Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| pcr for the identification and differentiation of histomonas meleagridis, tetratrichomonas gallinarum and blastocystis spp. | in the present investigation pcr assays were developed for the rapid detection and differentiation of two poultry flagellates: histomonas meleagridis and tetratrichomonas gallinarum as well as the protozoan microorganism: blastocystis spp. the nucleotide sequences of the small subunit ribosomal rnas were used for primer construction obtaining fragments which vary in size for each microorganism. the established pcrs were able to detect dna obtained from one microorganism of t. gallinarum and blas ... | 2006 | 16920265 |
| clostridium perfringens infection of pancreatic necrosis: absolute indication for early surgical intervention. | it is generally accepted that the surgical treatment of pancreatic necrosis should be delayed as long as possible and after there is laboratory confirmation of infection, determined by image guided fine-needle aspiration. two cases of severe necrotizing pancreatitis are presented where gas developed in the pancreatic bed, detected by ct scanning, within 2--4 days of the onset of symptoms. bacteriology studies showed clostridium perfringens and other gram negative flora. the presence of retroperi ... | 2006 | 16916402 |
| microbiological assessments of compost toilets: in situ measurements and laboratory studies on the survival of fecal microbial indicators using sentinel chambers. | compost toilet systems were assessed for their ability to reduce microbial indicators and pathogens. bacterial pathogens were not detected in any samples indicating a low survival rate in composting feces and/or an initial low occurrence. indicator bacteria showed large variations with no clear trend of lower bacterial numbers after longer storage. in controlled composting experiments, thermophilic conditions were only reached when amendments were made (grass and a sugar solution). even then it ... | 2007 | 16908129 |
| structural and functional analysis of a conjugated bile salt hydrolase from bifidobacterium longum reveals an evolutionary relationship with penicillin v acylase. | bile salt hydrolase (bsh) is an enzyme produced by the intestinal microflora that catalyzes the deconjugation of glycine- or taurine-linked bile salts. the crystal structure of bsh reported here from bifidobacterium longum reveals that it is a member of n-terminal nucleophil hydrolase structural superfamily possessing the characteristic alphabetabetaalpha tetra-lamellar tertiary structure arrangement. site-directed mutagenesis of the catalytic nucleophil residue, however, shows that it has no ro ... | 2006 | 16905539 |
| salmonella spp., vibrio spp., clostridium perfringens, and plesiomonas shigelloides in marine and freshwater invertebrates from coastal california ecosystems. | the coastal ecosystems of california are highly utilized by humans and animals, but the ecology of fecal bacteria at the land-sea interface is not well understood. this study evaluated the distribution of potentially pathogenic bacteria in invertebrates from linked marine, estuarine, and freshwater ecosystems in central california. a variety of filter-feeding clams, mussels, worms, and crab tissues were selectively cultured for salmonella spp., campylobacter spp., escherichia coli-o157, clostrid ... | 2006 | 16897302 |
| the pathogenesis of pig-bel in papua new guinea. 1979. | 2005 | 16894835 | |
| some epidemiological features of pig-bel. 1966. | 2005 | 16894834 | |
| comparative analysis of prevalence, risk factors, and molecular epidemiology of antibiotic-associated diarrhea due to clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus. | we prospectively studied the comparative epidemiology and risk factors for clostridium difficile, clostridium perfringens, and staphylococcus aureus antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad). four thousand six hundred fifty-nine inpatient fecal specimens (11 months) were tested for c. difficile cytotoxin, c. perfringens enterotoxin, and s. aureus by vero cell assay, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, and growth on fresh blood agar, respectively. two distinct age-, sex-, and location-matched control p ... | 2006 | 16891493 |
| in vitro effects of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin on water and ion transport in ovine and caprine intestine. | clostridium perfringens type d produces enterotoxaemia in sheep, goats and other animals. the disease is caused by c. perfringens epsilon toxin, and while enterotoxaemia in goats is usually characterized by enterocolitis, the disease in sheep is characterized by systemic lesions (such as lung and brain oedema) with minor and inconsistent changes observed in the intestine. a possible explanation for these differences is that epsilon toxin is more promptly absorbed by sheep than goat intestine. in ... | 2003 | 16887702 |
| an in vitro time-kill assessment of linezolid and anaerobic bacteria. | linezolid is a novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agent active against staphylococci (including methicillin-resistant strains), enterococci (including vancomycin-resistant strains), streptococci (including penicillin-intermediate and -resistant streptococcus pneumoniae), and other aerobic and facultative bacteria. the agent has also demonstrated activity against a broad spectrum of gram-positive and gram-negative anaerobic bacteria. previous time-kill assessments have shown linezolid to be genera ... | 2003 | 16887680 |
| the clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin. | the gene encoding the alpha-(cpa) is present in all strains of clostridium perfringens, and the purified alpha-toxin has been shown to be a zinc-containing phospholipase c enzyme, which is preferentially active towards phosphatidylcholine and sphingomyelin. the alpha-toxin is haemolytic as a result if its ability to hydrolyse cell membrane phospholipids and this activity distinguishes it from many other related zinc-metallophospholipases c. recent studies have shown that the alpha-toxin is the m ... | 1999 | 16887662 |
| phenotypic characterization of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens isolates from non-foodborne human gastrointestinal diseases. | clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) has been implicated as an important virulence factor inc. perfringens type a food poisoning and several non-foodborne human gastrointestinal (gi) illnesses, including antibiotic-associated diarrhea (aad) and sporadic diarrhea (spor). recent studies have revealed genotypic differences between cpe-positive isolates originating from different disease sources, with most, or all, food poisoning isolates carrying a chomosomal cpe and most, or all, non-foodborn ... | 1998 | 16887625 |
| typing of clostridium perfringens strains by use of random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) system in comparison with zymotyping. | the definition of strain clonality postulates that strains showed identical phenotypic and genetic traits are likely to descend from a common ancestor even if they were isolated from different sources and locations. regarding this definition, non-epidemiologically linked strains might be clonal strains. to overcome this ambiguity, the discriminatory capability of rapd typing was assessed firstly on eight clostridium perfringens strains proven to be chromosomally different with one being the muta ... | 1997 | 16887598 |
