membrane immunoassay test kit for detection of influenza virus was evaluated and compared to that of viral culture in respiratory secretions collected from 400 adults and children seen at three large university hospitals during the recent 2003 influenza season. the rapid test provided results in 15 min, with excellent overall performance statistics (sensitivity, 94.4%; specificity, 100%; positive predictive value, 100%; negative predict ... | 2004 | 15297513 |
| influenza-associated myositis in children. | influenza-associated myositis (iam) is an infrequent and poorly known complication of influenza virus infection in children. the aim of this study was to describe five cases of iam and to review the literature on iam in children. | 2004 | 15293074 |
| [influenza c virus isolated in hiroshima prefecture during the 1999/2000 winter season--a clinical and epidemiological study]. | influenza c virus (inf. c) is one of pathogens of human respiratory tract infection and prevalent throughout the world at an early stage in life. however, inf. c has been isolated only accidentally and there have been few reports on its clinical and epidemiological features. from november 1999 to march 2000, inf. c was isolated from clinical specimens (throat swabs) of 4 pediataric patients with respiratory tract illness at hiroshima prefectural hospital and was isolated in 4 peditaric patients ... | 2004 | 15287473 |
| antiviral activity of the red marine alga ceramium rubrum. | an extract from the red marine alga ceramium rubrum (huds.) ag. from the bulgarian black sea seacoast considerably inhibited the reproduction of influenza viruses type a and b in vitro and in ovo. the virus-induced cytopathogenic effect (cpe), infectious virus yields and the production of hemagglutinin were all reduced at non-toxic concentrations of the extract. the virus-inhibitory effect was selective, dose-related and strain-specific; selectivity indices ranged 9.5-68.3. the inhibition affect ... | 2004 | 15287074 |
| cytokine induction in human cord blood lymphocytes after pulsing with uv-inactivated influenza viruses. | mitogenic activity of uv-inactivated influenza viruses in cord blood lymphocytes (cbl), as measured by cytokine release, was investigated. using prototype viruses of subtype h3n2 (a/aichi/68), h2n2 (a/japan/57), and h1n1 (a/puerto rico/34) for influenza a virus, and b/lee/40 for influenza b virus, the results indicated that both th1 and th2 cytokines were induced. stimulation indices were significantly higher for ifngamma, il-4 and il-10 by influenza a viruses than by influenza b virus. stimulat ... | 2004 | 15275967 |
| central memory cd4+ t cell responses in chronic hiv infection are not restored by antiretroviral therapy. | a strong cd4(+) t cell response has been correlated with better control of hiv infection. however, the effect of hiv on the maintenance of ag-specific memory cd4(+) t cells is not fully understood. we characterized the function and phenotype of memory cd4(+) t cells generated by mumps and influenza a or b viruses in hiv-infected individuals receiving highly active antiretroviral therapy (n = 21), hiv-infected long-term nonprogressors (n = 10), and hiv-seronegative volunteers (n = 10). we observe ... | 2004 | 15265956 |
| antigenic characterisation of influenza b virus with a new microneutralisation assay: comparison to haemagglutination and sequence analysis. | although the haemagglutination inhibition assay is considered the "gold standard" for antigenic characterisation of influenza viruses, some limitations of this technique are well known. a new microneutralisation assay, as a tool for antigenic characterisation of influenza b viruses, has been standardised and its performance evaluated in comparison with the haemagglutination inhibition test in the light of molecular characterisation of the haemagglutinin. twelve b viruses belonging to the two lin ... | 2004 | 15258980 |
| genetic diversity of influenza b virus: the frequent reassortment and cocirculation of the genetically distinct reassortant viruses in a community. | to characterize the genetic diversity of influenza b viruses isolated during one influenza season, the antigenic and genetic relationships among 20 strains of influenza b virus isolated in february and march 2001 at one pediatric clinic in yamagata city, japan, were investigated. the ha gene and seven other gene segments were phylogenetically divided into three distinct sublineages (harbin/7/94-, tokyo/6/98-, and shiga/t30/98-related lineage) of the yamagata/16/88-like lineage. the ns genes of t ... | 2004 | 15258979 |
| new point of care test is highly specific but less sensitive for influenza virus a and b in children and adults. | the importance of rapid diagnosis of influenza has increased with the availability of neuraminidase inhibitors, which need to be commenced within 48 hr of symptom onset. furthermore, the recent development of influenza-like clinical syndromes with novel aetiologies (severe acute respiratory syndrome, sars) has increased the need for rapid and accurate near-patient diagnosis. a new, modified point of care (poc) diagnostic test (zstatflu) was assessed on 469 nasopharyngeal aspirates (npas) and 260 ... | 2004 | 15258978 |
| influenza b virus victoria group with a new glycosylation site was epidemic in japan in the 2002-2003 season. | in the 2002-2003 season, influenza b virus victoria strains were epidemic after a 6-year absence in kobe city, japan. they reacted poorly to the immune ferret sera prepared for use against the previous strain. an amino acid substitution in the ha1 region caused them to acquire an n-linked glycosylation site. | 2004 | 15243097 |
