Publications

glycoprotein-mediated induction of apoptosis limits the spread of attenuated rabies viruses in the central nervous system of mice.	induction of apoptosis by rabies virus (rv) has been reported to be associated with the expression of the glycoprotein (g), but inversely correlated with pathogenicity. to further delineate the association between the expression of the g and the induction of apoptosis, recombinant rvs with replacement of only the g gene were used to infect mice by the intracerebral route. recombinant viruses expressing the g from attenuated viruses expressed higher level of the g and induced more apoptosis in mi ...	2005	16338751
variable site-occupancy classification of n-linked glycosylation using artificial neural networks.	a novel neural-network-based model has been developed for the prediction of n-linked glycosylation characteristics related to glycosylation site-occupancy. intracellular oligosaccharide transfer to a polypeptide is known to be either robust or dependent upon culture conditions during pharmaceutical production. this glycan attachment is classified by the model as robust or variable and is based on an input of the polypeptide primary sequence around the site of glycosylation. the glycosylation mod ...	2005	16321048
survey of wildlife rehabilitators regarding rabies vector species.	to evaluate the risks associated with wildlife rehabilitation and the reemergence of wildlife rabies in north carolina through assessment of the status of knowledge and attitudes of licensed in-state wildlife rehabilitators about rabies and rabies vector species (rvs).	2005	16313033
overexpression of tumor necrosis factor alpha by a recombinant rabies virus attenuates replication in neurons and prevents lethal infection in mice.	the effect of tumor necrosis factor alpha (tnf-alpha) on rabies virus (rv) infection of the mouse central nervous system (cns) was studied, using recombinant rv engineered to express either soluble tnf-alpha [spbn-tnf-alpha+] or insoluble membrane-bound tnf-alpha [spbn-tnf-alpha(mem)]. growth curves derived from infections of mouse neuroblastoma na cells revealed significantly less spread and production of spbn-tnf-alpha+ than of spbn-tnf-alpha(mem) or spbn-tnf-alpha-, which carries an inactivat ...	2005	16306612
modulation of hla-g expression in human neural cells after neurotropic viral infections.	hla-g is a nonclassical human major histocompatibility complex class i molecule. it may promote tolerance, leading to acceptance of the semiallogeneic fetus and tumor immune escape. we show here that two viruses-herpes simplex virus type 1 (hsv-1), a neuronotropic virus inducing acute infection and neuron latency; and rabies virus (rabv), a neuronotropic virus triggering acute neuron infection-upregulate the neuronal expression of several hla-g isoforms, including hla-g1 and hla-g5, the two main ...	2005	16306594
the molecular epidemiology of rabies associated with chiropteran hosts in mexico.	while large-scale dog vaccination campaigns have significantly reduced urban rabies throughout mexico, reports of sylvatic rabies, including cases of spill-over of bat strains into livestock and humans, are increasing. to improve knowledge of these epidemiological trends, 64 mexican rabies virus isolates from various host species, have been characterized. phylogenetic analysis at the viral p locus identified distinct viral strains associated with terrestrial reservoirs (dog, skunk and fox/bobcat ...	2006	16303200
characterization of m gene-deficient rabies virus with advantages of effective immunization and safety as a vaccine strain.	matrix (m) protein of rabies virus is known to play an important role in assembly and budding of the progeny virus. we generated an m gene-deficient rabies virus, rc-hldeltam, using a reverse genetics system of rabies virus rc-hl strain to develop a novel type of vaccine. rc-hldeltam infection was confined within a single cell in mouse neuroblastoma cells. this deficient virus failed to generate the progeny virus in the cells. in contrast, rc-hldeltam propagated in bhk cells inductively expressi ...	2005	16301807
development and evaluation of an enzyme immunoassay for rapid diagnosis of rabies in humans and animals.	the presently advocated tests for rapid diagnosis of rabies such as fluorescent antibody test (fat) is expensive and requires expertise to carry out and interpret the results. in this study we have developed and evaluated a simple enzyme immuno-assay (eia) to detect rabies antigen in the brain specimens of animals and humans. we have also evaluated the utility of this test in ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies. the brain homogenates of suspected rabid animals (n=250), humans (n=16) and clinic ...	2004	16295401
mechanisms of escape phenomenon of spinal cord and brainstem in human rabies.	rabies virus preferentially involves brainstem, thalamus and spinal cord in human furious and paralytic rabies beginning in the early stage of illness. nevertheless, rabies patient remains alert until the pre-terminal phase. weakness of extremities develops only when furious rabies patient becomes comatose; whereas peripheral nerve dysfunction is responsible for weakness in paralytic rabies.	2005	16288653
emerging zoonotic encephalitis viruses: lessons from southeast asia and oceania.	the last decade of the 20th century saw the introduction of an unprecedented number of encephalitic viruses emerge or spread in the southeast asian and western pacific regions (mackenzie et al, 2001; solomon, 2003a). most of these viruses are zoonotic, either being arthropod-borne viruses or bat-borne viruses. thus japanese encephalitis virus (jev), a mosquito-borne flavivirus, has spread through the indonesian archipelago to papua new guinea (png) and to the islands of the torres strait of nort ...	2005	16287684
rabies virus p protein interacts with stat1 and inhibits interferon signal transduction pathways.	rabies virus p protein is a cofactor of rna polymerase. we investigated other potential roles of p (cvs strain) by searching for cellular partners using two-hybrid screening. we isolated a cdna encoding the signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (stat1) that is a critical component of interferon type i (ifn-alpha/beta) and type ii (ifn-gamma) signaling. we confirmed this interaction by glutathione s-transferase-pull-down assay. deletion mutant analysis indicated that the carboxy-term ...	2005	16254375
a single amino acid change in rabies virus glycoprotein increases virus spread and enhances virus pathogenicity.	several rabies virus (rv) vaccine strains containing an aspartic acid (asp) or glutamic acid (glu) instead of an arginine (arg) at position 333 of the rv glycoprotein (g) are apathogenic for immunocompetent mice even after intracranial inoculation. however, we previously showed that the nonpathogenic phenotype of the highly attenuated rv strain spbnga, which contains a glu at position 333 of g, is unstable when this virus is passaged in newborn mice. while the glu(333) remained unchanged after f ...	2005	16254349
