Publications

dose-ranging study of ivermectin in treatment of filariasis due to wuchereria bancrofti.		1987	2883362
[estimation of the transmission intensity of bancroftian filariasis in queshan county, henan province].		1985	2874901
prospects of human malaria and bancroftian filariasis infections in the lower rufiji basin, tanzania ii. bancroftian filariasis.	surveys for human bancroftian filariasis infections were conducted in the lower rufiji basin, tanzania, before and after the long rains in 1981. a multipurpose water resources development project has been planned in the area. a microfilarial rate of 18.1%, a mean microfilarial count of 80 microfilariae per 100 microliters blood were observed. generally, males showed higher microfilarial rates than their female counterparts. all microfilariae were identified as wuchereria bancrofti. a prevalence ...	1985	2863884
the lymphatic filariases.		1985	2860339
[a study of ivermectin in the treatment of lymphatic filariasis due to wuchereria bancrofti var. pacifica in french polynesia].	forty carriers of 20 or more w. bancrofti var. pacifica per ml were blind administered ivermectin at 50, 100, 150 or 200 mcg/kg doses. the rate of successful treatment was 100% with the 4 dosages. the percentage cure rate and the decrease percentage in the microfilarial count were significantly higher in persons treated with 100, 150 and 200 mcg/kg than in persons treated with 50 mcg/kg. frequency and intensity of side-reactions were similar to those observed during treatment with dec; they were ...	1989	2743520
onchocerca volvulus heat shock protein 70 is a major immunogen in amicrofilaremic individuals from a filariasis-endemic area.	infestation with organisms causing lymphatic filariasis (i.e. wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi) results in a variety of clinical presentations. it is possible that some of the variation is due to differences in host response to parasite. to determine whether individuals who live in an endemic area but differ in their clinical manifestations respond to different filarial antigens, we screened onchocerca volvulus expression libraries with sera from a number of individuals belonging to differ ...	1989	2704388
filariasis control in rural areas through detection and treatment with diethylcarbamazine.	a pilot study for control of bancroftian filariasis through detection and treatment of microfilaria (mf) carriers and filaria disease cases with diethylcarbamazine (dec) undertaken in the rural areas of srikakulam and vizianagaram of andhra pradesh showed that this chemotherapeutic method of control of filaria in rural areas is feasible and acceptable to society. during first round of detection and treatment 20,300 mf carriers (90.6 per cent of detected) and 6,588 disease persons (86 per cent of ...	1989	2700480
epidemiology of bancroftian filariasis in a semi-urban community of kerala state.	a community-based longitudinal study was initiated in 1983 in a semi-urban area, endemic for bancroftian filariasis to determine the incidence and prevalence, natural history and clinical pattern of filarial infection and also to study the impact of control measures on it. the base-line filariometric indices observed during the initial clinico-parasitological survey and entomological observations made during the first 12 months of this study are highlighted in this paper. 5.5 per cent of the exa ...	1989	2700479
[assessment of intracutaneous test in longitudinal surveillance for lymphatic filariasis].	in order to evaluate the usefulness of intracutaneous test (it) in longitudinal surveillance of filariasis, two administrative villages selected from queshan county, henan province of china, endemic for wuchereria bancrofti, were surveyed in 1982, 1983 and 1987 respectively, by it with antigen fpt derived from dirofilaria immitis. the result showed that the original level of it to antigen fpt in the population was consistent with the data of either etiological or entomological investigation befo ...	1989	2699282
[further study on in vitro culture of third-stage larvae of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi].	this paper reported on improved in vitro culture system of human lymphatic filarial larvae. four culture systems were used. third-stage larvae of brugia malayi were best maintained, developing and molted twice in the medium containing modified rpmi-1640 medium, supplemented with 20% newborn calf serum and human embryonic kidney cell line as feeder layer. this culture system kept larvae alive up to 54 days. brugia malayi third-stage larvae began to moult on the 8-10th day and again on the 32-36th ...	1989	2699281
relationship of c3 & c4 levels with filarial immune complexes in bancroftian filariasis.	c3 and c4 levels were determined by radial immuno-diffusion technique and filarial circulating immune-complexes by anti-c3 elisa in microfilaraemic individuals and patients with clinical filariasis. decreased levels of c3 and c4 were observed in both groups of filarial patients. low levels of complement components were associated with low levels of circulating immune complexes.	1989	2697689
further evidence of a skewed distribution of microfilariae in capillary blood.	reported are results for 23 haitian patients with capillary wuchereria bancrofti microfilaremias greater than 30 mf/20 cmm blood. in capillary blood, the number of microfilariae was 0.9 to 7.8 times greater than expected when compared with that in venous blood. when the values for venous blood and capillary blood from these high count patients were plotted, the simple linear regression y = a + bx (r2 = .36) and the exponential function y = aebx (r2 = .34) both represented the relationship. howev ...	1989	2696082
specific detection of human antibodies to onchocerca volvulus.	specific diagnosis of antibodies to onchocerca was achieved through (1) the construction of direct and indirect elisa systems, and (2) restricting elisa assays to the igg4 class. the direct elisa was based on the isolation of a surface derived, low molecular weight surface antigen preparation containing two main antigens (m. wt. 16.2 and 12.8 kda) as defined by western blot analysis. the direct elisa system detected antibodies in children of six years old, and may therefore be applicable to dete ...	1989	2696081