| fighting the flu: the rise of the machine. | 2004 | 15241211 | |
| comparative study of influenza virus replication in vero and mdck cell lines. | the choice of a cell line for the production of influenza vaccines is determined by how well the virus is able to replicate and how easily the cell line can be maintained. madin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells have long been known to successfully support influenza growth. vero cells are also another well studied candidate cell line. in this work, we have compared these two cell lines for their ability to propagate type a and type b cold-adapted and wild type influenza viruses. the growth of the ... | 2004 | 15234806 |
| new estimates of influenza-related pneumonia and influenza hospitalizations among the elderly. | the aim of this study is to present a method to provide accurate estimates of influenza-associated pneumonia and influenza (p&i) hospitalizations and costs for use in tracking the continuing burden of influenza. | 2004 | 15234327 |
| influenza-like viral illnesses and flare-ups of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva. | flare-ups of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva are most commonly triggered by soft tissue trauma. after observing severe flare-ups of fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva in two half-sisters with culture-confirmed influenza b infections, we hypothesized that influenza-like viral illnesses also can trigger fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva flare-ups. to address this hypothesis, we designed a questionnaire to assess whether patients with fibrodysplasia ossificans progressiva experienced i ... | 2004 | 15232462 |
| [epidemiologic characteristics of influenza in china, from 2001 to 2003]. | to understand the epidemiologic characters of influenza in china from 2001 to 2003. | 2004 | 15231116 |
| update: influenza activity--united states and worldwide, 2003-04 season, and composition of the 2004-05 influenza vaccine. | during the 2003-04 influenza season, influenza a (h1), a (h3n2), and b viruses co-circulated worldwide, and influenza a (h3n2) viruses predominated. several asian countries reported widespread outbreaks of avian influenza a (h5n1) among poultry. in vietnam and thailand, these outbreaks were associated with severe illnesses and deaths among humans. in the united states, the 2003-04 influenza season began earlier than most seasons, peaked in december, was moderately severe in terms of its impact o ... | 2004 | 15229411 |
| [evaluation of a dot-blot enzyme immunoassay system for the detection of influenza b/hong kong/330/01 antigen in children (2002-2003)]. | 2004 | 15228908 | |
| phylogenetic analysis of influenza b virus in taiwan, 1997 to 2001. | seventeen strains of influenza b virus were isolated and identified from 1997 to 2001. throat swabs were collected in children who presented in medical centers in both central and northern parts of taiwan. to clarify the molecular characteristics of these isolates, both partial hemagglutinin (ha) gene and nonstructural (ns) gene nucleotide sequences were cloned and subjected to nucleotide sequence analysis. the phylogenetic analysis of the ha gene revealed that 16 out of 17 strains were similar ... | 2004 | 15221032 |
| immunostimulant patch enhances immune responses to influenza virus vaccine in aged mice. | improvement in the immune response to influenza virus vaccination in the elderly represents the primary unmet need in influenza virus vaccination. we have shown that topical application of immunostimulating (is) patches containing heat-labile enterotoxin of escherichia coli (lt) enhances immune responses to injected vaccines. we extend these findings and show that lt-is patch application enhances the antibody responses to influenza virus vaccination in both young and aged mice. lt-is patches mar ... | 2004 | 15220436 |
| [influenza in poland in 2002]. | in 2002 the number of cases of influenza and influenza-like illness (ili) registered in poland amounted to 228,055. this is 39.5% of the number of cases recorded in 2001. the highest influenza incidence was found in mazowieckie voivodship (2297.5 per 100,000), while the lowest incidence was registered in swietokrzyskie voivodship (104.1) and lubelskie voivodship (117.6). in children aged 0 to 14 years the number of influenza and ili cases amounted to 104,552 (incidence of 1511.9 per 100,000) and ... | 2004 | 15218642 |
| severe influenza b myocarditis and myositis. | to report an influenza b infection with associated myocarditis and severe skeletal myositis. | 2004 | 15215016 |
| [relationship between absolute humidity and influenza prevalence in odate and akita cities, akita prefecture, in 2001 and 2002]. | the dynamics of influenza viruses in relation to one meteorological factor, absolute humidity, was investigated. the number of influenza patients, absolute humidity, and isolation of influenza viruses were compared between odate city the north and akita city in central akita prefecture from 2001 to 2002. the results were as follows: 1) in both odate and akita cities, influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and influenza b (victoria and yamagata) viruses were isolated when absolute humidity ranged between 2. ... | 2004 | 15211863 |