reducing the risk of rabies.		2005	16252398
viral rna in the bloodstream suggests viremia occurs in clinically ill rabies-infected mice.	data regarding the occurrence of a viremia during rabies virus infections are contradictory. here, we attempted to clarify the dissimilar results using a qualitative taqman pcr assay to detect viral rna in blood of mice that had been injected intramuscularly with rabies virus. viral rna was detected at two different intervals. initially, rna was present in blood of 30/32 (94%) mice, from 1h to 2 days after injection of virus. the rna in the blood at this time most likely resulted from trauma to ...	2006	16242805
[bat lyssavirus in thailand].	a study of bat lyssavirus survey was done in thailand from 2001 to 2003. a total of 932 bats of 11 species were captured in 8 provinces for blood collection and testing for neutralizing antibodies against rabies virus (rabv), australian bat lyssavirus (ablv) and broader panel of other lyssaviruses (irkut, aravan and khujand). all thai bat samples were negative to rabv sixteen samples of 394 with sufficient volume of serum had detectable neutralizing antibodies against irkut, aravan, khujand and ...	2005	16241035
downstream processing of viral vectors and vaccines.	viral vectors and viral vaccines more and more play an important role in current medical approaches. gene vectors like adenoviruses, adeno-associated viruses or retroviruses are the vehicles being developed for delivering genetic material to the target cell in gene therapy. viral vaccines, like attenuated or inactivated rabies virus, influenza virus or hepatitis virus vaccines, are powerful tools to limit the number of serious viral infections and pandemics. higher safety demands, that is, reduc ...	2005	16231042
antigenic and genetic characterization of rabies viruses isolated from domestic and wild animals of brazil identifies the hoary fox as a rabies reservoir.	fifty brazilian rabies viruses, collected from many different animal species and several regions of the country, were characterized by partial sequencing of the central, variable region of the p gene, a locus useful for sensitive molecular epidemiological studies. phylogenetic analysis of the sequences, which included comparison with other rabies strains recovered from throughout the americas, identified three main groups of brazilian viruses, arbitrarily designated brl-1 to brl-3. brl-1 was fou ...	2005	16227239
dna immunization using a non-viral promoter.	most dna vaccines rely on strong viral promoters to optimize levels of transgene expression. some studies have demonstrated that the potency of viral promoters does not necessarily correlate with dna vaccine efficacy in vivo. this has partly been attributed to downregulation of these promoters by cytokines such as interferon gamma induced by the cpg motives of these vaccines. in an attempt to avoid downregulation of viral promoters by ifn-gamma, we tested vaccine vectors driven by the mhc class ...	2006	16226783
enhanced humoral hiv-1-specific immune responses generated from recombinant rhabdoviral-based vaccine vectors co-expressing hiv-1 proteins and il-2.	recombinant rabies virus (rv) vaccine strain-based vectors expressing hiv-1 antigens have been shown to induce strong and long-lasting cellular but modest humoral responses against the expressed antigens in mice. however, an effective vaccine against hiv-1 may require stronger responses, and the development of such an immune response may depend on the presence of certain cytokines at the time of the inoculation. here, we describe several new rv-based vaccine vehicles expressing hiv-1 gag or enve ...	2006	16226782
chicken embryo related (cer) cell line for quantification of rabies neutralizing antibody by fluorescent focus inhibition test.	levels of rabies virus neutralization antibody in sera from vaccinated dogs and cattle were either measured by mouse neutralization test (mnt) or by rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit), performed on cer monolayers. the two tests were compared for their ability to detect the 0.5 international units/ml (i.u.) recommended by the world health organization (who) as the minimum response for proof of rabies immunization. a significant correlation was found between the two tests (n=211; r=0. ...	2006	16213749
a molecular epidemiological analysis of the incursion of the raccoon strain of rabies virus into canada.	three physically separate incursions of the raccoon strain of rabies have entered canada, two into eastern ontario in 1999 and one into new brunswick in 2000. the course of these epizootics is described. phylogenetic analysis of the index cases from these two provinces with raccoon rabies viruses representative of this strain in the united states supported the independence of these incursions into canada via cross-border transmission from the united states. genetic characterization of 190 isolat ...	2006	16207385
the cerebellum communicates with the basal ganglia.	the cerebral cortex is interconnected with two major subcortical structures: the basal ganglia and the cerebellum. how and where cerebellar circuits interact with basal ganglia circuits has been a longstanding question. using transneuronal transport of rabies virus in macaques, we found that a disynaptic pathway links an output stage of cerebellar processing, the dentate nucleus, with an input stage of basal ganglia processing, the striatum.	2005	16205719
expression of the interferon-alpha/beta-inducible bovine mx1 dynamin interferes with replication of rabies virus.	rabies is a fatal anthropozoonotic viral infection of the central nervous system that remains a serious public health problem in many countries. as several animal cases of spontaneous survival to infection were reported and because type 1 interferons were shown to protect against the virus, it was suggested that innate resistance mechanisms exist. among the antiviral proteins that are synthesized in response to interferon-alpha/beta stimulation, mx proteins from several species are long known to ...	2006	16202617
molecular epidemiological study of arctic rabies virus isolates from greenland and comparison with isolates from throughout the arctic and baltic regions.	we report a molecular epidemiological study of rabies in arctic countries by comparing a panel of novel greenland isolates to a larger cohort of viral sequences from both arctic and baltic regions. rabies virus isolates originating from wildlife (arctic/red foxes, raccoon-dogs and reindeer), from domestic animals (dogs/cats) and from two human cases were investigated. the resulting 400 bp n-gene sequences were compared with isolates representing neighbouring arctic or baltic countries from north ...	2006	16198016