| rapid identification of clostridium perfringens in animal feedstuffs. | clostridium perfringens is a common contaminant of grains and meals used for animal feeding and its presence in feedstuffs has been implicated in outbreaks of foodborne poisoning in farm animals. in order to evaluate a new rapid procedure for c. perfringens isolation and identification, we examined qualitatively 120 duplicate samples of feedstuffs used for farm animal and poultry feeding, using the lactose-sulfite broth (ls) proposed for rapid c. perfringens detection and the conventional cooked ... | 1997 | 16887588 |
| the intestinal microflora during the first weeks of life. | bacterial colonization of the neonatal gastrointestinal tract begins during birth when the neonate comes into contact with the maternal cervical and vaginal flora. in infants delivered by caesarean section, bacteria colonizing the neonate gastrointestinal tract are provided by the environment. the first bacteria encountered in the majority of healthy infants, are facultative anaerobes, which remain predominant during the first 2 weeks of life. among them, staphylococcus, enterobacteriaceae and s ... | 1997 | 16887585 |
| distribution of clostridium perfringens in polluted lake environments. | many of the directives that relate to the prevention of pollution or the improvement of fresh water also relate to lake waters since lake waters ultimately inherit much of the pollution that enters into fresh water. in order to determine the influence of the water depth on clostridium perfringens, we utilised a new medium, lactose-sulfite (ls) broth, suggested for rapid enumeration and identification of c. perfringens. duplicate samples were collected at each one of the following sites of the po ... | 1997 | 16887584 |
| an investigation of the prevalence of the toxigenic types of clostridium perfringens in horses with anterior enteritis: preliminary results. | equine anterior enteritis is an acute syndrome with unknown aetiology, although salmonellosis and infection with clostridium perfringens have both been suggested as potential causes. the main aim of this preliminary study was to compare the prevalence of toxigenic types of c. perfringens in clinically healthy horses and in horses with anterior enteritis. from horses admitted with colic at phillip leverhulme large animal hospital in 1995-1996, samples of gastric reflux, small intestinal contents ... | 1997 | 16887575 |
| anaerobes isolated from clinical material over three years. | data on anaerobic bacteria isolated from clinical specimens at the bacteriology department within the 3-year period (1992-1994) were analysed. anaerobic cultivation was carried out in all aspirates and swabs were transferred in transport media in syringes or blood cultures. established growth occurred in all samples cultivated in thioglycollate broth after 4 days of incubation. cultivation methods included enrichment media, gaspak jar, and api (biomerieux) for final identification. a sulfite-red ... | 1997 | 16887566 |
| acid exposure enhances sporulation of certain strains of clostridium perfringens. | a gastroenteritis results when clostridium perfringens is ingested in high numbers and sporulates releasing enterotoxin in the intestines. since the organism must pass through the stomach, its ability to form spores may be affected by the acidic environment. five strains of c. perfringens were exposed to acidic conditions and then assessed for survival and their ability to form spores. an acidic ph environment kills the bacteria over time but surviving cells are able to recover and form spores. ... | 1995 | 16887534 |
| a rapid test for the presumptive identification of clostridium perfringens. | a novel rapid method for the identification of colonies of clostridium perfringens (key id lab m ltd. bury, uk) was evaluated. the method consists of a test strip containing substrates for pre-formed enzymes selected for optimum differentiation of c. perfringens from other clostridia. one hundred and forty-six strains of clostridia were tested using the key id strip. the strip successfully confirmed the identity of all 73 strains of c. perfringens tested, and differentiated these from 73 strains ... | 1995 | 16887522 |
| claudins: emerging targets for cancer therapy. | the claudin (cldn) family of transmembrane proteins plays a critical role in the maintenance of epithelial and endothelial tight junctions. in addition to their function in preserving the structure of tight junctions, cldns might also play a role in the maintenance of the cytoskeleton and in cell signalling. interestingly, several studies have recently reported specific cldn family members to be overexpressed in a wide variety of cancer types. although their functional role in cancer progression ... | 2006 | 16887048 |
| effect of neuraminidase on adherence of pseudomonas aeruginosa to human buccal epithelial cells. inhibition of adhesion by monosaccharides. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the actiion of clostridium perfringens neuraminidase on the adherence of 28 strains of pseudomonas aeruginosa which were isolated from humans, different animals and environment to human buccal epithelial cells (becs). two reference strainns--nctc 6749 and atcc 27853 were also examined. incubation of cells with the enzyme significantly increased bacterial adherence (a mean number of bacteria adhering to cells amounted 19.62 +/- 9.20, for controls - 7.54 +/- 5 ... | 2006 | 16878603 |
| in vitro activities of dalbavancin and 12 other agents against 329 aerobic and anaerobic gram-positive isolates recovered from diabetic foot infections. | tests of dalbavancin's in vitro activity against 209 aerobic and 120 anaerobic isolates from pretreatment diabetic foot infections showed an mic(90) of < or =0.125 microg/ml against methicillin-susceptible staphylococcus aureus (mssa), methicillin-resistant s. aureus (mrsa), and 120 anaerobes (clostridium perfringens, other clostridia, peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus, finegoldia magna, and anaerococcus prevotii), compared to respective mic(90)s for mssa and mrsa of 0.5 and 1 microg/ml for vancomy ... | 2006 | 16870792 |
| in vitro activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, and penicillin against clostridium difficile, c. perfringens, finegoldia magna, and propionibacterium acnes. | daptomycin has in vitro activity against gram-positive anaerobic bacteria, although limited numbers of species have been tested. we studied the in vitro activities of daptomycin, vancomycin, and penicillin against more than 100 strains each of clostridium difficile, c. perfringens, finegoldia magna, and propionibacterium acnes. daptomycin etest mics and results from time-kill studies were determined for selected strains. for 392 of 421 strains (93%), daptomycin was inhibitory at < or =1 microg/m ... | 2006 | 16870765 |
| physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic profiles of greek table olives from retail outlets. | the physicochemical, microbiological, and organoleptic profile of different commercial table olive products from retail outlets was studied. average ph values were 4.00, 3.96, and 4.31 for spanish-style green, naturally black, and dry-salted olives, respectively, while salt content was 6.21, 7.34, and 8.00% for the same commercial products. mean values for titratable acidity were 0.53 and 0.63% (wt/vol) for green and naturally black olives. in general, mean values for ph, titratable acidity, and ... | 2006 | 16865913 |
