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the rnase r from campylobacter jejuni has unique features and is involved in the first steps of infection.bacterial pathogens must adapt/respond rapidly to changing environmental conditions. ribonucleases (rnases) can be crucial factors contributing to the fast adaptation of rna levels to different environmental demands. it has been demonstrated that the exoribonuclease polynucleotide phosphorylase (pnpase) facilitates survival of campylobacter jejuni in low temperatures and favors swimming, chick colonization, and cell adhesion/invasion. however, little is known about the mechanism of action of oth ...201425100732
fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy and flow cytometric assessment of the antibacterial mechanism of action of aqueous extract of garlic (allium sativum) against selected probiotic bifidobacterium strains.it is generally reported that garlic (allium sativum) harms pathogenic but not beneficial bacteria. although numerous studies supporting the alleged garlic effects on pathogens are available, there are limited studies to prove this claim for beneficial bacteria. we have recently shown that garlic exhibits antibacterial activity against probiotic bifidobacteria. the aim of the current study was to elucidate the mechanism of action of garlic clove extract (gce) on bifidobacterium bifidum lmg 11041 ...201425099661
gastroenteritis due to typhoidal salmonella: a decade of observation at an urban and a rural diarrheal disease hospital in bangladesh.the study aimed to compare the socio-demographic, host and clinical characteristics, seasonality and antimicrobial susceptibility of typhoidal salmonella (salmonella enterica serovar typhi and paratyphi) (ts) with diarrhea between urban and rural bangladesh.201425098316
phenotypes of campylobacter jejuni luxs mutants are depending on strain background, kind of mutation and experimental conditions.since the discovery that campylobacter (c.) jejuni produces autoinducer 2 (ai-2), various studies have been conducted to explore the function and role of ai-2 in c. jejuni. however, the interpretation of these analyses has been complicated by differences in strain backgrounds, kind of mutation and culture conditions used. furthermore, all research on ai-2 dependent phenotypes has been conducted with ai-2 synthase (luxs) mutants. this mutation also leads to a disruption of the activated-methyl-cy ...201425093839
comparative proteomics and glycoproteomics reveal increased n-linked glycosylation and relaxed sequon specificity in campylobacter jejuni nctc11168 o.campylobacter jejuni is a major cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. c. jejuni encodes a protein glycosylation (pgl) locus responsible for the n-glycosylation of membrane-associated proteins. we examined two variants of the genome sequenced strain nctc11168: o, a representative of the original clinical isolate, and gs, a laboratory-adapted relative of o. comparative proteomics by itraq and two-dimensional liquid chromatography coupled to tandem mass spectrometry (2d-lc-ms/ms) allowed the confiden ...201425093254
spermidine biosynthesis and transport modulate pneumococcal autolysis.polyamines are small cationic molecules that have far-reaching roles in biology. in the case of pathogenic bacteria, these functions include those central to their pathogenesis. streptococcus pneumoniae is a major bacterial pathogen, causing a diverse range of diseases that account for significant morbidity and mortality worldwide. in this work, we characterize the polyamine biosynthetic pathway of s. pneumoniae, demonstrating that this organism produces spermidine from arginine. the synthesis o ...201425092031
campylobacter jejuni as a cause of canine abortions in the united states.although campylobacter jejuni is a common cause of ruminant abortion with great economic impact, the organism has rarely been implicated in canine pregnancy loss, with only 2 documented cases to date. in the current report, 2 cases of perinatal death in adult female bulldogs associated with c. jejuni infection of fetoplacental organs are described. fetuses and placentas were received at the iowa state university veterinary diagnostic laboratory (ames, iowa) from 3 puppies that died soon after th ...201425085872
more severe manifestations and poorer short-term prognosis of ganglioside-associated guillain-barré syndrome in northeast china.ganglioside as a neurotrophic drug has been hitherto widely used in china, although guillain-barré syndrome (gbs) following intravenous ganglioside treatment was reported in europe several decades ago. we identified 7 patients who developed gbs after intravenous use of gangliosides (ganglioside+ group) and compared their clinical data with those of 77 non-ganglioside-associated gbs patients (ganglioside- group) in 2013, aiming at gaining the distinct features of ganglioside-associated gbs. altho ...201425084153