rabies virus infection in a pet guinea pig and seven pet rabbits.	raccoon-variant rabies was confirmed in 7 pet rabbits and 1 pet guinea pig in new york state, and postexposure treatment was required in several adults and children. to prevent rabies virus infection, domestic rabbits and pet rodents should be protected from contact with wild animals, including double-cage housing when housed outside. pet rabbits or rodents with any possible contact with a wild animal, particularly if the rabbit or rodent had wounds of unknown origin, should be quarantined for 6 ...	2005	16190592
virus infection switches tlr-3-positive human neurons to become strong producers of beta interferon.	to study the capacity of human neurons to mount innate immunity responses to viral infections, we infected cells of a human postmitotic neuron-derivative cell line, nt2-n, with rabies virus (rabv) and herpes simplex type 1 (hsv-1). changes in neuronal gene expression were analyzed by use of affymetrix microarrays. applying a twofold cutoff, rabv increased the transcription of 228 genes, and hsv-1 increased the transcription of 263 genes. the most striking difference between the two infections co ...	2005	16188991
a simple immuno-capture elisa to estimate rabies viral glycoprotein antigen in vaccine manufacture.	rabies is an endemic, fatal zoonotic disease in the developing countries. prevention and post-exposure therapy require safe and efficacious vaccines. the vaccine potency depends on the amount of immunogenic rabies viral glycoprotein antigen in the vaccine preparation. in order to estimate the rabies viral glycoprotein antigen, a specific monoclonal antibody was developed and used in an immuno-capture elisa (ic-elisa). the monoclonal antibody binds a conformational epitope on the natively folded ...	2006	16188454
multiple amino acids in the glycoprotein of rabies virus are responsible for pathogenicity in adult mice.	we have reported that the region between amino acids 164 and 303 in the glycoprotein of rabies nishigahara strain is important for lethality in adult mice. the region contains nine amino acid substitutions between the virulent nishigahara and the avirulent rc-hl strains. in order to determine key residues for the pathogenicity, two chimeric strains and seven mutants were generated and examined for pathogenicities. the r(g 242/255/268) strain, in which amino acids at positions 242, 255, and 268 w ...	2006	16188341
transmission of rabies virus from an organ donor to four transplant recipients.	in 2004, four recipients of kidneys, a liver, and an arterial segment from a common organ donor died of encephalitis of an unknown cause.	2005	16184559
value of immunohistochemistry for rapid ante mortem rabies diagnosis.		2005	16183320
detection of multiple strains of rabies virus rna using primers designed to target mexican vampire bat variants.	a reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr), that uses primers specifically designed to amplify a portion of the n gene of vampire bat strains of rabies that circulate in mexico, but also recognizing most of the rabies variants circulating in endemic areas, was established. this standardized pcr assay was able to detect viral rna in tenfold serial dilutions up to a 10(7) dilution using stock virus at an original titre of 10(7.5) ld50. the assay was highly specific for rabies virus ...	2005	16181515
rabies surveillance in the rural population of cluj county, romania.	the rabies virus causes an acute encephalomyelitis that progresses to coma and death within 10 days of the onset of the disease. taking into account the fatality of the disease and the absence of a specific treatment, preventive methods are of the outmost importance. the purpose of this study was to assess the exposure of the rural population from cluj county, romania, to rabies risk factors.	2005	16178673
development of rabies dna vaccine using a recombinant plasmid.	a recombinant plasmid ptarget.rabgp containing the glycoprotein (g) gene of rabies virus (rv) was constructed and produced for immunogenicity studies on mice and dogs. the mice immunized twice with 50 microg or 100 microg of ptarget.rabgp intramuscularly (i.m.), showed a serum antibody titer of 256 or 64, respectively 14 days post immunization (p.i.). when the vaccinated mice were challenged at 14 days p.i. with rv i.c., they were protected in 81.25% or 87.5%, respectively. a positive cell media ...	2005	16178518
evaluation of oral rabies vaccination programs for control of rabies epizootics in coyotes and gray foxes: 1995-2003.	to evaluate the effectiveness of intervention efforts to halt 2 wildlife rabies epizootics from 1995 through 2003, including 9 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for coyotes and 8 oral rabies vaccination campaigns for gray foxes.	2005	16178403
equine rabies immunoglobulin: a study on its clinical safety.	to confirm and assess the clinical safety of equine rabies immunoglobulin (erig) administered locally for postexposure prophylaxis against rabies since human rabies immunoglobulin is too expensive to be affordable by most patients, a study was carried out among 3723 patients who attended the antirabies clinic, department of community medicine, mkcg medical college hospital, an urban tertiary hospital between september 1, 2003 and march 31, 2004. they were advised erig, 1621 patients were of high ...	2005	16173435
the influence of homologous vs. heterologous challenge virus strains on the serological test results of rabies virus neutralizing assays.	the effect that the relatedness of the viral seed strain used to produce rabies vaccines has to the strain of challenge virus used to measure rabies virus neutralizing antibodies after vaccination was evaluated. serum samples from 173 subjects vaccinated with either purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv), produced from the pittman moore (pm) seed strain of rabies virus, or purified chick embryo cell rabies vaccine (pcecv), produced from the flury low egg passage (flury-lep) seed strain of rabi ...	2005	16168666
studying neurotrophin antiviral effect on rabies-infected dorsal root ganglia cultures.	neurotrophin (nt)-induced modulation of rabies virus adsorption, transcription, and replication were analyzed in adult mouse dorsal root ganglia cultures. different types of nerve growth factor and nt-3 treatment were tested before infection (pretreatment), during infection (transtreatment) and after withdrawing the viral inoculum (post-treatment). nt pretreatment for 4 days prior to infection produced a significant increase in the quantity of virus adsorbed into cultures and a concomitant incre ...	2005	16162483
