Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| rapid spread of drug-resistant influenza a viruses in the basque country, northern spain, 2000-1 to 2008-9. | a worldwide increase of adamantane-resistant influenza a(h3n2) and oseltamivir-resistant influenza a(h1n1) viruses has been observed in recent years. the aim of this study was to analyse the prevalence of antiviral drug-resistant influenza a in a region of northern spain. resistance to adamantanes was detected in 45.3% (68/150) of influenza ah3 viruses analysed for the period from 2000-1 to 2008-9. adamantane-resistance was absent in our region during the 2000-1 to 2002-3 influenza seasons. howe ... | 2009 | 19460286 |
| ocular infection of mice with influenza a (h7) viruses: a site of primary replication and spread to the respiratory tract. | avian h7 influenza viruses have been responsible for poultry outbreaks worldwide and have resulted in numerous cases of human infection in recent years. the high rate of conjunctivitis associated with avian h7 subtype virus infections may represent a portal of entry for avian influenza viruses and highlights the need to better understand the apparent ocular tropism observed in humans. to study this, mice were inoculated by the ocular route with viruses of multiple subtypes and degrees of virulen ... | 2009 | 19458003 |
| a plant-produced influenza subunit vaccine protects ferrets against virus challenge. | influenza a viruses are of major concern for public health, causing worldwide epidemics associated with high morbidity and mortality. vaccines are critical for protection against influenza, but given the recent emergence of new strains with pandemic potential, and some limitations of the current production systems, there is a need for new approaches for vaccine development. | 2008 | 19453491 |
| non-random reassortment in human influenza a viruses. | the influenza a virus has two basic modes of evolution. because of a high error rate in the process of replication by rna polymerase, the viral genome drifts via accumulated mutations. the second mode of evolution is termed a shift, which results from the reassortment of the eight segments of this virus. when two different influenza viruses co-infect the same host cell, new virions can be released that contain segments from both parental strains. this type of shift has been the source of at leas ... | 2008 | 19453489 |
| genetic analysis of h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in 2006-2007 in nairobi, kenya. | minimal influenza surveillance has been carried out in sub-saharan africa to provide information on circulating influenza subtypes for the purpose of vaccine production and monitoring trends in virus spread and mutations. | 2008 | 19453470 |
| seroprevalence of h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 influenza viruses in pigs in seven european countries in 2002-2003. | avian-like h1n1 and human-like h3n2 swine influenza viruses (siv) have been considered widespread among pigs in western europe since the 1980s, and a novel h1n2 reassortant with a human-like h1 emerged in the mid 1990s. this study, which was part of the ec-funded 'european surveillance network for influenza in pigs 1', aimed to determine the seroprevalence of the h1n2 virus in different european regions and to compare the relative prevalences of each siv between regions. | 2008 | 19453469 |
| heterosubtypic t-cell responses against avian influenza h5 haemagglutinin are frequently detected in individuals vaccinated against or previously infected with human subtypes of influenza. | cellula r immune responses play a critical role in providing help for the production of neutralizing antibodies to influenza virus, as well as producing anti-viral cytokines and killing infected cells in the lung. heterosubtypic t-cell responses between different subtypes of influenza have been shown to exist in humans and to provide protection against morbidity and mortality associated with h5n1 infection in animal challenge models. therefore, existing t-cell responses induced by natural infect ... | 2008 | 19453462 |
| bioaerosol sampling for the detection of aerosolized influenza virus. | influenza virus was used to characterize the efficacy of a cyclone-based, two-stage personal bioaerosol sampler for the collection and size fractionation of aerosolized viral particles. | 2007 | 19453416 |
| a vaccine manufacturer's approach to address medical needs related to seasonal and pandemic influenza viruses. | vaccination is considered to be one of the most effective tools to decrease morbidity as well as mortality caused by influenza viruses. for the prevention of seasonal influenza, fluarix and flulaval have been marketed since 1987 and 1992, respectively. both vaccines have consistently been shown to meet or exceed the regulatory criteria for immunogenicity against the three strains h1n1, h3n2 and b, have a good safety profile, and are recommended for vaccinating children and adults of all ages. fo ... | 2008 | 19453402 |
| sulfated membrane adsorbers for economic pseudo-affinity capture of influenza virus particles. | strategies to control outbreaks of influenza, a contagious respiratory tract disease, are focused mainly on prophylactic vaccinations in conjunction with antiviral medications. currently, several mammalian cell culture-based influenza vaccine production processes are being established, such as the technologies introduced by novartis behring (optaflu) or baxter international inc. (celvapan). downstream processing of influenza virus vaccines from cell culture supernatant can be performed by adsorb ... | 2009 | 19449393 |
| amplification of four genes of influenza a viruses using a degenerate primer set in a one step rt-pcr method. | we designed a degenerate primer set that yielded full-length amplification of hemagglutinin (ha), neuraminidase (na), matrix (m), and non-structural protein (nsp) genes of influenza a viruses in a single reaction mixture. these four genes were amplified from 15 ha (1-15) and 9 na (1-9) subtypes of influenza a viruses of avian (n=16) origin. in addition, 272 field isolates of avian origin were tested by this method. full-length amplification of ha, na, m, and nsp genes was obtained in 242 (88.9%) ... | 2009 | 19447141 |
| [investigation of prophylactic activity of ingavirin, a new russian drug, against grippe a virus (h3n2)]. | antiviral efficacy of ingavirin was studied on albino mice infected intranasally by the grippe a virus (h3n2) vs. tamiflu, remantadin and arbidol. ingavirin used prophylactically in doses of 5 to 10 mg/kg was shown to be effective in protecting the animals from death and inhibiting the specific hemagglutinin formation and the virus reproduction in the lungs (by the accumulation). | 2008 | 19441652 |
| vaccination against human influenza a/h3n2 virus prevents the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against lethal infection with avian influenza a/h5n1 virus. | annual vaccination against seasonal influenza viruses is recommended for certain individuals that have a high risk for complications resulting from infection with these viruses. recently it was recommended in a number of countries including the usa to vaccinate all healthy children between 6 and 59 months of age as well. however, vaccination of immunologically naïve subjects against seasonal influenza may prevent the induction of heterosubtypic immunity against potentially pandemic strains of an ... | 2009 | 19440239 |
