Publications

a randomized trial of n-acetylcysteine for prevention of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole hypersensitivity reactions in pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis (ctn 057). canadian hiv trials network 057 study group.	hydroxylamine derivatives of sulfamethoxazole may be the reactive metabolites that cause adverse reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx). the increased frequency of reactions observed in hiv-positive individuals is hypothesized to be due to systemic glutathione deficiency and a decreased ability to scavenge these metabolites. two hundred and thirty-eight patients were randomized to receive or not receive n-acetylcysteine (3 g of the 20% liquid solution) 1 hour before each dose of tm ...	1998	9859964
[pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and hiv infection: diagnosis and treatment].	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is one of the leading complications among hiv-infected patients. recent advances in pcp prophylaxis, diagnosis and treatment have caused a decrease in pcp-related morbidity and mortality. despite these advances, pcp continues to be frequent in patients not known to be hiv-infected and in those patients with poor adherence to prophylactic regimens or severe immunosuppression. in typical cases diagnosis may be suspected by the patient's clinical presentation. c ...	1998	9859618
[prevention of opportunistic infections in the protease inhibitor era].	from the middle of 1996 we are living a striking reduction of incidence of opportunistic infections (ols) associated to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the recovery of the immune system, at least partially, is showing up substantial changes of ols after the introduction of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart): relieves, sometime complete resolutions, of ols that previously did not give any response to the treatment (cryptosporidiosis, microsporidiosis, progressive multifocal leucoenc ...	1998	9859614
[latent aids in young children of mothers who were hiv-negative in the first trimester of pregnancy].	the authors describe two cases of infants admitted to our unit with respiratory failure caused by a pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). because their mothers were hiv negative in the first three months of pregnancy. hiv infection was not suspected and the diagnosis was only made after the pcp. based on these examples we discuss the importance of detecting hiv infection during pregnancy.	1998	9859518
[pneumocystis carinii infections in patients with neoplasms and aids--clinical-pathologic changes in the lungs].	pneumocystis carinii (pc) has been documented as a cause of pneumonia in a broad range of immunocompromised patients. the presentation of disease will very based on the underlying predisposing condition but a confirmation depends upon the identification of organisms in a bronchial aspiration or lung biopsy specimen. this retrospective study based on autopsies of 15 patients (pts) with aids and 12 non aids pts with neoplastic diseases. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) was confirmed by histolo ...	1998	9857666
[experimental and clinical pulmonary pneumocystosis].	rat lungs with hydrocortisone-induced pneumocystosis and a necropsy material from 5 patients with aids were studied light- and electron-microscopically. the identity of basic morphological features of lung pneumocystosis development in experiment and humans is demonstrated. three main periods--latent, pronounced, terminal (pneumocystic pneumonia) are distinguished taking into account the relation of productive and vegetative forms of pneumocystis carinii, state of the surfactants, type i alveolo ...	1998	9854613
detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in blood specimens from human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients by nested pcr.	the detection of pneumocystis carinii dna in blood by pcr could be useful for studying the natural history of pneumocystosis and could also be a noninvasive diagnostic method. the results of previous studies are nevertheless conflicting. in our study, we compared three commercially available dna extraction kits (genereleaser, qiaamp tissue kit, and readyamp genomic dna purification system) and proteinase k and proteinase k-phenol-chloroform treatments for the extraction of p. carinii dna from di ...	1999	9854076
six-hour trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole-graded challenge in hiv-infected patients.	hypersensitivity reactions to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) are very common in hiv-infected patients, leading to drug discontinuation. however, it is the drug of choice as prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1998	9847446
[7 new cases of hiv-2 infection recognized in madrid in 1996 and 1997].	the infection with human immunodeficiency virus type-2 (hiv-2) is endemic in western africa, where it is responsible for many of aids cases. in spain, 72 cases with hiv-2 until december 1997 had been reported, mainly in african immigrants. seven of these cases (4 males and 3 females) were identified during 1996 and 1997. five came from western africa and other two were spanish, one from alicant and the other from vigo. only one out of the seven patients presented clinical manifestations (pneumoc ...	1998	9844454
[pneumonia caused by granulomatous pneumocystis carinii in a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome].	a 54-year-old man was admitted to the hospital because of fever and general fatigue. a chest roentgenogram on admission showed lobular opacities and ill-defined opacities in both lower lobes. the pneumonia was successfully treated with antibiotics. the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome was diagnosed because elisa and pcr tests for antibodies to the human immunodeficiency virus were positive and the cd 4+ lymphocyte count was 39 per cubic millimeter. examination of bronchoalveolar lavage fluid r ...	1998	9844388
nitrated sp-a does not enhance adherence of pneumocystis carinii to alveolar macrophages.	we investigated whether nitration of surfactant apoprotein (sp) a alters its ability to bind to mannose-containing saccharides on pneumocystis carinii and its potential role in the mediation of p. carinii adherence to alveolar macrophages. human sp-a was nitrated by incubation with tetranitromethane at ph 8.0 or synthetic peroxynitrite (onoo-) at ph 7.4, which resulted in significant nitration of tyrosines in its carbohydrate recognition domain [0.63 +/- 0.001 (se) and 1.25 +/- 0.02 mol nitrotyr ...	1998	9843839
