Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the reticulum of red deer during prenatal development. | iberian red deer need to be conserved for their economic role and for their genetic importance as an important component of the ecosystem. modifications currently being made to traditional management systems require a better understanding of the structure, function and development of their alimentary system. here we describe a histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analysis of the stomach of 25 red deer embryos and fetuses from 30 days of gestation until birth (235 days). differentiation of t ... | 2004 | 15447687 |
| inhibition of ras oncogenic activity by ras protooncogenes. | point mutations in ras genes have been found in a large number and wide variety of human tumors. these oncogenic ras mutants are locked in an active gtp-bound state that leads to a constitutive and deregulated activation of ras function. the dogma that ras oncogenes are dominant, whereby the mutation of a single allele in a cell will predispose the host cell to transformation regardless of the presence of the normal allele, is being challenged. we have seen that increasing amounts of ras protoon ... | 2005 | 15386411 |
| sperm subpopulations in iberian red deer epididymal sperm and their changes through the cryopreservation process. | we have applied a statistical protocol based on principal component analysis, clustering methods, and discriminant analysis for the identification of sperm subpopulations in computer-assisted sperm analysis (casa) data. samples were obtained from the cauda epididymis of 11 iberian red deer and cryopreserved following a standard protocol. motility by casa was analyzed just after sperm recovery, just before freezing, and after thawing, and eight motility descriptors for each individual spermatozoo ... | 2005 | 15385419 |
| wdr26: a novel gbeta-like protein, suppresses mapk signaling pathway. | wd40 repeat proteins play important roles in a variety of cellular functions, including cell growth, proliferation, apoptosis, and intracellular signal transduction. mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks) are evolutionary conserved enzymes in cell signal transduction connecting cell-surface receptors to critical regulatory targets within cells and control cell survival, adaptation, and proliferation. previous studies revealed that g-protein coupled receptors (gpcrs) play important roles in th ... | 2004 | 15378603 |
| helminths in a giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis xgiraffa) from a zoo in spain. | a pregnant female cape giraffe (giraffa camelopardalis giraffa) died from an unknown cause in the aitana zoo, alicante, spain. neither clinical signs nor macroscopic lesions were observed at necropsy. the alimentary tract was removed and examined for parasites. a total of 2 724 nematodes were found, including camelostrongylus mentulatus, trichostrongylus axei, ostertagia ostertagi, teladorsagia circumcincta, teladorsagia trifurcata, marshallagia marshalli, trichostrongylus vitrinus, trichostrong ... | 2004 | 15373337 |
| concentration of prion protein from biological samples to increase the limits of detection by immunoassay. | an rna-ligand-based adsorbent has been shown to concentrate prion protein (prp) from solutions in a model system. the work presented here extends the utility of the rna-based adsorbent to brain homogenates of cow, sheep, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus) and elk (cervus elaphus). brain homogenates were diluted either in buffer, representing specimens used in post-mortem tests, or in serum, modelling specimens used in biological-fluid-based tests. the rna adsorbent was effective in binding prpc (ce ... | 2005 | 15369459 |
| brucellosis in captive rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) caused by brucella abortus biovar 4. | nine (four female, five male) captive adult rocky mountain bighorn sheep (ovis canadensis) contracted brucellosis caused by brucella abortus biovar 4 as a result of natural exposure to an aborted elk (cervus elaphus) fetus. clinical signs of infection were orchitis and epididymitis in males and lymphadenitis and placentitis with abortion in females. gross pathologic findings included enlargement of the testes or epididymides, or both, and yellow caseous abscesses and pyogranulomas of the same. b ... | 2004 | 15362833 |
| changes in trkb-erk1/2-creb/elk-1 pathways in hippocampal mossy fiber organization after traumatic brain injury. | traumatic brain injury (tbi) leads to mossy fiber reorganization, which is considered to be a causative factor in the development of temporal lobe epilepsy. however, the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. emerging evidence suggests that trkb-erk1/2-creb/elk-1 pathways are highly related to synaptic plasticity. this study used the rat fluid-percussion injury model to investigate activation of trkb-erk1/2-creb/elk-1 signaling pathways after tbi. rats were subjected to 2.0-atm parasagitt ... | 2004 | 15362724 |
| suppression of protein kinase c and nuclear oncogene expression as possible action mechanisms of cancer chemoprevention by curcumin. | curcumin (diferuloylmethane) is a major naturally-occurring polyphenol of curcuma species, which is commonly used as a yellow coloring and flavoring agent in foods. curcumin has shown anti-carcinogenic activity in animal models. curcumin possesses anti-inflammatory activity and is a potent inhibitor of reactive oxygen-generating enzymes such as lipoxygenase/cyclooxygenase, xanthine dehydrogenase/oxidase and inducible nitric oxide synthase; and an effective inducer of heme oxygenase-1. curcumin i ... | 2004 | 15356994 |
| trim45, a novel human rbcc/trim protein, inhibits transcriptional activities of elk-1 and ap-1. | the tripartite motif (trim) proteins play important roles in a variety of cellular functions including cell proliferation, differentiation, development, oncogenesis, and apoptosis. in this study, we report the identification and characterization of the human tripartite motif-containing protein 45 (trim45), a novel member of the trim family, from a human embryonic heart cdna library. trim45 has a predicted 580 amino acid open reading frame, encoding a putative 64-kda protein. the n-terminal regio ... | 2004 | 15351693 |
| concentration of selected metals in liver, kidney, and muscle of the red deer (cervus elaphus). | concentration of cadmium, lead, chromium, zinc, copper, and manganese in liver, kidney, and muscle of red deer was investigated. for analysis of the content of these trace elements an aas method was used. the concentration of cadmium was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in kidney in comparison with liver and muscle. the level of lead was the highest in muscle (p < 0.05). lower values were detected in liver and in kidney. the concentration of chromium was very similar in all studied tissues. a hig ... | 2004 | 15332672 |
| big lift assist from the elk. | 2004 | 15326456 | |
| insulin potentiates egfr activation and signaling in fibroblasts. | insulin is an essential hormone for cell growth and potentiates the mitogenic actions of multiple growth factors, including egf. while potentiation has been shown to be mediated by the upregulation of the cyclin/cdk system, the upstream mechanisms of such synergy have not been elucidated. our study has examined whether insulin could mediate synergy by enhancing early signaling events of the egf receptor (egfr). tyrosine phosphorylation at the cell periphery of confluent swiss 3t3 fibroblasts ind ... | 2004 | 15325263 |
