Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| using his data for health care research. | the importance of measuring healthcare performance and outcome rapidly grows around the world. as hospital information systems (his) become more commonplace, their use as clinical research tools can be easily developed. this is demonstrated in the article by two examples of clinical outcomes research undertaken on the world's largest his database. the research studies described in the article were on: (1) the effect of hospital 'experience' on inpatient mortality rates for patients with hiv-rela ... | 1992 | 10171244 |
| lack of desensitization to aerosol pentamidine with long-term use. | to assess whether long-term exposure to aerosol pentamidine (ap) results in desensitization. | 1996 | 10163353 |
| patterns of care for hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a university medical program: a case study. | previous studies have identified large variations in patterns of in-hospital acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) care among groups of hospitals and physicians. we evaluated the patterns of care for patients with aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) care at a single university program with patients treated at an adjacent county and veterans' administration (va) hospital. all medical care was provided by physicians in a single residency program, but attending physician staffs we ... | 1996 | 10162149 |
| estimating the cost effectiveness of atovaquone versus intravenous pentamidine in the treatment of mild-to-moderate pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common severe opportunistic infection, and one of the most costly, among people with aids. over 50% of patients experience toxic effects of the major anti-pcp medications- cotrimoxazole (trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole) and pentamidine. recently, the us food and drug administration approved a new oral drug therapy, atovaquone, as an alternative to pentamidine for the treatment of people with mild-to-moderate pcp who are intolerant of cotrimoxazole. ... | 1996 | 10160480 |
| pharmacoeconomics of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-infected and hiv-noninfected patients. | despite the proven effectiveness of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis in both hiv-infected and hiv-noninfected patients, pcp remains an important cause of serious pulmonary infection. because pcp is a frequent event requiring inpatient admission at our institution, we conducted a study to define the pharmacoeconomics of this infection and the incidence of adverse events associated with anti-pcp therapy. in a retrospective review, 133 patients (101 hiv-positive, 32 hiv-negative) wi ... | 1996 | 10160471 |
| apparent hemolysis in an aids patient receiving trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole: case report and literature review. | to describe a case of acute hemolysis associated temporally with administration of trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) in a patient with aids, review the available literature on tmp/smx-induced hemolytic anemia, and discuss possible drug- and disease-related factors that may have contributed to the episode of hemolysis. | 1996 | 10157546 |
| inpatient treatment patterns of human immunodeficiency virus-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in new york state medicare patients. | hospital charts were reviewed to ascertain the frequency with which patients with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) were being managed in accordance with current guidelines or recommendations in new york state for the calendar year 1993. comparisons were made between hospitals that are designated by the new york state department of health as comprehensive treatment centers--designated acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) centers--and all othe ... | 1996 | 10156543 |
| clinical and economic aspects of prophylaxis and treatment of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1995 | 10155305 | |
| cost-effectiveness models of clinical trials of new pharmaceuticals for aids-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: are they helpful to policy makers? | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) has been the most common and most costly complication of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids). because of concern over the high costs of care for persons with aids, policy makers have instituted a number of new measures to encourage cost-effectiveness. although the clinical efficacy of new pharmaceutical agents is evaluated extensively before approval, comparative trials of a new agent with its major competitor are sometimes not carried out, and estimate ... | 1995 | 10151167 |
| multi-city study of quality of care for hiv-related pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: successfully collecting highly sensitive information. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) has been the major cause of death and the most common opportunistic infection in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), with in-hospital mortality rates as high as 60% in some hospitals. to investigate whether there were large variations in quality of care for hospitalized patients with pcp, researchers at rand corporation, in 1989, designed and initiated a multi-city study of patterns of care. mounting a successful primary data collection e ... | 1995 | 10151164 |
| measurement of particle and mass distribution of pentamidine aerosol by ultrasonic and air jet nebulizers. | the use of appropriate nebulizers is a major precondition for a successful treatment and prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with pentamidine aerosol. the apparatus should supply a sufficient amount of pentamidine with adequate particle size. using fisons ultrasonic nebulizer fiso neb, model fzv 40 bamki, de vilbiss ultrasonic nebulizer, porta-sonic, model 8500 gb, and the marquest medical products jet nebulizer respirgard ii, two pentamidine concentrations (300 mg/6 ml and 60 mg/6 ml ... | 1992 | 10147685 |
| the pharmacoeconomics of hiv disease. | human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection is a major public health problem in all parts of the world. for the united states, federal spending on hiv disease for 1982 to 1989 was $us5.5 billion. projections indicate that aids spending may reach 1.6% of total health expenditures in 1992, while the indirect costs of hiv infection may be 5 times as great as the direct costs. in the developing world, the cost per person with hiv infection may be 0.8- to 9-fold greater than the per capita gross n ... | 1992 | 10147027 |
