Publications

cerebral cortical control of orbicularis oculi motoneurons.	cerebral cortical neural networks associated with eyelid movement play a critical role in facial animation, contribute to the regulation of blink frequency, and help prevent ocular injury. eyelid closure depends, in part, on motoneurons that innervate the orbicularis oculi (oo) muscles. in this study, oo motoneuron cortical afferents were identified in rhesus monkeys with rabies virus, a retrograde transneuronal tracer. virus was injected into the right oo muscle and immunohistochemically locali ...	2005	15919061
immunogenic and antigenic properties of recombinant soluble glycoprotein of rabies virus.	rabies virus glycoprotein is a type i transmembrane protein exposed on the surface on the mature virus particle that induces virus neutralizing antibodies. in the present study, 60 amino acid c-terminal hydrophobic anchor (transmembrane) and cytoplasmic domains of glycoprotein were deleted from full-length glycoprotein and fused with polyhistidine tag. the n-terminal viral signal peptide was also replaced with cd33 signal peptide for efficient secretion in mammalian cells. following transfection ...	2005	15916870
screening of pro-apoptotic genes upregulated in an experimental street rabies virus-infected neonatal mouse brain.	rabies virus (rabv) is able to induce apoptotic death of target cells. the molecular pathway of rabv-induced cell death is partially known. in the present study, cdna array analysis was used as a tool to screen for pro-apoptotic genes that may be involved in rabv induction. rna was extracted from the infected cns and from mock-infected controls. when the mean gene expression was compared between the infected group and controls, 21 potential apoptotic genes were identified that exhibited more tha ...	2005	15905604
oral vaccination of dogs with recombinant rabies virus vaccines.	oral rabies virus (rv) vaccines are used to immunize a diversity of mammalian carnivores, but no single biological is effective for all major species. recently, advances in reverse genetics have allowed the design of recombinant rv for consideration as new vaccines. the objective of this experiment was to examine the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of recombinant rv vaccines administered to captive dogs by the oral route, compared to a commercial vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein (v-rg) recombina ...	2005	15896409
plant biopharming of monoclonal antibodies.	recent advances in molecular biology and plant biotechnology have shifted the concept of growing crops as a food source to serving as a bioreactor for the production of therapeutic recombinant proteins. plants are potential biopharming factories because they are capable of producing unlimited numbers and amounts of recombinant proteins safely and inexpensively. in the last two decades, plant production systems have been developed for monoclonal antibody production, which has been useful in passi ...	2005	15896408
immunological insights from genetic vaccines.	e1-deleted adenoviral vectors expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein rapidly induce protective titers of rabies virus neutralizing antibodies in adult and neonatal mice upon systemic or mucosal immunization. pre-existing immunity in humans due to natural infections with common human serotypes of adenovirus such as the human serotype 5, most commonly used as a vaccine carrier can be circumvented by systemic immunization with a simian-origin adenovirus or by using the oral route of immunization. ...	2005	15896407
a need for standardized rabies-virus diagnostic procedures: effect of cover-glass mountant on the reliability of antigen detection by the fluorescent antibody test.	the direct fluorescent antibody test is a sensitive and specific procedure used in the routine diagnosis of rabies. however, given the critical role of the rabies diagnostic laboratory in patient management and public health decision-making, the use of a standardized national rabies diagnostic procedure is highly recommended. seemingly small variations in test procedures may have dramatic effects on sensitivity. for example, two independent reports of diminished staining performance of two lots ...	2005	15896406
indirect oral immunization of captive vampires, desmodus rotundus.	a vaccinia-rabies glycoprotein recombinant virus (v-rg) vaccine was tested in hematophagous bats (desmodus rotundus) kept in captivity. the vaccine was applied in a neutral vehicle (vaseline) spread on the back of one or two vector bats, which were then reintroduced into their groups. our hypothesis was that, as in the case of vampire bat control by vampiricide paste, the administration of v-rg vaccine through paste to one bat could indirectly protect other bats from the same group. eight groups ...	2005	15896405
status of oral rabies vaccination in wild carnivores in the united states.	persistence of multiple variants of rabies virus in wild chiroptera and carnivora presents a continuing challenge to medical, veterinary and wildlife management professionals. oral rabies vaccination (orv) targeting specific carnivora species has emerged as an integral adjunct to conventional rabies control strategies to protect humans and domestic animals. orv has been applied with progress toward eliminating rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) in western europe and southern ontario, canada. mo ...	2005	15896404
characterization of p gene-deficient rabies virus: propagation, pathogenicity and antigenicity.	the rna polymerase of rabies virus (rv) is a two-protein complex composed of l (a large catalytic component) and p (a non-catalytic phosphoprotein cofactor) proteins. we generated a gene-deficient rv lacking the entire p gene from hep-flury (hep) strain, one of the most attenuated rv strains, by the method of reverse genetics. this p gene-deficient (def-p) virus could replicate and produce progeny viruses with a slightly retarded rate in the cell lines that constitutively express the p protein. ...	2005	15896403
comparative pathogenesis of the sad-l16 strain of rabies virus and a mutant modifying the dynein light chain binding site of the rabies virus phosphoprotein in young mice.	recent reports have suggested that rabies virus phosphoprotein (p) interaction with dynein minus-end-directed microtubule motor proteins may be of fundamental importance in the axonal transport of rabies virus. a deletion of 11 amino acids was introduced into recombinant rabies virus sad-l16 (l16) that modified the dynein light chain (lc8) binding site of the rabies virus p, producing mutant l-deltap11. this mutant is a useful tool for determining the role of p-lc8 interaction in viral spread an ...	2005	15896402
