Publications

acceptability of shared care for asymptomatic hiv-positive patients.	in britain, human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) disease has been seen as an illness requiring specialist hospital care at all times. however, as its chronic nature has become apparent, the possibiliity that it could be managed more cost effectively in primary care has been raised. this has led to increasing interest in 'shared care', that is, care which is shared between a general practitioner and a specialist according to clear protocols, for this group of patients. however, for 'shared care' to ...	1995	8536834
lack of evidence for an association between the frequency of mutants or translocations in circulating lymphocytes and exposure to radon gas in the home.	radon measurements in the living room and main bedroom of 41 houses in the town of street, somerset, england have been made. exposure levels, weighted using the formula of the uk national radiological protection board, of 19-484 bq m-3 (about half > 100 bq m-3) were found. blood samples were obtained from a total of 66 occupants in these homes, and the frequency of genetic alterations in lymphocytes was estimated using two different end points. gene mutations at the hypoxanthine guanine phosphor ...	1996	8532838
detection of the poor metabolizer-associated cyp2d6(d) gene deletion allele by long-pcr technology.	the cytochrome p450 enzyme debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase metabolizes many different classes of commonly used drugs, such as antidepressants and neuroleptics. deficient hydroxylation of debrisoquine, known as the poor metabolizer (pm) phenotype, affects 5-10% of caucasians and may lead to adverse reactions upon administration of drugs in standard doses. this autosomal recessive metabolic deficiency is caused by the possession of two pm-associated mutations in the human cyp2d6 gene locus coding for t ...	1995	8528268
a bacteriological survey of tuberculosis due to the human tubercle bacillus (mycobacterium tuberculosis) in south-east england: 1984-91.	the occurrence and nature of bacteriologically confirmed tuberculosis due to mycobacterium tuberculosis in south-east england in the period 1984-91 is reported and compared with the results of a study for 1977-83. registered new cases reached a low of 1028 in 1988 but increased to 1252 in 1991. this appeared to be due to a halt in the previous decline in new cases of european patients, a small increase in the number of indian subcontinent (isc) patients and an increase in patients from africa. a ...	1993	8519326
how can we best prolong life? benefits of coronary risk factor reduction in non-diabetic and diabetic subjects.	to compare the theoretical benefits of different approaches to reduce risk factors for coronary heart disease in subjects at risk.	1993	8518573
partner notification for hiv infection in the united kingdom: a look back on seven years experience in newcastle upon tyne.	to examine the outcome of partner notification for hiv infection.	1993	8509100
a university's contribution to occupational health.	the first chair of occupational health in the united kingdom was established by manchester university in 1945 and held by ronald lane, a consultant physician and experienced factor doctor. in his department, occupational medicine was taught as a clinical discipline to both undergraduates and postgraduates. research was based mostly on clinical observation of workpeople in the field or as hospital outpatients. although work has become less hazardous, with major risks like pneumoconiosis and lead ...	1993	8507593
tuberculosis and hiv: estimates of the overlap in england and wales.	a study was designed to determine the extent of the interaction between tuberculosis and human immunodeficiency virus infection in england and wales.	1993	8497815
human uptake of 137cs in mutton.	the uptake of radiocesium from mutton contaminated by fallout from the chernobyl reactor accident has been studied in eight healthy male volunteers. each subject consumed, on adjacent days, two meals prepared from the mutton containing a total of 0.8 kbq 137cs. the elevation and subsequent decline in whole-body content were determined from body radioactivity measurements prior to the meals and at intervals up to 15 wk afterwards. clearance of 137cs between 1 and 15 wk showed a biological half-ti ...	1993	8491615
helping disabled people--the user's view.	the main needs for most people with physical disabilities are housing and help with daily living. thus, many of them will find the new emphasis on social aspects of community care particularly relevant. peter swain is a disabled man who leads a project in east devon which ensures that disabled people have a voice in helping to shape the services they need. in this article he explains how the project, living options east devon, works and how the new legislation for community care might affect dis ...	1993	8490483
immunisation against influenza among people aged over 65 living at home in leicestershire during winter 1991-2.	to assess the size of the elderly population for whom influenza vaccine is indicated and how many are vaccinated.	1993	8490478
a regional experience of red cell aplasia.	the incidence and current management of red cell aplasia in children was determined from a retrospective survey of haematologists and paediatricians in the northern health region of england over a 7-year period. thirty-three children were diagnosed: 4 had diamond blackfan anaemia, 22 transient erythroblastopenia of childhood, and 7 parvovirus b19 aplasia, with annual incidences of 1, 5 and 2 per 1,000,000 children respectively. many were over-investigated. three with diamond blackfan anaemia wer ...	1993	8482277