| nf-kappab and ap-1 connection: mechanism of nf-kappab-dependent regulation of ap-1 activity. | nuclear factor kappab (nf-kappab) and activator protein 1 (ap-1) transcription factors regulate many important biological and pathological processes. activation of nf-kappab is regulated by the inducible phosphorylation of nf-kappab inhibitor ikappab by ikappab kinase. in contrast, fos, a key component of ap-1, is primarily transcriptionally regulated by serum responsive factors (srfs) and ternary complex factors (tcfs). despite these different regulatory mechanisms, there is an intriguing possi ... | 2004 | 15314185 |
| sphingosine kinase protects lipopolysaccharide-activated macrophages from apoptosis. | lipopolysaccharide (lps) signaling is critical for the innate immune response to gram-negative bacteria. here, evidence is presented for lps stimulation of sphingosine kinase (spk) in the raw 264.7 murine macrophage cell line and rat primary hepatic macrophages (hms). lps treatment of raw 264.7 cells resulted in a time- and dose-dependent activation of spk and membrane translocation of spk1. further, lps-induced spk activation was blocked by spk1-specific small interfering rna (sirna). overexpre ... | 2004 | 15314148 |
| the effects of elk velvet antler consumption on the rat: development, behavior, toxicity and the activity of liver gamma-glutamyltranspeptidase. | the effect of exposure to, followed by consumption of, a diet containing 10% powdered elk velvet antler (eva) from the 18th day of gestation to the 88th day after birth was examined in male and female fischer 344 rats. there were no teratogenic effects of eva exposure in utero or differences in birth outcomes between pups born to regular chow fed and eva chow fed dams. growth curves of the eva fed rats were identical to those of regular chow fed rats, as were developmental milestones of pinna de ... | 2004 | 15313453 |
| excitatory amino acid induced oligodendrocyte cell death in vitro: receptor-dependent and -independent mechanisms. | oligodendroglia play an important role in axonal conduction in the cns and are sensitive to oxidative toxicity induced by glutamate in the absence of ionotropic glutamate receptors. in this study, oligodendrocyte signalling cascades were examined, in response to glutamate-induced oxidative injury and to excitotoxicity. rat cortical oligodendrocytes, differentiated in culture, were highly vulnerable to glutamate-induced cell death. competitive inhibition of cystine uptake and increased oxidative ... | 2004 | 15312172 |
| transmission of sheep scrapie to elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni) by intracerebral inoculation: final outcome of the experiment. | this is a final report of an experimental transmission of sheep scrapie agent by intracerebral inoculation to rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni). it documents results obtained in experimental (n = 6) and control (n = 2) elk. during the first 2 years postinoculation (pi), 3 animals died or were euthanized because of infection or injuries other than spongiform encephalopathy (se). in years 3 and 4 pi, 3 other inoculated elk died after brief terminal neurological episodes. necropsy of thes ... | 2004 | 15305743 |
| prosaptide tx14a stimulates growth, migration, and invasion and activates the raf-mek-erk-rsk-elk-1 signaling pathway in prostate cancer cells. | prosaposin is a neurotrophic factor. prosaposin knock-out mice have been reported to develop a number of abnormalities, including atrophy of the prostate gland and mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk)-inactivation in prostate epithelial cells. these abnormalities underscore a potential fundamental role in prostate development. the trophic factor activity of prosaposin has been localized at a specific amino terminal portion of the molecule that has been the source for a number of biologically ... | 2004 | 15305334 |
| mitogen-activated protein kinases: specificity of response to dose of ionizing radiation in liver. | ionizing radiation is known to activate both the cytotoxic stress-activated kinases (sapk/jnk, p38) and the cytoprotective mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks, erks), which send divergent signals to the nucleus. however, all these kinases could not be activated simultaneously and at all the doses. an attempt has been made in this study to establish the dose and temporal response of these kinases with a view to establish the identity of the transcription factors that remain activated because ... | 2004 | 15304963 |
| the effect of cyproterone acetate on the antler cycle in red deer (cervus elaphus l.). | the aim of the study was to test the effect of antiandrogen, cyproterone acetate (ca) on the antler cycle in the red deer (cervus elaphus). ca was administered to three adult red deer stags (edward, fuks and gacek) in weekly intervals. edward and fuks were given 600 mg + 600 mg of ca, whereas gacek was given 600 mg + 300 mg. ca was injected during the hard antler phase: in mid-october (edward), at the end of november (fuks) and at the end of january (gacek). ca caused the antler casting 17 to 22 ... | 2004 | 15297890 |
| rho kinase-induced nuclear translocation of erk1/erk2 in smooth muscle cell mitogenesis caused by serotonin. | there is now considerable evidence supporting a mitogenic action of serotonin (5-ht) on vascular smooth muscle cells (smc) that might participate in pulmonary hypertension (ph). our previous studies have demonstrated that 5-ht-induced proliferation depends on the generation of reactive oxygen species and activation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (erk) 1/erk2. activation of rho kinase (rock) in smc also may be important in ph. we undertook the present study to assess the role of rho a/r ... | 2004 | 15297378 |
| the zinc finger transcription factor egr-1 is upregulated in arsenite-treated human keratinocytes. | arsenite is a human carcinogen that may induce cancer in skin, liver, kidney, bladder or lung. arsenite executes its toxic effects by the induction of signaling cascades. in particular, the activation of the stress-induced protein kinase c-jun n-terminal protein kinase and p38 and the phosphorylation and activation of the transcription factor c-jun have been linked to the biological effects of arsenite. we analyzed whether arsenite has an impact on the biosynthesis of the zinc finger transcripti ... | 2004 | 15292961 |
| sphingosine 1-phosphate stimulates smooth muscle cell differentiation and proliferation by activating separate serum response factor co-factors. | sphingosine 1-phosphate (s1p) is a lipid agonist that regulates smooth muscle cell (smc) and endothelial cell functions by activating several members of the s1p subfamily of g-protein-coupled edg receptors. we have shown previously that smc differentiation is regulated by rhoa-dependent activation of serum response factor (srf). because s1p is a strong activator of rhoa, we hypothesized that s1p would stimulate smc differentiation. treatment of primary rat aortic smc cells with s1p activated rho ... | 2004 | 15292266 |
| beta-amyloid peptide at sublethal concentrations downregulates brain-derived neurotrophic factor functions in cultured cortical neurons. | the accumulation of beta-amyloid (abeta) is one of the etiological factors in alzheimer's disease (ad). it has been assumed that the underlying mechanism involves a critical role of abeta-induced neurodegeneration. however, low levels of abeta, such as will accumulate during the course of the disease, may interfere with neuronal function via mechanisms other than those involving neurodegeneration. we have been testing, therefore, the hypothesis that abeta at levels insufficient to cause degenera ... | 2004 | 15282285 |
