Publications

lack of igg4 antibody response to carbohydrate antigens in patients with lymphatic filariasis.	it has been suggested that humans are genetically restricted from making igg4 antibody responses to carbohydrate antigens. to test this hypothesis we examined sera from 35 patients with bancroftian filariasis (an infection known to induce very high levels of igg4 antibodies to the parasite and known to be associated with repeated streptococcal infections) as well as from 15 normal individuals for their igg and igg subclass responses to streptococcal protein [streptolysin-o (so), deoxyribonucleas ...	1991	1748481
characterization of a myosin heavy chain gene from brugia malayi.	we have previously shown that an antigen recognized by antibodies in sera of several microfilaremic individuals from a wuchereria bancrofti endemic area bears strong homology to an invertebrate muscle protein. we have cloned and sequenced the entire gene containing this antigen encoding fragment and present data that confirms that the antigen is myosin heavy chain (mhc). this gene, which we have named bmmyo-1 extends over 11 kb and has the potential to encode a protein of 1957 amino acids. the c ...	1992	1741013
evaluation of fractionated circulating filarial antigen in diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis.	circulating filarial antigen (cfa) isolated from the plasma of microfilaraemic patients was fractionated on an ultrogel aca 34 column. the second protein peak (cfa2) showing filarial antigen was further fractionated by deae-cellulose column chromatography into two fractions (cfa2 de1 and de2). cfa2 de1 fraction, showing antigenic activity, was further evaluated in an elisa for its diagnostic use in bancroftian filariasis. studies with cfa2 de1 and anti-cfa2 de1 antibody showed that they were hig ...	1992	1740819
intensity and efficiency of transmission and the development of microfilaraemia and disease: their relationship in lymphatic filariasis.	currently available methods for measuring the intensity of transmission in the lymphatic filariases are all to some extent unsatisfactory. clinical methods for defining the presence of filarial disease are also less than perfect, and many infected persons remain free of symptoms and signs for very long periods. incidence rates of microfilaraemia calculated from prevalence rate data are combined with 'entomological inoculation rates' obtained by direct observations of vector landing rates, infect ...	1992	1740813
monoclonal antibodies to secreted antigens of brugia malayi define a cross-reactive non-phosphocholine determinant on helminth parasites.	the excretory-secretory (es) antigens of the filarial parasite brugia malayi adult (bma) and microfilariae (mf) were analysed for differences in their protein composition by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. both bma and mf biosynthetically labelled with [3h]-leucine released a 200 kd molecule with pi (isoelectric point) ranging from 5.1 to 6.8. a monoclonal antibody (moab) to phosphocholine (pc) immunoprecipitated the 200 kd molecule with a pi of 5.1-5.3 from both bma and mf. immunization of ...	1991	1717373
rapid diagnosis of brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti filariasis by an acridine orange/microhematocrit tube technique.	a microhematocrit tube technique for diagnosis of human filariasis has been previously described. a system incorporating heparin, edta, and acridine orange into a microhematocrit tube (quantitative blood count, qbc) has been commercially developed for the quantitation of blood counts and has been used for the diagnosis of malaria. we evaluated this test for its usefulness in the diagnosis of filariasis. upon centrifugation, the parasites were concentrated in the area of the buffy coat and could ...	1990	1690798
the filariasis situation in guangdong province, china.	this paper describes the general situation, historical perspectives, epidemiological surveys (including geographical distribution, microfilarial rate, microfilarial rate in different age groups, clinical features, animal filaria, periodicity of wuchereria bancrofti and vector species), experimental research and control of filariasis in guangdong province, china.	1991	1687930
elephantiasis in early polynesia.		1991	1680896
detection of amplified wuchereria bancrofti dna in mosquitoes with a nonradioactive probe.	a technique to identify wuchereria bancrofti larvae in mosquito vectors with an enzyme-labeled dna probe is described. to overcome the low sensitivity of nonradioactive detection methods, analyte dna was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (pcr). oligonucleotide primers were used to amplify w. bancrofti-specific dna fragments of 380 and 650 bp, respectively. parasite dna in mosquito extracts was isolated free of inhibitors of the pcr by hybridization to a biotinylated dna fragment (iwb 67), w ...	1991	1675761
humoral immune response to infective larval antigen in brugia malayi infected mastomys natalensis.	the sequential changes in the humoral immune response against infective larval antigens during the course of brugia malayi infection in mastomys natalensis have been studied using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay. igm antibody against b. malayi infective larval excretory secretory (es) antigen was detected in the peripheral circulation within a week of infection, whereas igm antibody against b. malayi infective larval somatic antigen and igg antibody against both somatic and es antigens were de ...	1991	1674404
maternal filarial infection as risk factor for infection in children.	familial clustering of filarial infection was investigated through random house-to-house surveys of 643 individuals in leogane, haiti, an area with endemic bancroftian filariasis. children of infected mothers were 2.4 to 2.9 times more likely to be infected than were those of amicrofilaraemic mothers. filarial-specific cellular responsiveness in amicrofilaraemic children born to infected mothers was lower than that in amicrofilaraemic children born to amicrofilaraemic mothers. no effect of pater ...	1991	1673168
mebendazole with levamisole in tropical pulmonary eosinophilia: an alternative in diethylcarbamazine allergy.		1992	1641900