calbindin distribution in cortical and subcortical brain structures of normal and rabies-infected mice.	rabies has been an enigmatic disease of the nervous system because microscopic findings in the brain tissue are not paralleled by the severity of the clinical illness. the calcium binding protein calbindin (cb) is a neuronal marker of great interest in neuroanatomy and neuropathology. cb-ir neurons in the striatum and cerebral cortex are gabaergic cells. in the present work cb-immunoreactivity was evaluated in brains of normal and rabies-infected mice. rabies infection caused loss of cb-immunost ...	2005	16162445
attenuated rabies virus activates, while pathogenic rabies virus evades, the host innate immune responses in the central nervous system.	rabies virus (rv) induces encephalomyelitis in humans and animals. however, the pathogenic mechanism of rabies is not fully understood. to investigate the host responses to rv infection, we examined and compared the pathology, particularly the inflammatory responses, and the gene expression profiles in the brains of mice infected with wild-type (wt) virus silver-haired bat rv (shbrv) or laboratory-adapted virus b2c, using a mouse genomic array (affymetrix). extensive inflammatory responses were ...	2005	16160183
viruses selectively upregulate toll-like receptors in the central nervous system.	the resting cns is an immunospecialized environment, devoid of most immune processes, although substantial inflammatory responses can be initiated. the innate immune mechanisms mediating recognition of cns infections are unknown. this study provides a comprehensive analysis of toll-like receptor (tlr) gene expression in the resting and virus-infected murine cns. tlr transcripts were expressed in the resting cns with strikingly high expression of tlr 3. extraneural infection with neuroinvasive se ...	2005	16157304
bat rabies--the achilles heel of a viral killer?		2005	16153999
one-time intradermal dna vaccination in ear pinnae one year prior to infection protects dogs against rabies virus.	rabid dog exposures result in > 99% of human rabies deaths worldwide. ninety-eight percent of these cases occur in developing countries. thus, the best protection against human rabies would be prevention through adequate vaccination of the reservoir population. the difficulty in re-locating ownerless, freely roaming dogs for booster vaccinations, in addition to poor coverage with inadequate vaccines, suggests that a potentially inexpensive vaccine that elicits long-term protection after a single ...	2006	16153757
optimization of virus yield as a strategy to improve rabies vaccine production by vero cells in a bioreactor.	to improve rabies vaccine production by vero cells, we have developed a strategy based on high cell density culture and optimization of virus yield. we have first optimized cell growth in spinner flask using a taguchi's l8 experimental design. we analyzed the effects of the following factors: initial glucose and glutamine concentrations, cytodex 1 concentration and the regulation of glucose level at 1 g l(-1). we have also investigated the effect of the following factor interactions: cytodex 1 c ...	2006	16153733
assessing the role of long-distance translocation and spatial heterogeneity in the raccoon rabies epidemic in connecticut.	spatial heterogeneity and long-distance translocation (ldt) play important roles in the spatio-temporal dynamics and management of emerging infectious diseases and invasive species. we assessed the influence of ldt events on the invasive spread of raccoon rabies through connecticut. we identified several putative ldt events, and developed a network-model to evaluate whether they became new foci for epidemic spread. ldt was fairly common, but many of the ldts were isolated events that did not spr ...	2005	16153724
survival after treatment of rabies.		2005	16148297
laboratory techniques for rabies diagnosis in animals at qsmi.	the queen saovabha memorial institute (qsmi), thai red cross society was founded in 1922 to carry out the production of the nervous tissue vaccines, post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) treatment, research, and laboratory diagnosis. the diagnostic laboratory had replaced the seller's staining with direct fluorescent test (dfa) as standard technique in 1987 and the mouse inoculation technique (mit) had been employed as the confirmatory test to ensure the result of the diagnosis. other techniques condu ...	2005	16146265
[rabies epizootic situation in the novosibirsk region in 1997 - 2003].	starting from the end of 1997, a rise in the epizooty of rabies with peaks in 1998 and 2002 was noted. 550 cases of rabies were registered in wild and domestic animals, as well as one lethal case of rabies in man in 2001. wild carnivorous animals are traditionally regarded as the reservoir and source of rabies virus (38%). in the novosibirsk region this disease was registered in badgers, wild herbivorous animals, myomorph rodents, hares, marmots. urban cases of rabies constituted 23%, cases of r ...	2005	16146225
rabies virus-induced activation of mitogen-activated protein kinase and nf-kappab signaling pathways regulates expression of cxc and cc chemokine ligands in microglia.	following virus infection of the central nervous system, microglia, the ontogenetic and functional equivalents of macrophages in somatic tissues, act as sources of chemokines, thereby recruiting peripheral leukocytes into the brain parenchyma. in the present study, we have systemically examined the growth characteristics of rabies virus (rv) in microglia and the activation of cellular signaling pathways leading to chemokine expression upon rv infection. in rv-inoculated microglia, the synthesis ...	2005	16140757
vaccines for lyssaviruses other than rabies.	several new lyssaviruses have emerged in the past decade and it is likely that more remain to be discovered. there are six recognized genotypes of lyssavirus other than the rabies virus (genotype 1). all but one of these has been associated with human cases, with the resulting disease clinically similar to rabies. rabies vaccines provide a means of pre- and postexposure prophylaxis against rabies and some of the other genotypes, but not all. those that are crossprotected fall into phylogroup 1 o ...	2005	16117710
[isolation of rabies virus in artibeus fimbriatus bat in the state of sao paulo, brazil].	this is the first report of the isolation and identification of the rabies virus in the frugivorous bat artibeus fimbriatus in the city of sao josé do rio preto, sao paulo state, brazil. the virus was isolated from an animal found in an urban area. the animal was found on the ground under a tree, still alive. diagnosis was made by direct immunofluorescence and intracerebral inoculation of mice.	2005	16113922