detection of wuchereria bancrofti antigen in serum and finger prick blood samples by enzyme immunoassay: field evaluation.	we have recently reported that a monoclonal antibody-based enzyme immunoassay for detection of filarial antigen in human serum is sensitive and specific for active infection with wuchereria bancrofti. the present studies were undertaken to assess the feasibility of testing whole blood collected by finger prick in this assay. a preliminary study was performed to compare antigen test results obtained with whole blood, blood dried on filter paper, and serum. results obtained with anticoagulated who ...	1989	2696080
a simple deterministic model for host-parasite relationship in wuchereria bancrofti infection & its relevance to parasite regulation in human host.	a deterministic immigration-death model, which reflects the population dynamics of w. bancrofti in human host has been applied to study the relationship between vector and human infections. application of the model showed that the rate of acquisition and loss of human infection were approximately equal (l = 0.130 and m = 0.129). the relationship of infective resting density (ird) in vector population with maximum intensity (imax) of infections and microfilaria prevalence (mfp) in human populatio ...	1989	2695460
estimation of age-specific rates of acquisition and loss of wuchereria bancrofti infection.	this study uses a reversible catalytic model to estimate the age-specific rates of gain and loss of wuchereria bancrofti infection from data collected during a control programme in pondicherry, south india. the data describe the infection status in 1981 and 1986 of two cohorts of individuals, one living in an area where vector reduction had been achieved, and the other in a comparable endemic area. the rate of loss of infection in the absence of reinfection is estimated for the cohort in the con ...	1989	2694504
vector competency of culex quinquefasciatus (haitian strain) following infection with wuchereria bancrofti.		1989	2694503
microfilaraemia, serum antibody and development of clinical disease in microfilaraemic subjects infected with wuchereria bancrofti and treated with diethylcarbamazine citrate.	a seroepidemiological survey of bancroftian filariasis was carried out in 2 townships in sri lanka with the objectives of determining the microfilaraemia rates, dependence on age and sex, susceptibility to re-infection, effect of diethylcarbamazine therapy on serum antibodies to microfilarial surface antigens, and the predictive value of the indirect fluorescent antibody test. the mean microfilaraemia rate was 5.4%. microfilaraemia was not sex-dependent but a marginally elevated incidence was se ...	1989	2694470
control of bancroftian filariasis by diethylcarbamazine medicated common salt in karaikal, pondicherry, india.	a trial of diethylcarbamazine (dec) mixed in crystal common salt at a concentration of 0.15 to 0.2 per cent was carried out for 46 months (1982 to 1986) in karaikal town and five commune panchayats of pondicherry for control of bancroftian filariasis. comparison of pre and post trial surveys showed 97.6 per cent reduction of microfilaria rate. no microfilaria or disease case was found in less than 5 years age group in the post trial survey. there was about 72 per cent reduction of disease rate. ...	1989	2693530
bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry, south india: 2. epidemiological evaluation of the effect of vector control.	this article examines the evaluation of a bancroftian filariasis control programme undertaken in pondicherry from 1981-5. integrated vector management was applied in one half of the town, and routine operations under the national programme (larviciding and chemotherapy) continued in the comparison area. the programme was evaluated by monitoring relative change in the epidemiological statistics of both populations. the results indicate that there was significant reduction in prevalence of microfi ...	1989	2691270
bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry, south india: 1. pre-control epidemiological observations.	a 5-year integrated vector management (ivm) project was implemented in pondicherry, south india, for the control of bancroftian filariasis. the efficacy of the ivm strategy was compared with routine control strategy under the national programme. the present paper describes the pre-control epidemiological features of filariasis as determined by a mass blood survey in 1981. of 24946 persons examined 8.41% were microfilaraemic. microfilaraemia prevalence was homogeneous throughout the study area. t ...	1989	2691269
fractionation, characterization and diagnostic potential of filarial antigens isolated from hydrocoele fluid in bancroftian filariasis.	filarial antigen was isolated from hydrocoele fluid and fractionated on ultrogel aca 44. six protein fractions (hfa c1 to hfa c6) were chromatographically separated from the column. of the 4 antigenic fractions (hfa c1, hfa c2, hfa c3 and hfa c5), hfa c3 was a major reactive fraction with filarial serum immunoglobulin g. analysis of hfa c3 by sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) yielded 18 bands of mr 18,000-160,000. two fractions, hfa c3-7 and hfa c3-9 of mr 48, ...	1989	2690421
tropical pulmonary eosinophilia: analysis of antifilarial antibody localized to the lung.	acute tropical pulmonary eosinophilia (tpe) is characterized by wheezing, pulmonary infiltrates, marked peripheral blood eosinophilia, and very high serum levels of filaria-specific antibodies. to evaluate the amount and character of the filaria-specific antibodies in the lungs in this disorder, bronchoalveolar lavage was carried out in individuals with acute tpe, in normal subjects, and in patients with elephantiasis or asthma. striking elevations of total ige were found in the lower respirator ...	1989	2685125
wb e34 monoclonal antibody: further characterization and diagnostic use in bancroftian filariasis.	the wb e34 monoclonal antibody raised against wuchereria bancrofti microfilarial excretory secretory (mf es) antigen was reported to be useful in detecting the filarial antigen in w. bancrofti and brugia malayi infected sera. further studies in this laboratory showed that this monoclonal antibody reacts with a stage-specific antigen of w. bancrofti filarial parasite. wb e34 identified three antigenic components with molecular weights, 55, 57.5, and 63 kilodaltons (kd) in western blot analysis. t ...	1989	2681621