| control of clostridium perfringens in cooked ground beef by carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, or oregano oil during chilling. | inhibition of clostridium perfringens spore germination and outgrowth by carvacrol, cinnamaldehyde, thymol, and oregano oil was evaluated during abusive chilling of cooked ground beef (75% lean) obtained from a local grocery store. test substances were mixed into thawed ground beef at concentrations of 0.1, 0.5, 1.0, or 2.0% (wt/wt) along with a heat-activated three-strain c. perfringens spore cocktail to obtain final spore concentrations of ca. 2.8 log spores per g. aliquots (5 g) of the ground ... | 2006 | 16865884 |
| evaluation of different fluids for detection of clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin in sheep with experimental enterotoxemia. | enterotoxemia caused by clostridium perfringens type d is a highly lethal disease of sheep, goats and other ruminants. the diagnosis of this condition is usually confirmed by detection of epsilon toxin, a major exotoxin produced by c. perfringens types b and d, in the intestinal content of affected animals. it has been suggested that other body fluids can also be used for detection of epsilon toxin. this study was performed to evaluate the usefulness of intestinal content versus other body fluid ... | 2006 | 16857397 |
| sialidase enhances spinal axon outgrowth in vivo. | the adult cns is an inhibitory environment for axon outgrowth, severely limiting recovery from traumatic injury. this limitation is due, in part, to endogenous axon regeneration inhibitors (aris) that accumulate at cns injury sites. aris include myelin-associated glycoprotein, nogo, oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein, and chondroitin sulfate proteoglycans (cspgs). some aris bind to specific receptors on the axon growth cone to halt outgrowth. reversing or blocking the actions of aris may promot ... | 2006 | 16847268 |
| clostridium perfringens alpha toxin affects electrophysiological properties of isolated jejunal mucosa of laying hens. | bacteria that colonize the intestinal tract can invade epithelial cells or produce toxins that cause diarrhoeal diseases. proliferation of clostridium perfringens and production of alpha-toxin, a phospholipase c, is the major factor for necrotic enteritis in poultry. however, little is known about the functional importance of luminal alpha-toxin during intestinal infection. the purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of purified alpha toxin of clostridium perfringens on the electrop ... | 2006 | 16830872 |
| microbial community composition of the ileum and cecum of broiler chickens as revealed by molecular and culture-based techniques. | the microbial communities of the ileum and cecum of broiler chickens from a conventional and an organic farm were investigated using conventional culture techniques as well as cloning and sequencing of 16s rrna genes. eighty-five percent of the 557 cloned sequences were <97% related to known cultured species. the chicken ileum was dominated by lactobacilli, whereas the cecum harbored a more diverse microbial community. the cecum was dominated by a large group of bacteria with hitherto no close c ... | 2006 | 16830854 |
| skewed genomic variability in strains of the toxigenic bacterial pathogen, clostridium perfringens. | clostridium perfringens is a gram-positive, anaerobic spore-forming bacterium commonly found in soil, sediments, and the human gastrointestinal tract. c. perfringens is responsible for a wide spectrum of disease, including food poisoning, gas gangrene (clostridial myonecrosis), enteritis necroticans, and non-foodborne gastrointestinal infections. the complete genome sequences of clostridium perfringens strain atcc 13124, a gas gangrene isolate and the species type strain, and the enterotoxin-pro ... | 2006 | 16825665 |
| massive intravascular haemolysis with t-activation and disseminated intravascular coagulation due to clostridial sepsis. | 2006 | 16822287 | |
| further comparison of temperature effects on growth and survival of clostridium perfringens type a isolates carrying a chromosomal or plasmid-borne enterotoxin gene. | clostridium perfringens type a isolates can carry the enterotoxin gene (cpe) on either their chromosome or a plasmid, but food poisoning isolates usually have a chromosomal cpe gene. this linkage between chromosomal cpe isolates and food poisoning has previously been attributed, at least in part, to better high-temperature survival of chromosomal cpe isolates than of plasmid cpe isolates. in the current study we assessed whether vegetative cells and spores of chromosomal cpe isolates also surviv ... | 2006 | 16820444 |
| comparison of the concentrations of phenolic compounds in olive oils and other plant oils: correlation with antimicrobial activity. | the antimicrobial activity of different edible vegetable oils was studied. in vitro results revealed that the oils from olive fruits had a strong bactericidal action against a broad spectrum of microorganisms, this effect being higher in general against gram-positive than gram-negative bacteria. thus, olive oils showed bactericidal activity not only against harmful bacteria of the intestinal microbiota (clostridium perfringens and escherichia coli) also against beneficial microorganisms such as ... | 2006 | 16819902 |
| are toxic contaminants accumulating in massachusetts coastal sediments following startup of the massachusetts bay outfall: a comprehensive comparison of baseline and post-diversion periods. | the massachusetts water resources authority (mwra) conducts monitoring to address concerns related to the 2000 diversion of secondarily treated effluent discharge into massachusetts bay. baseline data (1992-2000) showed multiple regions defined by physical and chemical composition. near the massachusetts bay outfall, there is a series of heterogeneous sediments in relatively close proximity to the primary historic source of contaminants (boston harbor). farfield sediments exhibited greater compo ... | 2006 | 16806283 |
| enhancement of cd8 t-cell function through modifying surface glycoproteins in young and old mice. | previous work from our laboratory has shown that modifying cell surface glycosylation with either a clostridium perfringens-derived sialidase (cp-siase), or an o-linked glycoprotein endopeptidase (osge) can enhance the function of cd4 t cells from both young and old mice at multiple levels. here we have re-assessed the effect of age on cd8 t-cell function, and examined the outcome of enzymatic treatment with cp-siase and osge on its different aspects. pre-treatment of cd8 t cells with either cp- ... | 2006 | 16805788 |
| identification of a cross-reactive hla-drb1*0301-restricted cd4 t cell response directed against cholesterol-binding cytolysins from two different pathogens. | cholesterol-binding cytolysins constitute an evolutionarily conserved family of pore-forming proteins expressed by different gram-positive pathogens. listeriolysin o, one well-characterized member of the cytolysin family, is also known to induce specific cd4 and cd8 t cell responses upon infection of mice with listeria monocytogenes. here we describe an hla-drb1*0301-restricted listeriolysin o-derived t cell epitope that is conserved among several members of the cytolysin family. an hla-drb1*030 ... | 2006 | 16798043 |