structural difference recognized by a monoclonal antibody #404-11 between the rabies virus nucleocapsid (nc) produced in virus infected cells and the nc-like structures produced in the nucleoprotein (n) cdna-transfected cells.	we investigated structural changes in the rabies virus (hep-flury strain) nucleocapsid (nc) during the virus replication, for which we used two anti-nucleoprotein (n) monoclonal antibodies (mabs), #404-11 (specific for a conformation-dependently exposed linear epitope) and #1-7-11 (specific for a conformational epitope which is exposed after the nucleocapsid formation). both mabs recognized the n protein of the viral nc, but not of the rna-free n-p complex. the 1-7-11 and 404-11 epitopes could b ...	2005	16113504
further studies on the soluble form (gs) of rabies virus glycoprotein (g): molecular structure of gs protein and possible mechanism of the shedding.	in this study, we investigated the antigenic structures and maturation of some c-terminal-deficient derivatives of rabies virus glycoprotein (g). the gs protein, a soluble form of g protein shed from infected cells, displayed antigenicity to most of our conformational epitope-specific anti-g mabs, but took the 1-30-44 epitope-deficient conformation (termed g(c) form). (the 1-30-44 epitope was acid-sensitive and dependent on two separate regions, the lys-202-containing and asn-336-containing regi ...	2005	16113502
further studies on the mechanism of rabies virus neutralization by a viral glycoprotein-specific monoclonal antibody, #1-46-12.	we previously reported that a conformational epitope-specific monoclonal antibody (mab; #1-46-12) neutralized the rabies virus by binding only a small number (less than 20) of the antibody molecules per virion, while a linear epitope-specific mab (#7-1-9) required more than 250 igg molecules for the neutralization. we also isolated both the epitope-negative (r-31) and-positive (r-61) escape mutants that resisted mab #1-46-12. co-infection studies with wild type (wt) and r-61 mutant have shown th ...	2005	16113501
a space-time cluster of adverse events associated with canine rabies vaccine.	electronic medical records of a large veterinary practice were used for surveillance of potential space-time clustering of adverse events associated with rabies vaccination in dogs. the study population was 257,564 dogs vaccinated in 169 hospitals in 13 us metropolitan areas during a 24-month period. using a scan statistic for population rate data, significant space-time clusters were identified involving the atlanta and tampa/st. petersburg areas during a 4-month period. separate spatial-tempor ...	2005	16112259
serologic survey for selected virus infections in polar bears at svalbard.	polar bears (ursus maritimus) were chemically immobilized and sampled at svalbard, norway, and on the pack ice in the barents sea from late march to mid-may between 1990 and 1998. plasma samples were tested for the presence of antibodies to canine distemper virus (cdv), calicivirus, phocid herpesvirus type 1 (phhv-1), and rabies virus. a seroprevalence of 8% to cdv and 2% to calicivirus were found, whereas no antibodies were detected against phhv-1 or rabies virus. this serologic survey indicate ...	2005	16107665
rabies on the doorstep.		2005	16107070
rabies: an ancient disease that still prevails.		2005	16106083
bilateral neuro-retinitis following chick embryo cell anti-rabies vaccination--a case report.	the optic nerve is rarely involved after sheep brain anti-rabies vaccination in the form of retrobulbar neuritis or papillitis. bilateral neuroretinitis after chick embryo cell antirabies vaccination has not been reported.	2005	16105182
unifying the spatial population dynamics and molecular evolution of epidemic rabies virus.	infectious disease emergence is under the simultaneous influence of both genetic and ecological factors. yet, we lack a general framework for linking ecological dynamics of infectious disease with underlying molecular and evolutionary change. as a model, we illustrate the linkage between ecological and evolutionary dynamics in rabies virus during its epidemic expansion into eastern and southern ontario. we characterized the phylogeographic relationships among 83 isolates of fox rabies virus vari ...	2005	16103358
binary adeasy vector systems designed for tet-on or tet-off regulated control of transgene expression.	here, we describe the construction of a set of binary adenovirus vectors encoding for a tetracycline-regulatable expression cassette and the tet-on or the tet-off transcriptional activator proteins from a single viral chromosome. the rabies virus glycoprotein was cloned into the e1 region and the tetracycline activator proteins were inserted in both orientation in place of the e3 region. to further restrict background transcription, we also introduced a lac repressor protein based roadblock to t ...	2006	16102868
altering the tropism of lentiviral vectors through pseudotyping.	the host range of retroviral vectors including lentiviral vectors can be expanded or altered by a process known as pseudotyping. pseudotyped lentiviral vectors consist of vector particles bearing glycoproteins (gps) derived from other enveloped viruses. such particles possess the tropism of the virus from which the gp was derived. for example, to exploit the natural neural tropism of rabies virus, vectors designed to target the central nervous system have been pseudotyped using rabies virus-deri ...	2005	16101513
stable trimerization of recombinant rabies virus glycoprotein ectodomain is required for interaction with the p75ntr receptor.	native rabies virus glycoprotein (rvgvir) is a trimeric, membrane-anchored protein that has been shown to interact with the p75ntr neurotrophin receptor. in order to determine if the rvg trimeric oligomerization state is required for its binding with p75ntr, different soluble recombinant molecules containing the entire rvg ectodomain (rvgect) were expressed alone or fused at its c terminus to the trimerization domain of the bacteriophage t4 fibritin, termed 'foldon'. the oligomerization status o ...	2005	16099913
human rabies--florida, 2004.	rabies is a viral infection of the central nervous system, usually contracted from the bite of an infected animal, and nearly always fatal without postexposure prophylaxis. in february 2004, a man aged 41 years died after a 4-day hospitalization in broward county, florida. a diagnosis of rabies was considered on the day before the patient's death; however, no antemortem samples were obtained for testing. in march 2004, postmortem samples of fixed brain material were sent to cdc, where laboratory ...	2005	16094285