clinical manifestations of filariasis in fujian, china.		1992	1641878
isozymic pattern of lactate dehydrogenase in cases of bancroftian filariasis.	isozymic patterns of lactate dehydrogenase (e.c. 1.1.1.27) by polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (page) were observed in various categories of filariasis and controls, i.e. asymptomatic microfilaraemia and symptomatic amicrofilaraemia, endemic normal and non-endemic normal. lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) activity was also observed amongst the above categories of patients. an increase in enzyme activity and change in the isozymic pattern was observed in the above categories of filaria infected serum ...	1992	1640089
breast filariasis diagnosed by needle aspiration cytology.	a case of nodular lesion of the breast in a 37 year old female caused by filariasis is described. the case is instructive since the diagnosis was made by fine-needle aspiration cytology.	1992	1638940
filarial infection of the breast. report of a case with diagnosis by fine needle aspiration cytology.	the breast is not a frequent site of filarial infection. we report a case of fine needle aspiration cytologic diagnosis of filariasis of the breast, not previously reported.	1992	1636341
induced polypeptides associated with filarial worm refractoriness in aedes aegypti.	brugia malayi and wuchereria bancrofti are mosquito-borne parasitic nematodes responsible for lymphatic filariasis in approximately 90 million people. the genetic control of the susceptibility of aedes aegypti mosquitoes to b. malayi was well defined 30 years ago, but no data have since been provided regarding the gene products responsible for susceptibility or refractoriness or both. we addressed this problem by assessing polypeptide synthesis in thoracic tissue, the developmental site of this ...	1992	1631149
cloning and characterization of the wuchereria bancrofti s15 ribosomal protein.		1992	1625701
renal abnormalities in microfilaremic patients with bancroftian filariasis.	to determine the frequency of renal abnormalities occurring with bancroftian filarial infections and to assess the effects of treatment on such abnormalities, we initiated a prospective, hospital-based study of 20 microfilaremic and five amicrofilaremic patients with wuchereria bancrofti infections. thorough clinical evaluations and detailed renal assessments were made prior to treatment and at multiple time points for 60 days following a standard twelve-day course of treatment with diethylcarba ...	1992	1621900
bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry, south india--epidemiological impact of recovery of the vector population.	an integrated vector management (ivm) strategy was implemented from 1981 to 1985 in one part of pondicherry, south india, for the control of the bancroftian filariasis vector culex quinquefasciatus (the ivm area). the rest of the town (the comparison area) received the conventional larvicidal input. after 1985 both the areas were managed conventionally. the switch to conventional strategy resulted in an increase of vector density in both areas. the microfilaraemia prevalence in humans showed a g ...	1992	1601082
release of prostaglandin e2 by microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi.	to elucidate the local release of immunomodulatory prostaglandins by intravascular filarial parasites, the formation of prostaglandin e2 (pge2) was examined in individual microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi. following incubation of living microfilariae immobilized in an agar matrix, prostaglandins released by the parasites were fixed by carbodiimide and localized by indirect immunofluorescence. prostaglandin e2 was specifically detected around the entire surface of microfilar ...	1992	1599045
wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial density of autochthonous cases and natural culex infectivity rates in northeast brazil.	autochthonous wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemic cases from three neighbouring cities of northeast brazil (recife, jaboatao and olinda) were selected from thick smear or filtration positive individuals and classified by their microfilarial (mf) densities through polycarbonate membrane blood filtration. individuals were subdivided into two groups: autochthonous cases without any previous specific drug administrations (group a) and those with one or more previous dec treatments (group b). in rec ...	1992	1597880
infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an epidemiological approach.		1992	1589303
the wellcome trust lecture. infection and disease in lymphatic filariasis: an immunological perspective.	the basic tenet of the immunological perspective of filarial disease is that differential immune responsiveness among individuals exposed to infection results in the different clinical manifestations that develop. the mechanisms involved in this differential responsiveness appear to reflect different t-cell cytokine response patterns. asymptomatic patients with the clinically silent presentation of 'asymptomatic microfilaraemia', who have been previously described as being 'immunosuppressed' wit ...	1992	1589302
on the infectivity of early third-stage brugia larvae isolated from the abdomen of aedes aegypti.	third-stage larvae (l3) of wuchereria bancrofti, brugia malayi and b. pahangi are known to be recovered not only from the head and thorax but also from the abdomen of dissected vector mosquitoes. for epidemiological reasons, was of interest to determine whether l3 larvae from the abdomen of the vector would be infectious for the final host. early abdominal l3 larvae of b. pahangi isolated as early as on day 7 post-infection (p.i.) from aedes aegypti were injected s.c. into five male meriones ung ...	1992	1584752
kinetics of circulating human igg4 after diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin treatment of bancroftian filariasis.	patent filarial infections are associated with elevated levels of parasite-specific igg4. this study investigated the shifts of filarial-specific human igg and igg4 antibodies after diethylcarbamazine and ivermectin treatment of bancroftian filariasis. thirty adult haitians were treated first with a 1-mg clearing dose of ivermectin and then with either one or two 200-micrograms/kg doses of ivermectin or with 12 daily 6-mg/kg doses of diethylcarbamazine. posttreatment levels of antifilarial igg4 ...	1992	1583340
tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.	tropical pulmonary eosinophilia is one of the many pie syndromes [pulmonary infiltrates with eosinophilia (of the peripheral blood)]. it is caused by immunologic hyperresponsiveness to the filarial parasites wuchereria bancrofti or brugia malayi. its clinical presentation includes nocturnal cough, dyspnea, wheezing, fever, weight loss, fatigue, interstitial mottling on chest radiograph, predominantly restrictive but also obstructive lung function abnormalities, and peripheral blood eosinophilia ...	1992	1580599
detection of microfilariae in cervical cytology.		1992	1580134
evaluation of two different antigens in immunodiagnosis of bancroftian filariasis using elisa and ihat.	crude w. bancrofti microfilarial and l. carinii adult antigens were tried in elisa and ihat for immunodiagnosis of bancroftian filariasis. both tests gave a higher positive reactions with microfilaraemic, clinical filariasis and endemic normal sera respectively. elisa using w. bancrofti microfilarial antigen appears to be more sensitive.	1992	1578155
control of allergic reactivity in human filariasis. predominant localization of blocking antibody to the igg4 subclass.	patients with chronic helminth infections, despite having abundant basophils and mast cells specifically sensitized with antiparasite ige and often exposed repeatedly to parasite ag, rarely manifest allergic symptoms. this control of clinical allergic reactivity likely results from ag-specific igg "blocking antibodies" shown previously to be abundant in the sera of such patients. in the present study we used two approaches to determine in which of the four igg subclasses this blocking activity w ...	1992	1573266
mass treatment of filariasis using dec-medicated salt.	diethylcarbamazine (dec)-medicated salt was used to control bancroftian filariasis in 20 endemic counties and cities of fujian province in china. the population was 5,189,126 and the microfilaria (mf) rates were between 1.56 and 11.81%. the total dose of dec was 6-10.5 g per person over a period of 2-4 months. six to 9 months after treatment the mf rate was reduced to 0-0.57% with a mean of 0.07% (621/823,796). in 184 villages sampled one year post treatment the mf rate was 0.22% (371/171,067) a ...	1992	1560482
bancroftian lymphangitis in northeastern brazil: a histopathological study of 17 cases.	the histological features in 17 patients (3 males and 14 females) with bancroftian lymphangitis, apparently not associated with lymphadenitis, are described. degenerative alteration in the worms and a severe inflammatory process were observed in the great majority of the cases. the patterns of tissue reaction varied, including exudative, infiltrative and granulomatous lesions. eosinophils were present, usually in great numbers. thirteen out of 14 female subjects showed involvement of the breast ...	1992	1560478
in vitro and in vivo effect of diethylcarbamazine on the activity of acetylcholinesterase from wuchereria bancrofti infected human serum.	the acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity was measured in human serum from persons infected with the filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti. the asymptomatic microfilaremic serum showed five times increase in ache-activity as compared with normal serum, whereas only little difference was observed in serum from patients with elephantiasis. similar results were obtained when the enzyme activity was measured in the immune complexes precipitated with polyethyleneglycol. further, the effect of the ant ...	1992	1519032
compared efficacy of repeated annual and semi-annual doses of ivermectin and diethylcarbamazine for prevention of wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in french polynesia. final evaluation.	in october 1989, 58 apparently healthy polynesian wuchereria bancrofti carriers, in whom microfilarial (mf) density was greater than or equal to 100 mf/ml, were randomly allocated to treatment groups receiving single doses of either ivermectin at 100 mcg/kg or diethylcarbamazine (dec) at 3 and 6 mg/kg. six months later, half of the carriers initially treated with ivermectin 100 mcg/kg or dec 3 mg/kg were given a second similar dose while the rest were given a placebo. six months later again, all ...	1992	1519031
iga immunoassay for the diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis.	in some parasitic infection such as toxoplasmosis, specific iga is a highly reliable marker of active infection. in bancroftian filariasis, only 10 of 20 (50%) and 3 of 20 (15%) of the microfilaremic patients were positive for iga anti-brugia malayi using respectively indirect elisa and immunocapture elisa tests. as regard to these low sensitivities, the detection of specific iga is unlikely to be a useful test for the diagnosis of active wuchereria bancrofti infection.	1992	1519028
melanization response of two mosquito species against wuchereria bancrofti.	the melanization response of two mosquito against wuchereria bancrofti was studied under different conditions of temperatures, adult age and feeding regimes. the two mosquito species were culex pipiens, a susceptible species for w. bancrofti transmission and aedes caspius, a refractory one.	1992	1500787
critical analysis of an epidemetrons model for the assessment of bancroftian filariasis endemicity in some areas in egypt.	this study attempted a trial fit of observed epidemiological data in egypt using the sasa-who-southgate epidemetrons model to quantify the endemicity and risk of transmission of filariasis. the geometric and arithmetic means (gm, am) were tried in addition to the recommended four epidemetrons of the model, prevalence rate (pr); median microfilaria density (mfd50); and linear regression coefficients (a and b). data were based on microfilaria counts in 20 mm3 finger-prick night blood samples from ...	1992	1495122
retinal involvement in wucheria bancrofti filariasis.	we report the first case of inflammation of the retinal pigment epithelium and retinal vasculities presumably caused by microfilaria of wucheria bancrofti and discuss its possible pathogenesis. therapy with diethyl carbamazine citrate resulted in rapid resolution of the inflammation.	1992	1488896