| attitudes to prevention among hiv-infected patients: the case of specific prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | despite a consensus on the need for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis for hiv-infected patients with fewer than 200 cd4+ lymphocytes/mm3, the number of cases of pcp has remained stable, and about 70% involve patients who are not receiving prophylaxis. the aim of this study was to determine why these patients are not covered by prophylaxis. it was based on a retrospective analysis of semidirective interviews with 32 patients who developed pcp while not receiving prophylaxis. the re ... | 1994 | 10134582 |
| update: exposure to aerosol pentamidine. | pentamidine, a drug administered in aerosol form to aids patients suffering from pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), has come under heavy fire from hospital unions and others of late. pentamidine presents a twofold occupational risk: first, there is exposure to the drug itself, which, according to many healthcare workers, is a respiratory irritant with potential long-term consequences; second, there appears to be some evidence that working in pentamidine therapy areas increases the potential o ... | 1990 | 10128646 |
| does experience improve hospital performance in treating patients with aids? | this paper examines how experience affects hospital performance in treating patients with aids. the most common life-threatening medical complication of aids is pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp). studies of patients with pcp demonstrate that patients who received care at hospitals that were more experienced with aids had lower immediate mortality. these higher volume medical facilities did not use more resources but used resources more efficiently and provided better medical care. better outc ... | 1993 | 10125810 |
| improved survival among hiv-infected patients after initiation of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens. | the efficacy of triple-drug antiretroviral regimens in the treatment of patients infected with hiv has been established in several randomized clinical trials. however, the effectiveness of these new regimens in patient populations outside clinical trials remain unproven. this study compared mortality and aids-free survival among hiv-infected patients in british columbia who were treated with double- and triple-drug regimens. | 1999 | 10102000 |
| acute spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a child with hodgkin's disease and pulmonary fibrosis. | a case of acute spontaneous pneumomediastinum in a 13-year-old boy suffering from hodgkin's disease and pulmonary fibrosis is reported. he was initially treated for pneumocystis carinii but his respiratory function progressively deteriorated, and fibrosis secondary to bleomycin was suspected. the day before the admission to the pediatric intensive care unit the patient complained of anterior thoracic pain, and a chest x-ray revealed a left-sided small spontaneous pneumothorax and pneumomediastin ... | 1999 | 10100279 |
| management of opportunistic infections in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. i. treatment. | a case report of a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is described. the patient presents with a multitude of medical complaints that are of acute or subacute onset. the medical examination of these complaints is described and includes algorithms for the diagnosis and treatment of the most common hiv-related opportunistic infections, including pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, toxoplasmosis, mycobacterium avium complex, cytomegalovirus infection, and cryptococcal meningitis. | 1998 | 10099037 |
| application of random effects models and other methods to the analysis of multidimensional quality of life data in an aids clinical trial. | current analytic methods applied to multidimensional health-related quality of life (hrqol) data do not borrow strength across analyses and do not produce summary estimates of effect. | 1999 | 10098569 |
| [dyspnea, fever in immunodeficiency. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia]. | 1999 | 10097644 | |
| laboratory diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii infections by pcr directed to genes encoding for mitochondrial 5s and 28s ribosomal rna. | pcr with 5s mitochondrial ribosomal rna (5s) target is a sensitive and specific assay for the detection of pneumocystis carinii in clinical specimens from the respiratory tract. we developed an oligonucleotide probe directed to a 200 bp amplicon generated by fungal-specific universal primers that anneals with sequences specific for p. carinii in the 28s ribosomal rna gene (28s). of 50 archived bronchoalveolar lavage 1(bal) specimens, 46 of 50 samples (92% agreement) gave the same result (23 posi ... | 1999 | 10092964 |
| synthesis and antiparasitic and antitumor activity of 2, 4-diamino-6-(arylmethyl)-5,6,7,8-tetrahydroquinazoline analogues of piritrexim. | nineteen previously undescribed 2,4-diamino-6-(arylmethyl)-5,6,7, 8-tetrahydroquinazolines (5a-m, 10-12) were synthesized as part of a larger effort to assess the therapeutic potential of lipophilic dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) inhibitors against opportunistic infections of aids. condensation of appropriately substituted (arylmethyl)triphenylphosphoranes with 4, 4-ethylenedioxycyclohexanone, followed by hydrogenation (h2/pd-c) and acidolysis, yielded the corresponding 4-(arylmethyl)cyclohexano ... | 1999 | 10090784 |
| elevated non-transferrin bound iron in the lungs of patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | the aim of the present work was to determine the concentrations of iron and iron-binding proteins in the lungs of patients suffering from pneumocystis carinii (pcp), which is crucial for justifying the treatment with iron-chelating agents in this disease. | 1999 | 10090500 |
| high-dose trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole therapy with corticosteroids in previously intolerant patients with aids-associated pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | 1999 | 10086465 | |
| [fungal nucleic acid detection for invasive aspergillosis]. | a universal pcr-assay for the detection of fungal dna was compared with microscopy and culture for the diagnosis of invasive aspergillosis using 78 samples from 42 patients. eighteen patients were suffering from invasive aspergillosis, 5 patients were colonized with aspergillus in the respiratory tract, 19 patients did not show any sign of aspergillosis. samples from 6 of the 18 patients with invasive aspergillosis were microscopically positive with true mycelia, 15 of 18 grew aspergillus in cul ... | 1998 | 10085690 |
| epidemiology of hiv and aids in bahrain. | between 1986 and 1996, 378 hiv cases were identified in bahrain, of whom 51% were foreign nationals. intravenous drug abuse was a major risk factor (38.8%) among bahraini nationals, while transmission through sexual contact was more common (45.7%) among foreigners. other well known risk factors were also represented in the two communities. the male to female ratio for the two communities were very different with 10:1 for nationals compared to 1:1.4 for foreigners. among the aids defining manifes ... | 1997 | 10085637 |