colonization of broiler chickens by waterborne campylobacter jejuni.	chickens on a broiler farm in southern england were found to be colonized with campylobacter jejuni of a single serotype, lior 1 penner 4. the farm was the sole supplier of a local slaughterhouse associated with a campylobacter outbreak in 1984 caused by this serotype. the serotype persisted on the farm for at least 18 months after the outbreak; its prevalence in the human population served by the farm remained high until it disappeared from the farm in 1986. the possible sources and routes of t ...	1993	8476300
antenatal survey for the seroprevalence of htlv-1 infections in the west midlands, england.	the sera of 3522 women who attended an antenatal clinic in birmingham, england were tested anonymously for antibodies against htlv-1. samples from 5 women (0.14%) were positive, one serum showed indeterminate reactivity. two of the women (0.06%) were born in the west indies (of afro-caribbean ethnic origin), one (0.03%) in africa (of african ethnic origin), and three (0.09%) were white caucasian women born in the uk. thus, htlv-1 infection in pregnant women in the uk, though comparatively rare, ...	1993	8472781
the seasonality of canine births and human campylobacteriosis: a hypothesis.	the seasonality of canine births was investigated using records from the kennel club and the breeding centre for the guide dogs for the blind association. in these populations a distinct seasonal pattern was found with a greater number of puppies being born in the summer months than the winter. the hypothesis that the greater number of puppies acquired as pets during the summer months may contribute to the seasonal rise in human campylobacter cases, seen at this time, is discussed.	1993	8472770
human isolates of apramycin-resistant escherichia coli which contain the genes for the aac(3)iv enzyme.	gentamicin-resistant escherichia coli isolated at different periods from patients in two hospitals were tested for resistance to the aminoglycoside antibiotic apramycin. twenty-four of 93 (26%) gentamicin-resistant isolates collected from the royal liverpool hospital between 1981 and 1990 were resistant to apramycin. thirteen isolates were highly resistant to apramycin (minimal inhibitory concentration (mic) > or = 1024 micrograms/ml), were also resistant to gentamicin, netilmicin and tobramycin ...	1993	8472768
a large outbreak of human salmonellosis traced to a local pig farm.	an outbreak of salmonella typhimurium definitive type (dt) 193 affecting 206 persons occurred in july and august 1989 in a small town in northern england. a descriptive study suggested that cold meats including pork from a butcher's shop in the town were vehicles of infection. an analytical study of a cohort attending a function in the town showed a significant association between illness and consumption of cold roast pork supplied by the butcher's shop (p = 0.00000004). s. typhimurium dt 193 wi ...	1993	8472766
morse marred by the gas man.		1993	8472108
[the man behind the syndrome: george f. still. the first professor of pediatrics].		1993	8464295
increasing human tooth length between birth and 5.4 years.	most previous studies of tooth development have used fractional stages of tooth formation to construct growth standards suitable for aging juvenile skeletal material. a simple alternative for determining dental age is to measure tooth length throughout development. in this study, data on tooth length development are presented from 63 individuals of known age at death, between birth and 5.4 years, from an archeological population recovered from the crypt of christ church, spitalfields, london. is ...	1993	8460654
linkage analysis of early-onset breast and ovarian cancer families, with markers on the long arm of chromosome 17.	we have conducted linkage analysis in 16 breast cancer families, 13 of which are classified as site-specific breast cancer families and 3 of which are classified as breast-ovary families. linkage analysis has largely focused on a single extended breast-ovary family. analysis of all families combined shows significant evidence for linkage to 17q (lod = 3.63 at theta = .0, for linkage to nme1), confirming the observations of hall et al. and narod et al. many families were consistent with linkage, ...	1993	8460643
a tribute to a marvellous man.		1993	8452794
a latitudinal diversity gradient in virus infections in humans in england and wales.	this paper reports the presence of a latitudinal diversity gradient in reports of human viral infections in the various health regions of england and wales. the data used in this study are reports of the laboratory diagnosis of virus infections made to the public health laboratory service communicable disease surveillance centre. two indices of diversity were calculated from the data--fisher's and simpson's. both indices were shown to correlate with latitude but not longitude. possible mechanism ...	1993	8449635
the prevalence of human retroviral infections in female patients attending a central london sexually transmitted disease clinic: 1985-1990.	to determine the prevalence of infection with hiv-1, hiv2, htlv-1 and htlv-2 in female attenders at a central london sexually transmitted disease clinic in an 8 week period in 1989-1990, and compare it with similar samples studied between 1985 and 1987.	1993	8444479
managing change: the human aspects of the nhs.	whatever ministers actually decide about london following the tomlinson report, the changes are likely to be large-scale and affect many staff and patients. therefore how well those changes are handled becomes crucial to their success. the nhs has much to learn from other industries and organisations that have been through similar changes. firstly, there needs to be an overall strategy for the change, rather than individual units trying to manage their own parts of it in an ad hoc way. secondly, ...	1993	8435612
alcohol-related offending in male special hospital patients.	in a sample of 61 male special hospital patients, 11 (18%) were identified as having alcohol-related problems prior to admission. ten of these alcohol-abusers were interviewed to gather further information about their drinking, offending, and the relationship between the two. alcohol abusers showed more serious criminality than non-abusers, having significantly more previous convictions and being responsible for a disproportionately high number of offences of murder and manslaughter. alcohol-rel ...	1993	8429764