wuchereria bancrofti induced pancreatitis.	a case of pancreatitis of filarial origin is reported for the first time. the patient presented with chronic pancreatic pain. laparotomy revealed an inflammed pancreas and fine needle aspiration cytology confirmed pancreatitis. imprint of a peripancreatic lymphnode revealed a microfilaria. he was successfully treated with diethyl carbamazine.	1992	1488798
detection of filarial antigen using antibodies raised against wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial sds soluble antigen.	polyclonal antibodies raised in mouse ascitic fluid against wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial antigens (wb mf sds s ag) were studied for their diagnostic use in bancroftian filariasis using a dip stick, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. in sandwich elisa, 100% of microfilaremic sera (30 out of 30) 53% of acute filarial sera (7/13), 40% of subacute filarial sera (6 out of 15), 13% of chronic filarial sera (2/15) and 20% of endemic area normal sera (3/15) showed the presence of filarial antigen. ...	1992	1488700
long-term efficacy of single-dose mass treatment with diethylcarbamazine citrate against diurnally subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti: eight years' experience in samoa.	a single-dose of diethylcarbamazine citrate (dec, 6 mg per kg body weight) was administered in three mass treatment campaigns to > 80% of the estimated total samoan population (160,000) in 1982, 1983, and 1986. the effect of the drug was evaluated before and after each campaign by conducting four blood surveys covering 9600 to 13,700 people from 26-34 villages on each occasion. the drug reduced the prevalence of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae from 5.6% to 2.5% (a 55% reduction), while the tr ...	1992	1486674
a cloned antigen for serological diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremia with daytime blood samples.	by differentially screening an adult brugia malayi cdna library with sera from microfilaremic and amicrofilaremic donors infected with wuchereria bancrofti, we have identified a novel parasite antigen denoted sxp-1. recombinant sxp-1 filarial antigen is preferentially recognized by sera from microfilaremic persons with bancroftian filariasis and from skin snip-positive patients with onchocerciasis. antibodies to sxp-1 are restricted to the igg4 subclass and gradually decline after treatment with ...	1992	1484551
w. bancrofti as a causal agent of polymyositis.	a case of polymyositis associated with bancroftian filariasis in an adult male who presented with generalised painful swelling and weakness of muscles is presented. he had elevated muscle enzymes, a myopathic emg pattern, focal vasculitis on gastrocnemius muscle biopsy and w. bancrofti in the peripheral blood. there was clinical, biochemical and histopathological evidence of resolution of the disorder and total clearance of microfilaremia with diethyl carbamazine (dec) therapy.	1992	1484032
immunoglobulin e and g4 antibodies to infective larvae in a wuchereria bancrofti endemic population.	ige and igg4 antibodies to infective larval antigen of w. bancrofti were measured by elisa in filarial sera. ige level was quite high in both infected and non-infected people living in filariae-endemic regions compared to people from non-endemic yet tropical regions. it was also demonstrated that ige levels in amicrofilaraemic, normal children were lower compared to those of adults. similarly igg4 response in children was found to be reduced. the distribution of skin test (immediate hypersensiti ...	1992	1483058
[comparative efficacy of annual and semi-annual doses of ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine for the prevention of lymphatic filariasis].	a double blind randomized trial was performed on 58 healthy polynesian wuchereria bancrofti carriers, they were randomly allocated to treatments with repeated annual or semi-annual doses of ivermectin 100 mcg/kg or diethylcarbamazine (dec) 3 mg/kg, or with repeated annual doses of dec 6 mg/kg. after the 12-month treatment, the clearance of microfilaremia was complete in 7 of the 23 carriers treated with ivermectin and in 3 of the 35 treated with dec. nine months after that treatment, the lowest ...	1992	1480807
elephantiasis.		1992	1478760
an eosinophilic granuloma containing an adult female wuchereria bancrofti in a patient with tropical pulmonary eosinophilia.		1992	1475828
mass chemoprophylaxis of lymphatic filariasis with a single dose of ivermectin in a polynesian community with a high wuchereria bancrofti infection rate.	in april 1991 supervised mass prophylaxis of lymphatic filariasis with a single dose of ivermectin, 100 micrograms/kg, was carried out in a polynesian village with a high infection rate of wuchereria bancrofti in humans and active transmission by the vector mosquito, aedes polynesiensis. of 876 inhabitants aged 3 years or more (pregnant women excluded), 864 (98.6%) were treated. simultaneously, venous blood samples were collected from 577 (97.5%) of the 595 inhabitants aged 15 years or more, of ...	1992	1475825
diethylcarbamazine in the control of splenomegaly associated with bancroftian filariasis in the ok tedi area of papua new guinea.	bancroftian filariasis is highly endemic in the ok tedi region of papua new guinea, with a reported mean rate of 39% before the implementation of a single-dose diethylcarbamazine (dec) treatment programme in 1986. this was followed by a 72% decline in the rate of detectable microfilaraemia and a 40% reduction in pre- and post-treatment splenomegaly. no significant difference was observed when spleen enlargement was compared to the presence of patent malaria. a significant difference in splenomeg ...	1992	1475824
factors affecting transmission of wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 4. facilitation, limitation, proportionality and their epidemiological significance.	quantitative understanding of the transmission dynamics of lymphatic filarial parasites is essential for the rational planning of control strategies. one of the most important determinants of transmission dynamics is the relationship between parasite yield, the success rate of ingested microfilariae (mf) becoming infective larvae in a mosquito vector, and mf density in the source of the human blood meal. three types of relationship have been recognized in human filaria/mosquito couples--limitati ...	1992	1475823