| integration of sperm sexing technology into the art toolbox. | sex-sorting of mammalian spermatozoa has applications for genetic improvement of farm animals, in humans for the control of sex-linked disease, and in wildlife as a captive management strategy and for the re-population of endangered species. considerable research has been undertaken worldwide on the beltsville sperm sexing technology, the only effective method for pre-selection of sex of offspring. the combination of this method with assisted reproductive technologies has resulted in the birth o ... | 2004 | 15271445 |
| paratuberculosis in farmed and free-living wild ruminants in the czech republic (1999-2001). | due to the occurrence of the infection of mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis among domestic ruminants and the rapid development of farmed deer industry and the market of cloven-hoofed game we have carried surveys of paratuberculosis, beginning in 1997, in the most common four species of wild ruminants in the czech republic [pavlik et al., vet. microbiol. 77 (2000) 231-251]. from 1999 the prevalence of paratuberculosis has been slightly reduced in all three types of husbandry of wild ... | 2004 | 15261995 |
| p2y2 receptor activation regulates the expression of acetylcholinesterase and acetylcholine receptor genes at vertebrate neuromuscular junctions. | at the vertebrate neuromuscular junction (nmj), atp is known to be coreleased with acetylcholine from the synaptic vesicles. we have previously shown that the p2y1 receptor is localized at the nmj. here, we extend the findings to show that another nucleotide receptor, p2y2, is also localized there and with p2y1 jointly mediates trophic responses to atp. the p2y2 receptor mrna in rat muscle increased during development and peaked in adulthood. the p2y2 receptor protein was shown to become restric ... | 2004 | 15258260 |
| identification of phospholipase c-gamma1 as a mitogen-activated protein kinase substrate. | the discovery of sequence motifs that mediate protein-protein interactions, coupled with the availability of protein amino acid sequence data, allows for the identification of putative protein binding pairs. the present studies were based on our identification of an amino acid sequence in phosphatidylinositol-specific phospholipase c-gamma1 (plc-gamma1) that fits the consensus sequence for a mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) binding site, termed the d-domain. extracellular signal-regulated ... | 2004 | 15258148 |
| multiple causes of sexual segregation in european red deer: enlightenments from varying breeding phenology at high and low latitude. | sexual segregation outside the mating season occurs in most species of sexually dimorphic ungulates and has been extensively described in the literature, but the mechanisms causing segregation are still debated. the detailed pattern of sexual segregation throughout the year has rarely been presented for mammals, and no study, to our knowledge, has used latitudinal-related variation in breeding phenology to shed light on the underlying mechanisms. recent methodological developments have made it p ... | 2004 | 15255042 |
| mitochondrial dna and microsatellite analyses of the genetic status of the presumed subspecies cervus elaphus montanus (carpathian red deer). | the possibly distinct carpathian red deer was compared genetically to other european populations. we screened 120 red deer specimens from serbia, the romanian lowland and the romanian carpathians for genetic variability using 582 bp of the mitochondrial control region and nine polymorphic nuclear microsatellite loci. the study aimed at a population genetic characterization of the carpathian red deer, which are often treated as a distinct subspecies (cervus elaphus montanus). the genetic integrit ... | 2004 | 15241451 |
| sef is a spatial regulator for ras/map kinase signaling. | spatiotemporal control of the ras/erk map kinase signaling pathway is among the key mechanisms for regulating a wide variety of cellular processes. in this study, we report that human sef (hsef), a recently identified inhibitor whose action mechanism has not been fully defined, acts as a molecular switch for erk signaling by specifically blocking erk nuclear translocation without inhibiting its activity in the cytoplasm. thus, hsef binds to activated forms of mek, inhibits the dissociation of th ... | 2004 | 15239952 |
| poison hemlock (conium maculatum l.). | one of the most poisonous species amongst higher plants is conium maculatum. it is a very common nitrophile weed species, belonging to the apiaceae (formerly umbelliferae) family. it contains some piperidine alkaloids (coniine, n-methyl-coniine, conhydrine, pseudoconhydrine, gamma-coniceine), which are formed by the cyclisation of an eight-carbon chain derived from four acetate units. gamma-coniceine is the precursor of the other hemlock alkaloids. all vegetative organs, flowers and fruits conta ... | 2004 | 15234067 |
| artificial insemination following observational versus electronic methods of estrus detection in red deer hinds (cervus elephus). | the objectives were to determine the efficacy of the heatwatch (hw) electronic estrus detection system for monitoring behavioral estrus (including duration and intensity) in red deer hinds and to evaluate pregnancy rate to ai after detected estrus. red deer hinds (cervus elephus; n = 50) were allocated into two treatment groups: ai following synchronization (cidr/pmsg) and observed estrus (induced estrus group: ie; n = 25) or ai following the detection of natural estrus (ne; n = 25) without horm ... | 2004 | 15226020 |
| affinities between cutifilaria (nematoda: filarioidea), parasites of deer, and mansonella as seen in a new onchocercid, m. (c.) perforata n. sp., from japan. | a new dermal filarioid nematode, collected from cervus nippon nippon (sika deer) on kyushu island, japan, showed close affinities between the genera cutifilaria and mansonella (onchocercidae: onchocercinae): no buccal capsule, esophagus reduced to a thin fibrous tube, and female tail with four lappets. we propose cutifilaria as a subgenus of mansonella. cutifilaria was distinguished from the five other subgenera, mansonella, tetrapetalonema, esslingeria, sandnema, and tupainema, in having an are ... | 2004 | 15224573 |
| expression of a mutant irs inhibits metabolic and mitogenic signalling of insulin in human adipocytes. | adipose tissue is a primary target of insulin, but knowledge about insulin signalling in human adipocytes is limited. we developed an electroporation technique for transfection of primary human adipocytes with a transfection efficiency of 15% +/- 5 (mean +/- s.d.). human adipocytes were co-transfected with a mutant of irs-3 (all four potential pi3-kinase binding motifs mutated: irs-3f4) and ha-tagged protein kinase b (ha-pkb/akt). ha-pkb/akt was immunoprecipitated from cell lysates with anti-ha ... | 2004 | 15223127 |
| climbing simulated vegetation to heights of ungulate hosts by larvae of dermacentor albipictus (acari: ixodidae). | larvae of winter ticks, dermacentor albipictus (packard), ascend vegetation in autumn and form clumps that attach to passing ungulate hosts. we tested the hypothesis that vegetation height determines the height of clumps. during the vegetation-to-ungulate transmission period (early september to mid-november), larvae were released at the base of simulated vegetation (nylon rods 245 cm tall) in outdoor and laboratory trials and in the absence of host cues. rod height exceeded the height of the tal ... | 2000 | 15218914 |
| bcl10 mediates lipopolysaccharide/toll-like receptor-4 signaling through interaction with pellino2. | toll-like receptor (tlr) pathways signal through microbial components stimulation to induce innate immune responses. herein, we demonstrate that bcl10, a critical molecule that signals between the t cell receptor and ikappab kinase complexes, is involved in the innate immune system and is required for appropriate tlr4 pathway and nuclear factor-kappab (nf-kappab) activation. in response to lipopolysaccharide (lps) stimulation, bcl10 was recruited to tlr4 signaling complexes and associated with p ... | 2004 | 15213237 |