| living-related small bowel transplantation: the first case in japan. | intestinal failure has been managed with total parenteral nutrition (tpn), but occasionally complications such as obliteration of venous access or liver dysfunction occur. to overcome such complications, small bowel transplantation (sbt) was introduced. since the introduction of tacrolimus in 1990, successful sbt cases have been reported. we performed sbt by using a living donor for a child with short bowel syndrome. the recipient (2.5 years old, male) was born with intestinal necrosis secondary ... | 1998 | 10084759 |
| breakthrough pneumocystis carinii infections in lung and heart-lung transplant patients with chemoprophylaxis. | 1999 | 10083076 | |
| bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia associated with pneumocystis carinii infection in a liver transplant patient receiving tacrolimus. | we report on a case of bronchiolitis obliterans organizing pneumonia (boop) associated with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) after liver transplantation and tacrolimus based immunosuppression. radiologically, bilateral diffuse interstitial shadowing and patchy alveolar infiltrates developed after switching the patient from cyclosporin a to tacrolimus for persistent rejection. bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) fluid showed inflammatory cells but no pathogenic organisms. open lung biopsy revealed b ... | 1999 | 10081638 |
| animal pneumocystosis: a model for man. | pneumocystis carinii is an important pulmonary pathogen responsible for morbidity and mortality in patients with aids. apart from aids, cases of pneumocystosis have been reported in patients receiving immunosuppressive therapy associated with organ transplantation without chemoprophylaxis and in malignant blood diseases. in vitro models are only of limited interest because there is no continuous in vitro culture. the in vivo models have contributed a great deal to the understanding of human pneu ... | 1999 | 10081109 |
| a new family of pneumocystis carinii genes related to those encoding the major surface glycoprotein. | a new family of pneumocystis carinii genes (called msr for msg-related) that encodes peptides related to the major surface glycoprotein (msg) is described. members of the msr sequence family are linked to msg genes and are located near the ends of at least 13 chromosomes. transcripts encoding different msr isoforms were present in a single population of p. carinii f. sp. carinii, showing that multiple msr genes were expressed. two size classes of msr mrna, 2.4 and 3.5 kb, were detected. both siz ... | 1999 | 10079332 |
| in vitro suicide inhibition of self-splicing of a group i intron from pneumocystis carinii by an n3' --> p5' phosphoramidate hexanucleotide. | binding enhancement by tertiary interactions is a strategy that takes advantage of the higher order folding of functionally important rnas to bind short nucleic acid-based compounds tightly and more specifically than possible by simple base pairing. for example, tertiary interactions enhance binding of specific hexamers to a group i intron ribozyme from the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii by 1,000- to 100,000-fold relative to binding by only base pairing. one such hexamer, d(antngnan ... | 1999 | 10077580 |
| pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate and dapsone in aids patients with pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | the objective of this study was to determine the pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate and dapsone in aids patients with moderate to severe pneumocystis pneumonia. trimetrexate, leucovorin, and dapsone were administered for 21 +/- 3 days in the following doses: trimetrexate glucuronate, 45 mg/m2; leucovorin, 20 mg/m2; and dapsone, 100 mg daily. the pharmacokinetics of trimetrexate, dapsone, and dapsone's metabolite, monoacetyldapsone, were determined at three separate periods over the course of treat ... | 1999 | 10073326 |
| [severe combined immunodefficiency disease, 4 autopsy case reports]. | to study the pathological changes of severe combined immunodefficiency disease (scid). | 1997 | 10072882 |
| ifn-gamma and cd8+ t cells restore host defenses against pneumocystis carinii in mice depleted of cd4+ t cells. | host defenses against infection are profoundly compromised in hiv-infected hosts due to progressive depletion of cd4+ t lymphocytes and defective cell-mediated immunity. although recent advances in antiretroviral therapy can dramatically lower hiv viral load, blood cd4+ t lymphocytes are not restored to normal levels. therefore, we investigated mechanisms of host defense other than those involving cd4+ t lymphocytes against a common hiv-related opportunistic infection, pneumocystis carinii (pc) ... | 1999 | 10072538 |
| seasonal dynamics of pneumocystis carinii in the field vole, microtus agrestis, and in the common shrew, sorex araneus, in finland. | seasonal dynamics of pneumocystis carinii in the field vole, microtus agrestis, and in the common shrew, sorex araneus, were investigated in southern and central finland by microscopical examination of methenamine silver-stained tissue sections. in both host species at both localities the number of p. carinii cyst forms was highest in late autumn (november). in s. araneus, prevalence was higher than in m. agrestis during all seasons. none of the animals was heavily infected or apparently ill, an ... | 1999 | 10070655 |
| opportunistic pneumocystis carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (saguinus labiatus). | p. carinii infection in red-bellied tamarins (saguinus labiatus), born and maintained in a laboratory breeding colony, was examined by histopathologic examination postmortem. p. carinii cysts were detected in 6 of 10 red-bellied tamarins examined, by using grocott's, toluidine blue o and immunostaining with avidin-biotin complex using antisera for rat-, simian-, and human-p. carinii. the results obtained from the present studies imply that p. carinii may be an important pathogen in this species. | 1999 | 10067208 |
| immunological features of pneumocystis carinii infection in humans. | 1999 | 10066645 | |
| low levels of igg antibodies against pneumocystis carinii among hiv-infected patients. | igg antibodies against pneumocystis carinii (p. carinii) were detected by an elisa method using urea-extracted material from human and rat p. carinii as the antigen. carbohydrate formed a major part of the antigen responsible for reactivity in the elisa assay, since periodate treatment reduced the reactivity of most sera tested. cross-reactivity between human and rat p. carinii was detected. however, human serum recognized antigens specific for human p. carinii. with the elisa method igg antibod ... | 1998 | 10066052 |
