Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| viral complement regulators: the expert mimicking swindlers. | the complement system is a principal bastion of innate immunity designed to combat a myriad of existing as well as newly emerging pathogens. since viruses are obligatory intracellular parasites, they are continuously exposed to host complement assault and, therefore, have imbibed various strategies to subvert it. one of them is molecular mimicry of the host complement regulators. large dna viruses such as pox and herpesviruses encode proteins that are structurally and functionally similar to hum ... | 2007 | 18341208 |
| virus related to smallpox may help fight cancer. | 2008 | 18330337 | |
| oncolytic virotherapy: molecular targets in tumor-selective replication and carrier cell-mediated delivery of oncolytic viruses. | tremendous advances have been made in developing oncolytic viruses (ovs) in the last few years. by taking advantage of current knowledge in cancer biology and virology, specific ovs have been genetically engineered to target specific molecules or signal transduction pathways in cancer cells in order to achieve efficient and selective replication. the viral infection and amplification eventually induce cancer cells into cell death pathways and elicit host antitumor immune responses to further hel ... | 2008 | 18328829 |
| the efficacy of dna vaccination is enhanced in mice by targeting the encoded protein to dendritic cells. | dna vaccines promote an immune response by providing antigen-encoding dna to the recipient, but the efficacy of such vaccines needs improving. many approaches have considerable potential but currently induce relatively weak immune responses despite multiple high doses of dna vaccine. here, we asked whether targeting vaccine antigens to dcs would increase the immunity and protection that result from dna vaccines. to determine this, we generated a dna vaccine encoding a fusion protein comprised of ... | 2008 | 18324335 |
| crystallization and preliminary x-ray diffraction analysis of vaccinia virus h1l phosphatase. | the cysteine-based protein phosphatase h1l was the first reported dual-specificity protein phosphatase. h1l is encapsidated within the vaccinia virus and is required for successful host infection and for the production of viable vaccinia progeny. h1l has therefore been proposed as a target candidate for antiviral compounds. recombinant h1l has been expressed in a catalytically inactive form using an escherichia coli host, leading to purification and crystallization by the microbatch method. the ... | 2008 | 18323605 |
| [screening and application of enhancer-like sequences from vaccinia virus]. | to screen enhancer-like sequences from vaccinia virus genome, to construct an expression vector harboring prokaryotic enhancer-like sequence and study the effect of interferon gene expression. | 2007 | 18322583 |
| vaccinia virus lacking the deoxyuridine triphosphatase gene (f2l) replicates well in vitro and in vivo, but is hypersensitive to the antiviral drug (n)-methanocarbathymidine. | the vaccinia virus (vv) f2l gene encodes a functional deoxyuridine triphosphatase (dutpase) that catalyzes the conversion of dutp to dump and is thought to minimize the incorporation of deoxyuridine residues into the viral genome. previous studies with with a complex, multigene deletion in this virus suggested that the gene was not required for viral replication, but the impact of deleting this gene alone has not been determined in vitro or in vivo. although the crystal structure for this enzyme ... | 2008 | 18321387 |
| [immunogenic properties of recombinant vaccinia virus containing the human il-2 gene]. | a genetic construct of the human interleukin-2 (il-2) gene within vaccinia virus (l-ivp strain) has been designed. the authors show the capacity of cv-1 cells infected with the recombinant vaccinia virus vv-sil2 to secrete human il-2 into the culture medium. human il-2 has been detected by immunoblotting. the sera from the animals immunized with the recombinant virus vv-sil2 exhibited both human il-2 and its antibodies throughout the observation period. this recombinant virus immunization induce ... | 2008 | 18318132 |
| the human spleen is a major reservoir for long-lived vaccinia virus-specific memory b cells. | the fact that you can vaccinate a child at 5 years of age and find lymphoid b cells and antibodies specific for this vaccination 70 years later remains an immunologic enigma. it has never been determined how these long-lived memory b cells are maintained and whether they are protected by storage in a special niche. we report that, whereas blood and spleen compartments present similar frequencies of igg(+) cells, antismallpox memory b cells are specifically enriched in the spleen where they accou ... | 2008 | 18316630 |
| marker rescue mapping of the combined condit/dales collection of temperature-sensitive vaccinia virus mutants. | complementation analysis of the combined condit/dales collection of vaccinia virus temperature-sensitive mutants has been reported (lackner, c.a., d'costa, s.m., buck, c., condit, r.c., 2003. complementation analysis of the dales collection of vaccinia virus temperature-sensitive mutants. virology 305, 240-259), however not all complementation groups have previously been assigned to single genes on the viral genome. we have used marker rescue to map at least one representative of each complement ... | 2008 | 18314155 |
| the magnitude of the cd8+ t cell response produced by recombinant virus vectors is a function of both the antigen and the vector. | virus-based recombinant vaccines have proven highly effective at generating protective cd8+ t cell responses. multiple vector platforms are available, however, little is known about the relative influence of the different vectors on the transgene-specific cd8+ t cell population. to address this question, we compared several characteristics of the cd8+ t cell response elicited by recombinant adenovirus (rad) and vaccinia virus (rvv). we found that following rad immunization the transgene-specific ... | 2008 | 18313652 |
| partially circumventing peripheral tolerance for oncogene-specific prostate cancer immunotherapy. | failure of cancer immunotherapy is essentially due to immunological tolerance to tumor-associated antigens (taas), as these antigens are also expressed in healthy tissues. | 2008 | 18302222 |
| tlr ligands and antigen need to be coencapsulated into the same biodegradable microsphere for the generation of potent cytotoxic t lymphocyte responses. | dendritic cells phagocytose pathogens leading to maturation and cross-presentation on mhc class i. we found that the efficiency of cross-priming in mice after vaccination with biodegradable poly(d,l-lactide-co-glycolide) microspheres (mss) was enhanced when ovalbumin was coencapsulated together with either a cpg oligonucleotide or polyi:c as compared to co-inoculation of ovalbumin-bearing ms with soluble or separately encapsulated adjuvants. a single immunization with ms containing coencaspsulat ... | 2008 | 18295941 |
| phenotypic analysis of a temperature sensitive mutant in the large subunit of the vaccinia virus mrna capping enzyme. | the heterodimeric vaccinia virus mrna capping enzyme is a multifunctional enzyme, encoded by genes d1r and d12l. published biochemical experiments demonstrate that, in addition to mrna capping, the enzyme is involved in early viral gene transcription termination and intermediate viral gene transcription initiation. this paper presents the phenotypic characterization of dts36, a temperature sensitive mutant in the large subunit of the mrna capping enzyme (g705d), encoded by gene d1r. at the non-p ... | 2008 | 18295814 |