childhood cancer and paternal exposure to ionizing radiation: preliminary findings from the oxford survey of childhood cancers.	paternal occupational data already collected as part of the oxford survey of childhood cancers have been reviewed. information on occupations during or before the relevant pregnancy was sought for 15,279 children dying from cancer in england, wales, and scotland in the period 1953-81, and for an equal number of matched controls. estimates were made for paternal exposure to human-made external ionizing radiation in the six months before conception of the survey child--as judged from job histories ...	1993	8427262
a comparison of multiple drug resistance in salmonellas from humans and food animals in england and wales, 1981 and 1990.	for salmonella typhimurium from humans in england and wales, the incidence of multiple resistance more than doubled over the 8-year period 1981-8 and, over the next 2 years, increased by a further 7%. from 1981 to 1988 both resistance and multiple resistance also increased significantly in s. virchow and although multiple resistance did not increase over the next 2 years, the overall incidence of resistance has continued to rise. in 1990 the majority of s. typhimurium from cattle were multiply-r ...	1993	8405147
historical perspectives on law, medical malpractice, and the concept of negligence.	since the dawn of human history, the inherent morbidity and mortality of human beings has made the diagnosis and treatment of human disease a high-risk profession. the ancient risk of physical retribution against the physician has been replaced by the modern risk of economic indemnity or compensation. monetary settlements and awards are at times so huge that they may result in personal bankruptcy and professional disgrace. this article should not discourage health care providers from continuing ...	1993	8404569
an in situ hybridization study of herpes simplex and epstein barr viruses in iga nephropathy and non-immune glomerulonephritis.	renal tissues from forty cases of iga nephropathy, 20 singapore and 20 british patients, and 38 patients with non-immune glomerulonephritis were studied by in situ hybridization using dna probes for the herpes simplex virus (hsv) and epstein barr virus (ebv). two singapore patients with iga nephropathy showed hsv antigens in the glomerular mesangium, with one of them having ebv coinfection. in the control non-immune glomerulonephritis cases, 4 patients had viral antigens; 2 with ebv, one with eb ...	1993	8403567
causes of weight loss in human immunodeficiency virus infection.	the medical records of all 420 patients attending an outpatient clinic between june 1990 and june 1991 were retrospectively reviewed for causes of weight loss. of the 121 (29%) patients who had lost weight, the majority had a clear contributing cause; opportunistic infections (n = 57), psychosocial factors (n = 20), drug related problems (n = 9). unexplained weight loss (n = 35) was more likely to have occurred in those patients with a better preserved immune system and most of these had symptom ...	1993	8399506
complementary and conventional cancer care: the integration of two cultures.	there is now increasing evidence that many cancer patients are seeking unorthodox forms of support and treatment. these range from measures to enhance the quality of life, such as counselling and relaxation therapy, through to alternative cancer remedies, such as extreme diets with detoxification by coffee enemas. much of complementary care is provided outside the hospital setting, often without the knowledge of the health care professionals involved in a patient's treatment. the bristol cancer ...	1993	8398918
a clinico-pathological audit of opportunistic viral infections in hiv-infected patients.	to determine the prevalence of opportunistic viral infections in multiple tissues at postmortems of hiv-infected patients, and to relate these findings to their antemortem clinical course.	1993	8395189
human papillomavirus dna in the urogenital tracts of men with genital dermatoses: evidence for multifocal infection.	in an attempt to assess the multifocal nature of anogenital hpv infection in men, skin biopsies, urethral swabs and urine specimens were obtained from 100 men with genital dermatoses. the specimens were examined for the presence of human papillomavirus (hpv) types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31 and 33 using the polymerase chain reaction and southern blotting techniques. hpv dna was detected in one or more specimens from 39 patients, that is 29 of 100 biopsy specimens, 21 (25%) of 85 urethral swab specimens a ...	1993	8391854
human papillomaviruses, tumour suppressor genes and cervical cancer.	there is now a considerable body of evidence that links hpv infection with anogenital squamous carcinoma, particularly for specific 'high risk' hpv types (hpv16 and 18) and invasive carcinoma of the cervix. recent advances in the molecular study of these viruses have elucidated some potential mechanisms by which they may contribute to the development of these diseases. in this review we concentrate on the interactions of 2 of the hpv encoded proteins, e6 and e7, with cellular tumour suppressor g ...	1993	8391853
some aspects of the monkey neurovirulence test used for the assessment of oral poliovirus vaccines.	twelve years of experience in three control laboratories with 8,000 macaca monkeys for the testing of 204 monovalent lots of the three types of oral poliovirus vaccine (opv), have shown that the new monkey neurovirulence test (mnvt) adopted by the world health organization (who) is a reproducible and sensitive assay likely to ensure the safety of this vaccine in humans. when the test vaccine and the appropriate homotypic reference vaccine were tested in a single group of monkeys, the concurrent ...	1993	8388832