| ectopic expression of murine diphosphoinositol polyphosphate phosphohydrolase 1 attenuates signaling through the erk1/2 pathway. | signals from several receptor tyrosine kinases are transduced by activation of the ras family of gtp-binding proteins. activation of ras initiates a kinase cascade that culminates in activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (mapks). the mapks include the c-jun nh(2)-terminal protein kinases (jnks) and extracellular signal-regulated kinases (erks), both of which phosphorylate elk-1/tcf, a factor that activates transcription of the c-fos gene. in this report, we identify a novel 19 kda ... | 2004 | 15212765 |
| sumoylation regulates nucleo-cytoplasmic shuttling of elk-1. | the transcription factor elk-1 is a nuclear target of mitogen-activated protein kinases and regulates immediate early gene activation by extracellular signals. we show that elk-1 is also conjugated to sumo on either lysines 230, 249, or 254. mutation of all three sites is necessary to fully block sumoylation in vitro and in vivo. this elk-1 mutant, elk-1(3r), shuttles more rapidly to nuclei of balb/c cells fused to transfected hela cells. coexpression of sumo-1 or -2 strongly reduces shuttling b ... | 2004 | 15210726 |
| transformation potential of ras isoforms correlates with activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase but not erk. | the ras oncoproteins activate the raf-mek-erk kinase pathway, which plays an important role in cellular transformation. we observed that h-rasv12 exhibited a higher transforming potential than either k-rasv12 or n-rasv12 in both nih3t3 fibroblasts and rie-1 rat epithelial cell cultures. surprisingly n-ras and k-ras were more potent than h-ras in activation of mitogen-activated protein (map) kinase activity and ternary complex factor-dependent transcription. in contrast, h-ras was more effective ... | 2004 | 15210703 |
| diagnostic strategies and outcomes on three new zealand deer farms with severe outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis. | three commercial deer herds, each containing more than 500 deer, experienced outbreaks of tuberculosis (tb) ranging from a 6% prevalence to disease levels >50%. intensive diagnostic testing was carried out over short time intervals after the initial diagnosis of tb. | 2004 | 15207804 |
| chronic wasting disease and potential transmission to humans. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) of deer and elk is endemic in a tri-corner area of colorado, wyoming, and nebraska, and new foci of cwd have been detected in other parts of the united states. although detection in some areas may be related to increased surveillance, introduction of cwd due to translocation or natural migration of animals may account for some new foci of infection. increasing spread of cwd has raised concerns about the potential for increasing human exposure to the cwd agent. the f ... | 2004 | 15207045 |
| chronic wasting disease in canada: part 1. | the purpose of part 1 is to provide an overview of published literature (1980-2002) on chronic wasting disease (cwd) to inform canadian readers about the disease and to explain canadian regulatory approaches to the surveillance and control of cwd. much of the scientific information is drawn from american publications obtained from internet searches in pubmed and medline databases. the following keywords were used: chronic wasting disease, prion, diagnosis, transmissible spongiform encephalopathi ... | 2004 | 15206588 |
| morphometric and immunohistochemical study of the rumen of red deer during prenatal development. | abstract a detailed study of the ontogenesis of deer stomach has not been undertaken to date, and our aim was to sequence several histological phenomena that occur during the ontogenesis of one of the gastric compartments, the rumen. histomorphometric and immunohistochemical analyses were carried out on 50 embryos and fetuses of deer from the initial stages of prenatal life until birth. for the purposes of testing, the animals were divided into five experimental groups: group i, 1.4-3.6 cm crown ... | 2004 | 15198691 |
| differential regulation of the phosphoinositide 3-kinase and map kinase pathways by hepatocyte growth factor vs. insulin-like growth factor-i in myogenic cells. | hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) promotes the proliferation of adult myoblasts and inhibits their differentiation, whereas insulin-like growth factor i (igf-i) enhances both processes. recent studies indicate that activation of the phosphoinositide 3'-kinase (pi3k) pathway promotes myoblast differentiation, whereas activation of the mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (mapk/erk) promotes proliferation and inhibits their differentiation. this simple model ... | 2004 | 15194438 |
| bovine tuberculosis (mycobacterium bovis) in wildlife in spain. | mycobacterium bovis infection in wildlife and feral species is a potential source of infection for livestock and a threat to protected and endangered species. the aim of this study was to identify spanish wild animal species infected with m. bovis through bacteriological culture and spacer oligonucleotide typing (spoligotyping) of isolates for epidemiological purposes. this study included samples from red deer (cervus elaphus), fallow deer (dama dama), wild boar (sus scrofa), iberian lynx (lynx ... | 2004 | 15184440 |
| progesterone determination in iberian red deer by time-resolved fluorometry: an alternative method to ria. | the validation for iberian red deer of a commercially available time-resolved fluoroimmunoassay (tr-fia) designed for analysis of progesterone in human beings was carried out. intra-assay coefficients of variation ranged from 3.6% to 7.4%, while inter-assay coefficients of variation varied from 5.2% to 15.5%. accuracy, evaluated by comparing results yielded by tr-fia with those obtained from a validated radioimmunoassay (ria) in the measurement of 14 samples, provided a high regression coefficie ... | 2004 | 15181641 |
| the p34g mutation reduces the transforming activity of k-ras and n-ras in nih 3t3 cells but not of h-ras. | ras proteins (h-, n-, and k-ras) operate as molecular switches in signal transduction cascades controlling cell proliferation, differentiation, or apoptosis. the interaction of ras with its effectors is mediated by the effector-binding loop, but different data about ras location to plasma membrane subdomains and new roles for some docking/scaffold proteins point to signaling specificities of the different ras proteins. to investigate the molecular mechanisms for these specificities, we compared ... | 2004 | 15181015 |
| a novel role for mixed-lineage kinase-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase alpha in neoplastic cell transformation and tumor development. | previously, no member of the mixed-lineage kinase (mlk) protein family was known to function as an oncogene. here, we demonstrate that mlk-like mitogen-activated protein triple kinase (mltk)-alpha, a member of the mlk family, induced neoplastic cell transformation and tumorigenesis in athymic nude mice. introduction of small interference rna (sirna)-mltk-alpha into mltk-alpha-overexpressing cells dramatically suppressed cell transformation. nuclear accumulation of the phisg-mltk-alpha fusion pro ... | 2004 | 15172994 |