detection of a new focus of brugia malayi infection in orissa.	526 people were surveyed in a village called chudamani, in balasore district of orissa, for detection of asymptomatic microfilaria (mf) carriers. of these 36 (6.8 per cent) were cases found to harbour mf; 19 cases had brugia malayi, 4 wuchereria bancrofti and 5 cases had mixed infection. in 8 cases, species could not be ascertained. for the first time after 1955, a focus of b. malayi has been detected in orissa.	1989	2681391
uptake and development of wuchereria bancrofti in culex quinquefasciatus that fed on haitian carriers with different microfilaria densities.	in studies conducted between 1984 and 1986, the vector competency of culex quinquefasciatus was assessed after bloodfeeding on 61 haitian volunteers with different densities of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae (mf) and on 11 that were amicrofilaremic. infected volunteers included persons previously given diethylcarbamazine citrate for 12 consecutive days and some that were untreated. mosquitoes, derived from field-collected larvae, were released under bed nets and fed upon the volunteers while ...	1989	2679171
bancroftian filariasis in tambol na-sai, amphoe li, lamphun province: a preliminary survey for microfilaraemia.	a preliminary survey for bancroftian filariasis in villagers of ban prabat heuy tom, tambol na-sai, amphoe li, lamphun province was performed between july 12, 1986 and march 19, 1987. a total of 1,435 villagers comprising 668 females and 767 males were examined for microfilaraemia in peripheral blood. microfilariae were found in five males of which two cases were found to have developed hydrocele at a lesser degree and all of them had formerly resided in an endemic area of tak province. microfil ...	1989	2674319
prevalence of bancroftian filariasis & its control by single course of diethyl carbamazine in a rural area in tamil nadu.	the prevalence of microfilaraemia, clinical spectrum of bancroftian filariasis and vector potential were studied in vettavalam village in north arcot district of tamil nadu. the effectiveness of selective therapy with diethyl carbamazine (dec) in controlling filariasis in rural areas was also evaluated. the prevalence of microfilaraemia (mf rate) and disease (disease rate) was found to be 11.7 and 11.09 per cent respectively. hydrocele was the dominant clinical sign in males and lymphoedema in f ...	1989	2674003
filarial ascites associated with carcinoma of the pancreas.		1989	2672794
effectiveness of spaced doses of diethylcarbamazine citrate for the control of bancroftian filariasis.	forty-seven wuchereria bancrofti microfilaria carriers were treated once weekly for 12 weeks with 6 mg/kg dec-c. microfilaria densities ranged from 1 to 101 mf/20 cmm (mfd-50 of 9.75 mf/20 cmm) before treatment. of 42 persons who completed treatment, 26 (62%) were microfilaria negative in 1-ml venous blood samples. microfilaria densities in the 16 patients that remained positive ranged from 1 to 50 mf/ml (mfd-50 of 2.59 mf/ml). weekly spaced doses of dec-c resulted in a significant reduction in ...	1989	2672282
filariases.	it is apparent that there are many similarities among the various filariae. besides a common life cycle, with an arthropod vector and human hosts, there are similarities in the diseases that they produce. this clinical picture takes one of two main courses: (1) characteristic disease produced by the presence of adult nematodes in their target tissue, which distinguishes typical cases for each of the filariae, and (2) the systemic hypersensitivity reactions to the circulating microfilaria, which ...	1989	2670375
[epidemiological surveillance of filariasis after its being basically eradicated in shandong province].	this paper reports the results of epidemiological surveillance in areas where filariasis has been basically eradicated and control measures no longer adopted in shandong province. a 3-year longitudinal surveillance in 18 villages in 5 counties and a cross-sectional survey in 13 villages of 4 counties were carried out. the results showed that the average microfilaria rate was further reduced from 0.28% and 0.15% in 1980 to 0.19% and 0.05% in 1986, decreased by 32.1% and 66.7% respectively. 34.2% ...	1989	2670312
filarial parasites exhibit unusually high levels of choline acetyltransferase activity.	the presence of unusually high levels of choline acetyltransferase (chat, ec 2.3.1.6) in human and animal filarial parasites has been demonstrated. the levels of chat were highest in male worms of brugia malayi and brugia pahangi, with specific activities in crude extracts of about 2.27 and 1.26 mumol min-1 (mg protein)-1, respectively. the enzyme levels in these worms were over 10-20 times higher than in male worms of litomosoides carinii. the chat levels were about 2-5 times higher in male tha ...	1989	2664508
differential recognition of two cloned brugia malayi antigens by antibody class.	the humoral and cellular immune response to filarial parasites is complex. numerous studies have shown that antibodies to a large number of protein and non-protein antigens may be produced over the course of infection and that immune recognition of any given antigen may vary by disease manifestation and by immunoglobulin class. we have used the techniques of molecular cloning to attempt to dissect this complex interaction, and describe here two clones, isolated from an expression library constru ...	1989	2664506
[a survey of filariasis in the comoro islands, in great comoro and mohéli].	the filariasis of w. bancrofti with nocturnal periodicity is, together with malaria, the principal endemic disease in the comoros islands. well studied on mayotte island, which remained a french territorial collectivity, its prevalence and distribution are less known in the grand comoros, anjouan and moheli islands which form the federal islamic republic of the comoros. the study of the nocturnal microfilariae in the grand comoros and moheli in 1987 is the opportunity to assess the situation of ...	1989	2663209
adult filarial worm in fine needle aspirate of an epididymal nodule.		1989	2658449
gravid adult female worms of wuchereria bancrofti in fine needle aspirates of soft tissue swellings. report of three cases.	gravid adult female worms of wuchereria bancrofti were observed in fine needle aspirates of soft tissue swellings from three patients. an inguinal lymph node was aspirated in two cases, and a breast nodule was the site of aspiration in the third case. in one of the inguinal lymph node aspirates, two adult gravid female worms were identified.	1989	2658448
microfilaria of wuchereria bancrofti in fine-needle aspirate from a colloid goiter.		1989	2656143