comparative epidemiology of rotavirus, subgenus f (types 40 and 41) adenovirus and astrovirus gastroenteritis in children.	we report a 5 year prospective study of episodes of rotavirus, subgenus f adenovirus, and astrovirus gastroenteritis diagnosed by electron or immune electron microscopy in a single regional virology laboratory. of 1426 total infections, the numbers in each category were 1117 (78.3%), 254 (17.8%), and 20 (7.9%), respectively. using restriction endonuclease analysis or immune electron microscopy, all but 20 of the subgenus f adenovirus strains were classified as type 40 (n = 50) or type 41 (n = 18 ...	1993	8385704
symptomatic epstein-barr virus infection and multiple sclerosis.	in a case-control study of 214 patients with multiple sclerosis, recall of infectious mononucleosis in subjects seropositive for epstein-barr viral capsid antigen was associated with a relative risk of 2.9 (95% ci 1.1 to 7.2). those who reported having infectious mononucleosis before the age of 18 years had a relative risk of multiple sclerosis of 7.9 (95% ci 1.7 to 37.9). the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis may involve an age-dependent host response to epstein-barr virus infection.	1993	8382268
the million dollar man. resource implications for chronic munchausen's syndrome.	munchausen's syndrome in a man of subnormal intelligence is described. the case is unique for the extent of detailed, corroborated history. this man has been a voracious consumer of nhs and other services, and an estimate has been made of his cost to the health and prison services. the case raises various ethical, forensic, and resource issues.	1993	8379972
prostitution and risk of hiv: male partners of female prostitutes.	to describe risk behaviours for infection with hiv in male sexual partners of female prostitutes.	1993	8374418
brucellosis: imported and laboratory-acquired cases, and an overview of treatment trials.	following the successful eradication of brucella abortus infection in cattle, human brucellosis in england and wales has become an uncommon imported disease. culture of the organism presents a major laboratory hazard, and difficulties in identification may occur using a biochemical test-strip method. an overview of recent treatment trials of brucellosis indicates that regimens combining streptomycin and doxycycline are associated with a higher success rate (judged by the frequency of treatment f ...	1993	8337710
failure to transmit bovine spongiform encephalopathy to mice by feeding them with extraneural tissues of affected cattle.	single tissue pools of brain and five extraneural tissues were prepared from four clinical cases of bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse) and fed to c57b1 and/or crh mice. the disease was transmitted only to c57b1 mice fed brain. intracerebral passages at 12 and 18 months of spleen and spinal cord homogenates from this group of mice to c57b1 mice resulted in reduced incubation periods. similar blind passages from all other groups failed to produce evidence of infection in a cumulative incubatio ...	1993	8333115
ethics of research with psychiatric patients: principles, problems and the primary responsibilities of researchers.	in this paper some of the general issues surrounding recently published guidelines for the practice of research ethics committees are outlined, concentrating in particular on the difficulties raised by research with psychiatric patients. research is distinguished from ordinary clinical practice by the intention to advance knowledge. so defined, research with psychiatric patients should be governed by the same four principles as research with any other group--knowledge, necessity, benefit and con ...	1993	8331643
the polkinghorne report on fetal research: nice recommendations, shame about the reasoning.	in 1989, in the wake of the first operations to transplant fetal tissue into the brains of sufferers from parkinson's disease, the uk code of practice governing the use of the fetus for research was overhauled by an eminent committee under the chairmanship of the reverend dr john polkinghorne. the polkinghorne report has, however, attracted remarkably little comment or analysis. this paper is believed to be the first to subject it to sustained ethical and legal scrutiny. the author concludes tha ...	1993	8331636
the 11-year cycle in human births.	the annual numbers of human births were analyzed with regard to an 11-year cycle. the annual values were obtained from seven different regions: australia, germany, england and wales, new zealand, japan, switzerland, and the usa. fifty-five annual values were obtained from each region for the years 1930 to 1984, comprising approximately five sunspot cycles. for each region the annual values were formed into 5 by 11 matrices; the eleven column means obtained were standardized, and plotted. a perio ...	1993	8330943
the life and death of laboratory teaching of medical physiology: a personal narrative. part i.	part i of this essay sketches the history of laboratory teaching of medical physiology in england from the perspective of the author as a student at oxford from 1935 to 1938. the systematic laboratory teaching that began in the 1870s at university college london under william sharpey was carried to oxford, as well as to other english and scottish universities, by sharpey's junior colleagues. c. s. sherrington added mammalian experiments, and c. g. douglas and j. g. priestley added experiments on ...	1993	8328553
training in family planning.	in spite of extensive programmes for training in family planning and extensive services in contraception in the uk, the number of unplanned pregnancies has not decreased. on the contrary it is increasing. medical graduates are now educated in methods of contraception. there is an extensive programme for postgraduates, regulated by the joint committee on contraception (jcc), which is well integrated and co-ordinated. the provision of good training opportunities at a local level will be enhanced b ...	1993	8324612