| [vertical hiv-i-transmission. ii. hiv-diagnosis in a child]. | in newborn children from hiv-infected women early establishment of hiv infection is of importance for optimal therapy of hiv-infected children and avoidance of unnecessary medication in uninfected children. a more than 95% reliable diagnosis of hiv infection can now be obtained at the age of four weeks by polymerase chain reaction (pcr) technology. before this age a positive pcr result is relevant since it necessitates additional investigation such as measuring anti-hiv drug resistance and may l ... | 1998 | 10065236 |
| [mpo-anca related diffuse alveolar hemorrhage]. | the purpose of this study was to elucidate the clinical features characterizing patients with myeloperoxidase specific-antineutrophil cytoplasmic antibody (mpo-anca) related diffuse alveolar hemorrhage (dah). seventeen mpo-anca-positive patients were evaluated. nine patients (52.9%) had pulmonary involvement; of those, 6 (35.3%) had dah, and 4 (23.5%) had interstitial pneumonia (1 patient had both pulmonary diseases). three of the patients with dah demonstrated only mildly bloody sputum. all pat ... | 1998 | 10064954 |
| human immunodeficiency virus-associated fever of unknown origin: a study of 70 patients in the united states and review. | to characterize the clinical features of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-associated fever of unknown origin (fuo) in the united states, we performed a retrospective analysis of cases that fulfilled specific criteria (published by durack and street in 1991) at two medical centers in the united states between 1992 and 1997. seventy cases met criteria for hiv-associated fuo; the mean cd4 cell count was 58/mm3, and the mean duration of fever was 42 days. a cause of fuo was found in 56 of the 70 c ... | 1999 | 10064253 |
| editorial response: prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients--as long as the pros outweigh the cons. | 1999 | 10064239 | |
| should prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in solid organ transplant recipients ever be discontinued? | solid organ transplant recipients are at risk for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), but the risk of pcp beyond 1 year is poorly defined. we identified 25 cases of pcp in 1,299 patients undergoing solid organ transplantation between 1987 and 1996 at the cleveland clinic foundation (4.8 cases per 1,000 person transplant-years [pty]). ten (36%) of 28 pcp cases (transplantation was performed before 1987 in three cases) occurred > or = 1 year after transplantation, and no patient developed pcp wh ... | 1999 | 10064238 |
| continuous axenic cultivation of pneumocystis carinii. | continuous axenic culture of pneumocystis carinii has been achieved. a culture vessel is used that allows for frequent medium exchange without disturbance of organisms that grow attached to a collagen-coated porous membrane. the growth medium is based on minimal essential medium with earle's salt supplemented with s-adenosyl-l-methionine, putrescine, ferric pyrophosphate, n-acetyl glucosamine, putrescine, p-aminobenzoic acid, l-cysteine and l-glutamine, and horse serum. incubation is in room air ... | 1999 | 10051654 |
| effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole as pneumocystis carinii pneumonia prophylaxis on bacterial illness, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, and death in persons with aids. | to measure the effect of trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole (tmp-smx) in preventing bacterial illness, pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp), and death in people with aids, we conducted a retrospective medical record review of 1078 persons who were observed for 3 years on average who attended nine outpatient facilities in seattle, washington between january 1990 and april 1996. we calculated relative risk estimates to measure the protective effect of tmp-smx on the development of major bacterial illne ... | 1999 | 10048909 |
| pneumocystis carinii severe pneumonia among human immunodeficiency virus-infected children in thailand: the effect of a primary prophylaxis strategy. | a knowledge of the epidemiology of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is important for the development of a strategy for primary pcp prophylaxis and empiric treatment for severe pneumonia in hiv-infected children. however, little is known about the epidemiology of pcp in developing countries. objective. to measure the relative rate of pcp among hospitalized hiv-infected children with severe pneumonia in bangkok and evaluate the effect of a strategy of primary pcp prophylaxis in hiv-exposed inf ... | 1999 | 10048687 |
| bilateral upper-lobe cavitary pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in a patient on dapsone prophylaxis. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) presenting as bilateral upper-lobe cavitary disease is rare. isolated upper-lobe involvement has traditionally been associated with aerosolized pentamidine prophylaxis. dapsone is a cheap and effective prophylactic agent against p carinii in patients who cannot tolerate trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole. this is a case of a man who presented with bilateral upper-lobe cavitary p carinii pneumonia despite being on dapsone prophylaxis. bronchoalveolar lavage was neg ... | 1999 | 10037118 |
| [results and complications of fiber bronchoscopy in hiv positive patients]. | fibreoptic bronchoscopy is an established diagnostic procedure for hiv-associated pulmonary infections. we retrospectively evaluated the diagnostic effectivity and safety of fibreoptic bronchoscopy with bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) and transbronchial biopsy (tbb) in 153 patients with late-stage hiv infection and clinical signs of pulmonary infection or abnormal chest radiograph. bronchoscopy leads to diagnosis in 82.4% and changed therapy in 54%. 45 patients (30%) were found to have pneumocystis ... | 1998 | 10028841 |
| clusters of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia: analysis of person-to-person transmission by genotyping. | genotyping at the internal transcribed spacer (its) regions of the nuclear rrna operon was performed on isolates of p. carinii sp. f. hominis from three clusters of p. carinii pneumonia among eight patients with haematological malignancies and six with hiv infection. nine different its sequence types of p. carinii sp. f. hominis were identified in the samples from the patients with haematological malignancies, suggesting that this cluster of cases of p. carinii pneumonia was unlikely to have res ... | 1998 | 10024946 |
| [pneumocystis carinii is still a dangerous opportunist. the infection is continuously a threat to immunocompromised patients]. | despite recent decrease in the incidence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) among patients infected with hiv (human immunodeficiency virus), pcp remains a threat to other categories of immunocompromised patients. the article provides an outline of recent, mainly molecular genetic, findings in p. carinii research, including its new classification as a primitive fungus, host specificity and verified de novo infection in hiv-infected subjects. as the pathogen still defies propagation in vitro, ... | 1999 | 10024821 |