| asteropine a, a sialidase-inhibiting conotoxin-like peptide from the marine sponge asteropus simplex. | marine sponges contain structurally intriguing and biologically active peptides of nonribosomal peptide synthase origin, often containing amino acids with novel structures. here we report the discovery of asteropine a (apa), a cystine knot to be isolated from marine sponges. the solution structure of apa as determined by nmr belongs to the four-loop class of cystine knots similar to those of some conotoxins and spider toxins. however, the highly negatively charged surface of apa is uncommon amon ... | 2006 | 16793514 |
| functional identification of conjugation and replication regions of the tetracycline resistance plasmid pcw3 from clostridium perfringens. | clostridium perfringens causes fatal human infections, such as gas gangrene, as well as gastrointestinal diseases in both humans and animals. detailed molecular analysis of the tetracycline resistance plasmid pcw3 from c. perfringens has shown that it represents the prototype of a unique family of conjugative antibiotic resistance and virulence plasmids. we have identified the pcw3 replication region by deletion and transposon mutagenesis and showed that the essential rep gene encoded a basic pr ... | 2006 | 16788202 |
| the conjugative transposon tn5397 has a strong preference for integration into its clostridium difficile target site. | tn5397 is a conjugative transposon, originally isolated from clostridium difficile. the tn5397 transposase tndx is related to the phage-encoded serine integrases and the clostridium perfringens tn4451 transposase tnpx. tndx is required for the insertion and excision of the transposon. tn5397 inserts at one locus, attb(cd), in c. difficile but at multiple sites in bacillus subtilis. apart from a conserved 5' ga dinucleotide at the recombination site, there appears to be little sequence conservati ... | 2006 | 16788196 |
| rapid detection of enterotoxigenic clostridium perfringens by real-time fluorescence resonance energy transfer pcr. | clostridium perfringens is one of the etiologic agents of gas gangrene that can occur when a wound is contaminated with soil. type a c. perfringens can cause foodborne and nonfoodborne gastrointestinal illnesses due to an enterotoxin (cpe) produced by some strains during sporulation. we developed a quantitative real-time pcr assay based on fluorescence resonance energy transfer hybridization chemistry that targets the c. perfringens-specific phospholipase c (plc) gene and the enterotoxigenic gen ... | 2006 | 16786856 |
| diarrhea and hyperammonemia in a horse with progressive neurologic signs. | a 2-year-old, quarter horse filly was referred to michigan state university, veterinary teaching hospital with a 2-3 day history of depression and partial anorexia progressing to severe, watery diarrhea with severe neurologic abnormalities, including repetitive muscle fasciculations, muscle stiffening, and collapse. laboratory findings included severe polycythemia, neutropenia, metabolic acidosis, and electrolyte and fluid loss, consistent with watery diarrhea and endotoxic shock. increased crea ... | 2006 | 16783724 |
| real-time monitoring of the membrane-binding and insertion properties of the cholesterol-dependent cytolysin anthrolysin o from bacillus anthracis. | bacillus anthracis has recently been shown to secrete a potently hemolytic/cytolytic protein that has been designated anthrolysin o (alo). in this work, we initiated a study of this potential anthrax virulence factor in an effort to understand the membrane-binding properties of this protein. recombinant anthrolysin o (ralo35-512) and two n-terminally truncated versions of alo (ralo390-512 and ralo403-512) from b. anthracis were overproduced in escherichia coli and purified to homogeneity. the ro ... | 2006 | 16775845 |
| cns clostridium perfringens infection: a rare complication of preoperative embolization of meningioma. | gas gangrene is a severe form of gangrene (tissue death) that usually is caused by clostridium perfringens. it generally occurs at the site of trauma or a recent surgical wound. we report the case of a 45-year-old woman with sphenoid-ridged meningioma who received preoperative transarterial embolization with polyvinyl alcohol. the patient later developed an intratumoral c perfringens infection and died despite intensive medical care. the case represents an extremely rare complication following t ... | 2006 | 16775296 |
| a new type of bacterial sulfatase reveals a novel maturation pathway in prokaryotes. | sulfatases are a highly conserved family of enzymes found in all three domains of life. to be active, sulfatases undergo a unique post-translational modification leading to the conversion of either a critical cysteine ("cys-type" sulfatases) or a serine ("ser-type" sulfatases) into a calpha-formylglycine (fgly). this conversion depends on a strictly conserved sequence called "sulfatase signature" (c/s)xpxr. in a search for new enzymes from the human microbiota, we identified the first sulfatase ... | 2006 | 16766528 |
| investigating the role of small, acid-soluble spore proteins (sasps) in the resistance of clostridium perfringens spores to heat. | clostridium perfringens type a food poisoning is caused by enterotoxigenic c. perfringens type a isolates that typically possess high spore heat-resistance. the molecular basis for c. perfringens spore heat-resistance remains unknown. in the current study, we investigated the role of small, acid-soluble spore proteins (sasps) in heat-resistance of spores produced by c. perfringens food poisoning isolates. | 2006 | 16759397 |
| genetic diversity of clostridium perfringens type a isolates from animals, food poisoning outbreaks and sludge. | clostridium perfringens, a serious pathogen, causes enteric diseases in domestic animals and food poisoning in humans. the epidemiological relationship between c. perfringens isolates from the same source has previously been investigated chiefly by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge). in this study the genetic diversity of c. perfringens isolated from various animals, from food poisoning outbreaks and from sludge was investigated. | 2006 | 16737528 |
| synthesis and evaluation of fluorogenic substrates for phospholipase d and phospholipase c. | fluorogenic analogues of phosphatidylcholine and lysophosphatidylcholine, ddpb and lysoddpb, were synthesized by an enzyme-assisted strategy. the analogues were evaluated as substrates for phospholipases c and d and lysophospholipase d. ddpb was cleaved by bacterial and plant phospholipase d (pld) enzymes and represents the first direct fluorogenic substrate for real-time measurement of pld activity. both fluorogenic substrates have potential in screening for pld and pc-plc inhibitors and for mo ... | 2006 | 16737317 |