| lps reduces hiv-1 replication in primary human macrophages partly through an endogenous production of type i interferons. | it has been proposed that the systemic immune activation state seen in hiv-1-infected patients is caused by circulating microbial products such as lipopolysaccharide (lps). given that macrophages play a key role in hiv-1 pathogenesis, we investigated the lps-mediated effect on hiv-1 replication in cells of the myeloid lineage. we demonstrate that lps promotes virus gene expression in a monocytic cell line while it diminishes virus production in primary human monocyte-derived macrophages (mdm). t ... | 2008 | 18295544 |
| estimation of low frequency antigen-presenting cells with a novel relispot assay. | adequate presentation of self and foreign antigens is a key factor for efficient t-cell immunosurveillance against pathogens and tumors. cells presenting foreign antigens usually comprise a rare population and are difficult to detect even at the peak of infection. here we demonstrate a cd8(+) t-cell-based approach that allows detection of specific antigen-presenting cells (apc) at a frequency of less than 0.0005%. when t cells are in excess, they form rosettes with rare apcs, which appear as sin ... | 2008 | 18294650 |
| proliferative expansion and acquisition of effector activity by memory cd4+ t cells in the lungs following pulmonary virus infection. | the memory cd4+ t cell response to the respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) attachment (g) protein in the lungs of primed balb/c mice undergoing challenge pulmonary rsv infection is dominated by effector t cells expressing a single vbeta-chain, vbeta14. we have used vbeta14 expression to examine the kinetics of the activation, accumulation, and acquisition of the effector activity of memory cd4+ t cells responding to pulmonary infection. this analysis revealed that proliferative expansion and effec ... | 2008 | 18292518 |
| protective efficacy of several vaccines against highly pathogenic h5n1 avian influenza virus under experimental conditions. | although several vaccines have been developed to protect against highly pathogenic avian influenza of subtype h5n1 'asia' their efficiency has primarily been assessed individually. thus, a direct comparison of their performance is still lacking. the following study was conducted to compare the protective efficacy of three commercially available inactivated vaccines based on influenza virus strains of subtypes h5n2 (vaccine a), h5n9 (vaccine b), and h5n3 (vaccine c), as well as two hemagglutinin ... | 2008 | 18291561 |
| cell surface expression of the vaccinia virus complement control protein is mediated by interaction with the viral a56 protein and protects infected cells from complement attack. | the vaccinia virus (vacv) complement control protein (vcp) is the major protein secreted from vacv-infected cells. it has been reported that vcp binds to the surfaces of uninfected cells by interacting with heparan sulfate proteoglycans (hspgs). in this study, we show that vcp is also expressed on the surfaces of infected cells and demonstrate that surface localization occurs independently of hspgs. since vcp does not contain a transmembrane domain, we hypothesized that vcp interacts with a memb ... | 2008 | 18287241 |
| vaccinia virus e2l null mutants exhibit a major reduction in extracellular virion formation and virus spread. | the vaccinia virus e2l (vacwr058) gene is conserved in all sequenced chordopoxviruses and is predicted to encode an 86-kda protein with no recognizable functional motifs or nonpoxvirus homologs. although the region immediately upstream of the open reading frame lacked optimal consensus promoter motifs, expression of the e2 protein occurred after viral dna replication. transfection studies, however, indicated that the promoter was weak compared to well-characterized intermediate and late promoter ... | 2008 | 18287229 |
| intradermal nkt cell activation during dna priming in heterologous prime-boost vaccination enhances t cell responses and protection against leishmania. | heterologous prime-boost vaccination employing dna-vaccinia virus (vacv) modality using the leishmania homologue of receptors for activated c kinase (lack) (p36) antigen has been shown to elicit protective immunity against both murine cutaneous and visceral leishmaniasis. however, dna priming is known to have limited efficacy; therefore in the current study the effect of nkt cell activation using alpha-galactosyl-ceramide (alphagalcer) during intradermal dnap36 priming was examined. vaccinated m ... | 2008 | 18286565 |
| recombination-mediated genetic engineering of a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva). | the production, manipulation and rescue of a bacterial artificial chromosome clone of vaccinia virus (vac-bac) in order to expedite construction of expression vectors and mutagenesis of the genome has been described (domi & moss, 2002, pnas99 12415-20). the genomic bac clone was 'rescued' back to infectious virus using a fowlpox virus helper to supply transcriptional machinery. we apply here a similar approach to the attenuated strain modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva), now widely used as a sa ... | 2008 | 18286194 |
| dermatological lesions near the smallpox vaccination site after scab detachment. | lesions arising after scab detachment at the smallpox vaccination site have been described in the medical literature. we investigated reports of postscab lesions among us civilian volunteers vaccinated against smallpox from january through august 2003. we conducted enhanced surveillance, using a standard questionnaire, for reports of skin lesions appearing at or near the smallpox vaccination site after scab detachment. we identified 21 reports; 19 of the case patients responded to our questionna ... | 2008 | 18284363 |
| new generation smallpox vaccines: a review of preclinical and clinical data. | the recognition that smallpox is a potential threat agent of bioterrorism has engendered renewed interest in the development of improved vaccines against this pathogen. the purpose of this paper is to review current data regarding novel approaches to smallpox vaccines in comparison with traditional vaccine strategies. the method used is a literature search using overlapping search terms and citations from the relevant, published literature. substantial animal and limited human data suggest that ... | 2008 | 18283712 |
| a conserved poxvirus nlpc/p60 superfamily protein contributes to vaccinia virus virulence in mice but not to replication in cell culture. | of the vaccinia virus genes that are conserved in all sequenced poxviruses, each one except for vacwr084 (g6r) has been at least partially characterized. the poxvirus protein encoded by g6r belongs to the nlpc/p60 superfamily, which consists of proteins with a papain-like fold and known or predicted protease, amidase or acyltransferase activity. the g6 protein was synthesized late in infection and localized to the interior of virions, primarily between the membrane and core. unlike other conserv ... | 2008 | 18281072 |