efficacy of rabies biologics against new lyssaviruses from eurasia.	new causative agents of rabies continue to emerge as shown by the recent description of four novel lyssaviruses from bats in eurasia, aravan (arav), khujand (khuv), irkut (irkv), and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv). the effect of rabies vaccination prior to exposure to these new lyssaviruses was investigated in two animal models (i.e., syrian hamsters and ferrets). the hamsters were vaccinated intramuscularly with a commercial human or veterinary vaccine or with an experimental vaccinia-rabies g ...	2005	15896401
molecular epizootiology of rabies associated with terrestrial carnivores in mexico.	epizootiological patterns of rabies are described, using antigenic and genetic analysis of samples obtained from infected domestic and wild mammals in 20 mexican states during 1976-2002. two independent origins are suggested for rabies in mexican carnivores. one group shares ancestry with canine rabies, while the other group appears to share a common origin with bat rabies in north america. more than 12 sublineages were found in rabid dog populations, suggesting at least six major spatio-tempora ...	2005	15896399
fluorometric cell-elisa for quantifying rabies infection and heparin inhibition.	the purpose of the present study was to implement a fluorometric method for detecting and quantifying viral antigens in human meduloblastoma cells infected by two types of fixed rabies virus (cvs-mb and cvs-bhk) and a street virus using a cell-enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (cell-elisa) technique; alkaline phosphatase was used as the antibody-marker enzyme and 4-methyl-umbelliferyl-phosphate as the fluorogenic substrate. the system was used for detecting up to 1:10,000 viral inoculums, follow ...	2005	15893563
replication strategies of rabies virus.	rabies virus (rv) is a prototype neurotropic virus that causes fatal disease in human and animals. rv infects hosts at the periphery, enters motoneurons or sensory nerves and moves to the central nervous system (cns) via retrograde axonal transport. at later stages, there is also centrifugal spread to major exit portals, such as the salivary glands. transmission to other hosts is facilitated by behavioral changes related to the cns infection. successful accomplishment of the rv infectious cycle ...	2005	15885837
studies on antigenic and genomic properties of brazilian rabies virus isolates.	despite the recognized stability of rabies virus, differences among isolates from different species have been found. this work was carried out with the aim to identify antigenic and genomic differences in brazilian rabies virus isolates and to verify whether such alterations would bear any relationship with the different hosts for the virus in nature. for that, 79 brazilian rabies viruses isolated from different host species and from distinct regions within brazil were submitted to antigenic cha ...	2005	15863275
detection of rabies-specific antigens by egg yolk antibody (igy) to the recombinant rabies virus proteins produced in escherichia coli.	we obtained rabies-specific egg yolk antibodies (igy) by immunizing hens with recombinant his-tagged nucleoprotein and phosphoprotein (rn, rp) of the rabies virus (cvs-11 strain) expressed in escherichia coli. the anti-rn and rp igy were shown to bind specifically to the respective proteins of the cvs-11 strain of rabies virus by western blotting, immune fluorescent assay and immunohistochemistry, indicating that igy to rabies recombinant proteins could serve as a reagent for diagnosis of rabies ...	2005	15858294
[detection of antirabic antibodies in personnel at risk through the use of the neutralization technique by reducing the number of plaques].	the neutralization technique by reducing the number of plaques (nrnp) for detecting antirabic antibodies in personnel at risk was used. serum samples from individuals at high risk and from persons with vaccination antecedents and without them were studied. the neutralization technique was compared with the biological technique in mouses and as a result of the study it was obtained a concordance of 100%. it was found that sex does not influence on the response of the antibodies to this virus, alt ...	2003	15849963
terminal dissemination of rabies virus in selected rat tissues.	fifty rats were divided into 3 groups and challenged via the foot pad route with a fixed and 2 different strains of street rabies virus in order to study the dissemination of the virus and the affinity for certain tissues of the rat. the incubation period for rats inoculated with fixed rabies is shorter than with street virus, being 5 to 7 days compared with 10 to 12 days. rats inoculated with the fixed strain were less aggressive and irritable than rats inoculated with street virus. the fixed s ...	1968	15846893
construction of human fab library and isolation of monoclonal fabs with rabies virus-neutralizing ability.	a combinatorial human fab library was constructed using rnas from peripheral blood lymphocytes of 6 rabies vaccine-boosted volunteers using pcomb3x phagemid vector. the size of the constructed library was approximately 7.0 x 10(7) escherichia coli transformants. the library was selected against purified rabies virus (rv) virion or purified rv glycoprotein for isolation of phages displaying rvneutralizing human fab antibody. among 132 selected clones, two fab preparations revealed neutralizing ac ...	2005	15840956
prophylaxis against rabies.		2005	15832456
prophylaxis against rabies.		2005	15832455
evolutionary timescale of rabies virus adaptation to north american bats inferred from the substitution rate of the nucleoprotein gene.	throughout north america, rabies virus (rv) is endemic in bats. distinct rv variants exist that are closely associated with infection of individual host species, such that there is little or no sustained spillover infection away from the primary host. using bayesian methodology, nucleotide substitution rates were estimated from alignments of partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences of nine distinct bat rv variants from north america. substitution rates ranged from 2.32 x 10(-4) to 1.38 x 10(-3) ...	2005	15831959