a comparative study of detection methods for evaluation of microfilaremia in lymphatic filariasis control programmes.	the evaluation of microfilaremia (mf) was performed in 96% of the population aged 15 years or more in a village of moorea, one of the society islands in french polynesia. finger-prick and venous blood samples were collected simultaneously from 782 individuals in order to compare the results obtained by the standard blood film method and the membrane filtration technique. of the 782 blood-sampled inhabitants 69 (8.8%) were found mf positive. 39 (5%) were mf positive by both methods and 30 were mf ...	1992	1470830
diethylcarbamazine treatment of bancroftian and malayan filariasis with emphasis on side effects.	a total of 1015 filarial carriers were hospitalized and treated with dec either in a long course with light doses (6, 7, 8, 9 or 10 mg kg-1 b.w. divided into three doses daily for seven days) or in a short course with heavy doses (15 mg kg-1 b.w. once daily for one, two or three days). the efficacy of the long course (85%) was much higher than that of the short course (59%); but the reaction rate following the heavy dose (87%) was higher than that following the light dose (72%). for brugia malay ...	1992	1463361
on the developmental velocity of wucheria bancrofti larvae in vector mosquitoes of different susceptibility to filarial infections.	the developmental velocity of wucheria bancrofti larvae was investigated in mosquito strains with different susceptibility to this filarial species. high susceptibility of the vector strains favoured fast filarial development, e.g. between 17.1 and 25.9% of all discovered larvae on day 13 p.i. had already migrated to the head and mouth parts of the more and partly even highly susceptible anopheles gambiae, culex pipiens quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti, respectively, whereas between 0 and 3.4% ...	1992	1456467
[alfred th. leber (1881-1954): a pioneer in tropical ophthalmology. missing in the south seas--rediscovered in india].	in spite of the brief duration of german colonial rule during that period tropical medicine enjoyed a remarkable growth and development. this is the first account of the career of the pioneer of tropical ophthalmology, alfred theodor leber (1881-1954); medical history had previously reported him missing in java after the 1st world war. his career was greatly influenced by his uncle, theodor leber (1840-1917), the founder of experimental ophthalmology. alfred leber was the one who combined teachi ...	1992	1453664
wuchereria bancrofti infection in human and mosquito populations of a polynesian village ten years after interruption of mass chemoprophylaxis with diethylcarbamazine.	in 1991, a study on wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae (mf) and infection rates was carried out in the human and mosquito populations of a polynesian village where, 10 years before, the mf prevalence rate was 6.4% and twice-yearly mass treatment with 3 mg/kg of diethylcarbamazine (dec) was interrupted. venous blood samples were collected from 575 (97%) individuals aged 15 years or more, of whom 122 (21.4%) were mf positive. the mf carrier prevalence rate was 27.4% in males, significantly higher ...	1992	1440820
natural infections of dirofilaria immitis in aedes (stegomyia) polynesiensis and aedes (finlaya) samoanus and their implication in human health in samoa.	dirofilaria immitis infections were observed in aedes polynesiensis and ae. samoanus in samoa, together with wuchereria bancrofti infections, in a study on sub-periodic bancroftian filariasis during 1978-1980. in the 4 indicator villages, the infection rate in ae. polynesiensis was 0.46% and the infective rate 0.09% (15,223 mosquitoes were dissected). the infection rate in ae. samoanus was 0.20% and the infective rate 0.08% (10,089 dissected). in 45 selected villages throughout the country, ae. ...	1992	1440786
study of human and parasitic factors in relation to bancroftian filariasis in egypt.	the human leucocytic antigen (hla) and the histochemical reaction of microfilaria were studied by using cytotoxicity test and microfilarial acid phosphatase activity respectively to evaluate the role of the genetic factors and the parasitic factor in the pathogenesis of filariasis. statistical significant association was found between hla-b7 and the susceptibility for retaining microfilariae in blood and the development of clinical manifestations of filariasis. histochemical study reported more ...	1992	1431291
antigenicity of a protective recombinant filarial protein in human bancroftian filariasis.	a 92-kda fusion protein that encodes amino acids 1-479 of a 62-kda brugia malayi antigen induces resistance to microfilariae in mice. the antigenicity of this recombinant protein was explored in asymptomatic residents of wuchereria bancrofti-endemic areas of papua new guinea and egypt. unlike sera from individuals in nonendemic areas, sera from residents of endemic areas contained igg3 antibodies (up to dilution 1:1280) reactive with the fusion protein. there was little or no recombinant antigen ...	1992	1431265
pen-elisa for immunodiagnosis and immunomonitoring of bancroftian filariasis.		1992	1428992
community participation in the control of filariasis.	a programme was launched in 1986 for the control of brugian filariasis in an area of high endemicity in southern india. sustained community involvement was achieved by integrating economic measures to improve the lot of the people with the creation of widespread awareness about the cause of the disease and about the possibilities of combating it.	1992	1418331
[ivermectin or diethylcarbamazine in spaced dosages in bancroft's filariasis: which protocol?].	58 apparently healthy polynesian wuchereria bancrofti carriers were randomly allocated to 5 treatment groups: 1) two annual doses of ivermectin 100 mcg/kg, 2) three semi-annual doses of ivermectin 100 mcg/kg, 3) two annual doses of diethylcarbamazine (dec) 3 mg/kg, 4) semi-annual doses of dec 3 mg/kg, 5) two annual doses of dec 6 mg/kg. results observed during the 12-month period which followed last treatment have confirmed that efficacy of ivermectin is higher than that of dec in terms of immed ...	1992	1417159