| smallpox virus resequencing genechips can also rapidly ascertain species status for some zoonotic non-variola orthopoxviruses. | we recently developed a set of seven resequencing genechips for the rapid sequencing of variola virus strains in the who repository of the centers for disease control and prevention. in this study, we attempted to hybridize these genechips with some known non-variola orthopoxvirus isolates, including monkeypox, cowpox, and vaccinia viruses, for rapid detection. | 2008 | 18272713 |
| kinetics of recombinant adenovirus type 5, vaccinia virus, modified vaccinia ankara virus, and dna antigen expression in vivo and the induction of memory t-lymphocyte responses. | while a new generation of vaccine vectors has been developed for eliciting cellular immune responses, little is known about the optimal routes for their administration or about the ramifications of the kinetics of in vivo vaccine antigen expression for immunogenicity. we evaluated the kinetics of vaccine antigen expression by real-time in vivo photon imaging and showed dramatic differences in these kinetics using different vectors and different routes of administration. further, using a gamma in ... | 2008 | 18272665 |
| inhibition of ikappab kinase by vaccinia virus virulence factor b14. | the ikappab kinase (ikk) complex is a key regulator of signal transduction pathways leading to the induction of nf-kappab-dependent gene expression and production of pro-inflammatory cytokines. it therefore represents a major target for the development of anti-inflammatory therapeutic drugs and may be targeted by pathogens seeking to diminish the host response to infection. previously, the vaccinia virus (vacv) strain western reserve b14 protein was characterised as an intracellular virulence fa ... | 2008 | 18266467 |
| overview of the vaccinia virus expression system. | the vaccinia virus expression system differs from others in that transcription occurs in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells rather than in the nucleus. as a vector, vaccinia virus has a number of useful characteristics, including a capacity that permits cloning large fragments of foreign dna (20+ kbp) with retention of infectivity, a wide host range, a relatively high level of protein synthesis, and "appropriate" transport, secretion, processing, and posttranslational modifications as dictated by ... | 2002 | 18265301 |
| gene expression using the vaccinia virus/t7 rna polymerase hybrid system. | this unit describes a transient cytoplasmic expression system that relies on the synthesis of the bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase in the cytoplasm of mammalian cells. a gene of interest is inserted into a plasmid such that it comes under the control of the t7 rna polymerase promoter (p(t7)). using liposome-mediated transfection, this recombinant plasmid is introduced into the cytoplasm of cells infected with vtf7-3, a recombinant vaccinia virus encoding bacteriophage t7 rna polymerase. during in ... | 2001 | 18265126 |
| characterization of recombinant vaccinia viruses and their products. | after a recombinant vaccinia virus is made, its dna and protein products can be analyzed in several ways. protocols are provided in this unit for identification of the recombinant virus by pcr (with verification of correct insertion of the dna by southern blotting) and by dot-blot hybridization. also, when antibodies are available, protein expression can be analyzed by immunological methods detailed here such as dot blotting with an antibody, immunoblotting and/or immunoprecipitation. in additio ... | 2001 | 18265125 |
| generation of recombinant vaccinia viruses. | this unit first describes how to infect cells with vaccinia virus and then transfect them with a plasmid-transfer vector to generate a recombinant virus. methods are also presented for purifying vaccinia virus and for isolating viral dna, which can be used during transfection. also presented are selection and screening methods used to isolate recombinant viruses and a method for the amplification of recombinant viruses. finally, a method for live immunostaining that has been used primarily for d ... | 2001 | 18265124 |
| preparation of cell cultures and vaccinia virus stocks. | this unit describes the maintenance of cell lines used with vaccinia virus, both in monolayer cultures and in suspension. the suspended cell culture is then used in the preparation of vaccinia virus stocks. the preparation of chick embryo fibroblasts (cef) is also presented for use in the production of the highly attenuated and host range-restricted modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) strain of vaccinia virus. additionally, support protocols are presented for the titration of standard and mva v ... | 2001 | 18265123 |
| expansion of poxvirus rna polymerase subunits sharing homology with corresponding subunits of rna polymerase ii. | poxvirus-encoded rna polymerases were known previously to share extensive sequence homology in their two largest subunits with the corresponding subunits of cellular rna polymerases and a modest alignment between the smallest poxvirus subunit and rbp10 of rna polymerase ii. the remaining subunits had no apparent cellular homologs. in this study, the hhpred program that combines amino acid sequence alignments with secondary structure predictions was used to search for homologs to the poxvirus rna ... | 2008 | 18264749 |
| vaccinia virus infection modulates the hematopoietic cell compartments in the bone marrow. | successful proliferation and differentiation of hematopoietic progenitor cells in bone marrow (bm) is essential to generate all mature blood cell types, including those involved in the immune response. although vaccinia virus (vv) is known to induce a strong immune response, the effect of vv infection on hematopoiesis remains largely unknown. here, we showed that in vivo vv infection results in the expansion of c-kit(hi)sca-1+lin- (ksl) hematopoietic stem cells. the in vivo expansion of the ksl ... | 2008 | 18258722 |
| structure-function analysis of vaccinia virus mrna cap (guanine-n7) methyltransferase. | the guanine-n7 methyltransferase domain of vaccinia virus mrna capping enzyme is a heterodimer composed of a catalytic subunit and a stimulatory subunit. structure-function analysis of the catalytic subunit by alanine scanning and conservative substitutions (49 mutations at 25 amino acids) identified 12 functional groups essential for methyltransferase activity in vivo, most of which were essential for cap methylation in vitro. defects in cap binding were demonstrated for a subset of lethal muta ... | 2008 | 18256245 |
| il-13 is required for eosinophil entry into the lung during respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is the leading cause of lower respiratory tract disease in children. children previously vaccinated with a formalin-inactivated rsv vaccine experienced enhanced morbidity and mortality upon natural rsv infection. histological analysis revealed the presence of eosinophils in the pulmonary infiltrate of the vaccinated children. eosinophils are characteristic of th2 responses, and th2 cells are known to be necessary to induce pulmonary eosinophilia in rsv-infected ... | 2008 | 18250447 |
| stat1 signaling in cd8 t cells is required for their clonal expansion and memory formation following viral infection in vivo. | recent advances have shown that direct type i ifn signaling on t cells is required for their efficient expansion in response to viral infections in vivo. it is not clear which intracellular signaling molecule is responsible for this effect. although stat1 has been shown to mediate many of the type i ifn-dependent biological effects, its role in t cells remains uncertain in vivo. in this study, we demonstrated that stat1 signaling in cd8 t cells was required for their efficient expansion by promo ... | 2008 | 18250422 |