neurological disorders and inflammatory bowel diseases.extraintestinal manifestations occur in about one-third of patients living with inflammatory bowel disease (ibd) and may precede the onset of gastrointestinal symptoms by many years. neurologic disorders associated with ibd are not frequent, being reported in 3% of patients, but they often represent an important cause of morbidity and a relevant diagnostic issue. in addition, the increasing use of immunosuppressant and biological therapies for ibd may also play a pivotal role in the development ...201425083051
bickerstaff's encephalitis.bickerstaff's brainstem encephalitis is a rare syndrome defined by the triad of ophthalmoplegia, ataxia and decreased consciousness. it is considered to be a variant of miller fisher syndrome and guillain-barré syndrome but is differentiated from the two by the presence of central nervous system involvement, commonly in the form of impaired consciousness. we present an unusual case of bickerstaff's encephalitis, where the patient presented with pseudobulbar affect.201425080547
structural basis of pam-dependent target dna recognition by the cas9 endonuclease.the crispr-associated protein cas9 is an rna-guided endonuclease that cleaves double-stranded dna bearing sequences complementary to a 20-nucleotide segment in the guide rna. cas9 has emerged as a versatile molecular tool for genome editing and gene expression control. rna-guided dna recognition and cleavage strictly require the presence of a protospacer adjacent motif (pam) in the target dna. here we report a crystal structure of streptococcus pyogenes cas9 in complex with a single-molecule gui ...201425079318
shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli: a single-center, 11-year pediatric experience.the aim of this study was to identify the best practices for the detection of shiga toxin-producing escherichia coli (stec) in children with diarrheal illness treated at a tertiary care center, i.e., sorbitol-macconkey (smac) agar culture, enzyme immunoassay (eia) for shiga toxin, or the simultaneous use of both methods. stec was detected in 100 of 14,997 stool specimens submitted for enteric culture (0.7%), with 65 cases of e. coli o157. among e. coli o157 isolates, 57 (88%) were identified by ...201425078916
identification of the genes that contribute to lactate utilization in helicobacter pylori.helicobacter pylori are gram-negative, spiral-shaped microaerophilic bacteria etiologically related to gastric cancer. lactate utilization has been implicated although no corresponding genes have been identified in the h. pylori genome. here, we report that gene products of hp0137-0139 (lldefg), hp0140-0141 (lctp), and hp1222 (dld) contribute to d- and l-lactate utilization in h. pylori. the three-gene unit hp0137-0139 in h. pylori 26695 encodes l-lactate dehydrogenase (ldh) that catalyzes the c ...201425078575
cytolethal distending toxins require components of the er-associated degradation pathway for host cell entry.intracellular acting protein exotoxins produced by bacteria and plants are important molecular determinants that drive numerous human diseases. a subset of these toxins, the cytolethal distending toxins (cdts), are encoded by several gram-negative pathogens and have been proposed to enhance virulence by allowing evasion of the immune system. cdts are trafficked in a retrograde manner from the cell surface through the golgi apparatus and into the endoplasmic reticulum (er) before ultimately reach ...201425078082
genome sequencing of multidrug resistant novel clostridium sp. bl8 reveals its potential for pathogenicity.the human gut microbiome is important for maintaining the health status of the host. clostridia are key members of the human gut microbiome, carrying out several important functions in the gut environment. hence understanding the role of different clostridium species isolated from human gut is essential. the present study was aimed at investigating the role of novel clostridium sp. isolate bl8 in human gut using genome sequencing as a tool.201425076986
utilization of host-derived cysteine-containing peptides overcomes the restricted sulphur metabolism of campylobacter jejuni.the non-glycolytic food-borne pathogen campylobacter jejuni successfully colonizes the intestine of various hosts in spite of its restricted metabolic properties. while several amino acids are known to be used by c. jejuni as energy sources, none of these have been found to be essential for growth. here we demonstrated through phenotype microarray analysis that cysteine utilization increases the metabolic activity of c. jejuni. furthermore, cysteine was crucial for its growth as c. jejuni was un ...201425074326