| molecular detection of a novel human influenza (h1n1) of pandemic potential by conventional and real-time quantitative rt-pcr assays. | influenza a viruses are medically important viral pathogens that cause significant mortality and morbidity throughout the world. the recent emergence of a novel human influenza a virus (h1n1) poses a serious health threat. molecular tests for rapid detection of this virus are urgently needed. | 2009 | 19439731 |
| differential neutralization efficiency of hemagglutinin epitopes, antibody interference, and the design of influenza vaccines. | it is generally assumed that amino acid mutations in the surface protein, hemagglutinin (ha), of influenza viruses allow these viruses to circumvent neutralization by antibodies induced during infection. however, empirical data on circulating influenza viruses show that certain amino acid changes to ha actually increase the efficiency of neutralization of the mutated virus by antibodies raised against the parent virus. here, we suggest that this surprising increase in neutralization efficiency a ... | 2009 | 19439657 |
| evaluation of recombinant influenza virus-simian immunodeficiency virus vaccines in macaques. | there is an urgent need for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) vaccines that induce robust mucosal immunity. influenza a viruses (both h1n1 and h3n2) were engineered to express simian immunodeficiency virus (siv) cd8 t-cell epitopes and evaluated following administration to the respiratory tracts of 11 pigtail macaques. influenza virus was readily detected from respiratory tract secretions, although the infections were asymptomatic. animals seroconverted to influenza virus and generated cd8 and ... | 2009 | 19439474 |
| molecular design of spacer-n-linked sialoglycopolypeptide as polymeric inhibitors against influenza virus infection. | a series of spacer-n-linked glycopolymers carrying long/short α2,3/6 sialylated glycan were designed as polymeric inhibitors of influenza virus. lactose (lac) and n-acetyllactosamine (ln: galβ1,4glcnac) were first converted to spacer-n-linked disaccharide glycosides, followed by consecutive enzymatic addition of glcnac and gal residues to the glycosides. the resulting spacer-n-linked glycosides with di-, tetra-, and hexasaccharides carrying a lac, ln, lacto-n-neotetraose (lnnt: galβ1,4glcnacβ1,3 ... | 2009 | 19438195 |
| avian influenza virus glycoproteins restrict virus replication and spread through human airway epithelium at temperatures of the proximal airways. | transmission of avian influenza viruses from bird to human is a rare event even though avian influenza viruses infect the ciliated epithelium of human airways in vitro and ex vivo. using an in vitro model of human ciliated airway epithelium (hae), we demonstrate that while human and avian influenza viruses efficiently infect at temperatures of the human distal airways (37 degrees c), avian, but not human, influenza viruses are restricted for infection at the cooler temperatures of the human prox ... | 2009 | 19436701 |
| transmission of influenza virus via aerosols and fomites in the guinea pig model. | limited data on the relative contributions of different routes of transmission for influenza virus are available. person-to-person transmission is central to seasonal and pandemic spread; nevertheless, the modes of spread are a matter of ongoing debate. resolution of this discussion is paramount to the development of effective control measures in health care and community settings. using the guinea pig model, we demonstrated that transmission of influenza a/panama/2007/1999 (h3n2) virus through ... | 2009 | 19434931 |
| real-time rt-pcr assays for type and subtype detection of influenza a and b viruses. | influenza viruses type a (h3n2 and h1n1 subtypes) and b are the most prevalently circulating human influenza viruses. however, an increase in several confirmed cases of high pathogenic h5n1 in humans has raised concerns of a potential pandemic underscoring the need for rapid, point of contact detection. in this report, we describe development and evaluation of 'type,' i.e., influenza virus a and b, and 'subtype,' i.e., h1, h3, and h5, specific, single-step/reaction vessel format, real-time rt-pc ... | 2007 | 19432632 |
| vaccine-induced protection from egg production losses in commercial turkey breeder hens following experimental challenge with a triple-reassortant h3n2 avian influenza virus. | infections of avian influenza virus (aiv) in turkey breeder hens can cause a decrease in both egg production and quality, resulting in significant production losses. in north carolina in 2003, a triple-reassortant h3n2 aiv containing human, swine, and avian gene segments was isolated from turkey breeder hens (a/turkey/nc/16108/03). this viral subtype was subsequently isolated from both turkeys and swine in ohio in 2004, and in minnesota in 2005, and was responsible for significant losses in turk ... | 2009 | 19431997 |
| ativs: analytical tool for influenza virus surveillance. | the who global influenza surveillance network has routinely performed genetic and antigenic analyses of human influenza viruses to monitor influenza activity. although these analyses provide supporting data for the selection of vaccine strains, it seems desirable to have user-friendly tools to visualize the antigenic evolution of influenza viruses for the purpose of surveillance. to meet this need, we have developed a web server, ativs (analytical tool for influenza virus surveillance), for anal ... | 2009 | 19429686 |
| different neuraminidase inhibitor susceptibilities of human h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 influenza a viruses isolated in germany from 2001 to 2005/2006. | in the flu season 2005/2006 amantadine-resistant human influenza a viruses (fluav) of subtype h3n2 circulated in germany. this raises questions on the neuraminidase inhibitor (nai) susceptibility of fluav. to get an answer, chemiluminescence-based neuraminidase inhibition assays were performed with 51 h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 fluav isolated in germany from 2001 to 2005/2006. according to the mean ic(50) values (0.38-0.91 nm for oseltamivir and 0.76-1.13 nm for zanamivir) most h1n1 and h3n2 fluav wer ... | 2009 | 19428593 |
| the n-terminal region of the pa subunit of the rna polymerase of influenza a/hongkong/156/97 (h5n1) influences promoter binding. | the rna polymerase of influenza virus is a heterotrimeric complex of pb1, pb2 and pa subunits which cooperate in the transcription and replication of the viral genome. previous research has shown that the n-terminal region of the pa subunit of influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) virus is involved in promoter binding. | 2009 | 19421324 |
| cross-reactive antibodies in middle-aged and elderly volunteers after mf59-adjuvanted subunit trivalent influenza vaccine against b viruses of the b/victoria or b/yamagata lineages. | this study evaluated whether mf59-adjuvanted subunit trivalent influenza vaccine for the 2003/04 winter season (a/moscow/10/99, h3n2; a/new caledonia/20/99, h1n1; b/hong kong/330/01) would confer protection against mismatched and frequently co-circulating variants of influenza b/victoria- and b/yamagata-like virus strains. haemagglutination inhibiting (hi) antibodies were measured in middle-aged and elderly volunteers against the homologous b/victoria-like vaccine strain (b/hong kong/330/01) and ... | 2009 | 19410623 |