| establishment of adult parelaphostrongylus tenuis, patent infections, and acquired immunity after experimental infection of white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). | experimental parelaphostrongylus tenuis infections were established in white-tailed deer (odocoileus virginianus) and an atypical host, red deer (cervus elaphus elaphus). groups of deer were fed 10, 25, or 100 third-stage larvae (l3) of p. tenuis and received a single equivalent challenge exposure at varying intervals. infections were monitored up to 6 yr in white-tailed deer and up to 2.8 yr in red deer. the prepatent period in white-tailed deer varied from 91 to 1,072 days (381 +/- 374) and in ... | 2004 | 15165045 |
| activation of extracellular-signal regulated kinase is required for phagocytosis by lymnaea stagnalis haemocytes. | haemocytes are the primary defence cells of molluscs. in the present study, extracellular-signal regulated kinase (erk) 1/2-like proteins were identified within lymnaea stagnalis haemocytes, with apparent molecular weights of 44 and 43 kda, respectively. mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) activity assays have confirmed that the l. stagnalis erk possesses kinase activity towards elk-1. challenge of haemocytes with bacterial lipopolysaccharide (lps) resulted in a transient activation of erk, ... | 2004 | 15158361 |
| tradeable hunting obligations--a new approach to regulating red deer numbers in the scottish highlands? | the population of red deer (cervus elaphus) in scotland has doubled over the last 30 years and there is increasing concern among conservationists about the long-term impact of increased grazing on native woodlands and other sensitive nature conservation sites. currently, the government relies on a voluntary approach to deer control, but landowners seem unable or unwilling to shoot sufficient numbers to meet cull targets. the aim of this paper is to examine alternatives to the 'voluntary approach ... | 2004 | 15158288 |
| molecular aspects of disease pathogenesis in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies. | the transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) diseases are a group of rare, fatal, and transmissible neurodegenerative diseases that include kuru and creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in humans, scrapie in sheep, transmissible mink encephalopathy (tme), and chronic wasting disease (cwd) in mule deer and elk. over the last 20 yr, they have gone from a fascinating but relatively obscure group of diseases to one that is a major agricultural and economic problem as well as a threat to human health ... | 2004 | 15156065 |
| red deer stocks in the highlands of scotland. | grazing by hill sheep and red deer prevents the regeneration of woodland in many parts of the scottish highlands and has also led to extensive loss of heather cover. conservation bodies claim that there has been a rapid rise in highland deer numbers caused by inadequate management and that these need to be drastically reduced. here we show that the recent increase in red deer stocks has probably been overestimated and suggest that the gradual rise in numbers since 1970 may be a consequence of a ... | 2004 | 15152241 |
| research on the influence of red deer (cervus elaphus l.) grazing on grassland production in the south-eastern part of slovenia. | almost 60% of slovenian territory is covered by forests and only finland and sweden are known as the more forest abundant countries in europe. among game that intensifies difficulties in the field of agricultural production, especially in north-eastern and south-eastern parts of the country, roe deer (capreolus capreolus l.), wild boar (sus scrofa l.) and red deer (cervus elaphus l.) prevail. negative impact of game on agricultural production in the above mentioned parts of slovenia has risen si ... | 2003 | 15149125 |
| chronic wasting disease of cervids. | chronic wasting disease (cwd) has recently emerged in north america as an important prion disease of captive and free-ranging cervids (species in the deer family). cwd is the only recognized transmissible spongiform encephalopathy (tse) affecting free-ranging species. three cervid species, mule deer (odocoileus hemionus), white-tailed deer (o. virginianus), and rocky mountain elk (cervus elaphus nelsoni), are the only known natural hosts of cwd. endemic cwd is well established in southern wyomin ... | 2004 | 15148993 |
| anaplasma infection in free-ranging iberian red deer in the region of castilla-la mancha, spain. | organisms in the genus anaplasma are obligate intracellular pathogens that multiply in both vertebrate and invertebrate hosts. the type species, anaplasma marginale, causes bovine anaplasmosis and infects erythrocytes of the vertebrate host and undergoes a complex developmental cycle in ticks which serve as biological vectors. infected cattle, wild ruminants and ticks can all serve as reservoirs of a. marginale. in this study, hunter killed iberian red deer (cervus elaphus hispanicus) from the r ... | 2004 | 15145495 |
| attenuation of a virulent type 2 bovine viral diarrhea virus. | the purpose of this study was to produce an attenuated bovine viral diarrhea virus (bvdv) type 2 strain as a tool for identifying potential virulence markers in the bvdv2 genome. the attenuation of the virulent strain, bvdv2-24515, was accomplished by in vivo and in vitro passage. the strain was initially used to infect an elk (cervus elaphus) [j. wildl. dis. 35 (1999) 671], re-isolated at 7 days post-inoculation from serum, and then subsequently passaged 56 times in cell culture. two groups of ... | 2004 | 15145494 |
| factors affecting the herd level of antibodies against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in dairy cattle. | a case-control study was made of norwegian dairy herds with high and low herd levels of antibodies against mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis. a high proportion of the herds had a considerable number of seropositive cows, and environmental and management factors were examined for possible associations with the high serological levels of antibodies. the most important appeared to be: geographical location, red deer (cervus elaphus) gaining access to the pastures for cattle, the obser ... | 2004 | 15143743 |
| distribution of meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in south dakota. | heads of hunter-harvested deer (odocoileus sp.) and elk (cervus elaphus) were collected from meat processing plants throughout south dakota (usa) from 1997 through 1999 to determine distribution of meningeal worm (parelaphostrongylus tenuis) in eastern and western south dakota. a total of 2,848 white-tailed deer (wtd) were examined for p. tenuis, of which 578 (20.3%) were infected with the parasite. of 578 deer infected, 570 (98.6%) were harvested east of the missouri river. our results indicate ... | 2004 | 15137501 |
| serologic survey for antibodies against mycobacterium a vium subsp. paratuberculosis in free-ranging cervids from norway. | affinity between protein-g and immunoglobulins from red deer (cervus elaphus), moose (alces alces), roe deer (capreolus capreolus), and reindeer (rangifer tarandus tarandus) was tested in a competition binding assay. sera from red deer, reindeer, and moose inhibited the assay less than sera from cattle (less affinity), whereas sera from roe deer showed a slightly higher affinity to protein-g than did sera from cattle. the conclusion was made that protein-g could be used instead of anti-species a ... | 2004 | 15137486 |