a single immunization with a rhabdovirus-based vector expressing severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) s protein results in the production of high levels of sars-cov-neutralizing antibodies.	foreign viral proteins expressed by rabies virus (rv) have been shown to induce potent humoral and cellular immune responses in immunized animals. in addition, highly attenuated and, therefore, very safe rv-based vectors have been constructed. here, an rv-based vaccine vehicle was utilized as a novel vaccine against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov). for this approach, the sars-cov nucleocapsid protein (n) or envelope spike protein (s) genes were cloned between the rv glyc ...	2005	15831955
genetic characterization of rabies virus isolates in korea.	in investigation of the genetic characteristics of rabies viruses in korea, the nucleotide and deduced amino acid sequences of the nucleoprotein (n) gene were determined in four korean rabies virus strains obtained from dogs and raccoons, and were compared with published sequences for non-korean rabies viruses. three korean rabies virus isolates had identical nucleotide sequences, and the fourth differed at only one nucleotide position. the korean virus isolates had 84.5-92.0% nucleotide sequenc ...	2005	15830152
prophylaxis against rabies.		2005	15829548
persistence of elevated rabies prevention costs following post-epizootic declines in rates of rabies among raccoons (procyon lotor).	determining the benefits to cost relationships among different approaches to rabies control and prevention has been hindered by the inherent temporal variability in the dynamics of disease among wildlife reservoir hosts and a tangible and objective measure of the cost of rabies prevention. a major and unavoidable component of rabies prevention programs involves diagnostic testing of animals and the subsequent initiation of appropriate public health responses. the unit cost per negative and posit ...	2005	15820116
production of rabies neutralizing antibody in hen's eggs using a part of the g protein expressed in escherichia coli.	in an attempt to produce anti-rabies immunoglobulin affordable for people living in developing countries, we have immunized layer chickens with a part of the g protein of rabies virus expressed in escherichia coli. immunoglobulin (igy) was purified from the yolks of eggs layed by immunized hens. it was revealed in vitro that the antibody specifically bound to virions as well as cells infected with rabies virus. moreover, the antibody apparently neutralized rabies virus infectivity. inoculation o ...	2005	15811649
neuronal dysfunction and death in rabies virus infection.	because morphologic changes in natural rabies are usually relatively mild, it is thought that the severe clinical disease with a fatal outcome must be due to neuronal dysfunction of rabies virus-infected neurons. the precise bases of this functional impairment are unknown, and current knowledge on electro-physiological alterations, effects on ion channels and neurotransmission, and neurotoxicity are reviewed. rabies virus may induce neuronal death, possibly through apoptotic mechanisms. neuronal ...	2005	15804968
pathophysiology of human paralytic rabies.	furious rabies is a well-recognized clinical disorder in humans but the paralytic form is not as easily identified. the mechanisms responsible for the weakness and longer survival periods are not clear. several hypotheses have been proposed, including rabies virus variants associated with a particular vector, location of wounds, incubation period, influence of prior rabies vaccination, and virus localization in the central nervous system (cns). however, none of these have been substantiated. reg ...	2005	15804967
the role of immune responses in the pathogenesis of rabies.	in the absence of treatment, infection with a variety of rabies virus strains most often results in a lethal outcome. this can be averted by prompt immunization following exposure demonstrating that the development of anti-rabies viral immunity prior to extensive infection of neurons is protective. otherwise it might be expected that immune clearance of the virus would result in neurological sequelae. thus, the capacity of a rabies virus to induce a protective immune response is a major, negativ ...	2005	15804966
rabies virus receptors.	there is convincing in vitro evidence that the muscular form of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr), the neuronal cell adhesion molecule (ncam), and the p75 neurotrophin receptor (p75ntr) bind rabies virus and/or facilitate rabies virus entry into cells. other components of the cell membrane, such as gangliosides, may also participate in the entry of rabies virus. however, little is known of the role of these molecules in vivo. this review proposes a speculative model that accounts for ...	2005	15804965
the application of reverse genetics technology in the study of rabies virus (rv) pathogenesis and for the development of novel rv vaccines.	rabies is a central nervous system (cns) disease that is almost invariably fatal. neurotropism, neuroinvasiveness, and transsynaptic spread are the main features that determine the pathogenesis of rabies. recent advances in rabies virus (rv) research, which made direct genetic manipulations of the rv genome possible, greatly improved the understanding of the role of different viral and host cell factors in the pathogenesis of rabies. here the authors discuss molecular mechanisms associated with ...	2005	15804964
novel rabies virus-neutralizing epitope recognized by human monoclonal antibody: fine mapping and escape mutant analysis.	anti-rabies virus immunoglobulin combined with rabies vaccine protects humans from lethal rabies infections. for cost and safety reasons, replacement of the human or equine polyclonal immunoglobulin is advocated, and the use of rabies virus-specific monoclonal antibodies (mabs) is recommended. we produced two previously described potent rabies virus-neutralizing human mabs, cr57 and crjb, in human per.c6 cells. the two mabs competed for binding to rabies virus glycoprotein. using cr57 and a set ...	2005	15795253
[tragic cases of rabies via transplantation: how great is risk of infection for the organ recipient? (interview by dr. thomas meissner)].		2005	15794347
modulation of the immune response in the nervous system by rabies virus.	rabies virus (rabv) is a pathogen well-adapted to the nervous system, where it infects neurons. rabv is transmitted by the bite of an infected animal. it enters the nervous system via a motor neuron through the neuromuscular junction, or via a sensory nerve through nerve spindles. it then travels from one neuron to the next, along the spinal cord to the brain and the salivary glands. the virions are then excreted in the saliva of the animal and can be transmitted to another host by bite. thus pr ...	2005	15791959