| glycan analysis in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production: influence of host cell line and virus strain on the glycosylation pattern of viral hemagglutinin. | mammalian cell culture processes are commonly used for production of recombinant glycoproteins, antibodies and viral vaccines. since several years there is an increasing interest in cell culture-based influenza vaccine production to overcome limitations of egg-based production systems, to improve vaccine supply and to increase flexibility in vaccine manufacturing. with the switch of the production system several key questions concerning the possible impact of host cell lines on antigen quality, ... | 2009 | 19410619 |
| molecular analysis of human influenza virus in tehran, iran. | to date there are no reports of molecular and phylogenetic analyses of human influenza virus in tehran, iran. | 2009 | 19401630 |
| novel swine influenza virus subtype h3n1 in italy. | to date, three subtypes of swine influenza viruses, h1n1, h1n2, and h3n2 have been isolated in italy. in 2006, a novel swine influenza virus subtype (h3n1) was isolated from coughing pigs. rt-pcr performed on lung tissues, experimental infection in pigs with the novel isolate, and cloning the virus by plaque assay confirmed this unique h and n combination. the novel isolate was also antigenically and genetically characterized. genetic and phylogenetic analysis showed that the complete ha gene of ... | 2009 | 19398171 |
| the origin and global emergence of adamantane resistant a/h3n2 influenza viruses. | resistance to the adamantane class of antiviral drugs by human a/h3n2 influenza viruses currently exceeds 90% in the united states and multiple asian countries. adamantane resistance is associated with a single amino acid change (s31n) in the m2 protein, which was shown to rapidly disseminate globally in 2005 in association with a genome reassortment event. however, the exact origin of influenza a/h3n2 viruses carrying the s31n mutation has not been characterized, particularly in south-east asia ... | 2009 | 19394063 |
| minimal molecular constraints for respiratory droplet transmission of an avian-human h9n2 influenza a virus. | pandemic influenza requires interspecies transmission of an influenza virus with a novel hemagglutinin (ha) subtytpe that can adapt to its new host through either reassortment or point mutations and transmit by aerosolized respiratory droplets. two previous pandemics of 1957 and 1968 resulted from the reassortment of low pathogenic avian viruses and human subtypes of that period; however, conditions leading to a pandemic virus are still poorly understood. given the endemic situation of avian h9n ... | 2009 | 19380727 |
| differential rna silencing suppression activity of ns1 proteins from different influenza a virus strains. | the ns1 gene of influenza a virus encodes a multi-functional protein that plays an important role in counteracting cellular antiviral mechanisms such as the interferon (ifn), protein kinase r and retinoic acid-inducible gene product i pathways. in addition, ns1 has recently been shown to have rna interference (rnai) or rna silencing suppression (rss) activity. this study analysed the ifn antagonistic activity of ns1 and the rss activity for several influenza subtypes: h1n1, h3n2, h5n1 and h7n7. ... | 2009 | 19369407 |
| single mutation induced h3n2 hemagglutinin antibody neutralization: a free energy perturbation study. | the single mutation effect on the binding affinity of h3n2 viral protein hemagglutinin (ha) with the monoclonical antibody fragment (fab) is studied in this paper using the free energy perturbation (fep) simulations. an all-atom protein model with explicit solvents is used to perform an aggregate of several microsecond fep molecular dynamics simulations. a recent experiment shows that a single mutation in h3n2 ha, t131i, increases the antibody-antigen dissociation constant kd by a factor of appr ... | 2008 | 19367871 |
| prediction of the pharmacodynamically linked variable of oseltamivir carboxylate for influenza a virus using an in vitro hollow-fiber infection model system. | mdck cells transfected with the human beta-galactoside alpha-2,6-sialyltransferase 1 gene (ax-4 cells) were used to determine the drug susceptibility and pharmacodynamically linked variable of oseltamivir for influenza virus. for dose-ranging studies, five hollow-fiber units were charged with 10(2) a/sydney/5/97 (h3n2) influenza virus-infected ax-4 cells and 10(8) uninfected ax-4 cells. each unit was treated continuously with different oseltamivir carboxylate concentrations in virus growth mediu ... | 2009 | 19364864 |
| characterization of conserved properties of hemagglutinin of h5n1 and human influenza viruses: possible consequences for therapy and infection control. | epidemics caused by highly pathogenic avian influenza virus (hpaiv) are a continuing threat to human health and to the world's economy. the development of approaches, which help to understand the significance of structural changes resulting from the alarming mutational propensity for human-to-human transmission of hpaiv, is of particularly interest. here we compare informational and structural properties of the hemagglutinin (ha) of h5n1 virus and human influenza virus subtypes, which are import ... | 2009 | 19351406 |
| parotitis in a child infected with triple-reassortant influenza a virus in canada in 2007. | swine h3n2 influenza virus designated a/ontario/1252/2007 was isolated from a child with parotitis. diagnosis was confirmed by viral isolation and serological assays. a/ontario/1252/2007 was related to h3n2 triple reassortants that emerged in swine in the united states in 1998. three of five tested household members were also seropositive for a/ontario/1252/2007. | 2009 | 19339469 |
| [development and preclinical study of new generation virosomal split influenza vaccine "grifor"]. | new russian virosomal split vaccine against influenza "grifor" was developed. the vaccine is represented by mix of highly purified protective external and internal antigens of influenza a (h1n1 and h3n2) and b viruses. developed technology of manufacture allowed to provide presentation of external antigens of influenza virus in the form of virosomes, and presentation of internal antigens in the form of micelles with maximal preservation of their antigenic activity. using electron microscopy, ele ... | 2009 | 19338232 |
| influenza virus resistance to antiviral agents: a plea for rational use. | although influenza vaccine can prevent influenza virus infection, the only therapeutic options to treat influenza virus infection are antiviral agents. at the current time, nearly all influenza a/h3n2 viruses and a percentage of influenza a/h1n1 viruses are adamantane resistant, which leaves only neuraminidase inhibitors available for treatment of infection with these viruses. in december 2008, the centers for disease control and prevention released new data demonstrating that a high percentage ... | 2009 | 19323631 |