annual transmission potential of bancroftian filariasis in an urban and a rural area of west bengal, india.	the annual transmission potential of wuchereria bancrofti was calculated from the number of infective larvae found in the number of culex quinquefasciatus expected to bite an individual exposed 24 hr a day for a year in calcutta and in a rural (memari) area. in calcutta, an average of 151 mosquitoes/night/person were collected; it was calculated that 55,028 mosquitoes could bite a person per year, including an average of 177 infective mosquitoes containing 319 infective larvae of w. bancrofti. a ...	1989	2653062
filariasis. the scourge of india.		1989	2651338
pulmonary eosinophilic syndromes.		1989	2650585
antibodies to phosphocholine-bearing antigens in lymphatic filariasis and changes following treatment with diethylcarbamazine.	sera from a total of 78 patients infected with wuchereria bancrofti or appropriate controls were assayed for anti-phosphocholine antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent-assay (elisa), using phosphocholine as an antigen. anti-pc antibodies (both igm and igg) were observed in patients with all clinical forms of filariasis but, unexpectedly, were not significantly different from those of normal controls. among the filariasis patients, however, individuals with patent microfilaraemia had signif ...	1989	2649285
fine structure and localization of anionic sites on the surface of microfilaria of wuchereria bancrofti.	the fine structure of the sheath and the cuticle of microfilaria of wuchereria bancrofti was analysed and the results obtained were compared with those from other filarial parasites. cationized ferritin particles bind to the surface of the sheath and the epicuticle. no binding of colloidal iron hydroxyde particles to the microfilaria surface was observed. reaction product indicative of carbohydrates containing vic-glycol groups was not observed in thin sections of microfilaria submitted to the p ...	1989	2649230
protective immunity in lymphatic filariasis.		1989	2647512
inappropriateness of the association of diphenhydramine with diethylcarbamazine for the treatment of lymphatic filariasis.	the efficacy of diphenhydramine, an antihistaminic, in preventing adverse reactions to diethylcarbamazine (dec) in patients infected with wuchereria bancrofti, was assessed by treating 50 patients with both drugs and 57 with dec alone. it was found to be ineffective, and to cause drowsiness in all those unaffected by adverse reactions. the authors conclude that the combined use of both drugs for the treatment of bancroftian filariasis, which is the usual practice in brazil, should be avoided.	1989	2645415
intraocular filariasis: a brief review.	fifty-six cases of human intraocular filariasis have been reported. in 6, the objects interpreted as filariae may have been artifacts. in 8, a motile worm that apparently was not a filaria was observed. in the remainder, a motile filaria or filaria-like worm was observed, but in only 6 cases were the filariae removed from the eye, described, and identified. three of these were identified as dipetalonema spp., and one each as wuchereria, dirofilaria, and loaina. in 10 cases, filariae were removed ...	1989	2644857
clinical and laboratory aspects of filariasis.	human filarial infections afflict over 150 million persons worldwide and are major causes of morbidity in many developing countries. onchocerca volvulus infection is a leading preventable cause of blindness, while bancroftian and brugian filariasis may produce lymphatic obstruction of the genitalia and extremities (elephantiasis). definitive diagnosis of these helminthic infections currently depends on demonstration of microfilariae in host tissues, i.e., the skin in the case of o. volvulus and ...	1989	2644023
protective immunity in bancroftian filariasis. selective recognition of a 43-kd larval stage antigen by infection-free individuals in an endemic area.	there is little information about naturally occurring protective immunity in individuals living in areas endemic for lymphatic filariasis, though an immunologically hyperresponsive, uninfected group of "endemic normal" individuals that may be immune has been previously recognized. to analyze the nature of the hyperresponsiveness and its potential relation to a state of protective immunity in such individuals, strict clinical, parasitological, and serological criteria were applied to select seven ...	1989	2642916
differential recognition of loa loa antigens by sera of human subjects from a loiasis endemic zone.	somatic antigens of loa loa adult worms with molecular weights of 15-180 kda were identified by western blot analysis using sera from 3 categories of parasitologically and clinically defined subjects from a loiasis endemic zone. sera of occult, amicrofilaremic (ol), and 'resistant' individuals with no clinical signs of infection (r) reacted with an antigen of 160 kda; sera of highly microfilaremic individuals (ml) did not. ml sera strongly reacted with an antigen of 18 kda which was recognized o ...	1989	2641644
antigenic analysis of excretory-secretory products of wuchereria bancrofti and brugia malayi infective larval forms by sds-page.	excretory-secretory (es) products of w. bancrofti and the closely related b. malayi infective larval forms were analysed for their antigenic activity by sds-page followed by western blotting as well as by gel elution-sandwich elisa using filarial serum immunoglobulin-g (fsigg) as a capture antibody. in w. bancrofti infective larval es products, the protein molecules of 66, 46, 35, 33, 30 and 14 kda molecular wt. showed antigenic activity by immuno blotting technique. in sandwich elisa technique ...	1989	2633976
loa loa and mansonella perstans filariasis in the chaillu mountains, congo: parasitological prevalence.	1934 bantus and 379 pygmies were investigated for loa loa and mansonella perstans filariasis in 7 villages in the chaillu forest of the congo. bantus were more frequently infected with l. loa than pygmies (18.9% of microfilariae carriers compared with 10.6%). in individuals over 30 years of age, males were more frequently infected than females. microfilarial densities increased until the age of 20 years and then remained stable. parasite load was not significantly different in the two ethnic gro ...	1989	2617607