| selective regulation of cd8 effector t cell migration by the p110 gamma isoform of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. | chemokine-mediated t cell migration is essential to an optimal immune response. the p110gamma isoform of pi3k is activated by g protein-coupled receptors and regulates neutrophil and macrophage chemotaxis. we used p110gamma-deficient mice to examine the role of p110gamma in cd8 t cell migration and activation in response to viral challenge. naive cd8 t cell migration in response to ccl21 in vitro and trafficking into secondary lymphoid organs in vivo was unaffected by the loss of p110gamma. furt ... | 2008 | 18250413 |
| [construction and antigenic evaluation of a recombinant mva virus-like particle expressing hbv c gene]. | to construct the virus-like parcel expressing hepatitis b virus (hbv) c gene and identify its immunogenicity. | 2008 | 18250055 |
| brazilian vaccinia virus strains are genetically divergent and differ from the lister vaccine strain. | vaccinia virus is responsible for an important zoonotic disease affecting dairy cattle and humans in brazil, but little is known about the origin, epidemiology and evolution of these brazilian vaccinia virus strains. in this work, seven brazilian vaccinia virus strains and the lister-derived brazilian vaccine strain, named lister-butantan, were compared based on the sequences of ten host range and virulence related genes. comparison of brazilian vaccinia virus strains with lister-butantan reveal ... | 2008 | 18248758 |
| effects of il-7 on memory cd8 t cell homeostasis are influenced by the timing of therapy in mice. | il-7 is integral to the generation and maintenance of cd8(+) t cell memory, and insufficient il-7 is believed to limit survival and the persistence of memory cd8(+) t cells. here, we show that during the mouse t cell response to lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus, il-7 enhanced the number of memory cd8(+) t cells when its administration was restricted to the contraction phase of the response. likewise, il-7 administration during the contraction phase of the mouse t cell response to vaccinia viru ... | 2008 | 18246202 |
| kinetic analysis of a complete poxvirus transcriptome reveals an immediate-early class of genes. | vaccinia virus is the prototypic orthopoxvirus and was the vaccine used to eradicate smallpox, yet the expression profiles of many of its genes remain unknown. using a genome tiling array approach, we simultaneously measured the expression levels of all 223 annotated vaccinia virus genes during infection and determined their kinetics. for 95% of these genes, significant transcript levels were detected. most remarkably, classification of the genes by their expression profiles revealed 35 genes ex ... | 2008 | 18245380 |
| comparative studies on in vitro expression and in vivo immunogenicity of supercoiled and open circular forms of plasmid dna vaccines. | here we use tests for in vitro expression and in vivo immunogenicty to compare the biological activity of supercoiled and open circular forms of plasmid dna vaccines. the different forms of vaccine dna revealed no differences in the expression of mrna or protein following deae-dextran-assisted transfection of cultured cells. in contrast, following intramuscular saline injections in mice, supercoiled dna was three times more effective than open circular dna at priming a mva-boosted cd8 t cell res ... | 2008 | 18242791 |
| genetic diversity-independent neutralization of pandemic viruses (e.g. hiv), potentially pandemic (e.g. h5n1 strain of influenza) and carcinogenic (e.g. hbv and hcv) viruses and possible agents of bioterrorism (variola) by enveloped virus neutralizing compounds (evncs). | genetic diversity and hypermutation contribute to difficulties in developing a vaccine against viruses like hiv and influenza. there are currently no known immune correlates of protection against hiv. this has made the development of a vaccine against hiv that would provide sterilizing immunity in the near future an impossible task. the abandonment of a recent aids vaccine human trial due to a failure to elicit a protective sterilising immune response confirms that empirical attempts to develop ... | 2008 | 18241960 |
| neuroprotective effects of an extract from the inflamed skin of rabbits inoculated with vaccinia virus on glutamate-induced neurotoxicity in cultured neuronal cell line. | protein-free extracts from the inflamed skin of rabbits inoculated with vaccinia virus (rosemorgen and neurotropin are widely employed to combat chronic pain and treat allergic conditions in human subjects in japan. however, the pharmacologic mechanisms of rosemorgen and neurotropin remain unclear. | 2008 | 18241529 |
| a multigene hiv type 1 subtype c modified vaccinia ankara (mva) vaccine efficiently boosts immune responses to a dna vaccine in mice. | heterologous prime-boost vaccine strategies have generated high frequencies of antigen-specific t cells in preclinical and clinical trials of candidate hiv vaccines. we have developed a dna (saavi dna-c) and mva (saavi mva-c) vaccine based on hiv-1 subtype c for testing in clinical trials. both vaccines contain five subtype c genes: gag, reverse transcriptase, tat, and nef, expressed as a polyprotein, and a truncated env (gp150). the individual vaccines induced cd8(+) and cd4(+) t cells specific ... | 2008 | 18240963 |
| construction, characterization, and immunogenicity of a multigene modified vaccinia ankara (mva) vaccine based on hiv type 1 subtype c. | candidate vaccines composed of a dna construct to prime the immune system, followed by modified vaccinia ankara (mva) containing matching genes as a booster vaccination, have produced encouraging immune responses in human volunteers. this study presents the detailed construction and characterization of a recombinant mva that will be tested in combination with a dna vaccine in phase i clinical trials in south africa and the united states. to match recently transmitted viruses in the southern afri ... | 2008 | 18240957 |
| activity of the anti-orthopoxvirus compound st-246 against vaccinia, cowpox and camelpox viruses in cell monolayers and organotypic raft cultures. | the potential use of variola virus as a biological weapon has renewed efforts in the development of antiviral agents against orthopoxviruses. st-246 [4-trifluoromethyl-n-(3,3a,4,4a,5,5a,6,6a-octahydro-1,3-di oxo-4,6-ethenocycloprop [f]isoindol-2(1 h)-yl)-benzamide] is an anti-orthopoxvirus compound active against several orthopoxviruses including vaccinia virus (vv), cowpox virus (cpv), camelpox virus (cmlv), ectromelia virus (ectv) and variola virus in cell culture. the compound has been shown ... | 2007 | 18240860 |
| redundancy and plasticity of neutralizing antibody responses are cornerstone attributes of the human immune response to the smallpox vaccine. | the smallpox vaccine is widely considered the gold standard for human vaccines, yet the key antibody targets in humans remain unclear. we endeavored to identify a stereotypic, dominant, mature virion (mv) neutralizing antibody target in humans which could be used as a diagnostic serological marker of protective humoral immunity induced by the smallpox vaccine (vaccinia virus [vacv]). we have instead found that diversity is a defining characteristic of the human antibody response to the smallpox ... | 2008 | 18234801 |