| possibility of mutation prediction of influenza hemagglutinin by combination of hemadsorption experiment and quantum chemical calculation for antibody binding. | we have performed a quantum-chemical mp2/6-31g* calculation for the hemagglutinin (ha) antigen-antibody system of the h3n2 influenza virus with the fragment molecular orbital method, which provides one of the world's largest ab initio electron-correlated calculations for biomolecular systems. on the basis of the calculated interfragment interaction energies (ifies) representing the molecular interactions between the amino acid residues in the antigen-antibody complex, we have identified those re ... | 2009 | 19323468 |
| influenza antiviral resistance testing in new york and wisconsin, 2006 to 2008: methodology and surveillance data. | the need for effective influenza antiviral susceptibility surveillance methods has increased due to the emergence of near-universal adamantane resistance in influenza a/h3n2 viruses during the 2005-2006 season and the appearance of oseltamivir resistance in the influenza a/h1n1 virus subtype during the 2007-2008 season. the two classes of influenza antivirals, the neuraminidase inhibitors (nais) and the adamantanes, are well characterized, as are many mutations that can confer resistance to thes ... | 2009 | 19321726 |
| verification of the combimatrix influenza detection assay for the detection of influenza a subtype during the 2007-2008 influenza season in toronto, canada. | the increase in adamantine resistance in influenza a (h3n2) and the emergence of oseltamivir resistance in influenza a (h1n1) has necessitated the use of rapid methodologies to detect influenza subtype. the purpose of this study was to evaluate the combimatrix influenza detection system compared to the fda approved luminex respiratory virus panel (rvp) assay for influenza a subtyping. verification of the combimatrix influenza detection system was carried out using the luminex rvp assay as a refe ... | 2009 | 19321005 |
| pathogenesis of swine influenza virus (thai isolates) in weanling pigs: an experimental trial. | the objective of this study is to investigate the pathogenesis of swine influenza virus (siv) subtype h1n1 and h3n2 (thai isolates) in 22-day-old spf pigs. | 2009 | 19317918 |
| broadly cross-reactive monoclonal antibodies against ha2 glycopeptide of influenza a virus hemagglutinin of h3 subtype reduce replication of influenza a viruses of human and avian origin. | the reactivity of monoclonal antibodies (mabs) prepared to the ha2 glycopeptide (gp) of a/dunedin/4/73 (h3n2) hemagglutinin was tested against influenza a viruses of h3, h4, and h7 subtypes. only one (cf2) out of six mabs reacted with influenza a viruses of all three subtypes (h3, h4 and h7). the inter-subtype reactivity of this mab (cf2) is in accord with the highly conservative sequence in the previously defined mab-binding site i, i.e. the aa 1-38 of n-terminus of ha2 gp. mab cf2 as well as i ... | 2009 | 19301946 |
| cross-protective potential of a novel monoclonal antibody directed against antigenic site b of the hemagglutinin of influenza a viruses. | the hemagglutinin (ha) of influenza a viruses has been classified into sixteen distinct subtypes (h1-h16) to date. the ha subtypes of influenza a viruses are principally defined as serotypes determined by neutralization or hemagglutination inhibition tests using polyclonal antisera to the respective ha subtypes, which have little cross-reactivity to the other ha subtypes. thus, it is generally believed that the neutralizing antibodies are not broadly cross-reactive among ha subtypes. in this stu ... | 2009 | 19300497 |
| effects of clinacanthus siamensis leaf extract on influenza virus infection. | ethanolic extracts of 20 medicinal plants were screened for influenza virus na inhibition and in vitro antiviral activities using mdck cells in an mtt assay. the vaccine proteins of influenza virus a/new caledonia/20/99 (h1n1), mouse-adapted influenza virus a/guizhou/54/89 (a/g)(h3n2) and mouse-adapted influenza virus b/ibaraki/2/85 (b/i) were used in the na inhibition assay, and mouse-adapted influenza viruses a/pr/8/34 (h1n1), a/g and b/i were used in the in vitro antiviral assay. the results ... | 2009 | 19291089 |
| transdermal influenza immunization with vaccine-coated microneedle arrays. | influenza is a contagious disease caused by a pathogenic virus, with outbreaks all over the world and thousands of hospitalizations and deaths every year. due to virus antigenic drift and short-lived immune responses, annual vaccination is required. however, vaccine coverage is incomplete, and improvement in immunization is needed. the objective of this study is to investigate a novel method for transdermal delivery using metal microneedle arrays (mn) coated with inactivated influenza virus to d ... | 2009 | 19274084 |
| [differential incorporation of genomic segments into the influenza a virus reassortants in mixed infection]. | the gene composition of the viral population obtained via mixed infection of embryonated chick eggs with influenza viruses at a high multiplicity of infection was analyzed. in mixed infection caused by influenza a/wsn/33 (h1n1) and a/duck/czechoslovakia/56 (h4n6) viruses, the population showed a preponderance of the reassortants whose content of genomic segments originating from either of the parent virus deviated strongly from the random pattern: the hemagglutinin (ha) gene of a/wsn/33 (h1n1) v ... | 2009 | 19253723 |
| the effect of infliximab and timing of vaccination on the humoral response to influenza vaccination in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and ankylosing spondylitis. | to assess the effect of the timing of vaccination in relation to administration of infliximab on the efficacy and safety of influenza vaccine in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (ra) and ankylosing spondylitis (as). | 2010 | 19246078 |
| a human case of swine influenza virus infection in europe--implications for human health and research. | swine are susceptible to the same influenza a virus subtypes as humans--h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2--and the histories of influenza in pigs and people are closely linked. many swine influenza viruses are a result of reassortment and their genes are composed of human and avian and/or swine virus genes. indeed, it is known that both human and avian influenza viruses occasionally transmit to pigs, and that pigs can serve as "mixing vessels" for these viruses, meaning that viruses can exchange genetic mater ... | 2009 | 19232229 |
| a serological survey of avian origin canine h3n2 influenza virus in dogs in korea. | canine h3n2 influenza viruses of avian origin were recently isolated and found to induce disease in dogs. results of serologic analysis indicate that avian origin canine influenza virus can spread rapidly through local dog populations, which indicates its potential for becoming established in dogs throughout korea. | 2009 | 19231112 |
| animal influenza epidemiology. | influenza a viruses exist within their natural host, aquatic birds, in a number of antigenic subtypes. only a few of these subtypes have successfully crossed into other avian and mammalian hosts. this brief review will focus on just three examples of viruses that have successfully passed between species; avian h5ni1 and h9n2 viruses and h3n2 viruses which have transmitted from aquatic birds to humans and then to swine. although there are a number of other subtypes that have also transmitted succ ... | 2008 | 19230163 |