generalized linear mixed model analysis of risk factors for contamination of moisture-enhanced pork with campylobacter jejuni and salmonella enterica typhimurium.translocation of foodborne pathogens into the interior tissues of pork through moisture enhancement may be of concern if the meat is undercooked. in the present study, a five-strain mixture of campylobacter jejuni or salmonella enterica typhimurium was evenly spread on the surface of fresh pork loins. pork loins were injected, sliced, vacuum packaged, and stored. after storage, sliced pork was cooked by traditional grilling. survival of salmonella typhimurium and c. jejuni in the interior tissue ...201425072538
carbohydrate-mimetic peptides for pan anti-tumor responses.molecular mimicry is fundamental to biology and transcends to many disciplines ranging from immune pathology to drug design. structural characterization of molecular partners has provided insight into the origins and relative importance of complementarity in mimicry. chemical complementarity is easy to understand; amino acid sequence similarity between peptides, for example, can lead to cross-reactivity triggering similar reactivity from their cognate receptors. however, conformational complemen ...201425071769
detection of intermediates in the oxidative half-reaction of the fad-dependent thymidylate synthase from thermotoga maritima: carbon transfer without covalent pyrimidine activation.thymidylate, a vital dna precursor, is synthesized by thymidylate synthases (tss). a second class of tss, encoded by the thyx gene, is found in bacteria and a few other microbes and is especially widespread in anaerobes. ts encoded by thyx requires a flavin adenine dinucleotide prosthetic group for activity. in the oxidative half-reaction, the reduced flavin is oxidized by 2'-deoxyuridine 5'-monophosphate (dump) and (6r)-n5,n10-methylene-5,6,7,8-tetrahydrofolate (ch2thf), synthesizing 2'-deoxyth ...201425068636
antimicrobial peptide resistance of vibrio cholerae results from an lps modification pathway related to nonribosomal peptide synthetases.the current pandemic el tor biotype of o1 vibrio cholerae is resistant to polymyxins, whereas the previous pandemic strain of the classical biotype is polymyxin sensitive. the almefg operon found in el tor v. cholerae confers >100-fold resistance to polymyxins through the glycylation of lipopolysaccharide. here, we present the mechanistic determination of initial steps in the almefg pathway. we verify that almf is an aminoacyl carrier protein and identify alme as the enzyme required to activate ...201425068415
ultrastructure and complex polar architecture of the human pathogen campylobacter jejuni.campylobacter jejuni is one of the most successful food-borne human pathogens. here we use electron cryotomography to explore the ultrastructure of c. jejuni cells in logarithmically growing cultures. this provides the first look at this pathogen in a near-native state at macromolecular resolution (~5 nm). we find a surprisingly complex polar architecture that includes ribosome exclusion zones, polyphosphate storage granules, extensive collar-shaped chemoreceptor arrays, and elaborate flagellar ...201425065852
miller fisher syndrome related to orientia tsutsugamushi infection.miller fisher syndrome is typically associated with a preceding infection, especially with campylobacter jejuni. we describe a patient with miller fisher syndrome following orientia tsutsugamushi infection, which to our knowledge has not been previously reported.201425065842
reduction of legionella spp. in water and in soil by a citrus plant extract vapor.legionnaires' disease is a severe form of pneumonia caused by legionella spp., organisms often isolated from environmental sources, including soil and water. legionella spp. are capable of replicating intracellularly within free-living protozoa, and once this has occurred, legionella is particularly resistant to disinfectants. citrus essential oil (eo) vapors are effective antimicrobials against a range of microorganisms, with reductions of 5 log cells ml(-1) on a variety of surfaces. the aim of ...201425063652
a large community outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of drinking water contaminated by river water, belgium, 2010.summary on 6 december 2010 a fire in hemiksem, belgium, was extinguished by the fire brigade with both river water and tap water. local physicians were asked to report all cases of gastroenteritis. we conducted a retrospective cohort study among 1000 randomly selected households. we performed a statistical and geospatial analysis. human stool samples, tap water and river water were tested for pathogens. of the 1185 persons living in the 528 responding households, 222 (18·7%) reported symptoms of ...201425062494