| gamma interferon stimulates rat alveolar macrophages to kill pneumocystis carinii by l-arginine- and tumor necrosis factor-dependent mechanisms. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia remains a serious complication for immunocompromised patients. in the present study, p. carinii organisms interacted with gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-stimulated alveolar macrophages (ams) to activate the l-arginine-dependent cytocidal pathway involving reactive nitrogen intermediates (rni) that were assayed as nitrite (no2-). unstimulated cultures of ams produced negligible quantities of rni. addition of p. carinii organisms to ifn-gamma-primed ams resulted in gre ... | 1999 | 10024581 |
| molecular diagnosis and epidemiology of fungal infections. | a variety of methods are utilized for dna strain subtyping of candida spp. because no 'gold standard' exists. random amplified polymorphic dna (rapd) or restriction enzyme analysis (rea) are useful to determine the source of an outbreak, but more reproducible and discriminatory methods such as southern hybridization and pulsed field gel electrophoresis (pfge) may be required. when applied to some nosocomial candida infections, multiple strains and species have been identified. microevolution of ... | 1998 | 9988514 |
| genetics, metabolism and host specificity of pneumocystis carinii. | pneumocystis carinii is a major cause of severe pneumonia in immunosuppressed individuals, especially in those with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection during their period of progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), and constitutes a worldwide problem to public health. recently, significant advances in the development of experimental animal models of p. carinii infection, as well as in our knowledge of the genetic diversity and taxonomy of p. carinii, have been made. th ... | 1998 | 9988507 |
| managing drug reactions to sulfonamides and other drugs in hiv infection: desensitization rather than rechallenge? | drug reactions in patients with hiv infection, e.g. fever or rash, are a frequently occurring clinical problem. these side effects particularly are observed with sulfonamides; however, many other drugs have also shown to induce allergic reactions when given to patients with hiv infection. the production of hydroxylamines has been put forward as one of the explanations for these high incidence of reactions on drugs. since sulfonamides are the first choice of therapy for the treatment and prophyla ... | 1998 | 9972526 |
| a phase ii study of liposomal doxorubicin in the treatment of hiv-related kaposi's sarcoma. | to evaluate the toxicity and clinical efficacy of liposomal encapsulated doxorubicin (dox-sl) in the treatment of hiv-related kaposi's sarcoma (ks). | 1998 | 9972406 |
| [the clinico-epidemiological aspects of hiv infection in 167 children nonmaternally infected who have died with a diagnosis of aids]. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical and epidemiological particularity of pediatrics nosocomial hiv infection. our study group consists of 167 hiv serum-positive nonmaternally infected children who died of aids in 1990-1997 (inclusive) in colentina hospital of infections diseases--bucharest. fifty per cent of institutionalized children and 28% of family children died in the first two years of life. about 80% of children were revealed too late as hiv infected. it has been observed a ... | 1998 | 9932002 |
| radiographic imaging of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | we reviewed the radiographic imaging of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome to determine the findings of chest radiography, computed tomography, and gallium scintigraphy and to analyze the time course of the resolution of abnormalities on chest radiographs after the initiation of therapy. the patients were one woman and 43 men (mean age, 38 years). after initiation of therapy, the chest radiograph demonstrated deterioration in 36% of patients, rapid ... | 1998 | 9929143 |
| [an ultrastructural evaluation of pneumocystis carinii]. | the pneumocystis carinii (pnc) is a challenge, because its taxonomy has not been completely explained. pnc seems to be a chimera with fungal and parasitic characteristics. the objective of the present study is to analyze the different stages observed in pnc using transmission electron microscopy in order to correlate them with bibliographic reports regarding a possible taxonomic classification. the trophic stage was the form most frequently encountered in alveolar spaces and their organisms vary ... | 1998 | 9927803 |
| severe combined immunodeficiency with b-lymphocytes (t-b+scid): report of two cases. | severe combined immunodeficiency (scid) is a rare pediatric medical emergency in taiwan. the early diagnosis of infants with scid is very important because it can save the life of these critical infants. the essential clues important for early diagnosis of scid patients include positive family history of early infant death, paucity of tonsil and lymphoid tissue, cutaneous fungal infection and lymphopenia. severe combined immunodeficiency is a heterogeneous group of inherited disorders characteri ... | 1998 | 9926517 |
| discontinuation of prophylaxis for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in hiv-1-infected patients treated with highly active antiretroviral therapy. | prophylactic drugs for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) are strongly recommended for hiv-1-infected patients with cd4 cell counts of less than 200 cells/microl. because of the highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) currently available, we speculated that prophylaxis can be discontinued in patients with cd4 cell counts of more than 200 cells/microl. | 1999 | 9923876 |
| [pulmonary cavitation lesions in patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus: an analysis of a series of 78 cases]. | to assess the clinical, radiologic and microbiological features of lung cavitation and hiv infection. evaluation of the differences related to this disease in the last years. | 1998 | 9922954 |
| [immunohistochemistry diagnosis of fungal infections]. | because the mycosis incidence has increased a lot with the appearing of aids, the immunohistochemistry study among fungus shows the importance of fast methods for their identification that have advantage of been a durable method in comparison with immunofluorescence and the possibility of making retrospective studies in material embedded in paraffin. the immunohistochemistry reaction with histoplasma capsulatum, pneumocystis carinii; and criptococcus neoformans antibodies were sensitive, specifi ... | 1998 | 9922498 |