| influenza vaccine strain selection and recent studies on the global migration of seasonal influenza viruses. | annual influenza epidemics in humans affect 5-15% of the population, causing an estimated half million deaths worldwide per year [stohr k. influenza-who cares. lancet infectious diseases 2002;2(9):517]. the virus can infect this proportion of people year after year because the virus has an extensive capacity to evolve and thus evade the immune response. for example, since the influenza a(h3n2) subtype entered the human population in 1968 the a(h3n2) component of the influenza vaccine has had to ... | 2008 | 19230156 |
| molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis of h3n2 human influenza a viruses in cheongju, south korea. | to investigate the genetic characteristics of human influenza viruses circulating in chungbuk province, we tested 510 clinical samples of nasopharyngeal suction from pediatric patients diagnosed with respiratory illness between june 2007 and june 2008. genetic characterization of the ha genes of h3n2 isolates indicated the relative higher similarity to a/virginia/04/07 (99.6%) rather than that of a/wisconsin/67/2005 (98.4%), a northern hemisphere 2007-2008 vaccine strain, based on amino acid seq ... | 2009 | 19229496 |
| [therapeutic efficacy of ingavirin, a new domestic formulation against influenza a virus (h3n2)]. | investigation of the therapeutic efficacy of ingavirin (valenta farmacevtica, russia) against influenza virus a (h3n2) vs. tamiflu, remantadin and arbidol showed that in daily doses of 15 and 20 mg/kg (equal by the efficacy to the human doses of 90 and 120 mg) ingavirin was effective in protection of the albino mice infected by the virus in a dose of 10 to 15 ld50. the protective efficacy was 38.3-39.2% and the increase of the average lifespan amounted to 4.2-4.4 days. the ingavirin efficacy was ... | 2008 | 19227120 |
| deletions of neuraminidase and resistance to oseltamivir may be a consequence of restricted receptor specificity in recent h3n2 influenza viruses. | influenza viruses attach to cells via sialic acid receptors. the viral neuraminidase (na) is needed to remove sialic acids so that newly budded virions can disperse. known mechanisms of resistance to na inhibitors include mutations in the inhibitor binding site, or mutations in the hemagglutinin that reduce avidity for sialic acid and therefore reduce the requirement for na activity. | 2009 | 19216793 |
| combining mutual information with structural analysis to screen for functionally important residues in influenza hemagglutinin. | influenza hemagglutinin mediates both cell-surface binding and cell entry by the virus. mutations to hemagglutinin are thus critical in determining host species specificity and viral infectivity. previous approaches have primarily considered point mutations and sequence conservation; here we develop a complementary approach using mutual information to examine concerted mutations. for hemagglutinin, several overlapping selective pressures can cause such concerted mutations, including the host imm ... | 2009 | 19209725 |
| h5n1 vaccine-specific b cell responses in ferrets primed with live attenuated seasonal influenza vaccines. | live attenuated influenza h5n1 vaccines have been produced and evaluated in mice and ferrets that were never exposed to influenza a virus infection (suguitan et al., plos medicine, e360:1541, 2006). however, the preexisting influenza heterosubtypic immunity on live attenuated h5n1 vaccine induced immune response has not been evaluated. | 2009 | 19209231 |
| emerging influenza virus: a global threat. | since 1918, in?uenza virus has been one of the major causes of morbidity and mortality, especially among young children. though the commonly circulating strain of the virus is not virulent enough to cause mortality, the ability of the virus genome to mutate at a very high rate may lead to the emergence of a highly virulent strain that may become the cause of the next pandemic. apart from the influenza virus strain circulating in humans (h1n1 and h3n2), the avian influenza h5n1 h7 and h9 virus st ... | 2008 | 19208973 |
| comparison of the performance of the rapid antigen detection actim influenza a&b test and rt-pcr in different respiratory specimens. | nowadays, influenza antigen detection test kits are used most frequently to detect influenza a or b virus to establish the diagnosis of influenza rapidly and initiate appropriate therapy. this study was conducted to evaluate the performance of the actim influenza a&b test (medix biochemica). overall, 473 respiratory specimens were analysed in the actim influenza a&b test and the results were compared with those from an rt-pcr assay; 461 of these samples originated from paediatric patients aged 7 ... | 2009 | 19208888 |
| co-evolution positions and rules for antigenic variants of human influenza a/h3n2 viruses. | in pandemic and epidemic forms, avian and human influenza viruses often cause significant damage to human society and economics. gradually accumulated mutations on hemagglutinin (ha) cause immunologically distinct circulating strains, which lead to the antigenic drift (named as antigenic variants). the "antigenic variants" often requires a new vaccine to be formulated before each annual epidemic. mapping the genetic evolution to the antigenic drift of influenza viruses is an emergent issue to pu ... | 2009 | 19208143 |
| activation of toll-like receptor signaling pathway for protection against influenza virus infection. | this study aims to evaluate the antiviral role of nucleic acid-based agonists for the activation of toll-like receptor (tlr) signaling pathways, and its protective role in respiratory influenza a virus infections. tlr-3 is expressed on myeloid dendritic cells, respiratory epithelium, and macrophages, and appears to play a central role in mediating both the antiviral and inflammatory responses of the innate immunity in combating viral infections. influenza viruses can effectively inhibit the host ... | 2009 | 19200852 |
| anti-influenza virus activity and structure-activity relationship of aglycoristocetin derivatives with cyclobutenedione carrying hydrophobic chains. | previous studies have demonstrated that glycopeptide compounds carrying hydrophobic substituents can have favorable pharmacological (i.e. antibacterial and antiviral) properties. we here report on the in vitro anti-influenza virus activity of aglycoristocetin derivatives containing hydrophobic side chain-substituted cyclobutenedione. the lead compound 8e displayed an antivirally effective concentration of 0.4 microm, which was consistent amongst influenza a/h1n1, a/h3n2 and b viruses, and a sele ... | 2009 | 19200809 |
| sialic acid recognition is a key determinant of influenza a virus tropism in murine trachea epithelial cell cultures. | influenza a virus interacts with specific types of sialic acid during attachment and entry into susceptible cells. the precise amino acids in the hemagglutinin protein that control sialic acid binding specificity and affinity vary among antigenic subtypes. for h3 subtypes, amino acids 226 and 228 are critical for differentiating between alpha2,3- and alpha2,6-linked forms of sialic acid (sa). we demonstrate that position 190 of the ha from a/udorn/307/72 (h3n2) plays an important role in the rec ... | 2009 | 19195676 |