professor sir robert macintosh, 1897-1989: personal reflections on a remarkable man and his career.		1993	8323886
["the man with the lantern". founding of the first children's home in england by dr. barnardo].		1993	8319540
practice nurses: characteristics, workload and training needs.	this study set out to identify the present and future training needs of practice nurses in south west thames regional health authority and to examine these needs within the nurses' current and changing workloads and social, educational and occupational profiles.	1994	8312031
frederic wood jones' empathy with living creatures.		1993	8311817
re-evaluation of a radiation protection cost benefit analysis study in brachytherapy.	cost benefit analysis has been in use for many years as a method for making a comparison between the costs of radiation protection and the benefits of reduced radiation exposure. it is advocated by the international commission on radiological protection (icrp) and the national radiological protection board (nrpb) has given more specific advice relating to the value of the man sv to be used in the calculation of cost benefit. the purpose of this study is to investigate the changes in the nrpb adv ...	1994	8298876
does prenatal influenza divert susceptible females from later affective psychosis to schizophrenia?	we examined the relationship between influenza epidemics and the number of schizophrenic and affective psychotic individuals born each month between 1938 and 1965 in england and wales. increased death rates from influenza were followed 5 months later by a significant increase in schizophrenic births and a concurrent fall in the number of births of affective psychotic individuals. when the sexes were examined separately, both the positive effect of influenza on schizophrenic births and its negati ...	1993	8296576
genetic diversity of helicobacter pylori indexed with respect to clinical symptomatology, using a 16s rrna and a species-specific dna probe.	dna probes are described which identify group and fingerprint strains of the human gastric pathogen helicobacter pylori, on the basis of well-defined band homologies. a 544 bp internal fragment of the 16s ribosomal rna gene was generated by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) with primers derived from the escherichia coli rrna gene sequence. in genomic southern blots this probe detected restriction site variation around these loci, generating simple but strain-specific molecular fingerprints. a smal ...	1993	8294306
bulimia nervosa in the chinese.	typical dsm-iii-r bulimia nervosa with self-induced vomiting was found in 2 women of hong kong chinese origin and a chinese man from malaysia. all 3 cases had a family history of obesity. in 2 of the cases a period of weight gain and in the third case frank obesity preceded the onset of the eating disorder. cultural transition seemed to play an important part in the onset and maintenance of the eating disorder.	1993	8293034
students' knowledge and behavior concerning safer sex: a uk study.	most students in institutions of further and higher education in the northeast of england who responded to a 1989 survey dealing with sexual behavior and safer sex were heterosexual and had been sexually active or intended to have sexual intercourse. many students, however, believed that safer sex implied having no sex at all or were unaware of the role of nonpenetrative sex in preventing human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. they did not use condoms, in spite of having positive attitude ...	1993	8288835
a comparison of sexual behaviour and risk behaviour for hiv infection between women in three clinical settings.	to compare sexual behaviour and hiv risk behaviour between women in three clinical settings and to investigate the effect of socio-economic status and ethnic origin upon these behaviours.	1993	8282297
prevalence of antibodies to human t cell leukaemia/lymphoma virus in blood donors in north london.	to determine the prevalence of antibodies to the human t cell leukaemia/lymphoma viruses (htlv-i and htlv-ii) in blood donors in north london in order to assess the economic impact and the logistic effects that routine screening would have on the blood supply.	1993	8281054
hippocampus minor and man's place in nature: a case study in the social construction of neuroanatomy.	in mid-19th century britain the possibility of evolution and particularly the evolution of man from apes was vigorously contested. among the leading antievolutionists was the celebrated anatomist and paleontologist richard owen and among the leading defenders of evolution was thomas henry huxley. the central dispute between them on human evolution was whether or not man's brain was fundamentally unique in having a hippocampus minor (known today as the calcar avis), a posterior horn in the latera ...	1993	8269033
prenatal exposure to influenza and the development of schizophrenia: is the effect confined to females?	the question of whether prenatal exposure to influenza epidemics is associated with an increased risk of later schizophrenia remains controversial. the authors examined this relationship, using data on the dates of birth and gender of 3,827 schizophrenic patients born in england and wales between 1938 and 1965 and first admitted to hospitals in the 1980s, the numbers of live births between 1938 and 1965, and the numbers of deaths attributed to influenza between 1937 and 1965. the analysis showed ...	1994	8267108
isolation of mycobacteria from patients seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in south east england: 1984-92.	tuberculosis and other mycobacterial infections are well recognised complications of hiv infection and surveillance is thus required.	1993	8256246
[the man behind the syndrome: sir heneage ogilvie. described colonic pseudo-obstruction].		1993	8255137