validation of the inactivant binary ethylenimine for inactivating rabies virus for veterinary rabies vaccine production.	the rabies vaccine is produced by inactivation of rabies virus propagated on bhk21 cells. in the rabies inactivation process, bei is added at a final concentration of 1.6 mm to the viral harvest at 37 degrees c, followed by a second dose of bei at 24 h post-inactivation. inactivation was confirmed by the mice innocuity test and tissue culture amplification test as per b.p (vet) 2004. validation of test procedure is essential as per cgmp requirement. the dose of bei was validated by using lower a ...	2005	16084736
molecular epidemiological analysis of bat rabies viruses in brazil.	a molecular epidemiological analysis was performed in 19 rabies viruses (rvs) isolated from haematophagous, frugivorous and insectivorous bats, in sao paulo, brazil. the authors carried out rt-pcr for amplification of the rv nucleoprotein (n) gene, and determined 1,335 nucleotide sequences of n gene by direct sequencing method. phylogenetic analysis, which was based on the n gene of brazilian rv isolates identified presently and previously, revealed that rvs isolated from bats were genetically d ...	2005	16082111
genetic analysis of dog rabies viruses circulating in bangkok.	the genetic diversity of the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) gene isolated from individual rabid dogs (inter-hosts) and within a single infected dog (intra-host) has been analyzed in an effort to better understand selective pressures and population shifts among rabies viruses circulating in bangkok. comparison of individual master sequences among inter-hosts revealed that the dog virus isolates circulating in bangkok were phylogenetically closely related. the ectodomain of the glycoprotein was hig ...	2006	16061424
immunopotentiation of the antibody response against influenza ha with apoptotic bodies generated by rabies virus g-era protein-driven apoptosis.	apoptosis is considered to be a way of eliminating unwanted cells without causing major inflammation. nevertheless, several lines of evidence show that apoptotic cell-derived antigens can be strong immunogens. the rabies virus glycoprotein g-era is an apoptotic molecule. we tested the ability of g-era to potentiate a b cell response against an exogenous antigen (influenza hemagglutinin, ha). we found that co-expression of g-era and ha in apoptotic bodies increased both the primary and memory ha- ...	2005	16054731
lack of impact of abo blood group or corresponding isoantibodies on the immune response after rabies vaccination.	demand for rabies hyperimmunoglobulin has increased recently, requiring optimization of vaccination schemes for immunized plasma donors. possible resemblance of rabies vaccine to blood group antigens and consequential association of the immune response to rabies vaccine and blood group or corresponding isoantibodies has not yet been investigated. we analyzed antirabies antibodies after rabies vaccination and abo blood group in 142 individuals, and isoantibody titers in 92 of those individuals. w ...	2005	16053197
molecular epidemiology of rabies virus isolates from south korea.	a molecular epidemiological study was performed on 13 korean virus isolates, which were collected from wild and domestic animals diagnosed as rabid between 1998 and 2004. seven samples were from domestic animals such as dogs and cattle infected by rabid raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides koreensis), and the rest of the six samples were from raccoon dogs in the wild. the study was carried out based on the comparison of nucleotide and amino acid sequences of nucleoprotein (n) and glycoprotein ...	2005	16051390
comparative evaluation of specific elisa and rffit antibody assays in the assessment of dog immunity against rabies.	two techniques are currently used to evaluate the humoral immune responses to rabies vaccination: elisa, which detects binding antibodies to viral antigens and the who reference rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit), which assays in vitro virus-neutralizing antibodies. in this study, we have comparatively evaluated antibody responses of dogs reared either in an experimental kennel or living in field conditions after vaccination with a cell culture-derived rabies vaccine. in experimenta ...	2005	16050522
purification, potency and immunogenicity analysis of vero cell culture-derived rabies vaccine: a comparative study of single-step column chromatography and zonal centrifuge purification.	continuous vero cell lines are more suitable for large-scale production of rabies vaccine. the purification of vero cell-derived rabies vaccine is critical because of the residual cellular dna and serum proteins. the perfection of techniques using column chromatography with different matrix material, gel filtration and zonal centrifugation is of paramount importance for the optimal purification of rabies vaccine, leaving minimal residual cellular dna, below the permissible level of 100 pg per do ...	2005	16046167
high level expression of surface glycoprotein of rabies virus in tobacco leaves and its immunoprotective activity in mice.	a synthetic gene coding for the surface glycoprotein (g protein) of rabies virus was strategically designed to achieve high-level expression in transgenic plants. the native signal peptide was replaced by that of the pathogenesis related protein, pr-s of nicotiana tabacum. an endoplasmic reticulum retention signal was included at c-terminus of the g protein. tobacco plants were genetically engineered by nuclear transformation. selected transgenic lines expressed the chimeric g protein at 0.38% o ...	2005	16038998
rapid discrimination of rabies viruses isolated from various host species in brazil by multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction.	rabies is carried mainly by mammalian carnivores and vampire bats in latin america. however, rabies virus (rv) has been isolated in recent years from not only vampire bats in rural areas but also from several non-vampire bat species in urban areas, respectively. therefore, rapid molecular screening is necessary for efficient epidemiology of these rvs. in this study, we investigated the usefulness of multiplex reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) for determining the origins of ...	2005	16036175
[antigenic relationship between nucleocapsid proteins of phyto- and zoorhabdoviruses].	the methods of electrophoresis in paag and immunological method were used for comparative analysis of structural proteins of phytorhabdovirus of potato curly dwarf (pcdv) and zoorhabdoviruses-vesicular stomatitis virus (vsv) and fixed rabies virus (rv). molecular weight of viral proteins was determined by the method of polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis in the presence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. the proteins with molecular weight 45-51 kd, are probably, the major component of the viral nucleocap ...	2005	16018215