experimental wuchereria bancrofti infection of culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti.	laboratory-derived females of culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti were experimentally infected with wuchereria bancrofti by allowing the insects to feed on infected volunteers of known microfilariae density between 24.00 and 2.00 hours. of the 240 mosquitoes used for the experiments only 67 (55.8%) of c. quinquefasciatus and 83 (69.2%) of the ae.aegypti actually fed on the volunteers' blood. after 16 days post-infection period, 50 (74.62%) of the engorged c. quinquefasciatus harboured infec ...	1992	1416219
filariasis in gongola state nigeria. i: clinical and parasitological studies in mutum-biyu district.	a total of 2,552 persons living in 9 villages along the benue river valley, mutum biyu district of gongola state, nigeria were examined between october and december 1989 for filariasis. it is the first time a filariasis survey will be carried out in this state. 276 (10.8%) had wuchereria bancrofti, 50 (2.0%) had loa loa, 281 (11.0%) were positive for mansonella perstans while 12 (0.5%) were positive for onchocerca volvulus. villages located near the benue river had higher prevalence rates than t ...	1992	1416217
long-term suppression of microfilaraemia following ivermectin treatment.	lymphatic filariasis has been difficult to control until recently because of the lack of a suitable drug for treatment. ivermectin has proven safe and effective at reducing levels of circulating microfilariae. however, the apparent need to administer the drug every 6 to 9 months to keep microfilaraemia levels sufficiently suppressed to reduce transmission has been a major drawback to using ivermectin in community-based intervention programmes. in a study conducted in haiti, we have found that hi ...	1992	1412655
tissue tonometry: a useful tool for assessing filarial lymphedema.	a tissue tonometer was used to assess peripheral lymphedema in patients with filariasis in a bancroftian endemic community. matched populations of 34 patients with grade ii and 29 patients with grade iii unilateral lower limb edema and 26 healthy subjects were assessed for leg tissue compressibility and circumference. tonometry was performed at three fixed points on the leg using three weight levels (70, 140, and 210 gms). the mean value of compressibility for each weight level and points measur ...	1992	1405748
non-involvement of nulliparous females in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis.	the possible involvement of nulliparous females of culex quinquefasciatus in the transmission of bancroftian filariasis under field conditions was examined in pondicherry, south india. biting nulliparous females that had previously ingested partial blood meals were found infected with microfilariae/l1 stage larvae. none of them harboured infective-stage larvae. these findings suggest that nulliparous females are not involved in the transmission of filariasis. therefore, their inclusion for estim ...	1992	1363179
antigenic mimicry between piperazine derivatives and wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae.		1992	1356307
seasonality of adult culex quinquefasciatus and transmission of bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry, south india.	seasonal variations in biting culex quinquefasciatus and transmission of bancroftian filariasis were investigated in pondicherry, south india. the biting density of c. quinquefasciatus, the principal vector species, was lowest in the summer months and higher during the monsoon and winter months. the survival of the vectors as indicated by the proportion of parous mosquitoes was found to be less in the summer season. biting mosquitoes with infective stage larvae were not encountered during the ho ...	1992	1356298
on the uptake of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae in vector mosquitoes of different susceptibility to filarial infections.	the quantitative uptake of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae by mosquito species of different susceptibility to filarial infection was studied. there was no relationship between the degree of susceptibility and the number of ingested microfilariae. however, in all tested mosquito strains the females ingested as a mean 1.2-1.9 times more microfilariae of w. bancrofti than expected.	1992	1351706
the significance of low density microfilaraemia in the transmission of lymphatic filarial parasites.	low density microfilaraemia (mf) is a density of circulating mf which is often undetected by standard survey techniques; it occurs naturally, after anti-filarial drug administration and after vector control. its occurrence in human populations is closely related to the observed mf frequency distributions in them, and it is an important cause of underestimation of mf prevalence rates in epidemiological surveys. in the present paper it is defined quantitatively as a count of less than 4 mf 20 micr ...	1992	1348543
status of lymphatic filariasis in some select slum clusters of delhi.	filaria surveys conducted in some select slum clusters namely hari nagar, yamuna pusht near vijaya ghat along the ring road and timarpur in delhi during 1989, 1991 and 1992 respectively, covering a population of approximately 5000 slum dwellers revealed the presence of bancroftian microfilaria (mf) carriers and disease cases. the mf and disease rates (per cent) in these three slum areas were in the order of 6.3, 2.2, 3.7 and 1.4, 0.5 and 0.1 respectively. the mf density varied from 3.1 to 12.3 p ...	1992	1344178
efficacy of bi-annual administration of dec in the control of bancroftian filariasis.	the efficacy of bi-annual administration of dec at the dose of 6 mg/kg body weight was evaluated on the microfilaraemia prevalence, density and vector filarial infection rates. administration of four doses (4 x 6 mg/kg) of dec significantly (p < 0.05) reduced the microfilaria rate of the community from 6.02 per cent to 2.31 per cent, microfilaria density from 0.66 to 0.17 and infectivity rate of the vector population from 0.8 per cent to 0.39 per cent.	1992	1344177