prominence of igg4 in the igg antibody response to human filariasis.	the four subclasses of igg are distinct in structure, function, and degree of participation in the response to complex antigens. because these differences could have important pathogenetic significance, we analyzed total and filaria antigen-specific igg of each subclass in 31 patients with different clinical manifestations of bancroftian filariasis. subclass-specific, affinity-purified polyclonal antibodies were prepared from antisera raised in sheep immunized with purified myeloma igg subclass ...	1985	2579154
a monoclonal antibody-based immunoradiometric assay for detection of circulating antigen in bancroftian filariasis.	a monoclonal antibody designated gib 13 has been used in an immunoradiometric assay (irma) to detect circulating antigen in the sera of wuchereria bancrofti-infected subjects from an endemic area of papua new guinea. a clear association between the presence of patent infection and the gib 13 target epitope in serum was established because 93% of microfilaremic individuals were antigen-positive. moreover, there was a significant correlation between levels of serum antigen and blood microfilarial ...	1985	2578153
application of a biochemical key to study transmission of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in sibling species of the anopheles gambiae complex in north-eastern tanzania.	a biochemical key was applied in order to study transmission of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in anopheles gambiae sensu stricto, an. arabiensis and an. merus in different localities in north-eastern tanzania. the technique was found to be a useful additional taxonomic tool for field entomologists. significant differences between species in the rate of infection with bancroftian filariasis were obtained between an. gambiae s.s. and an. funestus (p less than 0.005) and between an. funestus a ...	1989	2575868
survival estimates for adult culex pipiens in the nile delta.	in an endemic area for wuchereria bancrofti filariasis in the nile delta, survival of adult female culex pipiens was estimated by parity rate, mosquito infection and infectivity rates. infection rates and 4th instar larval populations, as well as infection and parity rates, were linearly correlated. infectivity correlated only with parity rates. these associations corresponded to parallel changes in ambient temperature. although survival calculated from parity rates measured longevity of both in ...	1989	2566270
ivermectin and prothrombin time.		1989	2566081
lymphocyte subpopulations in bancroftian filariasis: activated (dr+) cd8+ t cells in patients with chronic lymphatic obstruction.	to examine the relationship between lymphocyte phenotypes and states of activation in patients with bancroftian filariasis, dual colour flow cytometry and concurrent in vitro cell culture were performed on normal individuals (nv; n = 15), and on patients with either asymptomatic microfilaraemia (mf; n = 12) or elephantiasis (cp; n = 11). in contrast to findings by others in a population with brugian filariasis, the percentages of total b lymphocytes (cd19), t lymphocytes (cd3), helper/inducer t ...	1989	2527654
a lambda gt11 cdna recombinant that encodes dirofilaria immitis paramyosin.	the cdna synthesized from mrna of dirofilaria immitis female adult worms was cloned into the expression vector lambda gt11. screening the library with a hyperimmune rabbit antiserum raised against adult worm homogenates yielded several antigen positive clones. one of these clones, lambda cdi2, was recognized by rabbit antisera raised against either d. immitis l-3, adult, brugia malayi l-3 or onchocerca volvulus adult worm antigen, as well as by antisera from humans naturally infected with o. vol ...	1989	2527335
blood groups and filariasis.	only a little is known about the studies done with filariasis in relation to blood groups. the present communication reports the results of a preliminary study carried out to investigate any relationship of abo and rho(d) blood groups in persons with circulating microfilariae (mf) in blood and with disease manifestations compared with healthy normal controls within a population in similar epidemiological and ecological conditions. blood groups abo and rho(d) were investigated among 271 persons w ...	1989	2504655
selective up-regulation of endothelial cell class i mhc expression by cytokines from patients with lymphatic filariasis.	local host immune responses to the lymphatic-dwelling filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti are important in the pathogenesis of the lymphangitis that leads to filarial elephantiasis. that the lymphatic endothelial cells may be important in this inflammatory process was shown by the ability of supernatants generated from filarial ag-driven pbmc of individuals with filarial elephantiasis caused by w. bancrofti infection to up-regulate class i mhc expression on human umbilical vein endothelial ce ...	1989	2492050
[clinical manifestations of lymphatic bancroftian filariasis].	a review of clinical manifestations of bancroftian filariasis, based on the literature and in the authors' experience, suggests a general classification in to six groups: 1) normal endemics; 2) individuals bearing microfilaremia; 3) acute manifestations; 4) chronic manifestations; 5) tropical pulmonary eosinophilia; 6) controversial forms. an overview on diagnostic procedures and the immunologic relationship between host and parasite was made in each group. final considerations about treatment w ...	1989	2486416
evaluation of the potential of excretions-secretions (e-s) of litomosoides carinii to substitute for human filarial e-s.	the antigenic cross-reactivity of the excretions-secretions (e-s) of litomosoides carinii was investigated. immunoprecipitation using pooled sera from a number of human filarial infections in combination with sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (sds-page) analysis revealed variations in the cross-reactivity of individual molecules. some were specific to l. carinii, the major examples in this category being two e-s components of 140 and 160 kda released by day 40- to 42-day ...	1989	2482972
phosphocholine epitopes on helminth and protozoal parasites and their presence in the circulation of infected human patients.	antigens containing phosphocholine (pc) circulate in the blood during chronic filarial infection. because of the wide occurrence of such pc epitopes, we examined their specificity by evaluating 10 common parasites of humans for the presence of pc epitopes, and sera from patients infected with these parasites for circulating antigens containing pc. immunoblot analysis of extracts from various parasites using an anti-pc monoclonal antibody (ca101) demonstrated the presence of pc epitopes on the pr ...	1989	2482559