| expansion and exhaustion of t-cell responses during mutational escape from long-term viral control in two dna/modified vaccinia virus ankara-vaccinated and simian-human immunodeficiency virus shiv-89.6p-challenged macaques. | in this study, we monitored the temporal breadths, frequencies, and functions of antiviral cd4 and cd8 t cells in 2 of 22 dna/modified vaccinia virus ankara-vaccinated macaques that lost control of a simian-human immunodeficiency virus 89.6p challenge by 196 weeks postchallenge. our results show that both mutation and exhaustion contributed to escape. with the reappearance of viremia, responding cd8 and cd4 t cells underwent an initial increase and then loss of breadth and frequency. antiviral g ... | 2008 | 18234787 |
| substitution of vaccinia virus elstree by modified vaccinia virus ankara to test the virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants. | after the eradication of variola in 1980, the smallpox vaccination was considered to be no longer required and was subsequently abandoned mainly because of possible adverse effects of vaccinia virus especially in first-time vaccinees. despite a growing number of humans without immunity against vaccinia virus, vaccinia virus lister elstree (vacv) is still prescribed for testing virucidal efficacy of chemical disinfectants in the guidelines of the german veterinary medical society [deutsche veteri ... | 2008 | 18234028 |
| antimicrobial peptides as new recognition molecules for screening challenging species. | the goal of this study was to evaluate binding of four targets of biodefense interest to immobilized antimicrobial peptides (amps) in biosensor assays. polymyxins b and e, melittin, cecropins a, b, and p, parasin, bactenecin and magainin-1, as well as control antibodies, were used as capture molecules for detection of cy3-labeled venezuelan equine encephalitis virus (vee), vaccinia virus, c. burnetti and b. melitensis. although vee, vaccinia virus and c. burnetti did not show any binding activit ... | 2007 | 18231571 |
| protective immunization against murine cytomegalovirus infection using adenoviruses and poxviruses expressing hepatitis b virus chimeras. | recombinant adenoviruses, poxviruses, and plasmid dna vaccines encoding different hepatitis b virus (hbv)/murine cytomegalovirus (mcmv) protein chimeras were used to immunize mice. processing of the chimeras resulted in presentation of a protective ld/cd8+ t-cell epitope of the immediate early 1 protein pp89 (ie1 pp89) of mcmv to the immune system. different levels of immunogenicity were observed depending on: (i) the type of viral vector used, (ii) whether the antigens were included in the cell ... | 2007 | 18228223 |
| immune responses to the smallpox vaccine given in combination with st-246, a small-molecule inhibitor of poxvirus dissemination. | the re-emerging threat of smallpox and the emerging threat of monkeypox highlight the need for effective poxvirus countermeasures. currently approved smallpox vaccines have unacceptable safety profiles and, consequently, the general populace is no longer vaccinated, leading to an increasingly susceptible population. st-246, a small-molecule inhibitor of poxvirus dissemination, has been demonstrated in various animal models to be safe and effective in preventing poxviral disease. this suggests th ... | 2008 | 18226434 |
| quantitative peptide binding motifs for 19 human and mouse mhc class i molecules derived using positional scanning combinatorial peptide libraries. | it has been previously shown that combinatorial peptide libraries are a useful tool to characterize the binding specificity of class i mhc molecules. compared to other methodologies, such as pool sequencing or measuring the affinities of individual peptides, utilizing positional scanning combinatorial libraries provides a baseline characterization of mhc molecular specificity that is cost effective, quantitative and unbiased. | 2008 | 18221540 |
| strategies for loading dendritic cells with hepatitis c ns5a antigen and inducing protective immunity. | dendritic cell (dc)-based vaccination strategies are promising for the treatment of cancers and infectious diseases including hepatitis c virus (hcv). as the induction of t cell-mediated immune responses by dc vaccination is highly dependent on efficient antigen loading of the dcs, the purpose of this study was to identify an optimal nonviral dc loading strategy for hcv ns5a. furthermore, the efficacy of immunization with the ns5a-loaded dcs in comparison to plasmid encoding ns5a and ns5a protei ... | 2008 | 18221298 |
| poxvirus cancer therapy. | despite many advances in chemotherapy and other medical techniques, patients with cancer often develop local recurrence or metastatic spread. recent advances in molecular biology and tumor immunology have led to the design of many new anti-tumor vaccines. such approaches are now using recombinant viruses to treat different types of cancer. from these new developments, innovative fields are emerging: vaccine virotherapy, viral immunotherapy, oncolytic virotherapy and drug virotherapy. many viruse ... | 2006 | 18221156 |
| identification of hot spots in the variola virus complement inhibitor (spice) for human complement regulation. | variola virus, the causative agent of smallpox, encodes a soluble complement regulator named spice. previously, spice has been shown to be much more potent in inactivating human complement than the vaccinia virus complement control protein (vcp), although they differ only in 11 amino acid residues. in the present study, we have expressed spice, vcp, and mutants of vcp by substituting each or more of the 11 non-variant vcp residues with the corresponding residue of spice to identify hot spots tha ... | 2008 | 18216095 |
| immunization with a recombinant fowlpox virus expressing a hepatitis c virus core-e1 polyprotein variant, protects mice and african green monkeys (chlorocebus aethiops sabaeus) against challenge with a surrogate vaccinia virus. | hcv (hepatitis c virus) is a worldwide health problem nowadays. no preventive vaccine is available against this pathogen, and therapeutic treatments currently in use have important drawbacks, including limited efficacy. in the present work a recombinant fowlpox virus, fpcoe1, expressing a truncated hcv core-e1 polyprotein, was generated. fpcoe1 virus generally failed to elicit a humoral immune response against hcv antigens in balb/c mice. by contrast, mice inoculated with fpcoe1 elicited a posit ... | 2008 | 18215116 |
| brazilian vaccinia viruses and their origins. | although the world health organization (who) declared global smallpox eradicated in 1980, concerns over emergent poxvirus infections have increased. most poxvirus infections are zoonotic; exploring their genetic diversity will illuminate the genetic and evolutionary aspects of poxvirus infections, ecology, and epidemiology. in recent decades, several strains of the orthopoxvirus vaccinia virus (vacv) have been isolated throughout brazil, including genetically distinct isolates within the same ou ... | 2007 | 18214166 |