archival study of a finnish isolate from the 1988/89 rabies outbreak.	an archival brain sample from an infected dog taken during the 1988/89 rabies outbreak in finland was investigated to confirm that it was infected with classical rabies virus (genotype 1). the first 400 base pairs of the virus nucleoprotein gene were then sequenced and used to undertake a phylogenetic comparison between this isolate and a panel of rabies virus sequences from the baltic region. the finnish dog isolate was identical to a virus isolated from a raccoon-dog also recorded during the 1 ...	2005	15789260
incidence of and risk factors for adverse events associated with distemper and rabies vaccine administration in ferrets.	to determine incidence of and risk factors for adverse events associated with distemper and rabies vaccine administration in ferrets.	2005	15786992
transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients.	in 2004, four recipients of kidneys, a liver, and an arterial segment from a common organ donor died of encephalitis of an unknown cause.	2005	15784663
nucleocytoplasmic shuttling of the rabies virus p protein requires a nuclear localization signal and a crm1-dependent nuclear export signal.	rabies virus p protein is a co-factor of the viral rna polymerase. it has been shown previously that p mrna directs the synthesis of four n-terminally truncated p products p2, p3, p4, and p5 due to translational initiation by a leaky scanning mechanism at internal met codons. whereas p and p2 are located in the cytoplasm, p3, p4, and p5 are found in the nucleus. here, we have analyzed the molecular basis of the subcellular localization of these proteins. using deletion mutants fused to gfp prote ...	2005	15780878
[molecular genetic characterization of rabies virus, isolated in western siberia].	the paper covers a study of four rabies viruses, isolated in 2003 from man, wild foxes, badgers and home cats inhabiting entirely different districts of novosibirsk suburb, and a sample taken from a bat from maslaninsky district. the samples were studied by fluorescent antibody microscopy and a biological test on white mice, rt-pcr-analysis of np-genes and sequencing. the study revealed that related variants of rabies viruses circulated in novosibirsk region, and those formed two groups in genot ...	2005	15776964
[topical problems of rabies: natural foci, the methods of study and control in central russia].	this analytical review is dealing with the origin and evolution of modern rabies as well as hypotheses concerning the natural foci of rabies infection, the formation of the central european nosological area of rabies and its eastward shift due to the systematic oral vaccination of the main hosts. the epizootological problems connected with the character of the natural foci of rabies, as well as the methods and prospects of the vaccination of foxes on the territory of central russia, are discusse ...	2005	15773412
neuronal apoptosis in immunodeficient mice infected with the challenge virus standard strain of rabies virus by intracerebral inoculation.	the challenge virus standard-11 strain (cvs) of fixed rabies virus produces neuronal apoptosis in widespread areas of the brain of mice after intracerebral inoculation. the role of the adaptive immune response in producing neuronal apoptosis in this model was evaluated by comparing the infections in adult c57bl/6j mice with nude mice (t cell deficient) and rag1 mice (t and b cell deficient). both strains of immunodeficient mice showed very similar clinical disease and neuropathological findings, ...	2004	15765812
up-regulation of fas ligand (fasl) in the central nervous system: a mechanism of immune evasion by rabies virus.	following its injection into the hindlimbs of mice, cvs, a highly pathogenic strain of rabies virus, invades the spinal cord and brain resulting in the death of the animal. in contrast, central nervous system (cns) invasion by pv, a strain of attenuated pathogenicity, is restricted to the spinal cord and mice infected with this virus survive. lymphocytes display transient migration into the infected cns in fatal rabies and sustained migration in nonfatal rabies. the transient migration of t cell ...	2004	15765808
mongoose rabies in southern africa: a re-evaluation based on molecular epidemiology.	relative to the developed world, rabies has been poorly studied in the vast african continent. the southern african countries of zimbabwe and south africa, however, are known to sustain a great diversity of lyssaviruses, with large biological variations amongst genotype 1 (rabies viruses) at present more apparent here than elsewhere on the continent. one recognized biotype of rabies virus in the subcontinent appears to be specifically adapted to a variety of mongooses, belonging to the viverrina ...	2005	15763147
antigenic and molecular characterization of rabies virus in argentina.	the nucleoprotein genes of 54 human, domestic and wild animals rabies isolates obtained in argentina between 1995 and 2002 were characterized using monoclonal antibodies and partial gene sequence analysis. the antigenic and genetic diversities of rabies virus in samples from bat and bat-related cases were studied, leading to the identification of five distinct genetic variants. rabies viruses isolated from vampire bat related cases were very similar to each other, showing 98.9% overall similarit ...	2004	15763144
organization of multisynaptic inputs from prefrontal cortex to primary motor cortex as revealed by retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus.	the organization of multisynaptic projections from the prefrontal cortex to the primary motor cortex (mi) was examined in macaque monkeys by retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus. in the first series of experiments, the virus was injected into the mi forelimb region, and the time-dependent distribution patterns of transsynaptic labeling were analyzed in the frontal lobe with various survivals (2-4 d). two days after the viral injection, neuronal labeling emerged in the caudal aspect ...	2005	15758164