the role of a rapid diagnostic test (adenovirus immune dot-blot) in the control of an outbreak of adenovirus type 8 keratoconjunctivitis.	twenty-three patients were involved in an outbreak of adenovirus type 8 infection based at the manchester royal eye hospital in the spring of 1991. confirmation of adenovirus infection was by means of the immune dot-blot test (idbt) and virus culture, the latter, allowing serotype 8 to be identified as the cause. epidemiological tracing and limited restriction endonuclease analysis of the virus isolated suggest that 15 patients contracted the infection within the casualty department following at ...	1993	8253218
on historiography of eugenics by jonathan marks.		1993	8250055
royal society of tropical medicine and hygiene meeting at manson house, london, 10 december 1992. george carmichael low frcp: twelfth president of the society and underrated pioneer of tropical medicine.	george carmichael low, like so many early pioneers of tropical medicine, had his origin(s) in scotland. following a distinguished undergraduate (and early postgraduate) career, he joined dr patrick manson at the newly established london school of tropical medicine in 1899. his first major contribution to the specialty (in 1900) was to demonstrate filariae in the proboscis sheath of mosquitoes which had been infected with filaria bancrofti in australia, using a technique recently learned in heide ...	1993	8249057
phialophora richardsiae endocarditis of aortic and mitral valves in a diabetic man with a porcine mitral valve.	we report a case of phialophora richardsiae endocarditis involving the aortic and a porcine mitral valve in a 52-year-old non-insulin dependent diabetic. mitral valve replacement had been performed 4 years earlier. we believe this to be the first case of phialophora richardsiae endocarditis to be reported.	1993	8228299
what is vestibular papillomatosis? a study of its prevalence, aetiology and natural history.	to clarify the prevalence, aetiology, symptoms and natural history of vestibular papillomatosis.	1993	8217979
sir henry thompson bt, the first english urologist.	sir henry thompson was a gifted victorian. as a surgeon he achieved early recognition by successfully removing king leopold of belgium's bladder stone where two other eminent surgeons had failed. he was undoubtedly the most famous surgeon of his age, a position he was to occupy for some 30 years. as well as professional eminence he achieved success in an extraordinarily wide range of endeavours. he was an accomplished artist, exhibiting 12 times at the royal academy, a connoisseur and collector ...	1994	8199818
england's oldest human bone steps out.		1994	8191277
a hominid tibia from middle pleistocene sediments at boxgrove, uk.	fossil hominids from the earlier middle pleistocene of europe are very rare and the mauer mandible is generally accepted as the most ancient, with an estimated age of 500 kyr. we report here on the discovery of a human tibia, in association with stone tools, from calcareous silts at the lower palaeolithic site of boxgrove, west sussex, uk (fig. 1). the silt units are correlated by mammalian biostratigraphy to an, as yet unnamed, major temperate stage or interglacial that immediately pre-dates th ...	1994	8183368
palaeoanthropology. time for boxgrove man.		1994	8183361
british family heart study: its design and method, and prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors. family heart study group.	the aim of this paper is to describe the prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors in families screened systematically by nurses in british general practice, and in subgroups with reported hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, diabetes and coronary heart disease.	1994	8179948
salivary diagnosis of measles: a study of notified cases in the united kingdom, 1991-3.	to validate a method for salivary diagnosis of measles and to assess the diagnostic accuracy of notified cases of measles.	1994	8167513
[the origin of modern pediatric nursing].	the object of study of this investigations in the knowledge in pediatrics nursing from the institutionalization of the modern nursing beginning from the xix century. the knowledge in this study is considered as an instrument from which man apprehends his working object. from an historical perspective nursing is seen as a social articulated practice, as part of a collective process of works, whose purposes are: the control of the disease in the society, based on collective level and the recuperat ...	1993	8165337
genetic linkage of cone-rod retinal dystrophy to chromosome 19q and evidence for segregation distortion.	inherited retinal dystrophies are the most common cause of childhood blindness in the developed world. cone-rod retinal dystrophies are severe examples of this group of disorders. analysis of a large cone-rod dystrophy pedigree suggested that inheritance within the family was influenced by meiotic drive (p = 0.008), a rare segregation distortion in human genetics. two-point linkage analysis showed significant linkage with three markers mapping to chromosome 19q. multipoint analysis gave a maximu ...	1994	8162077
fettler's disease with smoke inhalation: particles within the lung.	in august 1985, a 72-year-old man died in the manchester air disaster. transmission electron microscopy of his lung tissue revealed not only inhaled smoke particles, but a large population of distinctive particles with different characteristics. these contain silicon and iron, as well as carbon and oxygen, and are thought to be related to his occupation as a fettler and to the extensive fibrosis seen on routine histology.	1994	8159076
seroprevalence studies using a recombinant norwalk virus protein enzyme immunoassay.	a recombinant norwalk virus (nv) protein enzyme immunoassay was used to study the age of acquisition of nv igg in various populations. in london, england, there was little evidence of infection during the first 2 years of life. however, the prevalence of nv igg rose steadily throughout the period that children attend school, reaching a peak of 70% in the group aged 11-16 years. high levels of maternal antibody were detected in infants aged < 3 months. comparison of the acquisition of antibodies ...	1994	8158109