identification and characterization of novel variant major surface glycoprotein gene families in rat pneumocystis carinii.	the major surface glycoprotein (msg) is an abundant, immunodominant protein on the surface of the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii. the current study identified two novel variant msg (vmsg) gene families in rat p. carinii that are closely related to but distinct from msg. these gene families encode proteins of approximately 90 kda (v1msg) and approximately 115 kda (v2msg). compared with msg, v1msg is characterized by a deletion near the carboxyl terminus. the predicted v1msg and v2msg ...	1999	9841839
potential coinfections complicate typing of pneumocystis carinii f. sp. hominis.		1998	9841244
two cases of idiopathic cd4+ t-lymphocytopenia in elderly patients.	we present 2 cases of idiopathic cd4+ t-lymphocytopenia (icl) in elderly patients. case 1, a 73-year-old man, with pneumonia had received several antibiotics with unsuccessful results at another hospital. on admission, his cd4+ t-lymphocyte count was 109/microl and pneumocystis carinii was detected by bronchoalveolar lavage fluid staining. no evidence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection was found. despite therapy, the patient died of respiratory failure. case 2, a 72-year-old man, co ...	1998	9840716
molecular methods for epidemiological and diagnostic studies of fungal infections.	over the past two decades there has been a remarkable increase in the incidence of invasive fungal infections. molecular methods, such as karyotyping, restriction analysis and polymerase chain reaction (pcr), have now been applied to improve our current understanding of the epidemiology of these fungal infections. for example, investigations on nosocomial outbreaks of fungal infections have been greatly facilitated by molecular methods. in addition, the ability to diagnose and identify deep-seat ...	1998	9839319
gender and survival after aids in rio de janeiro, brazil.	the relation between gender and survival after a diagnosis of aids was studied in a cohort of patients with hiv infection in rio de janeiro, brazil. during the study period, 124 of 617 patients (20%) developed aids. of this group, 91 patients were men and 33 were women. there were no gender related differences regarding the access to antiretroviral therapy or to prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. survival was shorter among women (hazard ratio [hr] = 4.43; p < .001) after adjustment ...	1998	9833750
prophylaxis for opportunistic infections among hiv-infected patients receiving medical care.	in 1995 and 1997, the united states public health service (usphs) and the infectious disease society of america (idsa) published recommendations for primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), mycobacterium avium complex (mac), and toxoplasmosis in hiv-infected adults. we evaluated their implementation at four hospital-based hiv clinics in new york city in patients who initially met the cd4+ criterion for prophylaxis between january, 1995 and april, 1997. medical records were re ...	1998	9833748
factors associated with hiv-infected patients' recognition and use of hiv medications.	in 1996, we interviewed 224 hiv-infected patients (54% men, 63% african american) receiving hiv medical care in st. louis, missouri about their recognition, prior use, and current use of hiv medications. of 221 respondents who had heard of at least one antiretroviral drug, only 2 respondents reported they had never taken antiretroviral drugs. multivariate logistic regression among respondents with cd4 counts <500 cells/mm3 identified sociodemographic variables (gender, race, education, and site ...	1998	9833743
isolation and characterization of alpha-tubulin genes from septoria tritici and rhynchosporium secalis, and comparative analysis of fungal alpha-tubulin sequences.	the alpha-tubulin genes from septoria tritici and rhynchosporium secalis have been cloned and sequenced. the predicted amino acid sequence and intron structure showed strong homology with other known filamentous fungal alpha-tubulins. comparison of sixteen fungal alpha-tubulin sequences based on amino acid sequence homology and intron structure identified five groups of proteins. group 1 consists of filamentous fungi, including s. tritici and r. secalis, the dimorphic fungus histoplasma capsulat ...	1998	9829778
suppurative acinetobacter baumanii thyroiditis with bacteremic pneumonia: case report and review.	suppurative thyroiditis is rare, and the major pathogens are staphylococcus and streptococcus species. we present a case caused by acinetobacter baumanii, which has never before been reported. we review another 191 cases from the english-language literature (1980 to april 1997) and make a comparison with a review of 224 cases (1900-1980). as the numbers of immunocompromised patients increase, cases of suppurative thyroiditis are increasing. pneumocystis carinii has become an important pathogen. ...	1998	9827283
acute respiratory failure associated with cryptococcosis in patients with aids: analysis of predictive factors.	the incidence of acute respiratory failure (arf) associated with cryptococcal disease in patients with aids is underestimated in the literature. we performed a retrospective, case-control (referent) study to determine the prevalence of arf associated with cryptococcal disease and analyzed associated factors. potential cases of arf were identified at four university-affiliated teaching hospitals from a cohort of 210 patients with aids who had positive cryptococcal antigen tests and/or cryptococcu ...	1998	9827275
clearance of pneumocystis carinii cysts in acute p carinii pneumonia: assessment by serial sputum induction.	to determine the feasibility of repeat sputum induction in acute pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) and to define the rate of clearance of p carinii cysts from the respiratory tract of hiv-seropositive patients with acute pcp.	1998	9823999
the effect of adjunctive corticosteroids for the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia on mortality and subsequent complications.	to assess the long-term safety of adjunctive corticosteroids in the treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp).	1998	9823998
pneumocystis carinii: forgotten but not gone?		1998	9823991