| multiorgan distribution of human influenza a virus strains observed in a mouse model. | multiorgan spread and pathogenesis of influenza infection with three human influenza a viruses was studied in mice. mouse-adapted viruses a/dunedin/4/73(h3n2), a/mississippi/1/85(h3n2), and a/pr/8/34(h1n1) differed considerably in virulence (p.f.u./ld(50)): 79,000 p.f.u. for dunedin, 5,000 p.f.u. for mississippi, and 65 p.f.u. for pr/8, which qualified dunedin as low virulent, mississippi as intermediate, and pr/8 as highly virulent. all three viruses were detected in lungs, heart, and thymus by ... | 2009 | 19189197 |
| near-patient assays for diagnosis of influenza virus infection in adult patients. | rapid and reliable diagnosis of influenza is essential for identification of contagious patients and effective patient management. near-patient assays allow establishment of the diagnosis within minutes in young children, and this study aimed to evaluate near-patient assays in relation to the patient's age. a total of 194 patients with laboratory-confirmed influenza a/h3n2 virus infection, diagnosed within a prospective cohort study, were included. cryopreserved nasopharyngeal swabs collected fr ... | 2009 | 19183404 |
| population dynamics of swine influenza virus in farrow-to-finish and specialised finishing herds in the netherlands. | influenza virus infections with subtypes h1n1, h3n2 and h1n2 are very common in domestic pigs in europe. data on possible differences of population dynamics in finishing pigs in farrow-to-finish herds and in specialised finishing herds are, however, scarce. the presence of sows and weaned piglets on the same premises may, however, affect the exposure of finishing pigs to influenza viruses. in a longitudinal study on 14 farrow-to-finish herds and 15 finishing herds, groups of pigs were followed b ... | 2009 | 19181461 |
| start of the influenza season 2008-9 in europe - increasing influenza activity moving from west to east dominated by a(h3n2). | the influenza season 2008-9 started in week 49 of 2008 and is so far characterised by influenza virus type a subtype h3n2. isolates of this subtype that were tested proved susceptible to neuraminidase inhibitors, but resistant to m2 inhibitors. the circulating a(h3n2) viruses are antigenically similar to the component in the current northern hemisphere influenza vaccine. | 2009 | 19161722 |
| [distribution of avian influenza virus subtypes among domestic ducks in eastern china]. | to identify the distribution of avian influenza virus subtypes among domestic ducks in eastern china. | 2008 | 19160806 |
| molecular evolution of ha1 in influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated in japan from 1989 to 2006. | to evaluate the trend of phylogenetic evolution among influenza a (h3n2) viruses isolated in gunma and a (h3n2) vaccine strains, we studied the transition of gene mutations and amino acid substitution of the sites a and b in ha1 during long-term seasons. | 2009 | 19158442 |
| epidemiologic study of influenza infection in okinawa, japan, from 2001 to 2007: changing patterns of seasonality and prevalence of amantadine-resistant influenza a virus. | to clarify seasonal influenza patterns and the prevalence of amantadine-resistant influenza a viruses in okinawa, located at the southern extremity of japan in a subtropical climate, we conducted a laboratory-based study of influenza virus infections from 2001 to 2007. the annual outbreaks tended to show two peaks in okinawa, in summer and winter, although the main islands of japan, located in a temperate climate area, showed only winter influenza activity. epidemic types and subtypes in okinawa ... | 2009 | 19158265 |
| emergence of oseltamivir-resistant influenza a/h3n2 virus with altered hemagglutination pattern in a hematopoietic stem cell transplant recipient. | persistent influenza virus replication during antiviral therapy in patients undergoing hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (hsct) could promote the emergence of antiviral drug resistance. | 2009 | 19157971 |
| molecular evolution of human influenza a viruses in a local area during eight influenza epidemics from 2000 to 2007. | a total of 1,041 human influenza a virus isolates were collected at a clinic in niigata, japan, during eight influenza seasons from 2000 to 2007. the h3n2 subtype accounted for 75.4% of the isolates, and the rest were h1n1. extremely high rates of amantadine-resistant strains of h3n2 subtype were observed in 2005/2006 (100%) and 2006/2007 (79.4%), while amantadine-resistant strains of h1n1 subtype were only detected in 2006/2007 (48.2%). sequence and phylogenetic analysis of the ha1 subunit of t ... | 2009 | 19153639 |
| blocking interhost transmission of influenza virus by vaccination in the guinea pig model. | interventions aimed at preventing viral spread have the potential to effectively control influenza virus in all age groups, thereby reducing the burden of influenza illness. for this reason, we have examined the efficacy of vaccination in blocking the transmission of influenza viruses between guinea pigs. three modes of immunization were compared: (i) natural infection; (ii) intramuscular administration of whole, inactivated influenza virus in 2 doses; and (iii) intranasal inoculation with live ... | 2009 | 19153237 |
| co-administration of l-cystine and l-theanine enhances efficacy of influenza vaccination in elderly persons: nutritional status-dependent immunogenicity. | the immune response to influenza vaccine is attenuated in elderly persons, though they are at greatest risk for morbidity and mortality by influenza virus infection. experimental studies demonstrate that co-administration of l-cystine and l-theanine enhanced antigen-specific production of immunoglobulin in aged mice infected with influenza virus. we thus investigated the effect of l-cystine and l-theanine on antibody induction by influenza vaccines in elderly persons. | 2008 | 19149835 |
| timely production of a/fujian-like influenza vaccine matching the 2003-2004 epidemic strain may have been possible using madin-darby canine kidney cells. | timely production and antigenic match with those of the epidemic strains are required for influenza vaccines. a/fujian/411/2002-like (h3n2) virus was the main epidemic influenza virus during the 2003/2004 season in the northern hemisphere. but a/fujian-like reassortant viruses were not available until more than one year later. we evaluated the a/kumamoto/102/2002 strain, an a/fujian/411/2002-like strain isolated in 2002, as a potential vaccine. we compared a/kumamoto/102/2002 viruses isolated fr ... | 2008 | 19149013 |
| in vitro anti-influenza viral activities of constituents from caesalpinia sappan. | six constituents with neuraminidase (na) inhibitory activity, namely brazilein, brazilin, protosappanin a, 3-deoxysappanchalcone, sappanchalcone and rhamnetin, were isolated from the hearthwood of caesalpinia sappan (leguminosae). their in vitro anti-influenza virus activities were evaluated with the cytopathic effect (cpe) reduction method. the results showed that 3-deoxysappanchalcone and sappanchalcone exhibited the highest activity against influenza virus (h3n2) with ic50 values of 1.06 and ... | 2009 | 19148862 |