| [gas gangrene--case diagnosis]. | anaerobic spore-forming bacteria from species clostridium perfringens is commonly present in soil and in the intestines of men and animals. clostridium perfringens type a are responsible for gas gangrene men and animals. this paper describes gas gangrene case after limb amputation at 69-year-old man, treated for diabetes since several years. used multiplex pcr generated amplification product 900 bp size (cpa) responsible for coding alpha toxin (cpa) present at clostridium perfringens type a. | 2005 | 16729427 |
| successful transfer of embryos recovered from a cow with chronic cervicitis of mixed aerobic and anaerobic bacterial aetiology a case report. | an imported 13-year-old simmentaler cow was presented with severe purulent cervicitis and endometritis from which corynebacterium pyogenes , fusobacterium necrophorum , bacteroides melaninogenicus and an untyped clostridium perfringens were isolated. the endometritis responded to treatment but the cervix did not and remained fibrous, continuously patent and purulent. natural pregnancy was considered unlikely and the cow was prepared as an embryo transfer donor. eight embryos were recovered and s ... | 1985 | 16726028 |
| differential gene expression profiles between tumor biopsies and short-term primary cultures of ovarian serous carcinomas: identification of novel molecular biomarkers for early diagnosis and therapy. | to identify novel molecular biomarkers useful for the early diagnosis and therapy of ovarian cancer by gene expression profiling. to compare the genetic fingerprints of flash-frozen ovarian serous carcinomas to those of matched highly purified primary tumor cell cultures. | 2006 | 16725184 |
| isolation and identification of mixed linked beta -glucan degrading bacteria in the intestine of broiler chickens and partial characterization of respective 1,3-1,4-beta -glucanase activities. | media with 1,3-1,4-beta -glucans as selective markers were used for isolation of non-starch-polysaccharide (nsp) degrading bacteria from the intestinal tract of broiler chicken. formerly unknown 1,3-1,4-beta endoglucanase activities in various bacterial species were identified in this study. e. faecium , streptococcus , bacteroides and clostridium strains seem to be responsible for degradation of mixed linked beta -glucans in the small intestine and in the hind gut of chickens. strict anaerobic ... | 2006 | 16721874 |
| inorganic phosphate induces spore morphogenesis and enterotoxin production in the intestinal pathogen clostridium perfringens. | clostridium perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) is an important virulence factor for food poisoning and non-food borne gastrointestinal (gi) diseases. although cpe production is strongly regulated by sporulation, the nature of the signal(s) triggering sporulation remains unknown. here, we demonstrated that inorganic phosphate (pi), and not ph, constitutes an environmental signal inducing sporulation and cpe synthesis. in the absence of pi-supplementation, c. perfringens displayed a spo0a phenotype, i. ... | 2006 | 16714597 |
| intravascular hemolysis as a complication of clostridium perfringens sepsis. | 2006 | 16710038 | |
| changes of gut microbiota and immune markers during the complementary feeding period in healthy breast-fed infants. | little is known about changes in intestinal microbiota during the important period of complementary feeding (weaning). this descriptive study investigated changes of selected gut microbiota and markers of gut permeability and the immune system in breast fed infants during the complementary feeding period. | 2006 | 16707969 |
| immunization with an alphatoxin variant 121a/91-r212h protects mice against clostridium perfringens alphatoxin. | as shown previously, a recombinant alphatoxin variant (rat121a/91) constructed from the naturally occurring clostridium perfringens mutant strain 121a/91, was devoid of enzymatic (plc), hemolytic and lethal activity (18). in the present study, the recombinant variant was altered by an oligonucleotide-directed reversion of an arginine in position 212 for a histidine residue, corresponding to the sequence of the wild-type alphatoxin. the new variant rat121a/91r212h proved to be negative in enzymat ... | 2006 | 16701610 |
| clostridium perfringens: insight into virulence evolution and population structure. | clostridium perfringens is an important pathogen in veterinary and medical fields. diseases caused by this organism are in many cases life threatening or fatal. at the same time, it is part of the ecological community of the intestinal tract of man and animals. virulence in this species is not fully understood and it does seem that there is erratic distribution of the toxin/enzyme genes within c. perfringens population. we used the recently developed multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat ... | 2006 | 16701609 |
| prevalence and characterization of clostridium perfringens from spices in argentina. | spices can present high microbial counts and clostridium perfringens, bacillus cereus, salmonella and shigella, among others have been isolated from spices. c. perfringens is an important pathogen agent causing, among other diseases, enteritis in humans caused by c. perfringens enterotoxin (cpe) which causes human food poisoning and enterotoxemia in domestic animals. the aims of the present work were (i) to establish the hygienic sanitary quality of some spices in san luis, argentina; (ii) to de ... | 2005 | 16701595 |
| clostridial abomasitis in calves: case report and review of the literature. | infections by clostridium perfringens type a are perhaps the most common causes of clostridial hemorrhagic enteritis in neonatal ruminants. affected calves exhibit tympany, hemorrhagic abomasitis, and abomasal ulceration. gram-positive bacilli are often found on affected mucosa and in submucosa. aspects of etiology beyond the infecting organism are little understood, but probably include dietary issues, perhaps relating to overfeeding, feeding of barely thawed or contaminated colostrum, or condi ... | 2005 | 16701586 |
| multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis for strain typing of clostridium perfringens. | clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous in the environment and causes diseases in man and animals, with syndromes ranging from enteritis, enterotoxemia, and sudden death to food poisoning and gas gangrene. understanding the epidemiology of these infections and of the evolution of virulence in c. perfringens necessitate an efficient, time and cost effective strain typing method. multiple-locus variable-number tandem repeat analysis (mlva) has been applied to typing of other pathogens and we describ ... | 2005 | 16701582 |
| effects of gyrase mutation on the growth kinetics of ciprofloxacin-resistant strains of clostridium perfringens. | to investigate the effect of gyra mutation on resistance of clostridium perfringens to fluoroquinolones, a ciprofloxacin-resistant mutant was developed. the mutant had a single substitution in gyra at position 87 (asp to tyr) and no additional mutations in gyrb, parc or pare. the mic values of gatifloxacin and ciprofloxacin for this strain were 16 and 32-fold higher than those for the wild type, which were 0.125 and 0.250 microg/ml, respectively. the resistant mutant grew equally well in the pre ... | 2005 | 16701569 |