rabies control in south and southeast asia.	we have the knowledge and tools to eliminate the threat of canine rabies but this disease, nevertheless, remains a public health threat in many parts of the world. lack of motivation by governments, cultural issues and inadequate funding remain barriers. this is amazing since the number of human rabies deaths worldwide is greater than that from polio, meningococcal meningitis, japanese encephalitis, yellow fever, sars, bird flue and other scourges that attract more attention. safe and effective ...	2005	15755612
bat incidents at children's camps, new york state, 1998-2002.	from 1998 to 2002, a total of 299 bat incidents were reported at 109 children's camps in new york; 1,429 campers and staff were involved, and 461 persons received rabies treatment. in 53.8% of the incidents, the bat was captured and samples tested negative for rabies virus, which resulted in 61.3% of persons not receiving rabies treatment.	2005	15752451
survey for bat lyssaviruses, thailand.	surveillance for lyssaviruses was conducted among bat populations in 8 provinces in thailand. in 2002 and 2003, a total of 932 bats of 11 species were captured and released after serum collection. lyssavirus infection was determined by conducting virus neutralization assays on bat serum samples. of collected samples, 538 were either hemolysed or insufficient in volume, which left 394 suitable for analysis. these samples included the following: pteropus lylei (n = 335), eonycteris spelaea (n = 45 ...	2005	15752440
novel flavivirus or new lineage of west nile virus, central europe.	a flavivirus (strain 97-103) was isolated from culex pipens mosquitoes in 1997 following floods in south moravia, czech republic. the strain exhibited close antigenic relationship to west nile virus (wnv) prototype strain eg-101 in a cross-neutralization test. in this study, mouse pathogenicity characteristics and the complete nucleotide and putative amino acid sequences of isolate 97-103, named rabensburg virus (rabv) after a nearby austrian city, were determined. rabv shares only 75%-77% nucle ...	2005	15752439
elimination of terrestrial rabies in western european countries.	since the late 1930s, the red fox (vulpes vulpes) has been the main vector of rabies in europe. practically, decimation of fox population did not prevent the spread of the disease. the only efficient method to control wildlife rabies consisted in using oral vaccination by depositing vaccine baits containing a capsule or a plastic sachet filled with an attenuated anti-rabies liquid vaccine throughout fox habitats. several live virus vaccines have been and are currently being used: the sad b19 and ...	2004	15747421
[rabies and other lyssaviruses].	since rabies has not been reported in japan for nearly the past 50 years, it has been relegated to the status of a forgotten infectious disease in this country. however,in the neighboring asian countries, africa, america, the number fo rabies cases had not decrease but on the contrary, seen an increasing trend. in russia and the former soviet union countries (cis countries), the number of information. between 30,000 approximately 20,000 fatal cases of rabies in both humans and animals had been r ...	2004	15745159
oral vaccination of wildlife against rabies: opportunities and challenges in prevention and control.	rabies is an acute, progressive, fatal encephalitis caused by viruses in the family rhabdoviridae, genus lyssavirus. rabies virus is the representative member of the group. warm-blooded vertebrates are susceptible to experimental infection, but major primary hosts for disease perpetuation encompass bats and mammalian carnivores. the dog is the global reservoir, and important wild carnivores include foxes, raccoons, skunks, and mongoose, among others. traditionally, reliance upon long-term, wides ...	2004	15742629
a novel rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test for rabies virus using a recombinant rabies virus visualizing a green fluorescent protein.	virus-neutralizing antibodies (vnas) against rabies virus play a major role in protection from rabies. the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit) has been internationally recognized as a standard in vitro test for measuring the vna. cvs strain of rabies virus is used as challenge virus and the infected cells are indirectly detected by staining with fluorescein isothiocyanate (fitc)-conjugated rabies antibody which is expensive and high-quality products are often in short supply. in this ...	2005	15737414
predictive spatial dynamics and strategic planning for raccoon rabies emergence in ohio.	rabies is an important public health concern in north america because of recent epidemics of a rabies virus variant associated with raccoons. the costs associated with surveillance, diagnostic testing, and post-exposure treatment of humans exposed to rabies have fostered coordinated efforts to control rabies spread by distributing an oral rabies vaccine to wild raccoons. authorities have tried to contain westward expansion of the epidemic front of raccoon-associated rabies via a vaccine corridor ...	2005	15737065
fox rabies in india.		2005	15712087
immunogenicity of purified vero cell rabies vaccine used in the treatment of fox-bite victims in india.	purified vero cell rabies vaccine was used to treat 19 patients who experienced fox bite. seventeen patients survived, and 2 patients died of rabies. maximum antibody titers determined using a rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test were 25 iu, < or =90 days after the first vaccination and were 30 iu on day 1050 after booster vaccination.	2005	15712086
rabies and rabies-related viruses: a modern perspective on an ancient disease.	rabies is a worldwide zoonosis caused by a lyssavirus, with many host species acting as reservoirs for infection. the epidemiology of rabies has changed over recent years, as this disease has been brought under control or eliminated in many terrestrial animal species in europe and north america. a large number of lyssavirus variants have now been characterised, and their distribution and animal hosts have become known. however, new lyssaviruses have been isolated from bats, prompting scientists ...	2004	15702724
spatial dynamics and molecular ecology of north american rabies.	rabies, caused by a single-stranded rna virus, is arguably the most important viral zoonotic disease worldwide. although endemic throughout many regions for millennia, rabies is also undergoing epidemic expansion, often quite rapid, among wildlife populations across regions of europe and north america. a current rabies epizootic in north america is largely attributable to the accidental introduction of a particularly well-adapted virus variant into a naive raccoon population along the virginia/w ...	2005	15677743