| immunity to influenza in older adults with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. | chronically ill older adults constitute a population vulnerable for complications associated with influenza. study of their immunity to influenza virus may help design better strategies to stimulate protective immune responses. | 2004 | 15195238 |
| [influenza viruses which preconditioned the epidemic rise in russia in 2002-2003. a resumed circulation of influenza viruses similar to v/victoria/2/87]. | according to research, the epidemic rise of influenza was preconditioned, during 2002-2003, in russia by the circulation of influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b viruses. the center of influenza ecology and epidemiology undertook a study of 178 epidemic strains: 41 strains a(h1n1), 116 strains a(h3n2) and 21 strains of influenza b were among them. all strains were isolated in the mdck cell culture. a simultaneous isolation in embryonated eggs as well as changing of the isolation system from mdck to e ... | 2004 | 15188649 |
| clinical features of influenza a and b in children and association with myositis. | influenza virus is among the most common causes of respiratory illness, which may manifest as a range of conditions, from mild upper respiratory tract infection to bronchiolitis and pneumonia. acute childhood myositis associated with influenza occurs mostly in influenza b infection. in this retrospective study, we analyzed the characteristics of 197 children with influenza virus treated from january 2000 to december 2001. among them, 73 children had influenza a infection and 124 had influenza b ... | 2004 | 15181490 |
| human metapneumovirus infection in hospital referred south african children. | human metapneumovirus (hmpv) was first described in dutch children with acute respiratory symptoms. a prospective analysis of the epidemiology, clinical manifestation, and seroprevalence of hmpv and other respiratory viruses in south african children referred to hospital for upper or lower respiratory tract infection were carried out during a single winter season, by using rt-pcr, viral culture, and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. in nasopharyngeal aspirates from 137 children, hmpv was detec ... | 2004 | 15170647 |
| identification of a human influenza type b strain with reduced sensitivity to neuraminidase inhibitor drugs. | a total of 126 influenza b isolates isolated between 1998 and 2002 from australasia and the asia-pacific region were tested for their sensitivity to the neuraminidase (na) inhibitor drugs zanamivir and oseltamivir carboxylate using a fluorescence-based enzyme assay. the mean (+/-1 s.d.) 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50) of the influenza b viruses tested was 1.41+/-0.53 nm against zanamivir and 14.91+/-14.31 nm with oseltamivir carboxylate. however, a single type b isolate (b/perth/211/2001) fr ... | 2004 | 15163511 |
| molecular mechanisms of influenza virus resistance to neuraminidase inhibitors. | a wide use of inhibitors of influenza virus neuraminidase (nais) to control influenza in humans demands a better understanding of the mechanisms involved in the resistance emergence. in vitro studies demonstrate that both neuraminidase (na) and hemagglutinin (ha) influence virus susceptibility to nais. drug resistance conferred due to changes in the na could be monitored in the na inhibition assays. zanamivir-selected viruses acquired the na substitutions at residues 119 and 292; oseltamivir-sel ... | 2004 | 15163510 |
| surveillance of influenza isolates for susceptibility to neuraminidase inhibitors during the 2000-2002 influenza seasons. | neuraminidase (na) inhibitors (ni) have recently been licensed for the prophylaxis and treatment of influenza virus infection in humans. this study has utilized a new chemiluminescent (cl) neuraminidase assay to routinely monitor more than a thousand influenza field isolates collected worldwide during the 2000-2002 seasons for susceptibility to both licensed nis, zanamivir, and oseltamivir by determining the 50% inhibitory concentration (ic50). our data demonstrated that influenza a viruses of t ... | 2004 | 15163509 |
| current status of live attenuated influenza virus vaccine in the us. | the efficacy and effectiveness of cold adapted live attenuated (caiv-t, flumist intranasal influenza vaccine is reviewed. caiv-t consists of approximately 10(7) tcid50 per dose of each influenza a/h1n1, influenza a/h3n2, and influenza b vaccine strain. the exact strains are updated each year to antigenically match the antigens recommended by national health authorities for inclusion in the vaccine. in one year in which the vaccine strain did not well match the epidemic strain, the live attenuate ... | 2004 | 15163507 |
| epidermal powder immunization: cellular and molecular mechanisms for enhancing vaccine immunogenicity. | epidermal powder immunization (epi) of mice with an influenza vaccine elicited consistently a higher hemagglutination inhibition (hi) antibody titers than intramuscular (im) injection using the same dose of vaccine. the epidermal langerhans cells (lcs) at the site of epi were found to play an important role in the immune responses. indeed, depletion of lcs from the immunization site prior to epi caused a significant reduction in the antibody response. transfer of lcs isolated from the epi sites ... | 2004 | 15163503 |