adjunctive corticosteroid therapy for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.		1998	9823990
acanthamoebiasis in korea: two new cases with clinical cases review.	the first case was 7-month-old immunodeficiency girl in whom the diagnosis of acanthamoeba pneumonia was established by culture of a bronchial washing. the patient had been ill for a month when she was admitted due to neonatal thrombocytopenia with respiratory difficulty and treated with gammaglobulin and steroid. her chest x-ray showed diffuse alveolar consolidation on the left lung with interstitial hazziness and a partial sign of hyperinflation on the right lung. laboratory tests showed that ...	1998	9821799
in-vitro activity of lytic peptides alone and in combination with macrolides and inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase against pneumocystis carinii.	the in-vitro activity of cecropin p1, magainin ii, indolicidin and ranalexin alone and in combination with macrolides and dihydrofolate reductase inhibitors (dhfrs) was investigated against six clinical isolates of pneumocystis carinii. the susceptibility tests were performed by inoculation of the isolates on to cell monolayers and determining the parasite count after 72 h incubation at 37 degrees c. the culture medium was supplemented with serial dilutions of each agent. the four peptides suppr ...	1998	9818742
[bilateral pulmonary infiltrations in patients admitted to an intensive care unit].	diffuse pulmonary infiltrates are commonly found in hypoxic respiratory failure. we have reviewed 16 patients admitted to our medical intensive care unit over a period of 21 months, of whom seven died in hospital. only patients requiring ventilatory support (cpap or mechanical ventilation) for respiratory failure due to non-cardiogenic causes were included. all patients met the criteria for the diagnosis of ards. three patients suffered from wegener's granulomatosis, three from pneumocystis cari ...	1998	9816947
[diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in aids patients].	based on the changing disease pattern of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) associated pulmonary complications we conducted a prospective study in order to compare the value of laboratory tests in patients with pneumocystis (p.) carinii pneumonia (pcp) and other pulmonary complications and of different identification methods of p. carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (balf) in pcp patients.	1998	9816629
sequence polymorphisms in the pneumocystis carinii cytochrome b gene and their association with atovaquone prophylaxis failure.	atovaquone (mepron, 566c80) is an effective agent against pneumocystis carinii, which probably acts by binding to cytochrome b and inhibiting electron transport. to assess the possibility that atovaquone resistance might be developing, the genes for the cytochrome b from p. carinii sp. f. carinii and p. carinii sp. f. hominis were partially sequenced. eight of 10 patient isolates had cytochrome b genes with the same amino acid sequence. the p. carinii cytochrome b genes from 2 of 4 patients who ...	1998	9815231
experience with a cross-study endpoint review committee for aids clinical trials. terry beirn community programs for clinical research on aids.	to describe the methods and results of a standardized system for clinical endpoint determination for defining and reviewing endpoints in clinical trials for hiv-infected individuals.	1998	9814866
lung parasites of least weasels in finland.	because of their constant exposure to normal rodent definitive hosts, least weasels (mustela nivalis) were trapped in southern finland in late fall 1994 and examined for lung parasites. histological examination showed that 46% of the weasels (n = 46) were infected with adiaspores identified as chrysosporium sp. granulomas surrounding the adiaspores consisted of mostly unorganized layers of mononuclear cells. the adiaspores from least weasels were much smaller than those reported from their prey ...	1998	9813855
risk factors for primary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in human immunodeficiency virus-infected adolescents and adults in the united states: reassessment of indications for chemoprophylaxis.	risk factors for the development of a first episode of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) were investigated in the adult and adolescent spectrum of disease project, a medical record review study involving longitudinal follow-up of human immunodeficiency virus-infected adults in 9 us cities. risk factors included decreasing cd4 lymphocyte count and history of aids-defining illness, non-p. carinii pneumonia, oral thrush, or unexplained fever for > or = 2 days; pcp prophylaxis was protective. pcp ...	1998	9806044
6-substituted 2,4-diaminopyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine analogues of piritrexim as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase from rat liver, pneumocystis carinii, and toxoplasma gondii and as antitumor agents.	the synthesis and biological activity are reported for 21 6-substituted 2,4-diaminopyrido[3,2-d]pyrimidine analogues (4-24) of piritrexim (ptx) as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) and as antitumor agents. recombinant dhfr from pneumocystis carinii (pc) and native dhfr from toxoplasma gondii (tg) were the target enzymes tested; these organisms are responsible for fatal opportunistic infections in aids patients. rat liver (rl) dhfr served as the mammalian reference enzyme to determine ...	1998	9804692
comparing the first and second hundred aids cases in hong kong.	to study the clinical and epidemiological features of the first 200 aids patients in hong kong.	1998	9803809
pneumocystis carinii infection of the small intestine.	extrapulmonary pneumocystis carinii infections are rare in comparison to other opportunistic infections in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). in recent years, however, the number of reported cases of extrapulmonary pneumocystosis has increased. it is therefore important for physicians to recognize the various presentations of extrapulmonary p carinii infection. this article reports a case in which the initial clinically detected aids-related infection was extrapulmonary p c ...	1998	9803728