degeneration of neuronal processes after infection with pathogenic, but not attenuated, rabies viruses.	the structural alterations of neuronal processes in mice were investigated after the mice were infected with rabies virus (rv). silver staining of infected brain sections showed severe destruction and disorganization of neuronal processes in mice infected with pathogenic rv but not with attenuated rv. however, neuronal bodies showed very little pathological changes. electron microscopy revealed the disappearance of intracellular organelles, as well as the disappearance of synaptic structures and ...	2005	16014967
[improved biochemical characteristics of human disulfide-stabilized fv fragment to rabies virus].	this study is (1) to improve the stabilization of human scfv to rabies virus; (2) to prepare active human dsfv fragment; and (3) to evaluate the biological activities of dsfv. the dsfv v(h) and vl were separately expressed in pet22b(+)/bl21 (de3), solublized and combined in appropriate molar ratio in refolding solution. the resultant dsfv fragments were evaluated for its protection against rabies virus, its affinity and stability, in reference to the cognate scfv. the dsfv was found to bind spec ...	2005	16013487
rabies virus detection and phylogenetic studies in samples from an exhumed human.		2005	16007545
trophic activity of rabies g protein-pseudotyped equine infectious anemia viral vector mediated igf-i motor neuron gene transfer in vitro.	the present study examines gene delivery to cultured motor neurons (mns) with the rabies g protein (rabg)-pseudotyped lentiviral equine infectious anemia virus (rabg.eiav) vector. rabg.eiav-mediated beta-galactosidase (rabg.eiav-lacz) gene expression in cultured mns plateaus 120 h after infection. the rate and percent of gene expression observed are titer-dependent (p < 0.001). the rat igf-i cdna sequence was then cloned into a rabg.eiav vector (rabg.eiav-igf-i) and was shown to induce igf-i exp ...	2005	16005636
novel human monoclonal antibody combination effectively neutralizing natural rabies virus variants and individual in vitro escape mutants.	the need to replace rabies immune globulin (rig) as an essential component of rabies postexposure prophylaxis is widely acknowledged. we set out to discover a unique combination of human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) able to replace rig. stringent criteria concerning neutralizing potency, affinity, breadth of neutralization, and coverage of natural rabies virus (rv) isolates and in vitro escape mutants were set for each individual antibody, and the complementarities of the two mabs were defined a ...	2005	15994800
importation of canid rabies in a horse relocated from zimbabwe to south africa.	in july 2003 a 2-year-old thoroughbred colt was imported from harare, zimbabwe to the ashburton training centre, pietermaritzburg, south africa. five months after importation, the colt presented with clinical signs suggestive of rabies: it was uncoordinated, showed muscle tremors and was biting at itself. brain tissue was submitted for analysis and the clinical diagnosis was confirmed by the fluorescent antibody test and reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr). phylogenetic anal ...	2005	15991708
[construction and immunogenicity of recombinant canine adenovirus type 2 with the external part of glycoprotein of rabies virus].	the cases of rabies increase greatly in recent years in china and rabies continues to be a serious problem in developing countries due to the reservoirs of rabies virus in dogs and wildlife vectors. the control of rabies depends on the development of safe, effective, economical vaccines that may be used for preexposure vaccination in animals. for this purpose, the external part of glycoprotein gene of rabies virus strain srv9 (rvg) was amplified by the rt-pcr and cloned into pegfp-c1 with replac ...	2005	15989263
transmission dynamics of rabies virus in thailand: implications for disease control.	in thailand, rabies remains a neglected disease with authorities continuing to rely on human death statistics while ignoring the financial burden resulting from an enormous increase in post-exposure prophylaxis. past attempts to conduct a mass dog vaccination and sterilization program have been limited to bangkok city and have not been successful. we have used molecular epidemiology to define geographic localization of rabies virus phylogroups and their pattern of spread in thailand.	2005	15985183
pathogenesis of rabies.	rabies is a central nervous system (cns) disease that is almost invariably fatal. the causative agent is rabies virus (rv), a negative-stranded rna virus of the rhabdovirus family. rv pathogenesis, like that of other viruses, is a multigenic trait. recent findings indicate that in addition to the rv g protein viral elements that regulate gene expression, especially expression of the l gene, are also likely to play a role in rv pathogenesis. in vivo, rv infects almost exclusively neurons, and neu ...	2005	15981467
dna vaccine for rabies: relevance of the trans-membrane domain of the glycoprotein in generating an antibody response.	various studies have demonstrated the potential of immunization with dna vaccines encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein (rv-g) to elicit humoral responses. in the present study, we have designed four constructs using a vr1020 vector, wherein the rv-g ectodomain has been cloned without the signal sequence (ss) and the trans-membrane domain (td) (rgvr), without the ss but with the td (rgvrt), with the ss but without the td (rgvrs) and with the ss and the td (rgvrst), under the control of a cytome ...	2005	15978691
recombinant rabies virus vaccine strain sad-l16 inoculated intracerebrally in young mice produces a severe encephalitis with extensive neuronal apoptosis.	seven-day-old icr mice were infected by intracerebral inoculation with recombinant rabies virus vaccine strain sad-l16. infected mice developed severe and fatal encephalitis with rabies virus-infected neurons in widespread regions of the brain. there was extensive neuronal death with predominant features of apoptosis, as assessed by light and electron microscopy, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dutp-biotin nick end labeling (tunel) staining, and immunohistochemical staining for ac ...	2005	15971673
the human antibody repertoire specific for rabies virus glycoprotein as selected from immune libraries.	antibody phage display technology was used to identify human monoclonal antibodies that neutralize rabies virus (rv). a phage repertoire was constructed using antibody genes harvested from the blood of vaccinated donors. selections using this repertoire and three different antigen formats of the rv glycoprotein (gp) resulted in the identification of 147 unique antibody fragments specific for the rv gp. analysis of the dna sequences of these antibodies demonstrated a large variation in the heavy- ...	2005	15971273