the socio-economic impact of human salmonella enteritidis infection.	recent government and public concern about the recorded increase in human salmonellosis in the uk and abroad has stimulated investigations of both the causes and consequences of these infections. this paper discusses the framework for economic analysis of food-borne disease and problems associated with the estimation of costs. a brief review of the literature in this area is given and the results of a national study of the costs of human salmonellosis in england and wales are presented and used ...	1994	8155469
[valentin rösswurm: on the social history of paracelsism in the 16th century].	the reactions awakened in his own day by the lithotomist valentin rösswurm were not many but varied. up to now only the controversy about his paracelsus connection has been mentioned in some studies on paracelsian medicine in 16th-century england. nothing has been known so far about the social background of the foreign doctor who came to england from the continent. new documents found in various european archives enable us to reconstruct the career of another disciple of paracelsus who earned hi ...	1993	8153975
respiratory illness and mortality in england and wales. a study of the relationships between weekly data for the incidence of respiratory disease presenting to general practitioners, and registered deaths.	the possible relationship between the incidence of respiratory diseases as reported to general practitioners and numbers of registered deaths in england and wales has been examined. morbidity data from sentinel practices for the period 1986-1990 (population covered increased from 220,000 to 470,000) were used to calculate weekly rates of aggregated respiratory disease for persons of all ages and for elderly persons (aged 65 years and over). the elderly respiratory disease rates and numbers of de ...	1993	8150058
ten-year follow-up of 50 patients with bulimia nervosa.	long-term outcome studies for people suffering from bulimia nervosa are few. ten years after presentation, we followed up 50 patients (49 women, 1 man) who were originally involved in a double-blind, controlled trial of the antidepressant mianserin. standardised interviews and questionnaires were used to assess eating attitudes and behaviour, psychiatric status and social functioning. a dsm-iii-r diagnosis was given where appropriate. sufficient information to make a diagnosis was obtained for 4 ...	1994	8137114
use of plasmid profile typing for surveillance of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans, poultry and eggs.	plasmids were found in 1022 of 1089 (94%) of drug-sensitive strains of salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 from humans (sporadic and outbreak cases), poultry (chickens) and eggs in england and wales in the 5-year period 1988-92 and 25 plasmid profile patterns were identified. strains characterized by a single plasmid of 38 mda predominated (= plasmid profile type se 38), comprising over 90% of isolates from humans, 70% from poultry and 92% from eggs. eleven profile types were identified in strai ...	1994	8119362
prevalence of human astrovirus serotypes in the oxford region 1976-92, with evidence for two new serotypes.	results of serotyping on 291 astrovirus-positive stools collected between 1976 and 1992 showed that about two-thirds (64.9%) were serotype 1. infections were more frequent in the fourth quarter of the year and there was a suggestion that during the past 5 years serotype 1 has occurred with greater frequency in alternate years. evidence is provided for the existence of two new serotypes, 6 and 7.	1994	8119358
nerve gas volunteers demand follow-up study.		1994	8114922
lung cancer among newspaper printers exposed to ink mist: a study of trade union members in manchester, england.	a nested case-control study of lung cancer among men exposed to ink mist in newspaper production with rotary letterpress technology is presented. it is based within a historical cohort of 9232 printing workers in manchester (1949-63). men who operated newspaper rotary letterpress machines had a lung cancer standardised mortality ratio (smr) of 179 (95% confidence interval (95% ci) 144-218) when compared with rates for england and wales for the follow up period 1950-83. when adjustment was made f ...	1994	8111469
the clinical spectrum of human hantavirus infection in somerset, uk.	the signs and symptoms exhibited by 29 patients with an acute illness in whom antibodies to hantavirus were detected are described. in the severe cases the most striking signs and symptoms were the persistence for 2 or 3 weeks of a severe sore throat with pyrexia that developed early in the illness, followed by swelling of the face, neck and extremities, with arthropathy and prolonged malaise that lasted for months. a macular erythematous rash, hepatomegaly with abnormal liver function tests, an ...	1993	8102335
genotype analysis of faecal and blood isolates of salmonella dublin from humans in england and wales.	an analysis of genotype was made for representative strains of salmonella dublin. the collection consisted primarily of strains isolated from humans in england and wales, and were of both intestinal and extra-intestinal origin. three genetic elements were characterized by dna hybridization. they were the spvbc genes, extrachromosomal virulence determinants, the salmonella-specific insertion sequence is200, and the 16s ribosomal rna genes, a phylogenetic marker. two clones of s. dublin (sdri and ...	1993	8097167