n-glycosylation at one rabies virus glycoprotein sequon influences n-glycan processing at a distant sequon on the same molecule.	rabies glycoprotein (rgp(wt)) contains n-glycosylation sequons at asn(37), asn(247), and asn(319), although asn(37) is not efficiently glycosylated. to examine n-glycan processing at asn(247) and asn(319), full-length glycosylation mutants, rgp(-2-) and rgp(--3), were expressed, and endo h sensitivity was compared. when the asn(247) sequon is present alone in rgp(-2-), 90% of its n-glycans are high-mannose type, whereas only 35% of the n-glycans at asn(319) in rgp(--3) are high-mannose. when bot ...	2005	15677380
the heminested rt-pcr for the study of rabies virus pathogenesis.	the aim of the present trial was to evaluate the heminested rt-pcr for the study of rabies virus distribution in mice inoculated experimentally. inoculation was by the intramuscular route in 150 mice, using the dog street rabies virus. groups of five animals were killed at different times. fragments of different organs were collected and the material was tested by fluorescent antibody test (fat) and heminested rt-pcr (hn rt-pcr). positive results were obtained beginning on the 10th day after ino ...	2004	15664054
rabies in endangered ethiopian wolves.	with rabies emerging as a particular threat to wild canids, we report on a rabies outbreak in a subpopulation of endangered ethiopian wolves in the bale mountains, ethiopia, in 2003 and 2004. parenteral vaccination of wolves was used to manage the outbreak.	2004	15663865
reconstituted, refrigerated and stored tissue culture rabies vaccines retain immunogenicity for longer than 1 week.		2005	15661378
[biological characteristics of the adapted rabies virus 3ag-v in vero cell].	to study the biological features of the adapted rabies virus 3ag-v in vero cell.	2004	15650786
serologic evidence of nonfatal rabies exposure in a free-ranging oncilla (leopardus tigrinus) in cotapata national park, bolivia.	a clinically healthy free-ranging oncilla (leopardus tigrinus) was live-trapped in boliva in 2000. based on serology, we concluded that this animal was exposed to feline panleukopenia virus, toxoplasma gondii, and rabies virus. the rabies virus-neutralizing antibody titer (>70 iu/ml) in this oncilla was unusual for an asymptomatic animal exposed to street virus and at a level expected in animals exposed to a large amount of virus, clinically affected, or vaccinated. based on a subsequent 18 mo o ...	2004	15650107
molecular epidemiology of terrestrial rabies in the former soviet union.	fifty-five rabies virus isolates originating from different regions of the former soviet union (fsu) were compared with isolates originating from eurasia, africa, and north america according to complete or partial nucleoprotein (n) gene sequences. the fsu isolates formed five distinct groups. group a represented viruses originating from the arctic, which were similar to viruses from alaska and canada. group b consisted of "arctic-like" viruses, originating from the south of east siberia and the ...	2004	15650080
rabies surveillance in the united states during 2003.	during 2003, 49 states and puerto rico reported 7,170 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings to the cdc. this represents a 10% decrease from the 7,967 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2002. more than 91 (n = 6,556) were in wild animals, and 8.6% (614) were in domestic species (compared with 92.5% in wild animals and 74% in domestic species in 2002). the relative contributions of the major groups of animals were as follows: 2,635 raccoons ...	2004	15643834
epidemiology of rabid bats in france, 1989 to 2002.		2004	15638002
[the survey of 21 cases of human rabies in anlong county in guizhou province].	to analyze 21 cases of rabies from february 8 to may 1 in 2004 in anlong county in guizhou province, and to explore the possible factors causing the epidemics.	2004	15631744
rabies post-exposure prophylaxis in malnourished children exposed to suspect rabid animals.	over half of the world's malnourished children live in asia where more than 90% of reported human rabies deaths occur. in order to determine the effect of malnutrition on the immune response to rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep), 45 children with moderate to severe protein energy malnutrition (pem) who were exposed to potentially rabid animals were enrolled in a clinical trial. patients received purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv) on days 0, 3, 7, 14 and 30. blood was drawn on ...	2005	15629352
[rabies].		2004	15624476
[cloning and sequencing of nucleoprotein gene of chinese rabies virus vaccine strain (5ag)].	rabies virus 5ag strain (5agrv) is used to produce primary hamster kidney tissue culture vaccine against rabies in china. nucleoprotein (np), an important constituent of rabies virus, can intrigue th cell and induce b cell to produce antibody. in order to study the molecular and biological characteristics of 5ag np, we have cloned and sequenced the nucleoprotein gene. first, total rna was extracted from infected mouse brain by guanidine isothiocyanate one-step method, then the first strand cdna ...	1997	15619894
detection and characterization of rabies virus in southern brazil by pcr amplification and sequencing of the nucleoprotein gene.	due to the medical and socio-economical importance of both human and animal rabies infection, several studies have suggested the use of molecular techniques such as rt-pcr and dna sequencing for diagnosis and phylogenetic studies of the rabies virus. considering the conservancy of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of the virus, we herein describe a rt-pcr assay for rabies diagnosis and characterization. a total of 75 samples obtained from a variety of animal species in the state of santa catarina (sc), ...	2004	15614435
efficacy of oral vaccination in the final stage of fox rabies elimination in switzerland.	subsequent to rabies vaccination campaigns, two well-established methods for the determination of the proportion of vaccinated foxes--the detection of tetracycline (tc) in bones and the detection of virus neutralizing antibodies (vna) in thoracic fluids--were used and compared. special emphasis was given to the effect of a new method of bait distribution at the den, which is primarily targeted at young foxes. the overall proportion of vaccinated animals estimated by tc was 60% as compared to 50% ...	2004	15606866