| design, construction, and characterization of a multigenic modified vaccinia ankara candidate vaccine against human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtype c/b'. | the rapid spread of hiv-1 underscores the urgent need to develop an effective vaccine. using modified vaccinia ankara (mva) as a vector, we designed and constructed a multigenic candidate vaccine against a recombinant c/b' subtype of hiv-1 that is dominant in southwest china. five hiv-1 genes (gag, pol, deltav2env, tat, and nef) were introduced into 2 separate regions of the mva genome using modified single- and dual-promoter insertion vectors. recombinant mva was selected by immunofluorescence ... | 2008 | 18209682 |
| direct action of type i ifn on nk cells is required for their activation in response to vaccinia viral infection in vivo. | type i ifn plays an important role in the activation of nk cells. however, the mechanism underlying type i ifn-dependent nk cell activation remains largely unknown. a recent report suggested that type i ifn acted on accessory dendritic cells, leading to il-15 production, and that subsequent trans-presentation of il-15 was required for nk cell activation upon stimulation with synthetic tlr ligands. it is not clear how type i ifn regulates nk cell activation in response to live pathogens. using a ... | 2008 | 18209055 |
| kinetic and mechanistic requirements for helping cd8 t cells. | the requirements for the generation of fully competent long-lived memory cd8 t cells and in particular the role and the mechanisms of help from cd4 t cells remain ill-defined. memory cd8 t cells generated in the absence of cd4 t cell help often have an impaired recall proliferation and are thus unable to confer protection against certain pathogens. however, the timing and the mechanisms involved in the delivery of help are still unclear and differ between various experimental systems. in this st ... | 2008 | 18209047 |
| structure and function of a41, a vaccinia virus chemokine binding protein. | the vaccinia virus (vacv) a41l gene encodes a secreted 30 kda glycoprotein that is nonessential for virus replication but affects the host response to infection. the a41 protein shares sequence similarity with another vacv protein that binds cc chemokines (called vckbp, or viral cc chemokine inhibitor, vcci), and strains of vacv lacking the a41l gene induced stronger cd8+ t-cell responses than control viruses expressing a41. using surface plasmon resonance, we screened 39 human and murine chemok ... | 2008 | 18208323 |
| comparative proteomics of human monkeypox and vaccinia intracellular mature and extracellular enveloped virions. | orthopoxviruses are among the largest and most complex of the animal viruses. in response to the recent emergence of monkeypox in africa and the threat of smallpox bioterrorism, two orthopoxviruses with different pathogenic potentials, human monkeypox virus and vaccinia virus, were proteomically compared with the goal of identifying proteins required for pathogenesis. orthopoxviruses were grown in hela cells to two different viral forms (intracellular mature virus and extracellular enveloped vir ... | 2008 | 18205298 |
| vaccination of balb/c mice with escherichia coli-expressed vaccinia virus proteins a27l, b5r, and d8l protects mice from lethal vaccinia virus challenge. | the potential threat of smallpox use in a bioterrorist attack has heightened the need to develop an effective smallpox vaccine for immunization of the general public. vaccination with the current smallpox vaccine, dryvax, produces protective immunity but may result in adverse reactions for some vaccinees. a subunit vaccine composed of protective vaccinia virus proteins should avoid the complications arising from live-virus vaccination and thus provide a safer alternative smallpox vaccine. in thi ... | 2008 | 18199639 |
| evaluation of recombinant modified vaccinia ankara virus-based rhesus cytomegalovirus vaccines in rhesus macaques. | a vaccine consisting of rhesus cytomegalovirus (rhcmv) pp65-2, gb and ie1 expressed via modified vaccinia ankara (mva) was evaluated in rhesus macaques with or without prior priming with expression plasmids for the same antigens. following two mva treatments, comparable levels of anti-gb, pp65-2 and neutralizing antibody responses, and pp65-2- and ie1-specific cellular immune responses were detected in both vaccinated groups. similar reductions in plasma peak viral loads were observed in these g ... | 2008 | 18196272 |
| direct priming of antiviral cd8+ t cells in the peripheral interfollicular region of lymph nodes. | it is uncertain how antiviral lymphocytes are activated in draining lymph nodes, the site where adaptive immune responses are initiated. here, using intravital microscopy we show that after infection of mice with vaccinia virus (a large dna virus) or vesicular stomatitis virus (a small rna virus), virions drained to the lymph node and infected cells residing just beneath the subcapsular sinus. naive cd8+ t cells rapidly migrated to infected cells in the peripheral interfollicular region and then ... | 2008 | 18193049 |
| characterization of wild-type and mutant vaccinia virus m2l proteins' abilities to localize to the endoplasmic reticulum and to inhibit nf-kappab activation during infection. | proinflammatory molecules are important for attracting immune effector cells to localized areas of viral infection. one such cellular mechanism facilitating this response is the nf-kappab transcription factor. while wild-type vaccinia virus expresses multiple products to inhibit nf-kappab during infection, the attenuated deletion mutant mva lacks this ability. however, introduction of the wild-type m2l orf into the mva genome will re-establish the parental phenotype. as the m2l protein is unique ... | 2008 | 18190944 |
| efficient development of plasmodium liver stage-specific memory cd8+ t cells during the course of blood-stage malarial infection. | immunity to plasmodium liver stages in individuals in malaria-endemic areas is inextricably linked to concomitant blood-stage parasitemia. although plasmodium sporozoite infection induces measurable cd8+ t cell responses, the development of memory t cells during active erythrocytic infection remains uncharacterized. using transgenic t cells, we assessed antigen-specific effector cd8+ t cell responses induced by normal (norspz) and radiation-attenuated (irrspz) plasmodium yoelii sporozoites. the ... | 2007 | 18190264 |
| differential cd4+ versus cd8+ t-cell responses elicited by different poxvirus-based human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vaccine candidates provide comparable efficacies in primates. | poxvirus vectors have proven to be highly effective for boosting immune responses in diverse vaccine settings. recent reports reveal marked differences in the gene expression of human dendritic cells infected with two leading poxvirus-based human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) vaccine candidates, new york vaccinia virus (nyvac) and modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva). to understand how complex genomic changes in these two vaccine vectors translate into antigen-specific systemic immune responses, ... | 2008 | 18184713 |
| establishment and characterization of conditions required for tumor colonization by intravenously delivered bacteria. | intravenously injected bacteria have the ability to enter and replicate within tumors in mice. here, we further characterized this dynamic process by investigating the conditions required for tumor colonization by bacteria. we discovered that a broad range of bacteria, including both gram-negative and gram-positive strains, colonize a panel of syngeneic and xenogeneic tumors, as well as spontaneous tumors in mice. the colonization process is dependent on the stage of tumor development, but indep ... | 2008 | 18183632 |