creutzfeldt-jakob disease and blood transfusion.	epidemiological surveillance of creutzfeldt-jakob disease (cjd) in the uk identified 21 patients who had received a blood transfusion and 29 who had donated blood, out of a total of 202 definite and probable cases. this frequency of blood transfusion or donation did not differ from that in age and sex matched controls, and the clinical features in patients with a history of blood transfusion were similar to those of classical cjd and clearly distinct from cjd in recipients of human growth hormon ...	1993	8093499
establishment of human tissue banks.	mounting interest in europe over the incorporation of the human biological model in the laboratory has been fuelled by scientific advances and the much improved accessibility to human tissue. the collection of tissue is complicated by a host of ethical considerations and lack of public awareness of the benefits of donation to research and education. in the united states, the international institute for the advancement of medicine (iiam) has been successful in networking the cooperation of organ ...	1994	8086227
seroprevalence of antibodies to human herpesviruses in england and hong kong.	the age-related prevalence of antibodies to herpesviruses was compared in england and hong kong. altogether 327 sera from england and 266 sera from hong kong were tested for antibodies to herpes simplex virus (hsv), varicella-zoster virus (vzv), epstein-barr virus (ebv), cytomegalovirus (cmv), and human herpesvirus 6 (hhv-6). herpesvirus infections were common in both countries but generally were acquired earlier and were more prevalent in hong kong. over 90% of children in hong kong were infect ...	1994	8083655
identification of adenoviruses in faeces from patients with diarrhoea at the hospitals for sick children, london, 1989-1992.	faecal samples from 137 patients that had been shown to contain adenoviruses by electron microscopy were identified in a series of enzyme immunoassays (eia) using a single monoclonal antibody (mab) to adenovirus 40 and four different mabs to adenovirus 41. adenoviruses were partially characterised by restriction enzyme analysis (rea) of dna extracts using smai. samples were also run in a commercial eia (adenovirus ideia; dako, ltd.) which detects group antigen. the majority (84%) of adenoviruses ...	1994	8083654
social, behavioural and medical factors in the aetiology of testicular cancer: results from the uk study. uk testicular cancer study group.	although many risk factors have been proposed for the aetiology of testicular cancer, only a history of cryptorchidism is well established. all risk factors previously suggested have been explored in this study. this population-based case-control study was carried out in nine health regions in england and wales and included 794 men, aged 15-49 years, diagnosed with a testicular germ cell tumour between 1 january 1984 and 30 september 1986, each with an individually age-matched control. cases and ...	1994	8080739
zoonotic aspects of mycobacterium bovis infection.	the bovine tuberculosis eradication campaigns in many industrially developed countries have led to a huge reduction in the incidence of human tuberculosis caused by mycobacterium bovis. overt disease in man may, however, manifest decades after the initial infection and the occurrence of such disease raises several important questions. in particular, it is important to determine whether man-to-man transmission occurs, thereby rendering man a continuing reservoir of infection, and whether, if this ...	1994	8073621
epidemiology of genital herpes.	new serological methods, based on the detection of type-specific antibodies to herpes simplex virus (hsv) glycoproteins, have allowed a reappraisal of the prevalence of genital herpes. during the 1980s, genital herpes continued to be an infection of epidemic proportions in many developed countries. in the usa, although there was evidence of a decline in the age-specific prevalence of hsv type 1 (hsv-1) infection, the seroprevalence of hsv type 2 (hsv-2) has continued to increase. among those att ...	1994	8063020
domino heart transplantation: the papworth experience.	the use of donor hearts from heart-lung recipients, the so-called domino procedure, began at papworth hospital in november 1988. between then and september 1992, 198 heart transplantations and 86 heart-lung transplantations were performed. fifty-three heart-lung recipients donated their hearts for use in the domino procedure. thirty-two domino hearts were transplanted at papworth and 21 were exported to other centers. institution of the domino procedure allowed us to perform 19% more heart trans ...	1994	8061019
respiratory symptoms and dust exposure in lancashire cotton and man-made fiber mill operatives.	a cross-sectional study of work-related symptoms and cotton dust exposure was made in 404 man-made fiber and 1,048 cotton operatives in lancashire spinning mills; 39 cotton-exposed operatives (3.7%) had symptoms of byssinosis. this was associated on regression analysis with cumulative lifetime cotton dust exposure (p < 0.001), total years spent carding (p < 0.001), and currently working in the carding area (p = 0.0041). smoking habit did not differ significantly between byssinotic and nonbyssino ...	1994	8049827
the occurrence and seasonal changes in the isolation of listeria spp. in shop bought food stuffs, human faeces, sewage and soil from urban sources.	eight hundred and twenty-two shop-bought food specimens, 136 soil and 692 faecal specimens were cultured for listeria spp. in a regular, year round survey. 19.7% (162/822) of the foods, 93.9% (108/115) of the sewage, 14.7% (20/136) soils and 1% (7/692) of faeces yielded listeria spp. with 10.5% foods, 60.0% sewage, 0.7% soils and 0.6% faeces containing l. monocytogenes. no seasonal variation was noted in isolates from either sewage or foods, with l. monocytogenes and l. innocua being the commone ...	1994	8043351
guilty of perpetuating the myth that john hunter suffered from syphilis after inoculating himself from a chancre.		1994	8042337
apparent increase in the prevalence of herpes simplex virus type 1 genital infections among women.		1994	8039792
uptake of influenza vaccine. epidemic of 1989-90 improved uptake.		1994	8038652