immunodiagnosis of bancroftian filariasis.	the development of immunodiagnostic tests (idts) for bancroftian filariasis must be aimed at defined objectives, such as the determination of exposure rates, the detection of microfilaraemia and the diagnosis of clinical filariasis. assays for both antibody and antigen detection are necessary. antigen determination may be more appropriate in the detection of microfilaraemia, but for clinical filariasis, antibody determination may prove more useful. the microfilarial surface antigens are very goo ...	1987	2439264
circulating parasite antigen(s) in lymphatic filariasis: use of monoclonal antibodies to phosphocholine for immunodiagnosis.	hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (mab) against a 200 kd antigen found circulating in the sera of microfilaremic patients infected with wuchereria bancrofti were obtained by immunizing mice with a partially purified antigen preparation. a sensitive mab (ca101)-based elisa for measuring circulating parasite antigen was capable of detecting antigen in the sera of 93% of patients with microfilaremia, 46% of those with lymphatic obstruction, and 56% of patients with tropical pulmo ...	1987	2437195
molecular characterization of antigens of lymphatic filarial parasites.		1986	2423945
differential recognition of a protective filarial antigen by antibodies from humans with bancroftian filariasis.	the objectives of this study were to identify filarial antigens which induce enhanced clearance of circulating microfilariae and to establish if human antibody reactivity with these molecules correlates with the apparent parasite burdens of residents of an endemic area of bancroftian filariasis. mice immunized with an extract of brugia malayi microfilariae develop igg antibodies to four major filarial antigens with an apparent molecular weight (mr) of approximately 112,000, 60,000, 45,000, and 2 ...	1986	2423560
identification of circulating parasite antigen in patients with bancroftian filariasis.	because many cases of lymphatic filariasis cannot be diagnosed either clinically or by immunodiagnostic test based on antibody detection, recent efforts have been more directed towards developing methods for detecting parasite antigen in the blood or urine. using a solid phase (sepharose 4b) two-site immunoradiometric assay (irma) employing hyperimmune rabbit antifilarial antisera, we have previously shown (hamilton et al., 1984) that essentially all cases of patent (ie. microfilaremic) infectio ...	1986	2423277
secreted and circulating antigens of the filarial parasite brugia pahangi: analysis of in vitro released components and detection of parasite products in vivo.	a range of excretory-secretory (es) antigens have been characterised following in vitro culture of adult brugia pahangi filarial nematodes in serum-free medium. analysis by radioiodination, sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, and immunoprecipitation of purified macromolecules with antibodies from human and experimental animal infections reveals both host and parasite components. two host molecules appear by molecular weight and immunoprecipitation analysis to be immunoglob ...	1985	2417115
cloning and characterization of a wuchereria bancrofti-specific dna sequence.		1990	2406592
pulmonary dirofilariasis: restudy of worms reported gravid.	a worm in the lung of a man in colombia, whose death was caused by lymphoid leukemia, originally reported as wuchereria bancrofti with embryos in the uterus, was re-examined and identified as a dirofilaria sp. and its gravid condition confirmed. a dirofilaria sp. in the lung of a man in japan, reported as gravid, was found to be nongravid with sloughed fragments of lining of the uterus mistaken for microfilariae. noteworthy in the colombia case is the association of lymphoid leukemia in the host ...	1990	2389822
diagnostic use of polyclonal antibodies raised in mouse ascitic fluid in bancroftian filariasis.	polyclonal antibodies were produced against brugia malayi adult antigens (bma (pbs) sag and bma (sds) sag) in mouse ascitic fluid by immunising balb/c mice intraperitoneally with high ratio of adjuvant to immunogen. the diagnostic use of these antibodies in detecting circulating filarial antigen in bancroftian filariasis was studied by sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (sandwich elisa) using stick assay system. both antibodies raised against pbs and sds soluble antigens were found to be ...	1990	2283388
control of bancroftian filariasis by integrating therapy with vector control using polystyrene beads in wet pit latrines.	in the town of makunduchi, zanzibar, wet pit latrines provided breeding places for culex quinquefasciatus and there were few other mosquito breeding places available. the adult mosquito population in bedrooms was monitored for a year and found to consist almost entirely of cx quinquefasciatus of which 2.45% carried infective larvae of wuchereria bancrofti. it was estimated that each person received about 24,993 bites per year, of which 612 were potentially infective. after a year of baseline dat ...	1990	2278079
live male adult w. bancrofti in the anterior chamber.		1990	2272686
the susceptibility of five laboratory colonies of mosquitoes to the human nematode wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold).	laboratory colonies of anopheles gambiae, an. arabiensis, an. merus, an. quadriannulatus and aedes aegypti formosus were artificially fed on blood containing microfilariae of wuchereria bancrofti. the anopheline colonies all supported parasite development to the infective stage, with an. quadriannulatus being the most heavily infected. the parasite did not develop at all in the ae. aegypti formosus colony.	1990	2260902
differential humoral and cellular immunoreactivity to saline- and detergent-extracted filarial antigens.	the immunoreactivity to saline- and detergent-extracted filarial antigens of 31 haitian subjects exposed to or infected with wuchereria bancrofti was analysed. cellular reactivity, monitored by blastogenesis in vitro, was significantly greater to a soluble extract of brugia pahangi than to a detergent-extracted antigenic preparation. in contrast, serum antibody levels against the detergent extract were significantly higher. these differences were consistently observed in symptomatic, microfilara ...	1990	2260176