[usefulness of bronchoalveolar lavage in the renal transplant patient with suspected respiratory infection].	in this retrospective study we aimed to assess the diagnostic yield of bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) in kidney transplant patients who were suspected of having severe respiratory infection or in whom empirical antibiotic treatment had failed. all bal procedures performed on kidney transplanted patients suspected of having respiratory infections between january 1, 1988 and july 31, 1996 were analyzed. bal was carried out in the standard way and samples were sent for cytologic and bacteriologic stu ...	1998	9803276
approach to the diagnosis of pulmonary disease in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus.	patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus are predisposed to develop a variety of common and uncommon infectious and neoplastic pulmonary diseases. clinical information that can stratify the risk of occurrence of these pulmonary conditions includes: 1) cd4 cell count-the most important determinant; 2) concurrent antimicrobial therapy; 3) prior travel history; 4) known latent infections that may reactivate: and 5) underlying respiratory disease. specific pulmonary diseases are discu ...	1998	9799133
sordarins: in vitro activities of new antifungal derivatives against pathogenic yeasts, pneumocystis carinii, and filamentous fungi.	gm 193663, gm 211676, gm 222712, and gm 237354 are new semisynthetic derivatives of the sordarin class. the in vitro antifungal activities of gm 193663, gm 211676, gm 222712, and gm 237354 against 111 clinical yeast isolates of candida albicans, candida kefyr, candida glabrata, candida parapsilosis, candida krusei, and cryptococcus neoformans were compared. the in vitro activities of some of these compounds against pneumocystis carinii, 20 isolates each of aspergillus fumigatus and aspergillus f ...	1998	9797217
[hiv infection/aids and respiratory tract infections in japan].	recent advances in the chemotherapeutic agents against hiv enabled us to conduct combination therapies using two nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors and a protease inhibitor. the three-drug combination chemotherapies have been shown to be very potent in inhibiting hiv replication; they markedly suppress plasma hiv-rna levels, elevate cd4 counts, reduce opportunistic infections and prolong survival of the patients. early and hard treatment is now recommended. among opportunistic infection ...	1998	9796209
[clinical study on mechanism of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by polymerase chain reaction].	pneumocystis carinii is a human respiratory pathogen which causes fatal pneumonia in patients under immunosuppressed or immune deficient conditions. recent work have documented the usefulness of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) method in the detection of p. carinii from clinical samples. therefore, we described our experience in using pcr method in the detection of p. carinii from respiratory samples. in our study, bronchial washing or balf were good for diagnosis of p. carinii pneumonia (pcp ...	1998	9796184
typing with internal transcribed spacer regions of pneumocystis carinii from aids patients with recurrent pneumonia.		1998	9795997
ocular manifestations of aids.	the acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is a lethal multisystem disease. its ocular manifestations have received relatively little attention in the literature. between 73% and 100% of aids patients develop ocular lesions. the commonest lesions seen are retinal--either infectious or noninfectious retinopathy. involvement of the conjunctiva with kaposi's sarcoma, infected tears and infected cornea as well as the vitreous are less common. infections with cytomegalovirus and varicella zoster ...	1996	9795562
hiv infection and aids.	many of the clinical features of hiv/aids can be ascribed to the profound immune deficiency which develops in infected patients. the destruction of the immune system by the virus results in opportunistic infection, as well as an increased risk of autoimmune disease and malignancy. in addition, disease manifestations related to the virus itself may occur. for example, during the primary illness which occurs within weeks after first exposure to hiv, clinical symptoms occur in at least 50% of cases ...	1996	9795558
[lymph node dissemination of a serious pneumocystis carinii respiratory infection in aids: histopathological and ultrastructural aspects].	a case report of isolated lymph node extension of atypical respiratory pneumocystis carinii infection which occurred in an hiv-infected patient undergoing aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis is presented with its histopathological and ultrastructural features. aids-associated extrapulmonary and disseminated pneumocystosis are discussed on the ground of their frequency, localizations, risk factors, clinical presentation, and outcome.	1998	9793399
[a case of severe neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus treated by plasmapheresis: diagnostic values of serum antiribosomal p protein antibodies and interleukin-6 in cerebrospinal fluid].	we report here a case of neuropsychiatric lupus erythematosus with organic brain syndrome and transverse myelitis which was successfully managed by plasmapheresis. a 27-year-old female with facial rash, arthralgia and fever was diagnosed as having sle and treated with oral prednisolone (psl) in june 1996. after 6 weeks she demonstrated muscle pain and a spiking temperature. the dose of psl was increased but clinical symptoms did not improve. in august, pulse methyl-psl was performed and she subs ...	1998	9793379
in vitro drug assays and statistical analysis.	the development of in vitro drug tests to assess the efficacy of drugs against pneumocystis carinii has been hindered by the lack of efficient methods for continuous cultivation of the microorganism. however, different short-term culture systems have been proposed by many teams. in the present contribution an in vitro microplate drug assay and two statistical programs allowing the analysis of results are presented.	1998	9792078
evaluation of drug efficacy by using animal models or in vitro systems.	the efficacy of most therapeutic and prophylactic protocols against pneumocystis carinii pneumonia used in human patients has been tested in animal models, especially in the corticosteroid-treated rat. the advantages and drawbacks of this model have been examined in brief in chapter 1 of this section. more recently, the nude rat, intratracheally inoculated with pneumocystis, was used to test new anti-microbian molecules for their anti-pneumocystis activity. in vitro systems, co-cultures of pneum ...	1998	9792077