a large community outbreak of gastroenteritis associated with consumption of drinking water contaminated by river water, belgium, 2010.summary on 6 december 2010 a fire in hemiksem, belgium, was extinguished by the fire brigade with both river water and tap water. local physicians were asked to report all cases of gastroenteritis. we conducted a retrospective cohort study among 1000 randomly selected households. we performed a statistical and geospatial analysis. human stool samples, tap water and river water were tested for pathogens. of the 1185 persons living in the 528 responding households, 222 (18·7%) reported symptoms of ...201425062494
enteric dysbiosis promotes antibiotic-resistant bacterial infection: systemic dissemination of resistant and commensal bacteria through epithelial transcytosis.antibiotic usage promotes intestinal colonization of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. however, whether resistant bacteria gain dominance in enteric microflora or disseminate to extraintestinal viscera remains unclear. our aim was to investigate temporal diversity changes in microbiota and transepithelial routes of bacterial translocation after antibiotic-resistant enterobacterial colonization. mice drinking water with or without antibiotics were intragastrically gavaged with ampicillin-resistant ( ...201425059827
simultaneous concentration of bovine viruses and agricultural zoonotic bacteria from water using sodocalcic glass wool filters.infiltration and runoff from manured agricultural fields can result in livestock pathogens reaching groundwater and surface waters. here, we measured the effectiveness of glass wool filters to simultaneously concentrate enteric viruses and bacteria of bovine origin from water. the recovery efficiencies were determined for bovine viral diarrhea virus types 1 and 2, bovine rotavirus group a, bovine coronavirus, poliovirus sabin iii, toxigenic escherichia coli ,and campylobacter jejuni seeded into ...201425059211
inhibition of campylobacter jejuni on fresh chicken breasts by κ-carrageenan/chitosan-based coatings containing allyl isothiocyanate or deodorized oriental mustard extract.campylobacter species are common bacterial pathogens associated with human gastroenteritis worldwide. the objectives of this study were to determine the minimum inhibitory (mic) and minimum bactericidal (mbc) concentrations of allyl isothiocyanate (aitc) against 4 campylobacter jejuni strains in mueller-hinton (mh) broth at 4, 21, 37 and 42°c and to screen the c. jejuni strains for their ability to degrade sinigrin (which forms aitc) in ph7.0 mh broth at 35°c for 21d. also evaluated was the anti ...201425058687
burden of diarrhea, hospitalization and mortality due to cryptosporidial infections in indian children.cryptosporidium spp. is a common, but under-reported cause of childhood diarrhea throughout the world, especially in developing countries. a comprehensive estimate of the burden of cryptosporidiosis in resource-poor settings is not available.201425058664
metagenomic identification of a novel salt tolerance gene from the human gut microbiome which encodes a membrane protein with homology to a brp/blh-family β-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase.the human gut microbiome consists of at least 3 million non-redundant genes, 150 times that of the core human genome. herein, we report the identification and characterisation of a novel stress tolerance gene from the human gut metagenome. the locus, assigned brpa, encodes a membrane protein with homology to a brp/blh-family β-carotene monooxygenase. cloning and heterologous expression of brpa in escherichia coli confers a significant salt tolerance phenotype. furthermore, when cultured in the p ...201425058308
cytotoxic and pathogenic properties of klebsiella oxytoca isolated from laboratory animals.klebsiella oxytoca is an opportunistic pathogen implicated in various clinical diseases in animals and humans. studies suggest that in humans k. oxytoca exerts its pathogenicity in part through a cytotoxin. however, cytotoxin production in animal isolates of k. oxytoca and its pathogenic properties have not been characterized. furthermore, neither the identity of the toxin nor a complete repertoire of genes involved in k. oxytoca pathogenesis have been fully elucidated. here, we showed that seve ...201425057966
detection, identification and quantification of campylobacter jejuni, coli and lari in food matrices all at once using multiplex qpcr.thermotolerant campylobacter jejuni, coli and lari are recognized as leading food-borne pathogens causing an acute bacterial enteritis worldwide. due to narrow spectrum of their biochemical activity, it is very complicated to distinguish between individual species. for reliable risk assessment, proper incidence evaluation or swift sample analysis regarding individual species, a demand for simple and rapid method for their distinguishing is reasonable. in this study, we evaluated a reliable and s ...201425057300