| in vitro activity of oritavancin (ly333328), vancomycin, clindamycin, and metronidazole against clostridium perfringens, propionibacterium acnes, and anaerobic gram-positive cocci. | using an agar dilution method, we determined the in vitro activity of oritavancin, vancomycin, clindamycin and metronidazole against 114 unique clinical isolates of gram-positive anaerobes. mic(90)s (microg/ml) for oritavancin were as follows: clostridium perfringens 1.0, propionibacterium acnes 0.25, peptostreptococcus anaerobius 0.25, peptoniphilus asaccharolyticus 0.5, finegoldia magna 0.25, micromonas. micros 0.25, and anaerococcus prevotii 0.25. on a weight basis, oritavancin is slightly mo ... | 2005 | 16701537 |
| inhibition of clostridium perfringens sporulation by bacteroides fragilis and short-chain fatty acids. | the effect a common fecal organism, bacteroides fragilis, has on the sporulation of clostridium perfringens, an organism linked to some cases of antibiotic associated diarrhea, was examined. established b. fragilis cultures significantly decreased the number of heat resistant spores formed by c. perfringens atcc 12915 and increased the number of vegetative cells. to determine if short-chain fatty acids (scfa), fermentation products of b. fragilis, inhibited sporulation, the scfa were added to sp ... | 2004 | 16701530 |
| clostridium perfringens type e enteritis in calves: two cases and a brief review of the literature. | toxigenic types of clostridium perfringens are important causes of enteric disease in domestic animals, although type e is putatively rare, appearing as an uncommon cause of enterotoxemia of lambs, calves, and rabbits. we report here two geographically distinct cases of type e enterotoxemia in calves, and diagnostic findings which suggest that type e may play a significant role in enteritis of neonatal calves. the cases had many similarities, including a history of diarrhea and sudden death, abo ... | 2004 | 16701523 |
| neurological disorders produced by clostridium perfringens type d epsilon toxin. | although the epsilon toxin of clostridium perfringens type d produces disease in many species of domestic livestock, neurological disturbance is more common and better studied in sheep. high levels of circulating toxin, especially in lambs, cause cerebral microvascular endothelial damage with disruption of the blood-brain barrier leading to a severe, diffuse vasogenic oedema and an acute or peracute clinical course to death. with lower toxin levels, or in partially immune sheep, a focal, bilater ... | 2004 | 16701511 |
| diagnosis of clostridium perfringens intestinal infections in sheep and goats. | clostridium perfringens produces disease in sheep, goats and other animal species, most of which are generically called enterotoxemias. this micro-organism can be a normal inhabitant of the intestine of most animal species including humans, but when the intestinal environment is altered by sudden changes in diet or other factors, c. perfringens proliferates in large numbers and produces several potent toxins that are absorbed into the general circulation or act locally with usually devastating e ... | 2004 | 16701510 |
| perfringolysin o, a cholesterol-binding cytolysin, as a probe for lipid rafts. | gaining an understanding of the structural and functional roles of cholesterol in membrane lipid rafts is a critical issue in studies on cellular signaling and because of the possible involvement of lipid rafts in various diseases. we have focused on the potential of perfringolysin o (theta-toxin), a cholesterol-binding cytolysin produced by clostridium perfringens, as a probe for studies on membrane cholesterol. we prepared a protease-nicked and biotinylated derivative of perfringolysin o (bcth ... | 2004 | 16701509 |
| effects of clostridium perfringens phospholipase c in mammalian cells. | clostridium perfringens phospholipase c (cp-plc), the major virulence factor in the pathogenesis of gas gangrene, is a zn(2+) metalloenzyme with lecithinase and sphingomyelinase activities. its structure shows an n-terminal domain containing the active site, and a c-terminal ca(2+) binding domain required for membrane interaction. although the knowledge of the structure of cp-plc and its interaction with aggregated phospholipids has advanced significantly, an understanding of the effects of cp-p ... | 2004 | 16701508 |
| new insights into the cytotoxic mechanisms of clostridium perfringens enterotoxin. | clostridium perfringens type a isolates producing the 35 kda enterotoxin (cpe) are an important cause of food poisoning, human non-foodborne gastrointestinal (gi) disease, and some veterinary gi diseases. studies using cpe knock-out mutants confirmed the importance of enterotoxin expression for the enteric virulence of cpe-positive type a isolates. cpe action involves formation of a series of complexes in mammalian plasma membranes. one such cpe-containing complex (of approximately 155 kda) is i ... | 2004 | 16701507 |
| diet- and colonization-dependent intestinal dysfunction predisposes to necrotizing enterocolitis in preterm pigs. | preterm birth and formula feeding are key risk factors associated with necrotizing enterocolitis (nec) in infants, but little is known about intestinal conditions that predispose to disease. thus, structural, functional, and microbiologic indices were used to investigate the etiology of spontaneous nec development in preterm pigs. | 2006 | 16697741 |
| microbiological and chemical properties of litter from different chicken types and production systems. | chicken litter is produced in large quantities from all types of poultry raising activities. it is primarily used for land application, thus it is essential to analyze its properties before it is released to the environment. the objective of this study is to compare the microbiological and chemical properties of litter generated from layer and broiler chickens reared under intensive and free-range production systems. the microbiological analysis consisted of the enumeration of total bacteria, to ... | 2006 | 16697440 |
| predictive model for growth of clostridium perfringens in cooked cured pork. | mathematical models have been developed and used for predicting growth of foodborne pathogens in various food matrices. however, these early models either used microbiological media or other model systems to develop the predictive models. some of these models have been shown to be inaccurate for applications in meat and specific food matrices, especially under dynamic conditions, such as constantly changing temperatures that are encountered during food processing. the objective of this investiga ... | 2006 | 16697066 |
| environmental survey for four pathogenic bacteria and closely related species using phylogenetic and functional genes. | bacterial species with high dna sequence similarity to pathogens could affect the specificity of assays designed to detect biological threat agents in environmental samples. the natural presence of four pathogenic bacteria, bacillus anthracis, clostridium perfringens, francisella tularensis, and yersinia pestis and their closely related species, was determined for a large collection of soil and aerosol samples. polymerase chain reaction (pcr) and gene sequencing were used using group-specific 16 ... | 2006 | 16696701 |