effect of a killer toxin of pichia anomala to pneumocystis. perspectives in the control of pneumocystosis.	despite the development of drugs in the prophylaxis of pneumocystosis, pneumocystis carinii remains a major opportunistic microorganism in immunosuppressed individuals, especially in human immunodeficiency virus-infected patients. since side effects were frequently observed after administration of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole or pentamidine, the drugs which are mainly used in treating human p. carinii pneumonia (pcp), new therapeutic strategies should be developed. over the last years, the inhi ...	1998	9792073
the pneumocystis carinii major surface glycoprotein (msg): its potential involvement in the pathophysiology of pneumocystosis.		1998	9792071
clinical aspects of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected patients: 1997.	in 1997 in europe p. carinii pneumonia is largely a disease of individuals who are either unaware of their hiv serostatus or who decline prophylaxis despite knowing they are hiv positive. although fibre optic bronchoscopy and bronchoalveolar lavage is the diagnostic 'gold standard' polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplification applied to oropharyngeal washings appears to have a moderate to high diagnostic yield. with further development this may provide a truly non-invasive diagnostic test. ther ...	1998	9792068
pcr for detecting pneumocystis carinii in clinical or environmental samples.	since pneumocystis carinii cannot be cultured in vitro, the introduction of polymerase chain reaction (pcr) has been an enormous advantage for research purposes. it is now possible to detect p. carinii in specimens containing low numbers of organisms where conventional detection methods using microscopic examination of histochemical stains has been insufficient. pcr has been used to detect p. carinii in bronchoalveolar lavage, induced sputum, spontaneous expectorates, oropharyngeal gargles, naso ...	1998	9792067
emerging aspects related to the application of biomolecular techniques to the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: our experience with itss primers.		1998	9792066
the major surface antigen of pneumocystis carinii.		1998	9792062
genetic heterogeneity in human-derived pneumocystis carinii.	genetic heterogeneity has been observed among isolates of human-derived pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii sp. f. hominis). dna sequence analysis has been shown to be informative in distinguishing between isolates of p. carinii sp. f. hominis. single base polymorphisms have been observed in the genes encoding the mitochondrial large subunit ribosomal rna, the mitochondrial small subunit ribosomal rna and the arom protein. the highest level of genetic variation has been found at the internal transc ...	1998	9792061
potential impact of pneumocystis genetic diversity on the molecular detection of the parasite in human host.	our aim was to evaluate if genetic diversity of pneumocystis carinii could influence the detection by molecular techniques in bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluids and in non-invasive specimens (induced sputum, oropharyngeal washing and serum/blood). p. carinii is morphologically similar in different hosts although several strains have been identified by biomolecular techniques. variations of mt-lsu and itss sequences could determine a lack of hybridization of some clinical samples and could have ...	1998	9792059
typing methods to approach pneumocystis carinii genetic heterogeneity.	the study of the genetic heterogeneity of p. carinii is complicated by the lack of an in vitro culture system, as well as by the likely occurrence of co-infections with several special forms or types in a single host. karyotyping and multilocus enzyme electrophoresis are useful for studies at the evolutionary level. however, these methods require a large number of cells, which prevents their use for the special form infecting humans. dna sequence analysis of genomic regions is useful to study p. ...	1998	9792058
the genome of pneumocystis carinii.	the best understood special form of p. carinii, p. carinii formae specialis (f.sp.) carinii, appears to be haploid and contains about 8 million base pairs of dna (8.5 fg) per nucleus. the genome of p. carinii f.sp. carinii is divided into 13-15 linear chromosomes that range from 300 to 700 kb in size. eight different p. carinii f.sp. carinii karyotypes have been observed. the karyotypes of p. carinii f.sp. carinii differ due to slight variations in the lengths of chromosomes, but the 8 karyotype ...	1998	9792057
genetic heterogeneity in pneumocystis carinii: an introduction.	molecular techniques have played an important role in demonstrating a high level of heterogeneity among the different types of organisms which are collectively known as pneumocystis carinii. genetic heterogeneity has been observed in pneumocystis organisms isolated from different host species, suggesting that pneumocystis infection is host-species specific. on the basis of this genetic divergence a provisional trinomial nomenclature has been adopted, in which different types of pneumocystis orga ...	1998	9792056
pneumocystis carinii.		1998	9792055
characterizations of pneumocystis carinii and rat lung lipids: glyceryl ethers and fatty alcohols.	pneumocystis carinii carinii and rat lung phospholipids contained 3-6% 1-alkyl-2-acyl glycerols composed of the glyceryl ether species, 1-o-octadecyl glycerol (batyl alcohol), 1-o-octadec-9-enyl glycerol (selachyl alcohol), 1-o-hexadecyl glycerol (chimyl alcohol), and 1-o-hexadec-9-enyl glycerol. of the major phospholipid classes, phosphatidylinositol (pi) and phosphatidylserine contained the highest percentage of alkyl acyl glycerols. methylprednisolone treatment caused an increase in alkyl acy ...	1998	9788237
drug monitoring during the treatment of aids-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole.	to monitor trimethoprim and sulfamethoxazole plasma levels in patients with aids-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia.	1998	9786102
cultured rat and purified human pneumocystis carinii stimulate intra- but not extracellular free radical production in human neutrophils.	the production of free radicals in human neutrophils was studied in both pneumocystis carinii derived from cultures of l2 rat lung epithelial-like cells and pneumocystis carinii purified from human lung. using the cytochrome c technique, which selectively measured extracellular superoxide generation, hardly any free radical production was observed after stimulation with cultured rat-derived p. carinii. a chemiluminescence technique, which separately measured intra- and extracellular free radical ...	1998	9783456