[indirect immunofluorescence in filariasis. iii. comparison of microfilaremia and treatment. cuba, 1983].	twenty six patients coming from endemic areas, with diagnosis of filariasis caused by wuchereria bancrofti, loa loa and manzonella (dipetalonema perstans) and 29 patients suspicious of suffering filariasis were studied by means of knott, membrane filter and indirect immunofluorescence techniques. results of microfilaremia were compared with antibody titers and it was verified that there was not relationship between these parameters. the suspicious patients presented higher antibody levels than t ...	1990	2259783
filarial-specific igg4 response correlates with active wuchereria bancrofti infection.	the filarial-specific humoral immune response of adult residents of two areas of papua new guinea, differing in transmission of wuchereria bancrofti infection was compared. the majority of residents of the village of bonahoi, in an area where transmission of filariasis had been interrupted by a 20-year insecticide spray program to control malaria, showed no parasitologic signs of active w. bancrofti infection and were negative for both circulating phosphorylcholine ag and peripheral blood microf ...	1990	2258618
cloning of specific diagnostic antigens of onchocerca volvulus.	specific, serological diagnosis is one of the main goals in onchocerciasis research. to date this objective has been hampered by (a) scarcity of parasite material, and (b) antigenic cross-reaction between onchocerca volvulus and other nematode species. in order to obtain specific antigens, and in amounts suitable for study, molecular biological techniques have been adopted. a lambda gt11 cdna expression library prepared from o. volvulus adult female worms was screened using infected human sera f ...	1990	2255840
ivermectin for treatment of bancroftian filariasis in french polynesia: efficacy in man, effect on transmission by vector aedes polynesiensis.	forty male polynesian w. bancrofti carriers with mf counts greater than or equal to 20/ml were treated with a single ivermectin 50, 100, 150 or 200 mcg/kg dose. following therapy, mf levels fell to less than 1% of pretreatment levels in the carriers treated with the 3 highest doses. after one month, negativation rate was 40% in patients treated with a 50 mcg/kg dose, significantly lower than in patients treated with higher doses. recurrence of microfilaremia was observed by 3 months, mf recurren ...	1990	2255839
a simple deterministic model for bancroftian filariasis transmission dynamics.	a differential equation model for bancroftian filariasis transmission dynamics is developed. fluctuations of the mosquito vector population are related to environmental variables such as climate and vector control operations. prevalence in the mosquito population and mean worm burden in the human population are considered. the behaviour of the model is compared with epidemiologic and entomological data from pondicherry (south india). the model enables one to make predictions on the effect of fut ...	1990	2255837
parasite antigenemia in untreated and treated lymphatic filarial infections.	to evaluate the merit of antigen detection assays as a tool to monitor the efficacy of chemotherapy for lymphatic filariasis, we serially measured antigen levels in sera from jirds infected with brugia malayi and from humans with bancroftian filariasis. antigenemia was detected in all animals with parasitologically proven infection and was present in jirds with prepatent or occult filariasis. antigen levels correlated with worm burdens, and progressively declined in drug-cured animals. treatment ...	1990	2240372
diethylcarbamazine in the control of bancroftian filariasis in the highly endemic ok tedi area of papua new guinea: phase 1.	the effects of a well-spaced diethylcarbamazine (dec) mass drug application in areas highly endemic for wuchereria bancrofti in papua new guinea are not known. in 1986 a semi-annual single-dose 6 mg/kg body weight administration of dec was initiated in the ok tedi area of western province, papua new guinea. the rate of bancroftian filariasis in the area was 39%. within two years the rate of detectable microfilaraemia was reduced from 31% to 11% in the treated group. the mean blood density of the ...	1990	2238834
filariasis cross react in ihat for leishmaniasis.		1990	2230343
estimation of fecundic life span of wuchereria bancrofti from longitudinal study of human infection in an endemic area of pondicherry (south india).	the fecundic life span of adult female w. bancrofti was estimated by longitudinal study of microfilaraemia in a cohort of population (7,525) in pondicherry. the estimation was based on a deterministic model, using the rate of loss in infection. the life span of the parasite was 10.2 yr without chemotherapy, while it was reduced to 5.3 yr following diethyl-carbamazine therapy. the analysis of mean microfilarial counts in microfilaraemic persons without chemotherapy indicates that the rate of prod ...	1990	2228061
a mathematical analysis of various factors involved in transmission of bancroftian filariasis in pondicherry.	the variation of clumping factor in microfilaraemia among different age groups was observed in pondicherry for 1981 and 1986. the clumping factor was minimum in the age group 0-5 yr and it was maximum in 16-20 yr group in 1981 and 21-25 yr in 1986. the variation in clumping factor resembled the changes in microfilaria (mf) rate. multiple linear regression analysis showed that the multiple correlation between mf rate and the other parameters i.e., median microfilarial density (mfd50), clumping fa ...	1990	2228060
double blind clinical trial on centperazine & dec in bancroftian filariasis.	centperazine, an analogue of dec, was subjected to a double blind controlled trial, to evaluate its efficacy as a newer antifilarial agent. centperazine (300 mg/day) along with equivalent quantities of dec and placebo were administered to different types of filariasis patients. dec was found to be significantly effective in reducing peripheral microfilaraemia, in different weeks and months of follow-up, except at the end of 6th month, as compared to centperazine. there was no significant differe ...	1990	2228058