| control of memory cd8+ t cell differentiation by cd80/cd86-cd28 costimulation and restoration by il-2 during the recall response. | memory cd8+ t cell responses have been considered to be independent of cd80/cd86-cd28 costimulation. however, recall responses are often severely blunted in cd28-/- mice. whether this impairment represents a requirement for cd28 costimulation for proper memory cd8+ t cell development or a requirement during the recall response is unknown. furthermore, how cd28 costimulation affects the phenotype and function of memory cd8+ t cells has not been characterized in detail. in this study, we investiga ... | 2008 | 18178855 |
| persistence of vaccinia at the site of smallpox vaccination. | persistence of vaccinia at vaccination sites may help determine the risk associated with secondary transmission. culture, pcr, and antigen detection were performed on serial vaccination site swab specimens. on day 21 after vaccination, 37% of volunteers were culture positive, most of whom had received vaccine for the first time. vaccinia is detectable at least through day 21 after vaccination. | 2008 | 18171221 |
| targeting of interferon-beta to produce a specific, multi-mechanistic oncolytic vaccinia virus. | oncolytic viruses hold much promise for clinical treatment of many cancers, but a lack of systemic delivery and insufficient tumor cell killing have limited their usefulness. we have previously demonstrated that vaccinia virus strains are capable of systemic delivery to tumors in mouse models, but infection of normal tissues remains an issue. we hypothesized that interferon-beta (ifn-beta) expression from an oncolytic vaccinia strain incapable of responding to this cytokine would have dual benef ... | 2007 | 18162040 |
| [effect of extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by vaccinia virus in the management of postherpetic neuralgia and on serum interleukin-6 level in aged patients]. | to observe the effect of the extracts from rabbit skin inflamed by vaccinia virus for injection, a commercially available agent (analgecine), in the treatment of postherpetic neuralgia (phn) in aged patients and its influence on serum interleukin-6 (il-6) level. | 2007 | 18159027 |
| specific tumor cell targeting by a recombinant mva expressing a functional single chain antibody on the surface of intracellular mature virus (imv) particles. | recombinant vaccinia virus with tumor cell specificity may provide a versatile tool either for direct lysis of cancer cells or for the targeted transfer of genes encoding immunomodulatory or toxic molecules. we report the expression of a tumor-specific single-chain antibody on the surface of intracellular mature vaccinia virus particles (imv). the wild-type p14 externally membrane-associated protein p14 (a27l gene), which is not required for viral binding and replication, was replaced by p14 fus ... | 2007 | 18158739 |
| correlation of immunogenicities and in vitro expression levels of recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara hiv vaccines. | the purpose of the present study was to correlate the in vitro level of hiv env expression by recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara (rmva) with immunogenicity in mice. a 5-fold difference in env synthesis was achieved at the translational level by the presence or absence of an out-of-frame initiation codon upstream of the env gene. this perturbation had no effect on the size or processing of env. in contrast to the variation in env synthesis, the rmvas produced similar amounts of hiv gag, w ... | 2008 | 18155813 |
| haemagglutination through vaccinia virus; the aptitude of buffalo pulp for haemagglutination through vaccinia virus. | 1949 | 18151879 | |
| the effect of rabbit immune serum on haemagglutination through vaccinia virus. | 1949 | 18136878 | |
| histological appearance of mouse sarcoma 180 infected by vaccinia virus. | 1949 | 18112025 | |
| influence of roentgen radiation on the spread of vaccinia virus in young rabbits. | 1948 | 18102537 | |
| tlr3 increases disease morbidity and mortality from vaccinia infection. | innate immunity is required for effective control of poxvirus infections, but cellular receptors that initiate the host response to these dna viruses remain poorly defined. given this information and the fact that functions of tlrs in immunity to dna viruses remain controversial, we investigated effects of tlr3 on pathogenesis of vaccinia virus, a prototype poxvirus. we used a recombinant strain western reserve vaccinia virus that expresses firefly luciferase to infect wild-type c57bl/6 and tlr3 ... | 2008 | 18097050 |
| cd62l (l-selectin) down-regulation does not affect memory t cell distribution but failure to shed compromises anti-viral immunity. | the down-regulation of cd62l that accompanies t lymphocyte activation is thought to redirect cells away from lymph nodes to sites of infection. in this study, cd62l was maintained on ag-activated t cells and their distribution, and ability to clear pathogen from peripheral sites determined. cd62l was down-regulated on ag-specific cd8 t cells in lungs of c57bl/6 mice but maintained in cd62l transgenic mice at day 8 after influenza infection. however, the numbers of influenza-specific cd8 t cells ... | 2008 | 18097020 |
| memory cd8+ t cell responses expand when antigen presentation overcomes t cell self-regulation. | antimicrobial memory cd8+ t cell responses are not readily expanded by either repeated infections or immunizations. this is a major obstacle to the development of t cell vaccines. prime-boost immunization with heterologous microbes sharing the same cd8+ epitope can induce a large expansion of the cd8+ response; however, different vectors vary greatly in their ability to boost for reasons that are poorly understood. to investigate how efficient memory t cell expansion can occur, we evaluated immu ... | 2008 | 18097005 |
| galectin-3 is an amplifier of inflammation in atherosclerotic plaque progression through macrophage activation and monocyte chemoattraction. | galectin-3 (gal-3) is a 26-kda lectin known to regulate many aspects of inflammatory cell behavior. we assessed the hypothesis that increased levels of gal-3 contribute to atherosclerotic plaque progression by enhancing monocyte chemoattraction through macrophage activation. | 2008 | 18096829 |
| vaccinia viruses with mutations in the e3l gene as potential replication-competent, attenuated vaccines: intra-nasal vaccination. | vaccinia virus (vacv) has been used as the vaccine to protect against smallpox, and recombinant vacvs have been used to develop vaccine candidates against numerous cancers and infectious diseases. although relatively safe for use in humans, the strains of vacv that were used as smallpox vaccines led to several complications including, progressive infection in immune compromised individuals, eczema vaccination in individuals with a history of atopic dermatitis, and encephalitis and perimyocarditi ... | 2008 | 18096276 |
| differential role of gamma interferon in inhibiting pulmonary eosinophilia and exacerbating systemic disease in fusion protein-immunized mice undergoing challenge infection with respiratory syncytial virus. | secondary exposure to respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) can lead to immunopathology and enhanced disease in vaccinated individuals. vaccination with individual rsv proteins influences the type of secondary rsv-specific immune response that develops upon challenge rsv infection, as well as the extent of immunopathology. rsv-specific memory cd4 t cells can directly contribute to immunopathology through their cytokine production. immunization of balb/c mice with a recombinant vaccinia virus (vv) ex ... | 2008 | 18094193 |