a systematic proteomic analysis of listeria monocytogenes house-keeping protein secretion systems.listeria monocytogenes is a firmicute bacterium causing serious infections in humans upon consumption of contaminated food. most of its virulence factors are secretory proteins either released to the medium or attached to the bacterial surface. l. monocytogenes encodes at least six different protein secretion pathways. although great efforts have been made in the past to predict secretory proteins and their secretion routes using bioinformatics, experimental evidence is lacking for most secretio ...201425056936
microbial typing by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: do we need guidance for data interpretation?the integration of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) in clinical microbiology has revolutionized species identification of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. however, beyond straightforward identification, the method has also been suggested to have the potential for subspecies-level or even type-level epidemiological analyses. this minireview explores maldi-tof ms-based typing, which has already been performed on many clinically relevant specie ...201425056329
microbial typing by matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry: do we need guidance for data interpretation?the integration of matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time of flight mass spectrometry (maldi-tof ms) in clinical microbiology has revolutionized species identification of bacteria, yeasts, and molds. however, beyond straightforward identification, the method has also been suggested to have the potential for subspecies-level or even type-level epidemiological analyses. this minireview explores maldi-tof ms-based typing, which has already been performed on many clinically relevant specie ...201425056329
campylobacter spp. and birds of prey.a total of 170 birds of prey admitted to two wildlife rescue and rehabilitation centers of italy were examined. birds were divided by diurnal (n = 15) and nocturnal (n = 7) species, sampled by cloacal swabs, and examined for campylobacter spp. by cultural and molecular methods. campylobacter spp. were isolated in 43 out of the 170 (25.3%) birds of prey examined. among these, 43/43 (100%) were identified as campylobacter jejuni and 10/43 (23.3%) were identified as campylobacter coli recovered fro ...201425055637
high-level antimicrobial efficacy of representative mediterranean natural plant extracts against oral microorganisms.nature is an unexplored reservoir of novel phytopharmaceuticals. since biofilm-related oral diseases often correlate with antibiotic resistance, plant-derived antimicrobial agents could enhance existing treatment options. therefore, the rationale of the present report was to examine the antimicrobial impact of mediterranean natural extracts on oral microorganisms. five different extracts from olea europaea, mastic gum, and inula viscosa were tested against ten bacteria and one candida albicans s ...201425054150
structure of a membrane-embedded prenyltransferase homologous to ubiad1.membrane-embedded prenyltransferases from the ubia family catalyze the mg2+-dependent transfer of a hydrophobic polyprenyl chain onto a variety of acceptor molecules and are involved in the synthesis of molecules that mediate electron transport, including vitamin k and coenzyme q. in humans, missense mutations to the protein ubia prenyltransferase domain-containing 1 (ubiad1) are responsible for schnyder crystalline corneal dystrophy, which is a genetic disease that causes blindness. mechanistic ...201425051182
nitrosylation mechanisms of mycobacterium tuberculosis and campylobacter jejuni truncated hemoglobins n, o, and p.truncated hemoglobins (trhbs) are widely distributed in bacteria and plants and have been found in some unicellular eukaryotes. phylogenetic analysis based on protein sequences shows that trhbs branch into three groups, designated n (or i), o (or ii), and p (or iii). most trhbs are involved in the o2/no chemistry and/or oxidation/reduction function, permitting the survival of the microorganism in the host. here, a detailed comparative analysis of kinetics and/or thermodynamics of (i) ferrous myc ...201425051055
antimicrobial edible films and coatings for meat and meat products preservation.animal origin foods are widely distributed and consumed around the world due to their high nutrients availability but may also provide a suitable environment for growth of pathogenic and spoilage microorganisms. nowadays consumers demand high quality food with an extended shelf life without chemical additives. edible films and coatings (efc) added with natural antimicrobials are a promising preservation technology for raw and processed meats because they provide good barrier against spoilage and ...201425050387