| an electrophoretic tool for the genetic characterisation and delineation of lungworms. | in the present study, pcr-based single-strand conformation polymorphism (sscp) analysis of the second internal transcribed spacer (its-2) of nuclear ribosomal dna (rdna) was applied to the genetic characterisation of dictyocaulus from red deer from new zealand and to its differentiation from species of lungworm from cattle and other hosts. based on sscp profiles, dictyocaulus individuals from red deer from different geographical localities in new zealand could be readily distinguished from those ... | 2004 | 15135455 |
| the major vault protein is a novel substrate for the tyrosine phosphatase shp-2 and scaffold protein in epidermal growth factor signaling. | the catalytic activity of the src homology 2 (sh2) domain-containing tyrosine phosphatase, shp-2, is required for virtually all of its signaling effects. elucidating the molecular mechanisms of shp-2 signaling, therefore, rests upon the identification of its target substrates. in this report, we have used shp-2 substrate-trapping mutants to identify the major vault protein (mvp) as a putative shp-2 substrate. mvp is the predominant component of vaults that are cytoplasmic ribonucleoprotein compl ... | 2004 | 15133037 |
| paratuberculosis in red deer (cervus elaphus): an immunohistochemical study. | in the present study, we compared the utility of immunohistochemistry with serological and histological results for the characterization of mycobacterium avium ssp. paratuberculosis (m. paratuberculosis) in tissues of affected red deer. bacterial isolation was considered the standard reference. samples were taken from seven clinically affected animals with typical macroscopic lesions. the enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and the gel diffusion tests (gd) were used for serological determi ... | 2001 | 15129586 |
| connective tissue growth factor induces c-fos gene activation and cell proliferation through p44/42 map kinase in primary rat hepatic stellate cells. | connective tissue growth factor (ccn2) is expressed during activation of hepatic stellate cells (hsc) and promotes hsc proliferation, adhesion, and collagen production. the aim of the study was to investigate ccn2 signaling pathways in hsc. | 2004 | 15123357 |
| timing and synchrony of ovulation in red deer constrained by short northern summers. | iteroparous mothers often face a trade-off between further investments in current offspring at the expense of the start of the next reproductive cycle. in the strongly seasonal environments at northern latitudes, large herbivores are typically calving in early summer each year to get a long growth season and to hit peak protein levels of vegetation. late-born offspring are more likely to die since they are smaller in autumn. low female condition in autumn due to prolonged investment in current-y ... | 2004 | 15122493 |
| mitochondrial dna phylogeography of red deer (cervus elaphus). | in order to understand the origin, phylogeny, and phylogeography of the species cervus elaphus, we examined the dna sequence variation of the mitochondrial cytochrome b gene of 51 populations of deer from the entire distribution area of cervinae with an emphasis on europe and asia. several methods, including maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood, and nested clade analysis, revealed that red deer originated from the area between kyrgyzstan and northern india. we found two distinct groups of red d ... | 2004 | 15120401 |
| pulsatile machine perfusion with vasosol solution improves early graft function after cadaveric renal transplantation. | cold storage is the most common method of preservation in renal transplantation, but pulsatile machine perfusion (mp) is increasingly used for purposes of ex vivo assessment and resuscitation of high risk allografts. vasosol (vsl) mp solution (mps) (pike laboratories inc, eagle, pa) is a novel perfusate with enhanced vasodilatory and antioxidant capacity. we report our experience with vsl in machine preservation of renal allografts. | 2004 | 15114096 |
| hepatocyte growth factor promotes cell proliferation and inhibits progesterone secretion via pka and mapk pathways in a human granulosa cell line. | hepatocyte growth factor (hgf) is a mesenchymal-derived paracrine factor that acts through a c-met receptor. the activated c-met receptor recruits various signal proteins. we used a steroidogenic human granulosa-like tumor cell line (kgn cells) to analyze the biological function of hgf in human ovary cells. first, we designed a method to analyze local production and action of hgf in the human ovary. although c-met mrna is expressed in kgn cells, granulosa lutein, theca, and ovarian stroma cells, ... | 2004 | 15112327 |
| lack of the canonical prb-binding domain in the e7 orf of artiodactyl papillomaviruses is associated with the development of fibropapillomas. | the l-x-c-x-e prb-binding motif of papillomavirus (pv) e7 proteins has been implicated in the immortalization and transformation of the host cell. however, sequencing of the complete genomes of bovine papillomavirus type 3 (bpv-3), bovine papillomavirus type 5 (bpv-5), equine papillomavirus (eqpv) and reindeer (rangifer tarandus) papillomavirus (rpv) supports the notion that the prb-binding motif is not ubiquitous among e7 proteins in the pv proteome. key among the animal groups that lack the pr ... | 2004 | 15105541 |
| regulations of methamphetamine reward by extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2/ets-like gene-1 signaling pathway via the activation of dopamine receptors. | little is known about molecular mechanisms for long-lasting neuroadaptation related to the rewarding effects of methamphetamine (map). in the present study, we examined the intracellular signaling that is associated with the expression of conditioned place preference (cpp) induced by map in rats. rats were given map or saline (control group) for conditioning to the cpp test. map-treated and control animals were killed immediately after the cpp test [cpp(+)]. some of the map-treated rats were kil ... | 2004 | 15102958 |
| elk exposure to arsenic in geothermal watersheds of yellowstone national park, usa. | geothermal activity in yellowstone national park (wy, usa) (ynp) results in elevated levels of arsenic in surface waters, aquatic vegetation, and sediments in the upper madison river basin. this study was conducted to determine concentrations of arsenic in the tissues, feces, and rumen contents of elk (cervus elaphus) residing in the madison-firehole (mf) river basin, and to evaluate potential arsenic exposure pathways. concentrations of total arsenic in mf elk were significantly higher than in ... | 2004 | 15095895 |
| effect of season on characteristics of red deer /cervus elaphus l./ semen collected using modified artificial vagina. | during three reproductive seasons, 572 ejaculates were collected from five farmed red deer stags using a modified artificial vagina. the ejaculates were evaluated in terms of their quality and quantity by standard procedures applied for domestic animals. the total length of sexual activity was 245 days, from august 4 to april 6. significant changes in the semen parameters were noted over this period, divided into three stages: pre-mating, mating, post-mating. during mating season the following v ... | 2004 | 15094795 |
| fluoride in mandibles and antlers of roe and red deer from different areas of england and scotland. | fluoride concentrations were measured in mandibles of 112 male roe deer (capreolus capreolus) aged 1-6 years, from 5 localities in england and scotland; also in bone from sections cut in series from orbit to antler-top of 10 other roe deer. fluoride concentrations in mandibles were mostly within values expected from unpolluted areas, but approached those expected from moderately polluted areas at the upper end of their range, which extended from 43 to 901 microg g(-1). there were large variation ... | 1988 | 15092532 |