| site-related airborne biological hazard and seasonal variations in two wastewater treatment plants. | results of a study conducted to assess the degree of airborne bacterial contamination generated by two wastewater treatment plants (wwtp) with different treatment systems and evaluate the dispersion of potential pathogens, have been described. aerosols samples were collected in summer and winter with an agar impact sampler from several plant sites. external upwind and downwind controls were also examined. total colony-forming counts of mesophilic and thermophilic bacteria, actinomycetes and stre ... | 2006 | 16678881 |
| regulation of toxin and bacteriocin gene expression in clostridium by interchangeable rna polymerase sigma factors. | the production of major extracellular toxins by pathogenic strains of clostridium botulinum, clostridium tetani and clostridium difficile, and a bacteriocin by clostridium perfringens is dependent on a related group of rna polymerase sigma-factors. these sigma-factors (botr, tetr, tcdr and uvia) were shown to be sufficiently similar that they could substitute for one another in in vitro dna binding and run-off transcription experiments. in cells, however, the sigma-factors fell into two subclass ... | 2006 | 16677313 |
| the bacterial quality of red meat and offal in casablanca (morocco). | the present study aimed to evaluate the bacteriological quality of beef (n = 52), lamb (n = 52) and beef offal (n = 52) marketed in casablanca, morocco. meat and offal samples (n = 156), were collected randomly from butcheries, supermarkets, and slaughterhouses. two sampling periods were considered, one during the hot season and the second one during the cold season. the samples were analyzed for the presence of the following bacteria: escherichia coli, coagulase-positive staphylococcus, clostri ... | 2006 | 16676376 |
| effect of different cleaning regimens on recovery of clostridium perfringens on poultry live haul containers. | clostridium perfringens is important to both poultry producers and humans. the excretion rate of pathogenic foodborne bacteria increases after live haul; however, the majority of research into flock cross-contamination has been performed on salmonella and campylobacter. research into the sources of c. perfringens in poultry operations have implied that dirty transport containers do harbor this organism and, therefore, can potentially contaminate subsequent flocks. the objectives of this study we ... | 2006 | 16673771 |
| comparative evaluation of bact/alert 3d and bactec systems for the recovery of pathogens causing bloodstream infections. | to compare bact/alert (bta) and bactec 9240 (bac), two continuously monitoring automated blood culture systems, for the recovery of bloodstream pathogens and standard media available for these systems. | 2006 | 16651840 |
| clonal relationships among clostridium perfringens of porcine origin as determined by multilocus sequence typing. | clostridium perfringens is ubiquitous in the environment and the intestinal tracts of most mammals, but this organism also causes gas gangrene and enteritis in human and animal hosts. while expression of specific toxins correlates with specific disease in certain hosts, the other factors involved in commensalism and host pathogenesis have not been clearly identified. a multilocus sequence typing (mlst) scheme was developed for c. perfringens with the aim of grouping isolates with respect to dise ... | 2006 | 16650661 |
| incidence and characterization of clostridium perfringens isolated from antibiotic-associated diarrhoeal patients: a prospective study in an indian hospital. | clostridium perfringens has been reported as causing between 2-15% of all cases of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea (aad), and may be diagnosed by detection of enterotoxin in faeces. a prospective study comprising 150 diarrhoeal patients and 100 non-diarrhoeal controls was undertaken to assess the incidence of c. perfringens-associated diarrhoea in an indian hospital. methods used included c. perfringens culture, reverse passive latex agglutination (rpla) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (el ... | 2006 | 16650503 |
| [removal of cryptosporidium and giardia in drinking water treatment in a tuscan area]. | five drinking water treatment plants in the tuscan area, differing in relation to the treatments employed, were monitored for the presence of cryptosporidium and giardia (oo)cysts in order to estimate their removal capacity of each works. twenty-eight water samples (16 from inflow raw water and 12 from outflow drinking water) were analysed during the one-year survey. the us epa 1623 method was used, obtaining, according to the phls quality control system, a recovery rate of 51.3 +/- 22.9% for cr ... | 2006 | 16649509 |
| clostridium difficile and clostridium perfringens species detected in infant faecal microbiota using 16s rrna targeted probes. | clostridium perfringens and clostridium difficile are pathogenic clostridia potentially associated with gastrointestinal infections and allergy in infants. to enable the molecular detection and quantification of these species in the infant gut, two 16s rrna oligonucleotide probes were developed: cdif198 for c. difficile and cperf191 for c. perfringens. we defined the probes in silico using the rdp sequence database. the probes were then validated using fish combined with flow cytometry and a col ... | 2006 | 16647148 |
| comparison of chicken gut colonisation by the pathogens campylobacter jejuni and clostridium perfringens by real-time quantitative pcr. | we compared the colonisation of the chicken gut by the two important pathogens campylobacter jejuni (frequent food-borne pathogen) and alpha-toxin gene containing clostridium perfringens (causative agent of necrotic enteritis in chickens) using a new high-throughput automated dna purification method for microbial biodiversity analyses. the method gave high reproducibility (standard deviation of 1.1 c(t)-values for a universal 16s rdna real-time pcr), and inhibition was observed in only 0.9% of t ... | 2006 | 16644183 |
| a fermentation assay to evaluate the effectiveness of antimicrobial agents on gut microflora. | the measurement of gas produced as a fermentation end product in vitro was correlated with absorbance as a measure of bacterial growth and was used as a rapid screening procedure to test the antimicrobial activity of certain essential oil and tannin secondary plant metabolites on gastrointestinal microorganisms from chickens. the assay was optimised using clostridium perfringens and lactobacillus fermentum, and tested in antimicrobial assays against c. perfringens; the minimum inhibitory concent ... | 2006 | 16632004 |
| bacterial contamination of nonsterile disposable gloves before use. | after bacillus cereus recovery in opened boxes of disposable gloves, the bacteriological contamination of disposable nonsterile gloves kept stored in native packages was investigated prospectively. | 2006 | 16630975 |
| the assessment of airborne bacterial contamination in three composting plants revealed site-related biological hazard and seasonal variations. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate the degree of bacterial contamination generated by three italian composting plants (1, 2 and 3) in two different seasons and to assess the health risk for the employees. | 2006 | 16629998 |