| histopathology and growth kinetics of influenza viruses (h1n1 and h3n2) in the upper and lower airways of guinea pigs. | recent investigations have shown that guinea pigs are important for the study of influenza a virus (iav) transmission. however, very little is known about iav replication and histopathology in the guinea pig respiratory tract. here, we describe viral growth kinetics, target cells and histopathology in the nasosinus, trachea and lungs of iav-infected guinea pigs. we found that guinea pigs infected with either a/puerto rico/8/34 (h1n1) or a/hong kong/8/68 (h3n2) developed a predominantly upper air ... | 2009 | 19141447 |
| [in vitro study of antiviral activity of myramistin against subtypes h3n2 and h5n1 of influenza virus]. | in vitro antiviral effect of myramistin on influenza virus (mdck cell culture) was studied. the drug showed significant dose-dependent antiviral activity against the virus. when used prophylactically (1 hour before exposure to the virus) in subtoxic doses, myramistin was effective in inhibiting replication of the influenza virus [strains a/aichi/2/68 (h3n2) and a/chicken/suzdalka/nov-11/2005 (h5n1)]. in urgent prophylaxis (1 hour after exposure to the virus) the protective effect was less pronou ... | 2005 | 19140480 |
| performance of a commercial swine influenza virus h1n1 and h3n2 antibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in pigs experimentally infected with european influenza viruses. | the idexx swine influenza virus h1n1 and h3n2 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (elisas) are used worldwide, but their capacity to detect antibodies to european swine influenza viruses (sivs) has not been documented. a total of 313 well-defined sera from siv seronegative pigs and pigs experimentally infected with european sivs were used to compare the performance of both elisas and the hemagglutination inhibition (hi) test. the elisas largely failed to detect pigs that had been infected with h1 ... | 2009 | 19139506 |
| neuraminidase inhibitor resistance after oseltamivir treatment of acute influenza a and b in children. | oseltamivir, a specific influenza neuraminidase inhibitor, is an effective treatment for seasonal influenza. emergence of drug-resistant influenza viruses after treatment has been reported, particularly in children in japan, where the dosing schedule is different from that used throughout the rest of the world. we investigated the emergence of drug-resistant infection in children treated with a tiered weight-based dosing regimen. | 2009 | 19133796 |
| transmission of influenza virus in a mammalian host is increased by pb2 amino acids 627k or 627e/701n. | since 2003, more than 380 cases of h5n1 influenza virus infection of humans have been reported. although the resultant disease in these cases was often severe or fatal, transmission of avian influenza viruses between humans is rare. the precise nature of the barrier blocking human-to-human spread is unknown. it is clear, however, that efficient human-to-human transmission of an antigenically novel influenza virus would result in a pandemic. influenza viruses with changes at amino acids 627 or 70 ... | 2009 | 19119420 |
| characterization of a canadian mink h3n2 influenza a virus isolate genetically related to triple reassortant swine influenza virus. | in 2007, an h3n2 influenza a virus was isolated from canadian mink. this virus was found to be phylogenetically related to a triple reassortant influenza virus which emerged in canadian swine in 2005, but it is antigenically distinct. the transmission of the virus from swine to mink seems to have occurred following the feeding of animals with a ration composed of uncooked meat by-products of swine obtained from slaughterhouse facilities. serological analyses suggest that the mink influenza virus ... | 2009 | 19116358 |
| experimental infection of dogs with avian-origin canine influenza a virus (h3n2). | susceptible dogs were brought into contact with dogs experimentally infected with an avian-origin influenza a virus (h3n2) that had been isolated from a pet dog with severe respiratory syndrome. all the experimentally infected and contact-exposed dogs showed elevated rectal temperatures, virus shedding, seroconversion, and severe necrotizing tracheobronchitis and bronchioalveolitis. | 2009 | 19116051 |
| bronchointerstitial pneumonia in guinea pigs following inoculation with h5n1 high pathogenicity avian influenza virus. | the h5n1 high-pathogenicity avian influenza (hpai) viruses have caused widespread disease of poultry in asia, africa and the middle east, and sporadic human infections. the guinea pig model has been used to study human h3n2 and h1n1 influenza viruses, but knowledge is lacking on h5n1 hpai virus infections. guinea pigs were inoculated intranasally or intragastrically with a/vietnam/1203/04 (vn/04) or a/muscovy duck/vietnam/209/05 (mdk/vn/05) viruses. mild listlessness was seen at 2 and 3 days pos ... | 2009 | 19112127 |
| influenza-associated morbidity in subtropical taiwan. | the purpose of this study was to assess the characteristics of influenza-associated morbidity in subtropical taiwan, corresponding to the seasonal patterns, weather, and co-circulation of influenza (sub)types, and other respiratory viruses, where the burden of influenza is poorly quantified. | 2009 | 19111494 |
| reversion of influenza a (h3n2) virus from amantadine resistant to amantadine sensitive by further reassortment in japan during the 2006-to-2007 influenza season. | in the 2006-to-2007 influenza season, amantadine-sensitive strains were found among the n-lineage influenza a (h3n2) viruses, which were previously believed to be associated with amantadine resistance. whole-genome sequencing results indicated that this was due to a further reassortment event. | 2009 | 19109467 |
| [analysis of influenza surveillance from 2000 to 2007 in gansu province]. | to study the epidemical characteristics of influenza in gansu province from 2000 to 2007, and to discuss the changes of the predominant strains of influenza virus. this study provide scientific basis for defending influenza effectively. | 2008 | 19105339 |
| human influenza a viruses isolated in south america: genetic relations, adamantane resistance and vaccine strain match. | in order to gain insight into the genetic relations among h3n2 influenza a virus (iav) circulating in the south american region from 1999 to 2007, to investigate the presence of adamantane-resistant strains in this region, and to establish the genetic relations among that strains and vaccine strains recommended for the southern hemisphere, 11 haemagglutinin (ha) h3 iav sequences obtained from uruguayan patients were aligned with corresponding sequences from 68 h3 iav strains isolated in south am ... | 2009 | 19095085 |
| in vivo and in vitro alterations in influenza a/h3n2 virus m2 and hemagglutinin genes: effect of passage in mdck-siat1 cells and conventional mdck cells. | no mutations were detected in the hemagglutinin gene of influenza a/h3n2 virus isolates from patients undergoing short-term amantadine treatment. however, genetic changes occurred after serial passage in either mdck or mdck-siat1 cells. our results showed that only a few mutations were observed in mdck-siat1-passaged isolates in the presence of amantadine. | 2009 | 19091815 |