[efficacy of ivermectin for control of microfilaremia recurring after treatment with diethylcarbamazine. i. clinical and parasitological observations].	we compared the efficacy of a single dose of ivermectin with that of a standard course of deithylcarbamazine (dec) for the control of microfilaremia in 60 patients with banrroftian filariasis who had developed recurrent microfilaremia after each of three or more prior treatments with dec. the study was done as a randomized, double-blind trial. complete, but transient clearance of microfilaremia was observed in both treatment groups. one year later, recurrent microfilaremia was present in 7 patie ...	1992	1307270
results of a safety trial on single-dose treatments with 400 mcg/kg of ivermectin in bancroftian filariasis.	two groups of polynesian wuchereria bancrofti carriers, 17 females aged 21 to 84 years and 20 males aged 26 to 57 years, in whom microfilaraemia ranged from 1 to 10,121 mf/ml and from 1 to 6,484 mf/ml, respectively, were given a supervised singledose treatment with 400 mcg/kg of ivermectin. carriers were examined and questioned regarding their experience of adverse reactions, which were graded 0 to 3 according to severity, at 6, 12 and 24 hours and at 4 days after treatment. biological examinati ...	1992	1293733
a comparative study of acetylcholinesterase activity in bovine (s. cervi) and human (b. malayi, w. bancrofti) filaria.	setaria cervi, a bovine filarial parasite, contains a significant amount of acetylcholinesterase (ache) activity with microfilaria having five to ten times more ache activity than female and male adult worms, respectively. because ache shows substrate specificity and hydrolyzes acetylthiocholine but not butrylthiocholine, this parasitic enzyme is likely a true acetylcholinesterase. the latter also resembles an ache enzyme in the human filarial parasite b. malayi which hydrolyzes acetylthiocholin ...	1992	1293431
adult filarial worm (wuchereria bancrofti) in a benign ovarian tumour.	a case of an adult filarial worm (wuchereria bancrofti) associated with a benign ovarian tumour and a cyst is presented. possible reasons for the findings of a well preserved part of the worm and a foreign body granuloma in the lymphatic subendothelium are discussed.	1992	1291144
observations on culex quinquefasciatus say in relation to transmission of filariasis due to subperiodic wuchereria bancrofti in samoa.	observations on culex quinquefasciatus say in samoa during a study of the epidemiology and control of subperiodic bancroftian filariasis are reported. the man-biting rate of c. quinquefasciatus was comparable with that of aedes (finlaya) samoanus gruenberg in one indicator village and lower in another. the house-frequenting behaviour of the two species was similar. culex quinquefasciatus was active throughout the night with peak biting during midnight hours, and its survivorship, estimated by tw ...	1992	1288433
identification and characterization of a parasite antigen in the circulating immune complexes of onchocerca volvulus infected patients.	a peg-elisa was used to demonstrate parasite specific immune complexes in a significant proportion (25/26) of onchocerca volvulus infection sera from sierra leone. the parasite antigen was detected using a peroxidase-conjugated rabbit serum raised to the bovine parasite o. gibsoni. controls including european control serum, endemic control serum and rh+ sera gave consistently low readings. characterization of the parasite component in the immune complexes by western blotting demonstrated a heat ...	1992	1284095
characterization of a muscle-associated antigen from wuchereria bancrofti.	a recombinant clone, wbn1, isolated from a genomic expression library of wuchereria bancrofti and showing restricted specificity at the dna level (southern and pcr analyses) for wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi has been previously described. sequence analysis of wbn1 indicated that it had notable similarity to myosin. further characterization using in situ hybridization has localized the mrna in the muscle of the adult parasite and in the microfilariae. rabbit polyclonal antiserum, raised ...	1992	1283597
rapid diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis by acridine orange staining of centrifuged parasites.	a rapid diagnostic test for detection of microfilaremia using a microhematocrit tube precoated with acridine orange (the quantitative buffy coat [qbc] tube) was compared with a conventional 50 microliters-thick blood film (tf) in 119 volunteers in an area of recife, brazil that was endemic for wuchereria bancrofti. both the qbc and the tf techniques were 100% specific, and thus positive predictive values were equal at 100% for each technique in all subjects studied. both techniques had equal neg ...	1992	1281967
specific and sensitive igg4 immunodiagnosis of onchocerciasis with a recombinant 33 kd onchocerca volvulus protein (ov33).	the full length cdna of the immunodominant ov33 protein of onchocerca volvulus was expressed in e. coli using various vector constructs. expression was best with the vectors pgex2t and pcg808fx, yielding fusion protein ov33-gst and ov33-mbp, respectively. purified fusion protein ov33-gst and o. volvulus antigen extracts (ovag) were used to compare antibody responses (igm and igg-subclasses) of patients infected with o. volvulus, brugia malayi, wuchereria bancrofti, mansonella perstans/loa loa an ...	1992	1281926
some observations on filariasis in western samoa after mass administration of diethylcarbamazine.	an extremely efficient diethylcarbamazine administration campaign to eradicate wuchereria bancrofti has been carried out in western samoa. the use of the membrane-filtration technique has shown that a large number of people exhibit extremely low microfilarial densities, often with less than 10 in 1 ml of venous blood. it was found that one of these low level microfilaria carriers readily infected the local vector aedes polynesiensis and that development took place to the infective stage. it was ...	1976	1265818