| successful extracorporeal membrane oxygenation in four children with malignant disease and severe pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | toxic deaths due to intensified treatment are of increasing concern in view of the generally improved prognosis for children with malignancies. pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) during immunosuppressive treatment in children with malignancies is a severe complication with a poor prognosis if mechanical ventilation is required. extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ecmo) is a recognized technique that provides temporary respiratory support for patients with intractable respiratory failure. | 1999 | 9917749 |
| urokinase-type plasminogen activator in inflammatory cell recruitment and host defense against pneumocystis carinii in mice. | effective host defense against pneumocystis carinii depends upon the integrated actions of inflammatory cells and mediators in the lungs. using immunocompetent and immunosuppressed mice, our laboratory has defined inflammatory changes in the lungs in response to p. carinii. however, the essential molecules and mechanisms required for cellular recruitment and for host defense against p. carinii are undefined. we hypothesized that urokinase-type plasminogen activator (upa), a protease intimately i ... | 1999 | 9916103 |
| intranasal immunization confers protection against murine pneumocystis carinii lung infection. | to evaluate the feasibility of mucosal immunization against pneumocystis carinii (pc) experimental infection, female balb/c mice were intranasally immunized three times with soluble pc antigens plus cholera toxin fraction b (pc-ctb); control groups received either pc antigen, ctb, or phosphate-buffered saline (pbs) alone. two weeks after the last immunization, five animals from each group were sacrificed, and cellular and humoral immune responses were evaluated. the remaining five mice were cd4 ... | 1999 | 9916094 |
| drug abuse and acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | acquired immune deficiency syndrome (aids) is a modern plague. the first sign of the disease was the appearance of pneumocystis carinii and kaposi's sarcoma among young homosexual patients. the virus transmission is from an infected individual to a susceptible host through blood-related, sexual, and perinatal routes. exchange of body fluid occurs when sharing syringes, drugs, and drug paraphernalia. although the largest number of people infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) is in subs ... | 1998 | 9895137 |
| viral and pneumocystis carinii infections of the lung in the immunocompromised host. | viruses and pneumocystis carinii are significant causes of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, particularly patients with impaired cell-mediated immunity. they are often simultaneously considered in the differential diagnosis of diffuse pneumonitis in these patients and, because radiographic appearances and the periods of vulnerability to these infections may overlap, may be difficult to differentiate. this article will correlate radiographic findings to evolving histopathologic changes in ... | 1999 | 9894951 |
| early participation in an hiv cohort study slows disease progression and improves survival. the swiss hiv cohort study. | different levels of experience of physicians caring for patients with hiv infection have been found to be associated with differences in survival amongst their patients. we examined whether early participation in the swiss hiv cohort study (shcs), an ongoing prospective study with regular follow-up visits at specialized clinics, improved survival of hiv-infected patients. | 1998 | 9893101 |
| sensitivity and specificity of indirect immunofluorescence and grocott-technique in comparison with immunocytology (alkaline phosphatase anti alkaline phosphatase = apaap) for the diagnosis of pneumocystis carinii in broncho-alveolar lavage (bal). | the purpose of the study was to compare the sensitivity and specificity of the indirect method of immunofluorescence with the immunocytological technique of alkaline phosphatase anti alkaline phosphatase complex (apaap) for the detection of pneumocystis carinii by bronchoalveolar lavage (bal) in hiv-1 positive patients. - 83 hiv-1 positive patients with clinical presentations suggestive of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) were included in the study. 28 samples were found pc-positive by immun ... | 1998 | 9889176 |
| [do seasonal changes have any influence on pneumocystis carinii pneumonia?]. | 1998 | 9887633 | |
| a cluster of suspected pneumocystis carinii pneumonia following intensive chemotherapy in a belfast haematology unit. | five cases of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia were diagnosed in adult patients following intensive chemotherapy in the royal group of hospitals haematology unit, belfast, within a space of six months. the common features and the risk factors contributing to the increased susceptibility of these patients are discussed, as are the likely mechanisms of transmission of infection. | 1998 | 9885546 |
| [incidence of bacterial pneumonia in hiv-positive patients treated with preventive co-trimoxazole or pentamidine]. | besides pneumocystis carinii bacterial pathogens represent the most common aetiology of pulmonary infections in hiv-positive patients. however, the impact of pcp prophylaxis on the incidence of bacterial pneumonia in hiv-positive patients using pentamidine or co-trimoxazole is still unknown. | 1998 | 9885511 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection, part ii. | the acceptance of highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) among patients and health care providers has had a dramatic impact on the epidemiology and clinical characteristics of many opportunistic infections associated with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). previously intractable opportunistic infections and syndromes are now far less common. in addition, effective antibiotic prophylactic therapies have had a profound impact on the risk of patients developing particular infections and on t ... | 1998 | 9883269 |
| [good clinical practice in nebulization]. | a meeting on nebulization held in april 1997 defined good clinical practices. guidelines that were proposed pertained to the following: pneumatic and ultrasonic nebulizers; delivering circuit, occluded or not, the choice of the tip being done according to the disease to treat and to the drugs to be delivered; various functions, depending on the type of nebulizer; the particle size, as it will indicate which disease may be treated: between 2 and 6 microns for bronchi, between 0.5 et 3 microns for ... | 1998 | 9881205 |
| progression of pneumocystis carinii infection in an animal model. | the development of pneumocystis carinii infection in immunosuppressed rats is important not only in understanding the infection, but also as a source of p. carinii antigen for use in diagnostic serological tests. the aims of this study were to monitor the progression of p. carinii infection in the sprague dawley rat model and then determine parameters that indicate the maximum production of p. carinii antigen. seventeen sprague dawley rats were killed at intervals up to 9 weeks after the start o ... | 1998 | 9879974 |