application of zataria multiflora boiss. and cinnamon zeylanicum essential oils as two natural preservatives in cake.oxidation of oils has an important effect on nutritional and organoleptic properties of foodstuffs. nowadays, new tendency has created a necessity to use natural compounds such as essential oils for producing functional foods. in this study, antioxidant, antifungal, and organoleptic properties of zataria multiflora boiss. (zmeo) and cinnamon zeylanicum essential oils (czeo) have been checked as two natural preservatives in the cakes.201325050280
combined effects of high pressure processing and addition of soy sauce and olive oil on safety and quality characteristics of chicken breast meat.this study was conducted to evaluate the combined effect of high pressure (hp) with the addition of soy sauce and/or olive oil on the quality and safety of chicken breast meats. samples were cut into 100 g pieces and 10% (w/w) of soy sauce (ss), 10% (w/w) of olive oil (oo), and a mixture of both 5% of soy sauce and 5% olive oil (w/w) (so) were pressurized into meat with high pressure at 300 or 600 mpa. cooking loss was lower in oo samples than ss samples. with increased pressure to 600 mpa, the ...201425049950
dietary supplementation of benzoic acid and essential oil compounds affects buffering capacity of the feeds, performance of turkey poults and their antioxidant status, ph in the digestive tract, intestinal microbiota and morphology.three trials were conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementation of a basal diet with benzoic acid or thymol or a mixture of essential oil blends (meo) or a combination of benzoic acid with meo (bmeo) on growth performance of turkey poults. control groups were fed a basal diet. in trial 1, benzoic acid was supplied at levels of 300 and 1,000 mg/kg. in trial 2, thymol or the meo were supplied at levels of 30 mg/kg. in trial 3, the combination of benzoic acid with meo was evaluated. benzoic a ...201425049947
effect of bacillus subtilis-based direct-fed microbials on immune status in broiler chickens raised on fresh or used litter.type of dietary direct-fed microbials (dfms) or poultry litter could directly influence the composition of gut microbiota. gut microbiota plays an important role in shaping the developing immune system and maintaining the homeostasis of the mature immune system in mammal and chickens. the present study was carried out to investigate the interaction among litter, dfms and immunity in broiler chickens exposed to a field-simulated environment. immune status of broiler chickens was assessed by serum ...201325049746
human milk contains novel glycans that are potential decoy receptors for neonatal rotaviruses.human milk contains a rich set of soluble, reducing glycans whose functions and bioactivities are not well understood. because human milk glycans (hmgs) have been implicated as receptors for various pathogens, we explored the functional glycome of human milk using shotgun glycomics. the free glycans from pooled milk samples of donors with mixed lewis and secretor phenotypes were labeled with a fluorescent tag and separated via multidimensional hplc to generate a tagged glycan library containing ...201425048705
identifying etiological agents causing diarrhea in low income ecuadorian communities.continued success in decreasing diarrheal disease burden requires targeted interventions. to develop such interventions, it is crucial to understand which pathogens cause diarrhea. using a case-control design we tested stool samples, collected in both rural and urban ecuador, for 15 pathogenic microorganisms. pathogens were present in 51% of case and 27% of control samples from the urban community, and 62% of case and 18% of control samples collected from the rural community. rotavirus and shige ...201425048373
expansion of the apc superfamily of secondary carriers.the amino acid-polyamine-organocation (apc) superfamily is the second largest superfamily of secondary carriers currently known. in this study, we establish homology between previously recognized apc superfamily members and proteins of seven new families. these families include the paap (putative amino acid permease), livcs (branched chain amino acid:cation symporter), nramp (natural resistance-associated macrophage protein), csta (carbon starvation a protein), kup (k⁺ uptake permease), bene (be ...201425043943
nild crispr rna contributes to xenorhabdus nematophila colonization of symbiotic host nematodes.the bacterium xenorhabdus nematophila is a mutualist of entomopathogenic steinernema carpocapsae nematodes and facilitates infection of insect hosts. x. nematophila colonizes the intestine of s. carpocapsae which carries it between insects. in the x. nematophila colonization-defective mutant nild6::tn5, the transposon is inserted in a region lacking obvious coding potential. we demonstrate that the transposon disrupts expression of a single crispr rna, nild rna. a variant nild rna also is expres ...201425041533