microfilaria of wuchereria bancrofti in bone marrow smear.	microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti were detected in seven cases of anemia in persons with asymptomatic filariasis. in three cases microfilariae could not be detected in the blood. their presence in bone marrow may indicate the ability of microfilariae to cross the vessel wall.	1976	1259081
circadian periodicity of wuchereria bancrofti in liberia and its effect on the results of a prevalence study.	the harmonic wave curve of sasa and tanaka (1972), describing microfilarial periodicity, has been fitted to observations on 38 persons infected with w. bancrofti in liberia, as well as to data previously obtained from the same country by other authors. the periodicity of the liberian strain was similar to that of periodic forms of w. bancrofti in southeast asia and japan. the effect of periodicity on microfilaraemia prevalence survey results has been examined, using data from a recent study in c ...	1976	1258142
acid phosphatase activity in wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria.		1976	1255378
studies on filariasis in the pacific. 4. the application of the membrane filter concentration technique to a survey of wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in kepu district, jakarta, indonesia.	a blood survey for filariasis was carried out in the kepu district of jakarta. examination of stained 20 c.mm finger-prick blood thick films and membrane filter concentration (mfc) of 1 ml venous blood. the youngest age group examined, 5-9 years old revealed a mf rate of 17% of which 71% were of a low density character detected by mfc only. the mf rate appears to remain relatively constant from the 10-14 year old group onward, approximately 35%, but at all age groups at least half the infections ...	1975	1166343
bancroftian filariasis.		1976	1107961
filarial mesenteric lymphadenitis with ileal perforation.		1975	1104715
[effects of a unique dose of mebendazole on microfilaremia in 50 carriers of microfilaria of wuchereria bancrofti, pacifica variety].	treatment by mebendazol were given to 50 patients divided in 3 groups, the first on having s single dose of 200 mg., the second one a single dose of 300 mg. and the last one a single dose of 400 mg. there was practically no unpleasant side effect. we noticed a delayed but notable effect on microfilaremia sensibly lower than diethylcarbamazine action in similar conditions. it would be interesting to try heavier doses or iterative doses.	1975	1104212
a case of bancroftian filariasis.		1975	1104003
[on the migration of the third stage larvae of wuchereria bancrofti in anopheles gambiae (author's tranls)].	the migratory pattern of the third stage larvae of wuchereria bancrofti from the thorax into the head of anopheles gambiae has been studied. a total of 1269 infected mosquitoes were dissected and examined from the 7th through the 19th day after the blood meal. the filarial worms migrated from the thorax through the abdomen before they reached the head of the mosquito. third stage larvae first appeared in the abdomen on the 9th day after infection, where their number increased progressively up to ...	1975	1103391
algorithms inthe diagnosis and management of exotic diseases. vi. the filariases.		1975	1099150
[ecology of culex pipiens fatigans larvae in an area of high endemicity of bancroftian filariasis (author's transl)].	culex pipiens fatigans in the main vector of bancroftian filariasis in the mayotte island (comores) where it imposes an important health problem. the breeding-sites of c. p. fatigans are either man-made (latrines, cesspools, various containers), or natural (polluted water of estuaries of some rivers). the man-made breeding-sites are not similarly distributed in the different localities of the island. their distribution varies according to the customs of the inhabitants, size and site of the comm ...	1975	1096384
[letter: activity of l-tetramisole in lymphatic filariosis due to wuchereria bancrofti. preliminary results].		1975	1094417
filarial arthritis in the sepik district of papua new guinea.		1975	1092984
a new technique for the determination of microfilarial densities in onchocerciasis.	precise measurement of the parasite load in helminthic infections makes it possible to correlate morbidity, the individual response to treatment, and the best control methods. a membrane filtration technique was recently developed for quantifying wuchereria bancrofti microfilaraemia. the present paper describes its application to onchocerciasis in a study on 107 patients in northern togo. the technique is cheap and simple to apply under field conditions, and is extremely efficient at recovering ...	1976	1085663
[eosinophilia and lymphatic filariasis in french polynesia].	an important hypereosinophilia is usually regarded as an interesting argument of presumption in lymphatic filariasis. this present report concerns 278 polynesians people infected with wuchereria bancrofti pacifica. six kinds of patients were analysed: carriers of microfilarias, patients with elephantiasis, with lymphangitis attacks, new infections, carriers of microfilariasis recently treated with diethylcarbamazine and, at least, 100 fellows without filariasis. the results which were observed d ...	1976	1037617
[evolution of filarial hemagglutinating antibodies 1 year after a single dose of diethylcarbamazine].	the authors compare the serological results obtained before and after a single dose with diethylcarbamazine (6 mg./kg.) in a homogeneous and strongly infected with wuchereria bancrofti var, pacifica population. they point out a statistically significant decrease of the hemagglutining antibody titres of filarian patients.	1976	1037437
[activity of levamisole (solaskil) in lymphatic filariasis caused by wucheria bancrofti (variety pacifica].	a 6 mg./kg. daily dose of levamisole was given during three days to ten carriers of microfilarias wuchereria bancrofti in tahiti. no action against adult worms was noticed. the immediate microfilaricid action was at least equivalent to the action of dec. however the decrease of microfilaremia was not so long with levamisole than with dec given to a lower dose. lastly the amount of reactions after a treatment by levamisole is notable.	1976	1037387
comparative efficacy of the stained blood-film and counting-chamber technique for the diagnosis of wuchereria bancrofti.		1976	1032929