prevalence of wuchereria bancrofti in georgetown, guyana.	a random sample bloodsmear survey was conducted during evening hours in georgetown, guyana, to determine the prevalence of wuchereria bancrofti microfilariae. in all, 182 of 2,818 persons tested (6.5%) yielded positive results--indicating that the overall prevalence of bancroftian filariasis has not diminished and may be on the rise. relatively high prevalences found in children and adolescents point to active transmission. it appears likely that certain socioeconomic and environmental factors h ...	1990	2224329
sex differentials in susceptibility to lymphatic filariasis and implications for maternal child immunity.	this paper reviews epidemiological data to see if there are sex differentials in prevalence, density and clinical pathology due to lymphatic filariasis. of 53 studies from africa, south east asia, the indian subcontinent and the americas, 43 showed a lower mean prevalence of infection in females than in males. prevalence is consistently lower in women of reproductive age and this is statistically significant in 16 of 32 studies classified by age and sex. density of infection is also lower in the ...	1990	2209738
[epidemiological characteristics and control of filariasis in hunan province].	of 98 counties or cities in hunan province, 55 were endemic areas of filariasis. the average microfilaria rate was 5.64% (180,046/3,194,102), and the incidence of advanced filariasis, including elephantiasis and hydrocele was 3.29%. the number of filariasis patients in the whole province was estimated to be 1.63 million, comprising 1.25 million of microfilaremia cases, culex fatigans and anopheles hyrcanus sinensis were the major vectors of bancroftian and malayan filariasis respectively in the ...	1990	2208629
factors affecting transmission of wuchereria bancrofti by anopheline mosquitoes. 3. uptake and damage to ingested microfilariae by anopheles gambiae, an. arabiensis, an. merus and an. funestus in east africa.	laboratory observations were made on the uptake of microfilariae (mf) of wuchereria bancrofti by anopheles gambiae, an. arabiensis, an. merus and an. funestus. over host mf densities ranging from 450/ml to 1735 mf/ml neither the percentage of mosquitoes ingesting mf nor the mean number of mf per mosquito was correlated to host mf density. all mosquito species damaged mf during ingestion but the proportion harmed was independent of host mf density. the mean proportion damaged was 0.67 in an. gamb ...	1990	2202106
isolation, purification and characterization of surface antigens of the bovine filarial parasite setaria digitata for the immunodiagnosis of bancroftian filariasis.	the surface antigens of the bovine filarial parasite setaria digitata were isolated by edta extraction and purified by affinity chromatography using sepharose bound human filarial (wuchereria bancrofti) antibodies obtained from chronic human filarial sera. the purified and crude antigens were used in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) for the detection of serum antibodies in bancroftian filariasis. the purified antigen showed sensitive and specific reactions in elisa for the detection of ...	1990	2201719
live male adult w. bancrofti in the anterior chamber--a case report.		1990	2201627
effect of a single dose (3 mg/kg) of diethylcarbamazine on wuchereria bancrofti var pacifica microfilaraemia.		1990	2199802
comparison of dot-elisa with sandwich-elisa for the detection of circulating antigens in patients with bancroftian filariasis.	we compared the performance of a newly developed dot-elisa with that of a previously described sandwich-elisa to detect parasite antigens in sera from patients with bancroftian filariasis. the same monoclonal antibody and the same sera were used in both tests. in the dot-elisa, 67 of 70 sera from microfilaremic donors were deemed to contain filarial antigens when screened at a dilution of 1:50. end titers were 1:80-1:1280. with the sandwich-elisa, 64 of the same sera were positive at a dilution ...	1990	2196825
the prevalence of naturally acquired multiple infections of wuchereria bancrofti and human malarias in anophelines.	malaria and filaria infection rates were determined for anopheline mosquitoes collected whilst biting and resting in village houses in papua new guinea. the number of anophelines infected with both parasites was greater than expected from the infection rates of each parasite and this difference was significant in resting collections. the excess of multiply infected mosquitoes is probably a result of a vector population composed of individuals with differing numbers of opportunities to become inf ...	1990	2194153
fine needle aspiration cytology in the diagnosis of bancroftian filariasis.		1990	2189234
differential recognition of brugia malayi antigens by bancroftian filariasis sera.	individuals residing in an area endemic to wuchereria bancrofti infection were broadly categorised as endemic normals (en), microfilaraemics (mf + ve) and elephantoids i.e., chronic lymphatic filariasis (el). the immune status of these three groups was examined in terms of (i) specific antibody levels; (ii) ability to induce antibody dependent cellular cytotoxicity (adcc) to microfilariae; and (iii) ability to recognise different microfilarial antigens by immunoblotting. all three groups of ende ...	1990	2188906
efficacy of two different dec regimens in the treatment of human filarial infection.	two regimens of diethyl carbamazine (dec) viz., 14 day and 5 day, were compared for microfilaricidal effect and side effects, in the treatment of bancroftian filariasis. the rate of successful treatment, cure rate and decrease in mf count were found to be significantly high with the 14 days regimen when assessed immediately after treatment. about 40 per cent of subjects on the 14 days regimen and 66 per cent of patients on 5 days regimen experienced side reactions. the severity of side reactions ...	1990	2188905
evaluation of in vitro released wuchereria bancrofti third stage larval antigens for detection of bancroftian filariasis.	three types of in vitro released excretory, secretory and metabolic antigens of wuchereria bancrofti third larval stage (l3esm) are evaluated in elisa test to detect infected individuals in the endemic area. a total of 104 reference sera are used to predict the sensitivity of these antigens. none of l3 esm antigens, although homologous in nature, did not identify correctly the categorised reference sera. this study clearly indicated a need for defined antigens to detect w. bancrofti infection ea ...	1990	2187228