| [opportunistic infections in patients under highly concentrated antiretroviral therapy]. | variable results: the restoration of immunological competence following highly active antiretroviral therapy (haart) has led to promising results concerning cytomegalovirus viremia, atypical mycobacterium infections, and survival in patients treated for non-hodgkin's lymphomas. the beneficial effect of introducing antiproteases is less clear for other opportunistic infections such as tuberculosis and pyogenic infections. prophylaxis: in patients with a cd4 count above 240/mm3, it would appear po ... | 1998 | 9879332 |
| pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in mutant mice deficient in both tcralphabeta and tcrgammadelta cells: cytokine and antibody responses. | resistance to pneumocystis carinii is achieved through cell-mediated and humoral immunity, but the interplay between these two systems in the immunocompetent host is not fully understood. tcrbetaxdelta-/- double-mutant mice deficient of all t cell populations naturally acquired p. carinii pneumonia with lethal consequences. moribund mutants displayed numbers of pulmonary pathogens comparable to rag-1-/- mice lacking all functional t and b lymphocytes. pulmonary lavage cells of diseased tcrbetaxd ... | 1999 | 9878031 |
| successful desensitization to dapsone for pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis in an hiv-positive patient. | to report a case of successful desensitization to dapsone for pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis in a patient unable to tolerate trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole (tmp/smx) desensitization or dapsone at standard doses. | 1998 | 9876811 |
| pneumocysterol [(24z)-ethylidenelanost-8-en-3beta-ol], a rare sterol detected in the opportunistic pathogen pneumocystis carinii hominis: structural identity and chemical synthesis. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) remains among the most prevalent opportunistic infections among aids patients. currently, drugs used clinically for deep mycosis act by binding ergosterol or disrupting its biosynthesis. although classified as a fungus, p. carinii lacks ergosterol. instead, the pathogen synthesizes a number of distinct delta7, 24-alkylsterols, despite the abundance of cholesterol, which it can scavenge from the lung alveolus. thus, the pathogen-specific sterols appear vital f ... | 1999 | 9874778 |
| diagnostic accuracy of hiv-associated central nervous system toxoplasmosis. | our objective was to examine the accuracy of diagnosis of hiv-associated central nervous system (cns) toxoplasmosis. individuals diagnosed with hiv-associated cns toxoplasmosis and controls were ascertained from a population-based database. diagnosis was confirmed by response to therapy or by histology. symptoms, results of anti-toxoplasma serology and use of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) prophylaxis were recorded. central nervous system toxoplasmosis was confirmed in 54 (76%) of 75 patie ... | 1998 | 9874125 |
| human immunodeficiency virus infection in haemophiliacs in taiwan: the importance of cd4 lymphocyte count in the progression to acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. | from july 1984 to december 1996, we tested and studied 303 haemophilic patients for the infection of the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). among the 261 haemophilia a patients 44 were hiv positive (16.9%), while none of the haemophilia b patients was hiv positive. the mean age of the 44 hiv-seropositive patients in 1984 was 20.6 years (2-37 years). seven who had known seroconversion dates and 29 whose first seropositive dates were known seroconverted before 1986. acquired immunodeficiency synd ... | 1998 | 9873849 |
| pneumocystis carinii: the art and science of survival in the hostile environment of the alveolar spaces. | pneumocystis carinii remains an important cause of pneumonia in immunocompromised patients, particularly in those who have acquired immune deficiency syndrome. potential mechanisms by which p. carinii escapes elimination by lung defenses and proliferates are discussed. evidence indicates that p. carinii attachment to alveolar epithelium is an important event in the establishment of infection and occurs through a variety of means. the binding of the organisms appears to be injurious to alveolar e ... | 1998 | 9872632 |
| alveolar macrophage and glycoprotein responses to pneumocystis carinii. | pneumocystis carinii continues to represent an important complication of immunosuppression in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome, hematological and solid malignancies, organ transplantation, and during corticosteroid and cytotoxic therapy for inflammatory disorders. although host defenses against this organism center around cd4 lymphocytic function, additional immune mediators in the alveolar spaces contribute substantially to host recognition and elimination of p. carinii. in par ... | 1998 | 9872631 |
| lymphocytes in host defense against pneumocystis carinii. | host defense against pneumocystis carinii depends on complex interactions between host immune cells and mediators. in immunocompetent hosts, the immune system provides efficient and effective defense against p. carinii. clinical and experimental investigations confirm that lymphocytes control and coordinate this defense. during states of immunosuppression, however, lymphocyte function is impaired and clinical p. carinii pneumonia results. lymphocytes participate in host defense by regulating oth ... | 1998 | 9872630 |
| pneumocystis carinii interactions with respiratory epithelium. | ultrastructural studies indicate that the attachment of pneumocystis carinii to alveolar epithelial cells is a central feature during development of this pneumonia. p. carinii attaches preferentially to type i alveolar epithelial cells, and rarely binds to type ii cells. extensive in vitro investigations support roles for both fibronectin and vitronectin, which bind to the organism, and mediate p. carinii attachment to respiratory epithelial cells through corresponding integrin receptors. additi ... | 1998 | 9872629 |
| antigenic characterization of pneumocystis carinii. | studies of pneumocystis carinii have been limited by our inability to propagate it in continuous culture. in this context, studies of p. carinii antigens have provided significant insight into the biology of this organism. the mannose-rich surface major surface glycoprotein of p. carinii termed glycoprotein a (gpa) is the best studied of these p. carinii antigens. significant genetic and immunologic diversity exists between the gpa molecules expressed by p. carinii derived from different mammali ... | 1998 | 9872628 |