| caesium concentration factors in wild herbivores and the fox (vulpes vulpes l). | a selection of wild animals was sampled in the winter of 1986/87. the sites chosen for sampling were based on information obtained from survey carried out by the institute of terrestrial ecology in the spring and autumn of 1986. animals included deer, grouse, hares and rabbits, and foxes which were collected as a top carnivore in the food chain. variation in concentration of caesium between species from the same area was unpredictable; rabbits, for instance, never exceeded 200 bq kg(-1) (fresh w ... | 1991 | 15092137 |
| mandibular bone fluoride levels and occurrence of fluoride induced dental lesions in populations of wild red deer (cervus elaphus) from central europe. | mandibular bone fluoride concentrations as well as frequency and intensity of fluoride-induced dental lesions were studied in four red deer populations from czechia and germany exposed to different levels of environmental fluoride. the degree of fluorosis in the permanent cheek teeth was recorded by a scoring system and the individual mandibles assigned to one of three categories (unfluorosed, slightly to moderately fluorosed, and markedly to severely fluorosed) on the basis of the tooth scores. ... | 1996 | 15091371 |
| identification and characterization of a novel bash n terminus-associated protein, bnas2. | a b cell-specific adaptor protein, bash (also known as blnk or slp-65), is crucial for b cell receptor (bcr) signaling. bash binds to various signaling intermediates, such as btk, plcgamma2, vav, and grb2, through its well defined motifs. although functional significance of such interactions has been documented, bash-mediated signal transduction mechanism is not fully understood. using the yeast two-hybrid system, we have identified a novel protein that binds to a conserved n-terminal domain of ... | 2004 | 15087455 |
| the kinase activity of kinase suppressor of ras1 (ksr1) is independent of bound mek. | kinase suppressor of ras1 (ksr1) functions as a positive modulator of ras-dependent signaling either upstream of or parallel to raf-1, and pharmacologic inactivation of ksr1 may serve as a treatment for rasdriven malignancies such as pancreatic cancer (xing, h. r., cordon-cardo, c., deng, x., tong, w., campodonico, l., fuks, z., and kolesnick, r. (2003) nat. med. 9, 1266-1268). although some studies demonstrated a requirement for ksr1 kinase activity for its action, others suggested ksr1 acts pr ... | 2004 | 15084597 |
| a linear signal transduction pathway involving phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase, protein kinase cepsilon, and mapk in mesangial cells regulates interferon-gamma-induced stat1alpha transcriptional activation. | interferon-gamma (ifn-gamma) exerts an pleiotropic effect in mesangial cells in inflammatory glomerular diseases. the biologic effect of ifn-gamma is mediated by stat1alpha. the precise mechanism by which ifn-gamma stimulates the transcriptional activity of stat1alpha is poorly understood. i investigated the role of protein kinase c (pkc) epsilon in regulating the transcriptional activation of stat1alpha in mesangial cells. ifn-gamma increased pkcepsilon activity in a time-dependent manner with ... | 2004 | 15082710 |
| genetic roots of the red deer (cervus elaphus) population in eastern switzerland. | overhunting of red deer (cervus elaphus) in eastern switzerland led to its extinction in the second half of the 17th century. natural recolonization must have taken place later, because red deer were seen again in the canton of the grisons (eastern switzerland) in the 1870s. according to historical data, three different populations could have served as the source population. to determine the genetic origin of the eastern swiss red deer population, we collected samples from five different subpopu ... | 2004 | 15073229 |
| the protein phosphatase 1/2a inhibitor okadaic acid increases creb and elk-1 phosphorylation and c-fos expression in the rat striatum in vivo. | activation of group i metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) up-regulates transcription factor cyclic amp response element-binding protein (creb) and elk-1 phosphorylation via extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (erk1/2) in the striatum in vivo. protein phosphatase 1/2a further regulates immediate early gene expression by inactivating (dephosphorylating) creb. in this study, using semi-quantitative immunohistochemical and western blot analyses and in situ hybridization histochemistry, w ... | 2004 | 15056282 |
| modification of concanavalin a-dependent proliferation by phosphatidylcholines isolated from deer antler, cervus elaphus. | the immunomodulatory effect of deer antler, which is used as traditional medicine, has been known, but the active component of antlers from cervus elaphus has not been identified. in this study, we identified the immunomodulator from c. elaphus and examined its biological activities on the immune system. | 2004 | 15043858 |
| prevalence of toxoplasma gondii antibodies in wild red deer, roe deer, moose, and reindeer from norway. | serum samples from 4339 wild cervids collected in norway were tested for antibodies against toxoplasma gondii using the direct agglutination test. the association between seroprevalence and species, sex, age, and geographic region was investigated. positive titers (> or =1:40) were found in 33.9% of 760 roe deer (capreolus capreolus); 12.6% of 2142 moose (alces alces); 7.7% of 571 red deer (cervus elaphus); and 1.0% of 866 reindeer (rangifer tarandus). the seroprevalences were significantly diff ... | 2004 | 15041091 |
| ets proteins in biological control and cancer. | the ets family consists of a large number of evolutionarily conserved transcription factors, many of which have been implicated in tumor progression. extensive studies on this family of proteins have focused so far mainly on the biochemical properties and cellular functions of individual factors. since most of the ets factors can bind to the core consensus dna sequence ggaa/t in vitro, it has been a challenge to differentiate redundant from specific functions of various ets proteins in vivo. rec ... | 2004 | 15034925 |
| cystic echinococcosis in the arctic and sub-arctic. | the northern biotype of echinococcus granulosus occurs throughout the holarctic zones of tundra and taiga, from eastern fennoscandia to the bering strait in eurasia and in north america from arctic alaska approximately to the northern border of the united states. the cycle of the cestode is complex in taiga at lower latitudes, because of the greater diversity of potential hosts. in the arctic and subarctic, however, four patterns of predator/prey relationships may be discerned. two natural cycle ... | 2003 | 15027606 |
| erythropoietin regulation of raf-1 and mek: evidence for a ras-independent mechanism. | stimulation of the erythropoietin (epo) receptor triggers a cascade of signaling events. we reported that epo upregulates c-myc expression through 2 pathways in baf3-epor cells--a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (pi3k) pathway operating on transcriptional initiation and a raf-1-mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway affecting elongation. we now show that epo induces phosphorylation of raf-1 at serine 338 and within the carboxy-terminal domain, resulting in an electrophoretic mobility chan ... | 2004 | 15026317 |
| the vaccinia virus-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase (mapk) pathway is required for virus multiplication. | early events play a decisive role in virus multiplication. we have shown previously that activation of mapk/erk1/2 (mitogen-activated protein kinase/extracellular-signal-regulated kinase 1/2) and protein kinase a are pivotal for vaccinia virus (vv) multiplication [de magalhães, andrade, silva, sousa, ropert, ferreira, kroon, gazzinelli and bonjardim (2001) j. biol. chem. 276, 38353-38360]. in the present study, we show that vv infection provoked a sustained activation of both erk1/2 and rsk2 (ri ... | 2004 | 15025565 |