[human rabies in france in 2004: update and management].	twenty people died of rabies in france between 1970 and 2003 (compared to 55,000 yearly worldwide), 80% on returning from africa. dogs were the contaminating animals in 90% of the cases and children were the most common victims. the last instance of rabies in a native french animal was reported in 1998. however the illegal importation of animals still poses a risk. the disease is transmitted by saliva, even before the appearance of clinical symptoms, through a bite, scratch, or licks of mucous m ...	2004	15603930
clinical practice. prophylaxis against rabies.		2004	15602023
lentivector-mediated smn replacement in a mouse model of spinal muscular atrophy.	spinal muscular atrophy (sma) is a frequent recessive autosomal disorder. it is caused by mutations or deletion of the telomeric copy of the survival motor neuron (smn) gene, leading to depletion in smn protein levels. the treatment rationale for sma is to halt or delay the degeneration of motor neurons, but to date there are no effective drug treatments for this disease. we have previously demonstrated that pseudotyping of the nonprimate equine infectious anemia virus (using the lentivector gen ...	2004	15599397
[the antiviral activity of rnase bacillus intermedius in experiments with mice preinfected with street rabies virus].	rnase bacillus intermedius, when administered once and according to 11 repeated experiments, protected the preliminarily infected cba mice with street rabies virus (protection of 40-67%; p < 0.01-0.001). a reliable protection of animals was registered only when rnase was administered intramuscularly at the virus introduction spot; it was not effective, when the bacterial rnase was injected in the brain, vein, under the skin or in muscles of a non-infected extremity. neither did it produce any su ...	2004	15597960
strong cellular and humoral anti-hiv env immune responses induced by a heterologous rhabdoviral prime-boost approach.	recombinant rhabdovirus vectors expressing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and/or simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) proteins have been shown to induce strong immune responses in mice and rhesus macaques. however, the finding that such responses protect rhesus macaques from aids-like disease but not from infection indicates that further improvements for these vectors are needed. here, we designed a prime-boost schedule consisting of a rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain and a recombinant vesicu ...	2005	15582655
viral diagnosis by antigen detection techniques.	diagnosis of viral infections can be obtained in the early stages of a disease by detection of viral antigens directly in the clinical specimen. this has become an important tool for rapid virus diagnosis.	1996	15566866
immunogenicity study of glycoprotein-deficient rabies virus expressing simian/human immunodeficiency virus shiv89.6p envelope in a rhesus macaque.	rabies virus (rv) has recently been developed as a novel vaccine candidate for human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1). the rv glycoprotein (g) can be functionally replaced by hiv-1 envelope glycoprotein (env) if the gp160 cytoplasmic domain (cd) of hiv-1 env is replaced by that of rv g. here, we describe a pilot study of the in vivo replication and immunogenicity of an rv with a deletion of g (deltag) expressing a simian/human immunodeficiency virus shiv(89.6p) env ectodomain and transmembr ...	2004	15564456
acute toxoplasmosis in three wild arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) from svalbard; one with co-infections of salmonella enteritidis pt1 and yersinia pseudotuberculosis serotype 2b.	acute disseminated toxoplasmosis was diagnosed in three wild arctic foxes (alopex lagopus) that were found dead in the same locality on svalbard (norway). the animals included one adult female and two 4-months-old pups. the adult fox was severely jaundiced. necropsy revealed multifocal, acute, necrotizing hepatitis, acute interstitial pneumonia, and scattered foci of brain gliosis, often associated with toxoplasma tachyzoites. one pup also had toxoplasma-associated meningitis. in addition, the l ...	2005	15563924
clinical laboratory advances in the detection of rabies virus.	rabies is one of the most feared zoonotic diseases in the world. all warm-blooded animals are susceptible to infection by the virus, but the main vectors of human infection are dogs and cats. development of rabies can be prevented by postexposure vaccination, and with a few exceptions, the exact time and source of human infection is usually known. however, the effective use of postexposure vaccination depends on the rapid and accurate detection of rabies virus in specimens obtained from the sour ...	2005	15563871
detection of rabies viral antigens in non-autolysed and autolysed tissues by using an immunoperoxidase technique.	the objectives of this study were to determine the potential of an immunoperoxidase technique involving the avidin-biotin complex (abc) stain for the diagnosis of rabies in fresh tissues and compare it with other standard methods, including the fluorescent antibody test (fat), haematoxylin and eosin and seller's stain, and to investigate its capacity to detect rabies antigen in autolysed tissues. samples of non-autolysed brain from 81 domestic and wild animals suspected of having rabies were exa ...	2004	15559421
further studies on the hyperphosphorylated form (p40) of the rabies virus nominal phosphoprotein (p).	we investigated possible mechanisms involved in production of a hyperphosphorylated form (p40) of rabies virus p protein, to which two dimensional (2-d) gel electrophoresis was applied. the p gene products produced in escherichia coli cells could be detected as a single spot of unphosphorylated 37-kda form (termed as p37-0) in a 2-d gel. the 37-kda proteins in the virus-infected cells are composed of some phosphorylated forms, including a major p37-1 and more phosphorylated minor forms (e.g., p3 ...	2004	15557744
studies on the conditions required for structural and functional maturation of rabies virus glycoprotein (g) in g cdna-transfected cells.	when the rabies virus g cdna was expressed with the help of t7 rna polymerase provided by a recombinant vaccinia virus (rvv-t7), functional g proteins were produced in terms of their ability to induce low ph-dependent syncytium formation and the formation of conformational epitopes, including the acid-sensitive epitope recognized by mab #1-30-44. such an ability and the 1-30-44 epitope formation, however, were not associated with the g gene products when g cdna was expressed without the help of ...	2004	15557743