| detection of bovine torovirus in neonatal calf diarrhoea in lower austria and styria (austria). | faeces of 230 calves with and without diarrhoea collected during the winter period 2004/2005 in 100 austrian farms (styria and lower austria) were examined for viral, bacterial and parasitic enteropathogens. torovirus-specific nucleic acid confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction was found in 12 of 230 calves (5.2%). ten of these calves were clinically ill, several of them showing signs of dehydration and abnormal faecal consistency at the time of sampling. computer assisted ... | 2006 | 16629982 |
| two distinct regions of the large serine recombinase tnpx are required for dna binding and biological function. | the large serine recombinase, tnpx, from the clostridium perfringens integrative mobilizable element tn4451, consists of three domains and has two known dna binding regions. in this study random and site-directed mutagenesis was used to identify other regions of tnpx that were required for biological activity. genetic and biochemical analysis of these mutants led to the identification of important tnpx residues in the n-terminal catalytic pocket. in addition, another region of tnpx (aa 243-261), ... | 2006 | 16629663 |
| [topics on anaerobic bacteria and anaerobic infection]. | considerable information has been accumulated in the field of anaerobic bacteria and anaerobic infections in the last ten years. here we tried to briefly introduce several selected topics of clinical importance in this field: proposal of the term "nanaerobe", changes of classification and nomenclature of anaerobes, anaerobic bacteremia, lemierre's syndrome as a revival anaerobic infection, atopobium vaginae as bacterial vaginosis-associated bacteria, and new actions of the clostridium perfringen ... | 2006 | 16629490 |
| acute diarrhea in the adult horse: case example and review. | 2006 | 16627106 | |
| signal transduction mechanism involved in clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin-induced superoxide anion generation in rabbit neutrophils. | clostridium perfringens alpha-toxin induces the generation of superoxide anion (o2(-)) via production of 1,2-diacylglycerol (dg) in rabbit neutrophils. the mechanism of the generation, however, remains poorly understood. here we report a novel mechanism for the toxin-induced production of o2(-) in rabbit neutrophils. treatment of the cells with the toxin resulted in tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein of about 140 kda. the protein reacted with anti-trka (nerve growth factor high-affinity recep ... | 2006 | 16622226 |
| comparison of agar plate and real-time pcr on enumeration of lactobacillus, clostridium perfringens and total anaerobic bacteria in dog faeces. | to compare agar plate and real-time pcr methods on enumeration of total anaerobic bacteria, lactobacillus and clostridium perfringens in dog faeces. | 2006 | 16620208 |
| evaluation of an alternative method for the enumeration and confirmation of clostridium perfringens from treated and untreated sewages. | clostridium perfringens is recommended as a suitable indicator bacterium for human enteric viruses, giardia cysts and cryptosporidium oocysts in finished water and in the assessment and evaluation of water treatment. several agars and confirmation procedures were evaluated in parallel with the australian/new zealand standard (as/nz) method for the enumeration of cl. perfringens from treated and untreated sewage samples. | 2006 | 16620200 |
| effects of a campylobacter jejuni infection on the development of the intestinal microflora of broiler chickens. | the effect of a campylobacter jejuni colonization on the development of the microflora of the cecum and the ileum of broiler chickens was studied using molecular methods. the infection did affect the development and complexity of the microbial communities of the ceca, but we found no permanent effect of a c. jejuni infection on the ileal microflora of the broilers. in addition, denaturant gradient gel electrophoresis (dgge) profiles generated from cecal and ileal contents revealed several dgge b ... | 2006 | 16615340 |
| evaluation of acid phosphatase as a confirmation test for clostridium perfringens isolated from water. | to evaluate testing for acid phosphatase as an alternative method for the confirmation of clostridium perfringens isolated from water. | 2006 | 16599998 |
| selection of potentially probiotic lactobacillus strains towards their inhibitory activity against poultry enteropathogenic bacteria. | lactobacilli were isolated from chicken gastrointestinal tract and examined for their potentially probiotic properties towards their inhibitory activity against poultry enteropathogenic bacteria. biochemical tests, its-pcr and cell wall protein analysis were used to characterize the lactobacillus isolates. the identification of isolated lactobacillus strains based on phenotypic properties was not always satisfactory. its-pcr together with protein profile were found to be helpful in strain identi ... | 2005 | 16599299 |
| clostridium perfringens phospholipase c-induced platelet/leukocyte interactions impede neutrophil diapedesis. | clostridium perfringens gas gangrene is a fulminant necrotizing infection in which inflammatory cells are notably absent from infected tissues but are often massed within adjacent vessels. it has been shown that c. perfringens phospholipase c (plc) stimulates formation of large intravascular platelet/leukocyte complexes and that plc-induced activation of platelet gpiibiiia plays a major role. in vivo, such aggregates contribute to microvascular thrombosis and ischaemic necrosis of tissue. howeve ... | 2006 | 16585634 |
| a "fishy" cough: hepatobronchial fistula due to a pyogenic liver abscess. | a hepatobronchial fistula is an anatomic communication between the liver parenchyma and the bronchial tree. major causes of such fistulae include inflammatory conditions resulting from obstruction of the biliary tract and infectious processes, such as pyogenic liver abscesses, amoebiasis, and hydatid cysts. we report a rare case of a patient (with a chronic, recurrent hepatic abscess) who suffered a persistent, productive cough resulting from a hepatobronchial fistula. | 2006 | 16582969 |
| clostridium septicum infections in children: a case report and review of the literature. | clostridium myonecrosis is a rare and deadly infection that progresses very rapidly; thus, prompt diagnosis and treatment is vital. in adults, clostridial myonecrosis used to be a well-known complication of war wounds. today, it is usually seen in settings of trauma, surgery, malignancy, skin infections/burns, and septic abortions. more recently, cases of nontraumatic or spontaneous clostridial myonecrosis have been reported in both adults and children. clostridium perfringens and clostridium se ... | 2006 | 16567392 |
| a case study of negative pressure wound therapy to manage acute necrotizing fasciitis. | acute necrotizing fasciitis is a devastating infectious process that requires immediate surgical debridement. intravenous antibiotic treatment, hyperbaric oxygen therapy, and wound management are considered the standard of care. subsequent wound closure is achieved with split-thickness skin grafting, delayed surgical closure, or healing by secondary intention. when a patient refuses additional surgical treatment or is no longer a surgical candidate, as was the case with a patient who presented w ... | 2006 | 16565526 |