| detection of influenza b in clinical specimens: comparison of high throughput rt-pcr and culture confirmation. | influenza virus is one of the major causes of worldwide respiratory tract infections during the winter season. here we describe a high throughput (htp) protocol for rapid diagnosis of influenza b that combines automated viral rna extraction with detection and quantification by taqman-based pcr. using this methodology, we tested 4176 nasal swabs collected from children enrolled in a european influenza vaccine trial during the winter of 2000 to compare our htp pcr method to culture confirmation fo ... | 2004 | 15163494 |
| phylogenetic studies of influenza b viruses isolated in southern africa: 1998-2001. | influenza b viruses isolated in southern africa during the period from 1998 to 2001 were analysed by sequence analysis of the viral haemagglutinin ha1 subunit and the phylogenetic relationships were determined. influenza b activity varied considerably in south africa during the 4-year study period with no activity detected in 2000. phylogenetic analysis revealed that viruses isolated in 1998 from a localised outbreak in durban belonged to two distinct sub-lineages. some of the influenza b viruse ... | 2004 | 15163490 |
| reassortment and evolution of current human influenza a and b viruses. | during the 2001-2002 influenza season, human influenza a (h1n2) reassortant viruses were detected globally. the hemagglutinin (ha) of these h1n2 viruses was similar to that of the a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1) vaccine strain both antigenically and genetically, while their neuraminidase (na) was antigenically and genetically related to that of recent human influenza h3n2 reference viruses such as a/moscow/10/99. all six internal genes of the h1n2 reassortants originated from an h3n2 virus. after b ... | 2004 | 15163489 |
| recent changes among human influenza viruses. | recurrent epidemics of influenza are due to the frequent emergence of antigenic variants. with co-circulation of two influenza a subtypes and two antigenically distinct lineages of b viruses, genetic reassortment also has an important role in antigenic drift, as illustrated by recent changes in both a and b viruses. the h1n2 subtype viruses, which emerged during 2001, possessed a h1 ha similar to those of contemporary a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1)-like viruses and seven genes closely related to t ... | 2004 | 15163487 |
| a benzoic acid inhibitor induces a novel conformational change in the active site of influenza b virus neuraminidase. | owing to the highly conserved nature of its active site, influenza b virus neuraminidase (na) has emerged as a major target for the design of novel anti-influenza drugs. a benzene-ring scaffold has been used in place of the pyranose ring of sialic acid to develop simpler na inhibitors that contain a minimal number of chiral centers. a new compound belonging to this series, bana 207, showed significant improvement in inhibitory activity against influenza b virus na compared with its parent compou ... | 2004 | 15159560 |
| influenza a viruses possessing type b hemagglutinin and neuraminidase: potential as vaccine components. | a licensed live attenuated influenza vaccine is available as a trivalent mixture of types a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b vaccine viruses. thus, interference among these viruses could restrict their replication, affecting vaccine efficacy. one approach to overcoming this potential problem is to use a chimeric virus possessing type b hemagglutinin (ha) and neuraminidase (na) in a type a vaccine virus background. we previously generated a type a virus possessing a chimeric ha in which the entire ectodomai ... | 2004 | 15158192 |
| impaired response rates, but satisfying protection rates to influenza vaccination in dialysis patients. | dialysis patients show impaired responses to several vaccines. limited recent data are available on influenza vaccination in these patients. in the 1998-1999 influenza season, 44 dialysis patients received a standard trivalent vaccination followed by a booster two months later. the serum antibody responses in these patients were compared with those found in healthy subjects. a fourfold rise in serum hemagglutination inhibition titre was achieved in 23-58% of all patients. protective titres were ... | 2004 | 15149777 |
| influenza b virus requires bm2 protein for replication. | the bm2 protein of influenza b virus functions as an ion channel, which is suggested to be important for virus uncoating in endosomes of virus-infected cells. because direct support for this function is lacking, whether bm2 plays an essential role in the viral life cycle remains unknown. we therefore attempted to generate bm2 knockout viruses by reverse genetics. mutant viruses possessing m segments with the mutated initiation codon of bm2 protein at the stop-start pentanucleotide were viable an ... | 2004 | 15140954 |
| effects of insulin-like growth factor-type 1 on weight gain and hepatic glycogen during early development in a surfactant/virus mouse model of acute liver failure: correlation with mortality. | acute liver failure (alf) was reproduced in young mice exposed daily for 12 days to the industrial surfactant, toximul 3409f (tox), and infected on postnatal day (p) 14 with sublethal doses of mouse-adapted human influenza b (lee) virus (flub). combined tox + flub treatment potentiated mortality due to non-necrotic alf. this study tested the hypothesis that mortality would decline if the known losses in energy production due to compromised fatty-acid beta-oxidation were compensated by pharmacolo ... | 2004 | 15135346 |