interactions amongst rabies virus nucleoprotein, phosphoprotein and genomic rna in virus-infected and transfected cells.	previous in vitro studies have indicated that rabies virus (rv) phosphoprotein (p), by interacting with the nucleoprotein (n), confers the specificity of genomic rna encapsidation by n. in this study, interactions amongst n, p and the genomic rna in virus-infected as well as in transfected cells were studied. the results showed that when n was expressed alone, it bound non-specific rna, particularly the n mrna. when n and p were co-expressed, they formed n-p complexes that did not bind to non-sp ...	2004	15557246
update: investigation of rabies infections in organ donor and transplant recipients--alabama, arkansas, oklahoma, and texas, 2004.		2004	15554331
[type 3 virus neuropathological findings in two human rabies cases in bajo baudó, chocó].		2004	15551875
rabies neutralizing antibody detection by indirect immunperoxidase serum neutralization assay performed on chicken embryo related cell line.	the aim of this study was to evaluate the indirect immunoperoxidase virus neutralization (ipvn) and mouse neutralization test (mnt) to detect antibodies against rabies virus from vaccinated dogs and cattle. the ipvn was set up for the ability to measure 0.5 international units/ml (iu) of antibody required by the world health organization and the office international des epizooties as the minimum response for proof of rabies immunization. ipvn was developed and standardized in chicken embryo rela ...	2004	15543419
safety and immunogenicity of a new chromatographically purified rabies vaccine in comparison to the human diploid cell vaccine.	although human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) has been available for over two decades and has a proven record of efficacy, it is very expensive to produce and can only be made in small quantities.	2004	15541220
tracing the regional source of rabies infection in an israeli dog by viral analysis.		2004	15537147
in vitro growth and stability of recombinant rabies viruses designed for vaccination of wildlife.	three live rabies virus (rv) recombinant vaccine candidates, spbnga, spbnga-cyto c (+), and spbnga-ga, were examined for their production levels and stability. maximum production levels up to 10(10) infectious particles/ml were achieved using bioreactor technology. all virus lots exhibited thermostability profiles typical for rv vaccines and were non-pathogenic for intracranially inoculated immunocompetent mice. moreover, sequence analysis indicated high genetic stability in all three rvs during ...	2004	15530701
vero-cell rabies vaccine produced using serum-free medium.	a new rabies vaccine was developed from vero cells adhered to microcarriers, cultivated in a bioreactor in serum-free medium and infected with the pv/vero-paris rabies virus strain. the viral suspensions were concentrated by tangential filtration, purified by chromatography and inactivated with beta-propiolactone. in immunogenicity studies performed in mice immunized with three doses of the new vaccine (seven batches) and the commercial verorab and hdcv, mean titers of neutralizing antibodies of ...	2004	15530700
genetic characterization of rabies viruses isolated from frugivorous bat (artibeus spp.) in brazil.	in latin america, rabies cases related to frugivorous bats have been reported since 1930's. recently, two viruses isolated from artibeus lituratus were proved to be vampire bat variants by monoclonal antibodies panels [2], but their genetic information is not well known. in this report, four rabies viruses were isolated from frugivorous bats (artibeus spp.) in brazil and their nucleoprotein gene sequences were determined. these isolates were found to be genotype 1 of lyssavirus and showed the ma ...	2004	15528863
rabies in red foxes (vulpes vulpes) experimentally infected with european bat lyssavirus type 1.	the susceptibility of red foxes (vulpes vulpes) to european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) infection was examined. eight foxes were inoculated intramuscularly (i.m.) with 10(4.9) foci-forming units (ffu) (n = 4) and 10(5.1) ffu (n = 4) and observed for up to 90 days. all foxes showed manifestations of a neurologic disorder (e.g. seizures, myoclonus, agitation), starting as early as 5 days post-infection (p.i.). subsequently, all animals showed improvement followed by one or more relapses. one fo ...	2004	15525359
identification of viral genomic elements responsible for rabies virus neuroinvasiveness.	attenuated tissue culture-adapted and natural street rabies virus (rv) strains differ greatly in their neuroinvasiveness. to identify the elements responsible for the ability of an rv to enter the cns from a peripheral site and to cause lethal neurological disease, we constructed a full-length cdna clone of silver-haired bat-associated rv (shbrv) strain 18 and exchanged the genes encoding rv proteins and genomic sequences of this highly neuroinvasive rv strain with those of a highly attenuated n ...	2004	15520387
[phylogenetic analysis of two rabies viruses, takamen and komatsugawa strains isolated in japan in the 1940's].	the entire coding region of the nucleoprotein (n) gene of takamen and komatsugawa strains of rabies virus isolated in japan in 1940's were determined. phylogenetic analysis was performed on 140 lyssaviruses (128 viruses of genotype 1 and 12 lyssaviruses of other genotypes) isolated in various parts of the world, including the two japanese rabies strains, based on the sequences of 1,350 nucleotides of the n gene. the rabies viruses were divided into 12 distinct clusters at least, reflecting geogr ...	2004	15508715
tracking fluorescence-labeled rabies virus: enhanced green fluorescent protein-tagged phosphoprotein p supports virus gene expression and formation of infectious particles.	rhabdoviruses such as rabies virus (rv) encode only five multifunctional proteins accomplishing viral gene expression and virus formation. the viral phosphoprotein, p, is a structural component of the viral ribonucleoprotein (rnp) complex and an essential cofactor for the viral rna-dependent rna polymerase. we show here that rv p fused to enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp) can substitute for p throughout the viral life cycle, allowing fluorescence labeling and tracking of rv rnps under li ...	2004	15507620