| genetic correlation between h3n2 human and swine influenza viruses. | h3n2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza virus which circulates in human and swine population throughout the world. | 2009 | 19083267 |
| anionic polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride)-coated beads-based capture of human influenza a and b virus. | an anionic magnetic beads-based method was developed for the capture of human influenza a and b viruses from nasal aspirates, allantoic fluid and culture medium. a polymer, poly(methyl vinyl ether-maleic anhydride) [poly(mve-ma)], was used to endow magnetic beads with a negative charge and bioadhesive properties. after incubation with samples containing human influenza virus, the beads were separated from supernatants by applying a magnetic field. the adsorption [corrected] of the virus by the b ... | 2009 | 19081256 |
| multiplex assay for simultaneously typing and subtyping influenza viruses by use of an electronic microarray. | we report on the use of an electronic microarray to simultaneously type influenza a and b viruses and to distinguish influenza a virus subtypes h1n1 and h3n2 from the potentially pandemic avian virus subtype h5n1. the assay targets seven genes: the h1, h3, h5, n1, and n2 genes of influenza a virus; the matrix protein m1 gene of influenza a virus; and the nonstructural protein (ns) gene of influenza b virus. by combining a two-step reverse transcription-multiplex pcr with typing and subtyping on ... | 2009 | 19073867 |
| pathobiology of triple reassortant h3n2 influenza viruses in breeder turkeys and its potential implication for vaccine studies in turkeys. | triple reassortant (tr) h3n2 influenza viruses have been isolated from turkeys in the united states since 2003. these tr h3n2 virus infections have been associated with drastic declines in egg production in breeder turkeys although co-infection with multiple agents could have been responsible for exacerbating the clinical signs. in this study, we experimentally confirmed that tr h3n2 influenza virus alone can cause drastic reduction/complete cessation of egg production and pathology of the repro ... | 2009 | 19071183 |
| [the spread and biological properties of epidemic influenza viruses a and b strains circulating in the 2006-2007 season in russia]. | the epidemic upsurge of influenza morbidity in the 2006-2007 season in russia was caused by the active circulation of influenza a(h1n1), a(h3n2) and b viruses. the center for ecology and epidemiology of influenza studied 259 epidemic strains; all the strains were isolated on mdck cell cultures. influenza a(h1n1) viruses (n = 101) were antigenic variants of the references a/new caledonia/20/99 and a/solomon islands/3/06. influenza a(h3n2) viruses (n = 98) were antigenic variants of the references ... | 2008 | 19069788 |
| the host-dependent interaction of alpha-importins with influenza pb2 polymerase subunit is required for virus rna replication. | the influenza virus polymerase is formed by the pb1, pb2 and pa subunits and is required for virus transcription and replication in the nucleus of infected cells. as pb2 is a relevant host-range determinant we expressed a tap-tagged pb2 in human cells and isolated intracellular complexes. alpha-importin was identified as a pb2-associated factor by proteomic analyses. to study the relevance of this interaction for virus replication we mutated the pb2 nls and analysed the phenotype of mutant subun ... | 2008 | 19066626 |
| occurrence of swine influenza virus infection in swine with porcine respiratory disease complex. | we studied the occurrence of swine influenza virus (siv) infection in piglets with respiratory symptoms resembling porcine respiratory disease complex (prdc). a total of 106 samples including nasal swab and lung suspension from sick piglets were collected from 30 farms of medium size in the central and eastern parts of thailand from august 2006 to february 2007. samples were inoculated onto mardin-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells and siv infection was confirmed by immunofluorescent assay (ifa) a ... | 2008 | 19062693 |
| a novel neuraminidase deletion mutation conferring resistance to oseltamivir in clinical influenza a/h3n2 virus. | neuraminidase (na) mutations responsible for influenza resistance to oseltamivir vary according to the na subtype; in influenza a/h3n2 viruses, na-gene mutations occur predominantly at codons e119 and r292. in an oseltamivir-resistant influenza a/h3n2 virus isolated from an immunocompromised child after 107 days of cumulative treatment, the na gene contained 3 aa substitutions (n146k, s219t, and a272v) and a 4-aa deletion (del245-248); reversion mutation experiments using recombinant na proteins ... | 2009 | 19046066 |
| fusion of c3d with hemagglutinin enhances protective immunity against swine influenza virus. | h1n1 and h3n2 are the dominant subtypes causing swine influenza in china and other countries. it is important to develop effective vaccines against both h1n1 and h3n2 subtypes of swine influenza virus (siv). we examined the effects of a dna vaccine expressing an influenza ha fused to three copies of murine complement c3d in mice. plasmids encoding soluble ha (sha), complete ha (tmha), or a soluble fused form of ha (sha-mc3d3) were constructed from the h3n2 subtype of siv. the immune response was ... | 2009 | 19010505 |
| the human h5n1 influenza a virus polymerase complex is active in vitro over a broad range of temperatures, in contrast to the wsn complex, and this property can be attributed to the pb2 subunit. | influenza a virus (iav) replicates in the upper respiratory tract of humans at 33 degrees c and in the intestinal tract of birds at close to 41 degrees c. the viral rna polymerase complex comprises three subunits (pa, pb1 and pb2) and plays an important role in host adaptation. we therefore developed an in vitro system to examine the temperature sensitivity of iav rna polymerase complexes from different origins. complexes were prepared from human lung epithelial cells (a549) using a novel adenov ... | 2008 | 19008377 |
| anti-influenza virus activity of myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract evaluated using madino-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells. | myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract was added to culture medium of madino-darby canine kidney (mdck) cells inoculated with influenza virus, and the inhibition of influenza virus replication was measured. myrica rubra leaf ethanol extract showed anti-influenza virus activity irrespective of the hemagglutinin antigen type in the influenza virus type a (h1n1), its subtype (h3n2), and type b. | 2008 | 18997411 |
| ongoing evolution of swine influenza viruses: a novel reassortant. | a novel h3n2 influenza virus strain isolated in germany from pigs with clinical symptoms of influenza is described. it was characterised by neutralisation test, hemagglutination inhibition test and complete sequencing of the genome. the data demonstrate the emergence of a h3n2 reassortant with the human-like hah3 gene of prevalent european porcine h3n2 influenza viruses and a nan2 gene of the european porcine h1n2 viruses. the gene segments of the internal proteins are avian-like, consistent wit ... | 2008 | 18985274 |