| taxonomy, genetic organization, and life cycle of pneumocystis carinii. | pneumocystis carinii was initially misidentified as a protozoan parasite. recent molecular and biochemical analyses provide unequivocal evidence for placement of p. carinii with the fungi, and that p. carinii is most likely an ascomycete. genetic investigations further show that p. carinii derived from different mammalian hosts (human, rat, mouse, and ferret) exhibit considerable chromosomal and gene sequence divergence indicating that they are likely of different species. the life cycle of p. c ... | 1998 | 9872627 |
| treatment and prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. | early effective management of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia improves outcome in patients with this disorder. trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole remains the agent of choice for treatment of severe p. carinii pneumonia. pentamidine, trimethoprim-dapsone, atovaquone, and other regimens are useful in selected clinical situations. adjunctive corticosteroids are indicated in patients with acquired immune deficiency syndrome and p. carinii pneumonia who have moderate to severe p. carinii pneumonia defined ... | 1998 | 9872626 |
| pneumocystis pneumonia: clinical presentation and diagnosis in patients with and without acquired immune deficiency syndrome. | pneumocystis carinii causes severe pneumonia in immunocompromised hosts. although this most commonly occurs in patients with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids), other groups of immunocompromised patients without aids are also at risk for p. carinii pneumonia. these patients have solid or hematologic malignancies, organ transplantation, or inflammatory conditions requiring chronic immunosuppressive drugs, particularly corticosteroids. there are important differences in the clinical pre ... | 1998 | 9872625 |
| current issues in the epidemiology, transmission, and reactivation of pneumocystis carinii. | issues related to the epidemiology, transmission, and reactivation of pneumocystis carinii remain controversial. in this article, current studies related to geographic variations in the prevalence of p. carinii pneumonia are reviewed. in addition, extensive investigations show that exposure to p. carinii occurs early in life, followed by seemingly complete clearance of the organisms. recent molecular techniques show that p. carinii pneumonia during periods of immune suppression can occur either ... | 1998 | 9872624 |
| pneumocystis carinii: a historical perspective. | the emergence of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia is traced from its origins as an obscure pulmonary pathogen to its place as a prominent cause of lung infection in patients who have acquired immune deficiency syndrome. improvements in diagnosis and treatment have resulted in better care of patients with this infection. in addition, basic immunologic and molecular investigations have improved our understanding of the nature of this organism and continue to provide important questions for further r ... | 1998 | 9872623 |
| the incidence and spectrum of aids-defining illnesses in persons treated with antiretroviral drugs. | the incidence and spectrum of primary aids-defining illnesses in human immunodeficiency virus-positive patients receiving antiretroviral drugs may have changed since the introduction of newer antiretroviral agents. we performed a retrospective analysis of patients enrolled in the british columbia drug treatment program who were ever prescribed antiretroviral drugs between 1 january 1994 and 31 december 1996. rates were calculated on a 6-month basis. there were 344 aids cases diagnosed among 2,53 ... | 1998 | 9868646 |
| absence of pneumocystis carinii carriers among patients with cystic fibrosis. | 1998 | 9865993 | |
| high-dose trimetrexate and minimal-dose leucovorin: a case for selective protection? | our objective was to find the minimum dose of leucovorin (lv; 5-formyltetrahydrofolate) needed to potentially provide selective protection of normal tissue in patients with tumors resistant to methotrexate (mtx) by virtue of transport during prolonged therapy with high-dose trimetrexate (tmtx). based upon the known daily requirement for folate, that tumors are often resistant to methotrexate via a transport-based mechanism, and that large doses of trimetrexate can be given with large doses of le ... | 1998 | 9865909 |
| the hsp70 gene family in pneumocystis carinii: molecular and phylogenetic characterization of cytoplasmic members. | pneumocystis carinii, a major opportunistic lung pathogen of aids patients, is found in a number of mammals and is proposed to be a member of the fungi. in this work, several members of the highly conserved hsp70 multigene family were characterized from rat-derived p. carinii. previously, we reported characterization of the er resident hsp70 homolog known as bip from prototype (p.c. carinii) and variant (p. c. rattus) strains of the organism. we report here, from p. c. carinii, characterization ... | 1998 | 9864849 |
| pneumocystis carinii prophylaxis can be discontinued after cd4+ cell recovery over 200 x 10(6)/l. | 1998 | 9863883 | |
| a controlled trial of dapsone versus pyrimethamine-sulfadoxine for primary prophylaxis of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia and toxoplasmosis in patients with aids. | pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (pcp) is the most common opportunistic human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related infection, occurring in 85% of hiv infected patients without prophylaxis. preventive treatment is required when cd4 cell count falls below 200 cells per cubic millimeter. cotrimoxazole has been shown to be highly effective but alternative drug regimens are often necessary because of the frequent drug hypersensitivity exhibited by hiv infected patients. the aim of this prospective, ope ... | 1997 | 9863502 |
| atovaquone compared with dapsone for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with hiv infection who cannot tolerate trimethoprim, sulfonamides, or both. community program for clinical research on aids and the aids clinical trials group. | although trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole is the drug of choice for the prevention of pneumocystis carinii pneumonia, many patients cannot tolerate it and must switch to an alternative agent. | 1998 | 9862944 |
| accelerated hyperfractionated radiotherapy combined with induction and concomitant chemotherapy for inoperable non-small-cell lung cancer--impact of total treatment time. | tumour cell proliferation during conventionally fractionated radiotherapy (rt) can negatively influence the treatment outcome in patients with unresectable non-small-cell lung cancer (nsclc). accelerated and hyperfractionated rt may therefore have an advantage over conventional rt. moreover, earlier studies have suggested improved survival with addition of cisplatin-based chemotherapy (ct). we present here the results of combined treatment with induction and concomitant ct and accelerated hyperf ... | 1998 | 9860311 |