molecular cloning and characterization of a superoxide dismutase (sod) gene in pneumocystis carinii.	this work reports the isolation and characterization of a gene encoding a superoxide dismutase (sod, ec.1.15.1.1.) from pneumocystis carinii derived from rat. sense and antisense oligonucleotides, deduced from sod amino acid sequences from a wide variety of organisms, allowed amplification of a 669 bp genomic dna fragment specific to this p. carinii. race-pcr was used to obtain the major part of the complementary dna; the 5'- and 3'-genomic regions were obtained respectively from a mbol subgenom ...	1998	9783449
[infections and lupus].	infections are one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality during the course of systemic lupus erythematosus, and are promoted by various dysfunctions of the immune system, some of which are poorly understood. other predisposing factors have been also identified such as the presence of glomerulonephritis and a treatment with high-dose corticosteroids or immunosuppressors. these factors have been particularly associated with the occurrence of opportunistic infections such as systemic candi ...	1998	9781135
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with peripheral nodular infiltrates in a patient with t-acute lymphoblastic leukemia.		1998	9779726
pneumonia in the patient with hiv infection.	the lower respiratory tract has always been a major site of complications in patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. in the era before pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis (pcp) this organism accounted for more than 70% of initial aids-defining diagnoses and was by far the most common identifiable cause of mortality. even in the era of prophylaxis, pcp continues to be the most common aids-defining diagnosis and the most common identifiable cause of death. despite the historic emp ...	1998	9779391
hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis induced by trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole in an aids patient.	a patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and sickle cell anemia presented to the university of wisconsin hospital on two separate occasions with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). on both occasions he was treated with high-dose intravenous trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx). several days into each treatment course he developed hyperkalemia and systemic acidosis consistent with hyperkalemic renal tubular acidosis (rta). the abnormalities resolved in the first instance ...	1998	9776424
cotrimoxazole induced toxic epidermal necrolysis in a suspected case of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with human immuno deficiency virus infection.	toxic epidermal necrolysis due to trimethoprim sulphamethoxazole therapy in a subject of hiv with suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, is reported, because of its rarity in indian conditions. patient showed excellent recovery on corticosteroid therapy.	1998	9775570
[epidemiologic characteristics of cerebral toxoplasmosis in 399 hiv-infected patients followed between 1983 and 1994].	to describe the epidemiological characteristics of toxoplasmic encephalitis in hiv-infected patients with a more than 12-year follow-up.	1998	9775164
[pneumocystis carinii pneumopathy in rheumatoid polyarthritis treated by methotrexate in a patient with pulmonary asbestosis].		1998	9775079
first isolation of trichophyton fischeri in the united states.	a 49-year-old male with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia was seen at bellevue hospital in new york, n.y. sputum samples yielded cultures of candida lusitaniae, mycobacterium avium, and a filamentous fungus, trichophyton fischeri. t. fischeri is a nonpathogenic fungus which resembles the dermatophyte trichophyton rubrum. this is the first record of the species from u.s. sources. this case exemplifies the ecological differences between t. fischeri and t. rubrum and illustrates how correct identifica ...	1998	9774603
mycobacterium avium complex augments macrophage hiv-1 production and increases ccr5 expression.	infection with hiv-1 results in pronounced immune suppression and susceptibility to opportunistic infections (oi). reciprocally, oi augment hiv-1 replication. as we have shown for mycobacterium avium complex (mac) and pneumocystis carinii, macrophages infected with opportunistic pathogens and within lymphoid tissues containing oi, exhibit striking levels of viral replication. to explore potential underlying mechanisms for increased hiv-1 replication associated with coinfection, blood monocytes w ...	1998	9770527
clindamycin with primaquine vs. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy for mild and moderately severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with aids: a multicenter, double-blind, randomized trial (ctn 004). ctn-pcp study group.	this double-blind, randomized, multicenter trial compared clindamycin/primaquine (cm/prq) with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smz) as therapy for aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). forty-five patients received clindamycin (450 mg four times daily [q.i.d.]) and primaquine (15 mg of base/d); 42 received tmp-smz (320 mg/1,600 mg q.i.d. if weight of > or = 60 kg or 240 mg/1,200 mg q.i.d. if weight of < 60 kg) plus placebo primaquine. overall, the efficacy of cm/prq was similar to ...	1998	9770152
[fungal and parasitic nosocomial infections: importance and limitations of disinfection methods].	due to the increase of opportunistic mycosis and parasitosis for several years, the management of fungal and parasitic risk in hospital has become a necessity and an obligation. the authors remind the main rules and knowledges essential to an optimal management of the fungal and parasitic disinfection in hospital. they summarize the efficiency of different disinfection processes in relation to yeasts, filamentous fungi, pneumocystis carinii, cryptosporidia and microsporidia involved in hospital ...	1998	9769895