salivary excretion of rabies virus by healthy vampire bats.	salivary excretion of rabies virus was evaluated in 14 adult vampire bats (desmodus rotundus) intramuscularly injected with a large dose (10(6) micld50) of vampire rabies virus variant cass88. saliva samples were obtained from surviving bats every other day for 30 days, then weekly for 2 months, and finally 1 and 2 years later. rabies virus was isolated in murine neuroblastoma cells and in randomly selected cases by pcr. rabies virus was not detected in the saliva of any of the 11 animals that s ...	2005	15966107
rabies human diploid cell vaccine elicits cross-neutralising and cross-protecting immune responses against european and australian bat lyssaviruses.	the ability of antibodies elicited against the rabies human diploid cell vaccine (hdcv) to neutralise european bat lyssaviruses (eblv types-1 and -2), australian bat lyssavirus and classical rabies virus (rabv) has been evaluated using modified fluorescent antibody virus neutralisation (mfavn) assays. ninety-six percent (48 of 50) of the human post-vaccinated sera tested cross-neutralised these viruses (>or=0.5 iu/ml). cross-protection experiments using inbred mice (riii, k/k haplotype) were als ...	2005	15964478
[pre- and post-exposure rabies prophylaxis: who to vaccinate and how?].	switzerland is rabies free since 1996 (except bats). however sporadic cases in animals (imported dogs and local bats essentially) may occur from time to time. the disease is always fatal, which implies special attention when someone gets bitten or scratched by a wild or unknown animal, not only in a country with a high endemicity, but also in switzerland. in this article, we will explore in detail the modalites of application of pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis following the publication of new ...	2005	15962626
molecular epidemiology of rabies in northern colombia 1994-2003. evidence for human and fox rabies associated with dogs.	during the period 2000-2003, wild grey foxes (urocyon cinereoargenteus) in northern colombia became infected with rabies. in order to derive phylogenetic relationships between rabies viruses isolated in foxes, dogs and humans in this region, 902 nt cdna fragments containing the g-l intergenic region and encoding the cytoplasmic domain of protein g and a fragment of protein l were obtained by rt-pcr, sequenced and compared. phylogenetic analysis showed that rabies viruses isolated in foxes, dogs ...	2005	15962560
experimental rabies infection in haematophagous bats desmodus rotundus.	in order to determine the susceptibility and serum neutralizing antibody response of desmodus rotundus to rabies virus, bats were inoculated with a virus isolated from a naturally infected haematophagous bat. bats were divided into four groups of 10 animals each. dilutions of rabies virus containing 100, 1000, 10,000 and 100,000 micld50 (lethal dose 50% for mice inoculated by the intracerebral route) were administrated in the pectoral muscle. the presence of rabies virus was detected in brain an ...	2005	15962559
transmission of rabies from an organ donor.		2005	15958813
survival after treatment of rabies with induction of coma.	we report the survival of a 15-year-old girl in whom clinical rabies developed one month after she was bitten by a bat. treatment included induction of coma while a native immune response matured; rabies vaccine was not administered. the patient was treated with ketamine, midazolam, ribavirin, and amantadine. probable drug-related toxic effects included hemolysis, pancreatitis, acidosis, and hepatotoxicity. lumbar puncture after eight days showed an increased level of rabies antibody, and sedati ...	2005	15958806
development of a real-time, taqman reverse transcription-pcr assay for detection and differentiation of lyssavirus genotypes 1, 5, and 6.	several reverse transcription-pcr (rt-pcr) methods have been reported for the detection of rabies and rabies-related viruses. these methods invariably involve multiple transfers of nucleic acids between different tubes, with the risk of contamination leading to the production of false-positive results. here we describe a single, closed-tube, nonnested rt-pcr with taqman technology that distinguishes between classical rabies virus (genotype 1) and european bat lyssaviruses 1 and 2 (genotypes 5 an ...	2005	15956398
rabies encephalomyelitis: clinical, neuroradiological, and pathological findings in 4 transplant recipients.	three patients received solid organ transplants from a common donor and were subsequently discharged from the hospital following an uneventful hospital course. within 30 days, all 3 organ recipients returned to the hospital with varying symptoms that progressed to rapid neurological deterioration, coma, and death.	2005	15956158
fatal encephalitis due to rabies virus transmitted by organ transplantation.		2005	15956154
[rabies vaccine].		2005	15954425
rapid detection and differentiation of bovine herpesvirus 1 and 5 glycoprotein c gene in clinical specimens by multiplex-pcr.	a multiplex polymerase chain reaction (multiplex-pcr) to detect and differentiate bovine herpesvirus 1 (bohv-1) and 5 (bohv-5) was developed using primers for the gene sequence that encodes the glycoprotein c. the technique was assessed against the bohv-1 and bohv-5 cell culture adapted strains, and clinical samples collected from animals with clinical signs of bohv-1 (n = 10) or bohv-5 (n = 7) infection and with diagnosis confirmed by virus isolation in cell culture and semi-nested pcr. fifteen ...	2005	15939490
[application of mcabs against rabies nucleocapsid in diagnosis of rabies street virus].	mcabs against rabies nucleocapsid were used to detect rabies street viruses in animal brain specimens with indirect immunofluorescent assay to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of this assay.	2005	15921612
identification of the rabies virus alpha/beta interferon antagonist: phosphoprotein p interferes with phosphorylation of interferon regulatory factor 3.	rabies virus (rv) of the rhabdoviridae family grows in alpha/beta interferon (ifn)-competent cells, suggesting the existence of viral mechanisms preventing ifn gene expression. we here identify the viral phosphoprotein p as the responsible ifn antagonist. the critical involvement of p was first suggested by the observation that an rv expressing an enhanced green fluorescent protein (egfp)-p fusion protein (sad egfp-p) (s. finke, k. brzozka, and k. k. conzelmann, j. virol. 78:12333-12343, 2004) w ...	2005	15919920