| vaccinia virus a34 glycoprotein determines the protein composition of the extracellular virus envelope. | the outer envelope of the extracellular form of vaccinia virus contains five virus-encoded proteins, f13, a33, a34, a56, and b5, that, with the exception of a56, are implicated in virus egress or infectivity. a34, a type ii transmembrane glycoprotein, is involved in the induction of actin tails, the release of enveloped virus from the surfaces of infected cells, and the disruption of the virus envelope after ligand binding prior to virus entry. to investigate interactions between a34 and other e ... | 2008 | 18094186 |
| single intranasal immunization with recombinant adenovirus-based vaccine induces protective immunity against respiratory syncytial virus infection. | respiratory syncytial virus (rsv) is a major cause of severe lower respiratory tract disease in infancy and early childhood. despite its importance as a pathogen, there is no licensed vaccine against rsv. the g glycoprotein of rsv, a major attachment protein, is a potentially important target for protective antiviral immune responses. here, a recombinant replication-deficient adenovirus-based vaccine, rad/3xg, expressing the soluble core domain of g glycoprotein (amino acids 130 to 230) engineer ... | 2008 | 18094185 |
| the vaccinia virus b5 protein requires a34 for efficient intracellular trafficking from the endoplasmic reticulum to the site of wrapping and incorporation into progeny virions. | the glycoproteins encoded by the vaccinia virus a34r and b5r genes are involved in intracellular envelope virus formation and are highly conserved among orthopoxviruses. a recombinant virus that has the a34r gene deleted and the b5r gene replaced with a b5r gene fused to the enhanced green fluorescent protein (b5r-gfp) gene was created (vb5r-gfp/deltaa34r) to investigate the role of a34 during virion morphogenesis. cells infected with vb5r-gfp/deltaa34r displayed gfp fluorescence throughout the ... | 2008 | 18094183 |
| heterologous prime-boost vaccination with a non-replicative vaccinia recombinant vector expressing lack confers protection against canine visceral leishmaniasis with a predominant th1-specific immune response. | leishmaniasis caused by leishmania infantum is a severe endemic disease in the mediterranean basin, being domestic dogs the main reservoir of the disease that plays a key role in the transmission to humans. studies on vaccines against canine leishmaniasis, aimed to modify the t cell repertoire, have advanced in recent years. lack vaccination assays, using protein or dna vectors, show protection against cutaneous l. major infections by redirecting the early il-4 responses to a protective th1 resp ... | 2008 | 18093705 |
| improved protection against simian immunodeficiency virus mucosal challenge in macaques primed with a dna vaccine and boosted with the recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara and recombinant semliki forest virus. | using the experimental infection of cynomolgus macaques with simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) as a model of human immunodeficiency virus infection in humans, we studied the immunogenicity and protective efficacy of a vaccine strategy combining dna, the modified recombinant vaccinia virus strain ankara (mva) and semliki forest virus (sfv) expressing gag, pol, env, tat, rev and nef from siv. although this immunization strategy induced moderate immune responses, the control of pathogenic sivmac2 ... | 2008 | 18093703 |
| first phase i clinical trial of an hiv-1 subtype d gp140 envelope protein vaccine: immune activity induced in all study participants. | to combat hiv-1 diversity, we are developing a multienvelope vaccine (comprising dna, vaccinia virus and protein vectors). toward this goal, we conducted a phase i clinical trial of envpro, a gp140 protein formulated in alum. the vaccine was well tolerated and elicited an immune response in every trial participant. | 2008 | 18090404 |
| purification and properties of the vaccinia virus mrna processing factor. | the mrnas encoding the vaccinia virus f17 protein and the cowpox a-type inclusion protein are known to possess sequence-homogeneous 3' ends, generated by a post-transcriptional cleavage event. by using partially purified extracts, we have previously shown that the same factor probably cleaves both the f17 and a-type inclusion protein transcripts and that the cleavage factor is either virus-coded or virus-induced during the post-replicative phase of virus replication. in this study, we have purif ... | 2008 | 18089571 |
| oncolytic virotherapy for ovarian carcinomatosis using a replication-selective vaccinia virus armed with a yeast cytosine deaminase gene. | in this study, we assessed the ability of a highly tumor-selective oncolytic vaccinia virus armed with a yeast cytosine deaminase gene to infect and lyse human and murine ovarian tumors both in vitro and in vivo. the virus vvdd-cd could infect, replicate in and effectively lyse both human and mouse ovarian cancer cells in vitro. in two different treatment schedules involving either murine mosec or human a2780 ovarian carcinomatosis models, regional delivery of vvdd-cd selectively targeted tumor ... | 2008 | 18084242 |
| traditional smallpox vaccination with reduced risk of inadvertent contact spread by administration of povidone iodine ointment. | one concern with traditional smallpox vaccination is inadvertent spread of virus to atopic or immunocompromised contacts. to reduce this risk, we tested the ability of povidone iodine to inactivate infectious virus at the vaccination site beginning at 7 days after transcutaneous smallpox vaccination. this ointment rapidly inactivated virus on the skin without reducing neutralizing antibody titers or antiviral t cell responses. moreover, there was no delay in healing/eschar separation following p ... | 2008 | 18083278 |
| genome organization and reverse genetic analysis of a type i feline coronavirus. | in this study we report the complete sequence and genome organization of the serotype i feline coronavirus (fcov) strain black. furthermore, a reverse genetic system was established for this fcov strain by cloning a full-length cdna copy into vaccinia virus. this clone served as basis for the generation of recombinant fcov (recfcov) that was shown to bear the same features in vitro as the parental fcov. using this system, accessory 3abc genes in the fcov genome were replaced by green fluorescent ... | 2008 | 18077720 |
| clonal vaccinia virus grown in cell culture fully protects monkeys from lethal monkeypox challenge. | the potential use of smallpox as an agent of bioterrorism has renewed interest in the development of a modern vaccine capable of replacing the standard dryvax vaccine. vaccinia virus (acam2000), clonally isolated from dryvax and manufactured in cell culture, was tested for immunogenicity and protective activity in a non-human primate model. cynomolgus monkeys vaccinated with acam2000, dryvax, or acam2000 diluent (control) were challenged 2 months post-vaccination with a lethal, intravenous dose ... | 2008 | 18077063 |