[perinatal infection with the human immunodeficiency virus].	introduction: hiv infection, eventually resulting in aids, represents an important problem of the present days, whereas statistical parameters corresponding with the incidence of its manifestations and lethal outcome deserve great attention and cause anxieity of both general population and medical workers of all profiles. the problem is particularly complicated in the hiv-infected pregnant women. the aim of this paper is to examine epidemiology of hiv and aids, influence of hiv infection on the ...	1998	9769666
reduced binding and phagocytosis of pneumocystis carinii by alveolar macrophages from persons infected with hiv-1 correlates with mannose receptor downregulation.	the macrophage mannose receptor, a pattern recognition molecule and component of innate immunity, mediates binding and phagocytosis of pneumocystis carinii and likely represents an important clearance mechanism in the lungs of immunocompetent hosts. the purpose of this study was to examine the ability of alveolar macrophages from hiv-infected individuals to bind and phagocytose p. carinii, and to investigate the role of the macrophage mannose receptor in mediating this interaction. compared with ...	1998	9769325
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia incidence and chemoprophylaxis failure in ambulatory hiv-infected patients. hiv outpatient study (hops) investigators.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains the most frequently reported serious opportunistic infection in aids patients and the second highest cause of mortality among persons with aids in the united states, despite the availability of effective chemoprophylaxis.	1998	9768629
pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: pitfalls of prophylaxis.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) occurs commonly in immunocompromised patients. sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim (smx-tmp) is effective prophylaxis, although pcp may still occur despite apparently adequate use. we report three cases of pcp which highlight some of the pitfalls of prophylaxis.	1998	9767516
[hemostasis and human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection].	various coagulation abnormalities were reported in hiv-infected patients. cases of severe thrombocytopenia were first observed in contaminated homosexual males, as well as prolonged aptt due to the presence of lupus-like anticoagulant with a frequency in the range 8 to 70% of the studied patients. even if lupus anticoagulant could be evidenced in asymptomatic patients, it frequently occurred during acute opportunistic infections such as pneumocystis carinii. more recently, increased prevalence o ...	1998	9754240
infectious complications occurring in liver transplant recipients receiving mycophenolate mofetil.	mycophenolate mofetil (mmf) is a new immunosuppressive agent that is gaining widespread use in solid organ transplantation recipients. a comprehensive assessment of infectious complications after its use after liver transplantation has never been assessed.	1998	9753337
extended aromatic furan amidino derivatives as anti-pneumocystis carinii agents.	the syntheses of nine new derivatives of 2, 5-bis[4-(n-alkylamidino)phenyl]furans with extended aromatic systems are reported. the interaction of these dicationic furans with poly(da)poly(dt) and with the duplex oligomers d(cgcgaattcgcg)2 and d(gcgaattcgc)2 was determined by tm measurement, and the effectiveness of these compounds against the immunosuppressed rat model of pneumocystis carinii was evaluated. at a screening dose of 10 micromol/kg, 4 of the 12 amidino furans described here are more ...	1998	9748362
the carboxyl terminus of pneumocystis carinii glycoprotein a encodes a functional glycosylphosphatidylinositol signal sequence.	pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is a hallmark disease associated with aids. an abundant glycoprotein, termed gpa, on the surface of p. carinii is considered an important factor in host-parasite interactions. the primary structure of ferret p. carinii gpa contains a carboxyl-terminal sequence characteristic of a signal for glycosylphosphatidylinositol (gpi) anchors. here we report the capacity for this gpa carboxyl sequence to direct attachment of a secreted protein, human growth hormone (hgh), to ...	1998	9748303
different ultrastructural morphology of pneumocystis carinii derived from mice, rats, and rabbits.	pneumocystis carinii (pc) is a fungus present in the lungs of many mammal species. even though studies of the genome, the isoenzymes, and the antigens have proved some host-species-linked heterogeneity, the existence of distinct pneumocystis species or subspecies has still not been accepted. comparative studies of the ultrastructural morphology of pneumocysts derived from several host species may support evidence of host-species-linked heterogeneity. we have compared the ultrastructural morpholo ...	1998	9744763
effects of long-term aerosol pentamidine for pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis on pulmonary function.	the purpose of the study was to evaluate the long-term effects of aerosolized pentamidine (ap) on the pulmonary function of hiv-positive individuals receiving ap for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis.	1998	9743160
hiv seronegativity in an infant with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	we report the case of an infant with progressive human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection and persistent seronegativity. the child had pneumocystis carinii pneumonia at 4 months of age and was documented to be hiv-infected by hiv-1 deoxyribonucleic acid (dna) polymerase chain reaction (pcr), but enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and western blot tests for hiv-1 and hiv-2 specific antibodies remained negative until the infant was 10 months old. this case should increase awareness abou ...	1998	9743066
in-vitro activity of lytic peptides, inhibitors of ion transport systems and ionophorous antibiotics against pneumocystis carinii.	the in-vitro activity of two vertebrate lytic peptides, two ion transport system inhibitors and two polyether ionophores was investigated against four clinical isolates of pneumocystis carinii recovered from bronchoalveolar lavages of aids patients. the susceptibility tests were performed by inoculating the isolates on to cell monolayers and determining the parasite count after 72 h incubation at 37 degrees c. the culture medium was supplemented with dulbecco's modified eagle's medium containing ...	1998	9738830