| clinical evaluation of a powder of quality elk velvet antler for the treatment of osteoarthrosis in dogs. | a powder of quality elk velvet antler (qeva) was evaluated on client-owned dogs with osteoarthrosis (oa) in a clinical, double-blind, and placebo-controlled study. thirteen dogs received a placebo for 30 days and then qeva for 60 days. twenty-five other dogs received qeva for 60 days. gait analysis measured with a force plate, clinical signs assessed by an orthopedic surgeon, performances in daily life activities and vitality assessed by the owners, and complete blood analyses were obtained at d ... | 2004 | 15025149 |
| blocked map kinase activity selectively enhances neurotrophic growth responses. | bone morphogenetic proteins (bmps) 4 and 6 as well as mek inhibitors pd98059 and u0126 potentiate neurotrophin 3 (nt3)- and neurturin (ntn)-induced neurite outgrowth and survival of peripheral neurons from the e9 chicken embryo. preexposure to bmp4 or pd98059 was sufficient to prime the potentiation of subsequently added nt3. phosphorylation of erk2, induced by nt3, was reduced by mek inhibition but unaffected by bmp signaling. real-time pcr showed that neither bmp stimulation nor mek inhibition ... | 2004 | 15019950 |
| myocardin and ternary complex factors compete for srf to control smooth muscle gene expression. | smooth muscle cells switch between differentiated and proliferative phenotypes in response to extracellular cues, but the transcriptional mechanisms that confer such phenotypic plasticity remain unclear. serum response factor (srf) activates genes involved in smooth muscle differentiation and proliferation by recruiting muscle-restricted cofactors, such as the transcriptional coactivator myocardin, and ternary complex factors (tcfs) of the ets-domain family, respectively. here we show that growt ... | 2004 | 15014501 |
| rising burden of immature sheep ticks (ixodes ricinus) on red grouse (lagopus lagopus scoticus) chicks in the scottish uplands. | the sheep tick ixodes ricinus (l.) (acari: ixodidae) is an ectoparasite of major economic and pathogenic importance in scotland. its distribution in the scottish uplands is assumed to be governed by the abundance and distribution of its definitive hosts (deer and sheep) and climatic variables such as temperature and rainfall. as the numbers of its major host in scotland, red deer, have increased dramatically and climatic conditions have become more favourable, the level of parasitism could have ... | 2004 | 15009449 |
| erk activation by mechanical strain is regulated by the small g proteins rac-1 and rhoa. | physical forces play an important role in regulating cell functions. we applied mechanical strain to human fibroblasts by magnetic attraction of superparamagnetic arginine-glycine-aspartic acid (rgd)-coated beads. we confirmed that the map kinases erk and p38 are activated by mechanical strain, and went further by demonstrating the activation of elk-1 by mechanical strain, mainly through a mek-erk pathway. transfection of a dominant negative form of the g protein rac-1 (rac t17n), and inhibition ... | 2004 | 15009099 |
| the human cationic peptide ll-37 induces activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38 kinase pathways in primary human monocytes. | ll-37 is a cationic peptide that is found in the granules of neutrophils and is secreted by epithelial cells from a variety of tissues. levels of ll-37 in vivo increase upon infection, and its production and secretion are increased upon stimulation with proinflammatory mediators. it has been postulated that ll-37 modulates the immune response by interacting with the effector cells of innate immunity; however, the mechanism of this interaction is unknown. ll-37 induced phosphorylation and activat ... | 2004 | 15004180 |
| induction of early growth-response factor 1 by platelet-derived growth factor in human airway smooth muscle. | platelet-derived growth factors (pdgf) may contribute to the activation and growth of smooth muscle that is characteristic of airway remodeling in asthmatic patients. early growth response 1 (egr-1) is a transcription factor that is induced in several cell types by pdgf and may mediate some of the effects of pdgf. we show that human airway smooth muscle cells in cell culture express egr-1 1 h after addition of pdgf. analysis of the egr-1 promoter indicates that a serum response element located b ... | 2004 | 15003938 |
| identifying specific kinase substrates through engineered kinases and atp analogs. | intracellular signaling by protein kinases controls many aspects of cellular biochemistry and physiology. determining the direct substrates of protein kinases is important in understanding how these signaling enzymes exert their effect on cellular functions. one of the recent developments in this area takes advantage of the similarity in the atp binding domains of protein kinases, where a few conserved amino acids containing large side chains come in close contact with the n-6 position of bound ... | 2004 | 15003601 |
| pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur in red deer (cervus elaphus). | twelve adult female red deer (cervus elaphus) were given 250 mg of ceftiofur sodium by intramuscular injection (i.m.) and ballistic implant in a crossover design. blood samples were taken from an in-dwelling jugular catheter prior to drug administration and at 0.25, 0.5, 1, 2, 4, 8, 12, 24, 36, 48, and 72 h postadministration of the drug. samples were centrifuged and plasma kept frozen at -70 degrees c until analysis for ceftiofur and active metabolites using an hplc method. the pharmacokinetics ... | 2004 | 14995960 |
| elk-1 knock-out mice engineered by flp recombinase-mediated cassette exchange. | elk-1 is a member of the tcf subfamily of ets proteins. tcfs interact with srf at serum response elements (sres) of immediate early genes (iegs), such as c-fos and egr-1, thereby mediating ieg induction upon extracellular stimulation. we previously generated an elk-1 null allele (elk1-137) in murine embryonic stem (es) cells by homologous recombination. in elk1-137, the elk-1 gene was replaced by a hygromycin b phosphotransferase - thymidine kinase (hygtk) fusion gene, flanked by two nonidentica ... | 2004 | 14994271 |
| sumo promotes hdac-mediated transcriptional repression. | recently, sumo modification has been shown to impart repressive properties on several transcriptional regulatory proteins. indeed, the ets domain transcription factor elk-1 is modified by sumo, and this modification is reversed by erk map kinase pathway activation. this causes a switch from a repressive to activated state. however, the mechanism(s) of sumo-mediated transcriptional repression is unclear. here, we have investigated how sumoylation of elk-1 leads to transcriptional repression. we d ... | 2004 | 14992729 |
| learning from outbreaks of bovine tuberculosis near riding mountain national park: applications to a foreign animal disease outbreak. | riding mountain national park, manitoba, is home to a population of free-roaming elk (cervus elaphus manitobensis) that have been found to be infected with mycobacterium bovis, the agent of bovine tuberculosis (tb). the disease has also been found in a number of cattle herds near the park and, as a result, manitoba has been assigned a split status for bovine tb. a number of government agencies, with input from representatives from the wildlife and agricultural sectors, have responded by devising ... | 2004 | 14992251 |