inhibition of erythroid differentiation and induction of megakaryocytic differentiation by thrombopoietin are regulated by two different mechanisms in tpo-dependent ut-7/c-mpl and tf-1/c-mpl cell lines.	thrombopoietin (tpo) regulates megakaryocytic (mk) maturation and platelet production. molecular and cellular mechanisms of the tpo-induced mk differentiation are not totally understood. in order to develop cellular models to study these mechanisms, we introduced c-mpl into ut-7 and tf-1 cells by means of a retroviral vector and compared the effects of tpo on these two cell lines. ut-7 and tf-1 cell lines are two factor-dependent leukemic cell lines with an erythroid and mk phenotype. they proli ...	1998	9737683
molecular pathobiology and antigenic variation of pneumocystis carinii.		1998	9734292
comparison of cytochemical staining, immunofluorescence and pcr for diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii on sputum samples.	detection of p. carinii has increased with the use of polymerase chain reaction (pcr), particularly in sputum samples. in this study, sputum samples obtained from 30 immunosuppressed patients with respiratory symptoms (12 hiv-infected) were tested by standard cytochemical staining (giemsa and methenamine silver), immunofluorescence (if) staining and pcr for detection of p. carinii and the results were compared. pneumocystis carinii was detected in 4, 8 and 13 sputum samples by cytological staini ...	1998	9730296
alcohol and host defense against pulmonary infection with pneumocystis carinii.		1998	9727637
[a patient with aids: infection associated with pneumocystis carinii and cryptococcus neoformans].	a patient with aids developed pulmonary infiltrates typical of infection by p. carinii. however, therapy for this agent was unsuccessful. further studies including blood cultures revealed the presence of c neoformans. specific therapy for this agent led to recovery. concomitant opportunistic infections may cause diagnostic and therapeutic problems in patients with aids.	1991	9723082
energy dependency of glucocorticoid exacerbation of gp120 neurotoxicity.	the hiv envelope glycoprotein, gp120, a well documented neurotoxin, may be involved in aids-related dementia complex. gp120 works through an nmda receptor- and calcium-dependent mechanism to damage neurons. we have previously demonstrated that both natural and synthetic glucocorticoids (gcs) exacerbate gp120-induced neurotoxicity and calcium mobilization in hippocampal mixed cultures. gcs, steroid hormones secreted during stress, are now shown to work in conjunction with gp120 to decrease atp le ...	1998	9721744
1,5-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)pentane (pentamidine) is a potent inhibitor of [3h]idazoxan binding to imidazoline i2 binding sites.	the aromatic diamidine 1,5-bis(4-amidinophenoxy)pentane (pentamidine) is used for treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome. clinical use of pentamidine has been restricted by significant toxicity, that includes hypotension, and hypoglycemia. although clinical toxicity is well described, the mechanisms are still poorly understood. competitive binding analyses using [3h]idazoxan as the radioligand, and cirazoline to define non ...	1998	9721046
immune responses to naturally acquired pneumocystis carinii in gene disruption mutant mice.		1998	9720960
structure-based design and synthesis of lipophilic 2,4-diamino-6-substituted quinazolines and their evaluation as inhibitors of dihydrofolate reductases and potential antitumor agents.	the synthesis and biological activities of 14 6-substituted 2,4-diaminoquinazolines are reported. these compounds were designed to improve the cell penetration of a previously reported series of 2,4-diamino-6-substituted-pyrido[2,3-d]pyrimidines which had shown significant potency and remarkable selectivity for toxoplasma gondii dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr), but had much lower inhibitory effects on the growth of t. gondii cells in culture. the target n9-h analogues were obtained via regiospeci ...	1998	9719595
drug-induced pneumonitis caused by sulfamethoxazole, trimethoprim during treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient with refractory ulcerative colitis.	we recently treated a patient with intractable ulcerative colitis complicated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in whom sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim caused pneumonitis. the pneumonitis was difficult to differentiate from worsening of the infection or the appearance of another opportunistic infection. the patient's history of sulfasalazine (sulfonamide)-induced pneumonitis made diagnosis possible. the cd4/cd8 ratio of lymphocyte subsets in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was decreased at the diag ...	1998	9719247
randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of the immune modulator wf10 in patients with advanced aids.	a randomized, double-blind trial compared treatment with the immune modulator wf10 (ten patients) and placebo (nine patients) administered in cycles over 3 months among individuals with advanced aids. there were no notable clinical adverse events; changes in hematologic and chemistry values were comparable in the two groups. in both groups, median hiv-rna pcr values remained stable. immunologic variables showed a consistent tendency to increase in the wf10 group and to decrease in the control gr ...	1998	9717676
factors associated with survival following secondary aids: 1988 to 1995.	the second aids-defining condition diagnosed chronologically is referred to in this report as the secondary aids diagnosis. in this study, we examined survival following a secondary aids diagnosis using demographic and clinical factors known within 1 year before secondary aids diagnosis. in a prospective cohort of 2412 hiv-seropositive homosexual men observed in the multicenter aids cohort study (macs), 609 presented with a secondary aids diagnosis between january 1, 1988 and march 31, 1995. to ...	1998	9715847
atypical pneumocystis carinii infection in aids: massive cervical lymphadenitis and fever of unknown origin.	pulmonary pneumocystis carinii infections are relatively common in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). extrapulmonary pneumocystis is a less common manifestation, particularly when it occurs without concurrent pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. disseminated pneumocystis is most commonly found in lymph nodes, the liver, and the spleen and may result in nonspecific debilitating illness, which is often overlooked in the absence of pulmonary symptoms. we present the case of an ...	1998	9715224