flagellar biosynthesis exerts temporal regulation of secretion of specific campylobacter jejuni colonization and virulence determinants.the campylobacter jejuni flagellum exports both proteins that form the flagellar organelle for swimming motility and colonization and virulence factors that promote commensal colonization of the avian intestinal tract or invasion of human intestinal cells respectively. we explored how the c. jejuni flagellum is a versatile secretory organelle by examining molecular determinants that allow colonization and virulence factors to exploit the flagellum for their own secretion. flagellar biogenesis wa ...201425041103
regime shift in sandy beach microbial communities following deepwater horizon oil spill remediation efforts.sandy beaches support a wide variety of underappreciated biodiversity that is critical to coastal ecosystems. prior to the 2010 deepwater horizon oil spill, the diversity and function of supratidal beach sediment microbial communities along gulf of mexico coastlines were not well understood. as such, it was unclear if microbial community compositional changes would occur following exposure to beached oil, if indigenous communities could biodegrade oil, or how cleanup efforts, such as sand washin ...201425036744
hiv-1 capture and transmission by dendritic cells: the role of viral glycolipids and the cellular receptor siglec-1.dendritic cells (dcs) are essential in order to combat invading viruses and trigger antiviral responses. paradoxically, in the case of hiv-1, dcs might contribute to viral pathogenesis through trans-infection, a mechanism that promotes viral capture and transmission to target cells, especially after dc maturation. in this review, we highlight recent evidence identifying sialyllactose-containing gangliosides in the viral membrane and the cellular lectin siglec-1 as critical determinants for hiv-1 ...201425033082
a novel mouse model of campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis reveals key pro-inflammatory and tissue protective roles for toll-like receptor signaling during infection.campylobacter jejuni is a major source of foodborne illness in the developed world, and a common cause of clinical gastroenteritis. exactly how c. jejuni colonizes its host's intestines and causes disease is poorly understood. although it causes severe diarrhea and gastroenteritis in humans, c. jejuni typically dwells as a commensal microbe within the intestines of most animals, including birds, where its colonization is asymptomatic. pretreatment of c57bl/6 mice with the antibiotic vancomycin f ...201425033044
high-throughput sequencing for the study of bacterial pathogen biology.a revolution in sequencing technologies in recent years has led to dramatically increased throughput and reduced cost of bacterial genome sequencing. an increasing number of applications of the new technologies are providing broad insights into bacterial evolution, epidemiology, and pathogenesis. for example, the capacity to sequence large numbers of bacterial isolates is enabling high resolution phylogenetic analyses of bacterial populations leading to greatly enhanced understanding of the emer ...201425033019
gpr107, a g-protein-coupled receptor essential for intoxication by pseudomonas aeruginosa exotoxin a, localizes to the golgi and is cleaved by furin.a number of toxins, including exotoxin a (pe) of pseudomonas aeruginosa, kill cells by inhibiting protein synthesis. pe kills by adp-ribosylation of the translation elongation factor 2, but many of the host factors required for entry, membrane translocation, and intracellular transport remain to be elucidated. a genome-wide genetic screen in human kbm7 cells was performed to uncover host factors used by pe, several of which were confirmed by crispr/cas9-gene editing in a different cell type. sev ...201425031321
fever management in intensive care patients with infections.with great interest we read the article by dr schoeneberg and colleagues regarding gender-specific differences with respect to outcome in patients with severe traumatic injury. the authors show that, apart from the acute phase after trauma, women have a more favorable trauma severity-adjusted outcome, with shorter icu and hospital stay and lower sepsis rates. however, a possible mechanism of action behind this difference was not suggested. we hypothesize that, in view of the fact that morbidity ...201425029624
high-risk enteric pathogens associated with hiv infection and hiv exposure in kenyan children with acute diarrhoea.hiv infection is an established risk for diarrhoeal severity, less is known about specific enteric pathogens associated with hiv status. we determined associations of selected enteric pathogens with hiv infection and hiv exposure among kenyan children.201425028987
inflammatory myofibroblastic tumor of the bladder - an unexpected case coexisting with an ovarian teratoma.inflammatory myofibroblastic tumors (imts) mainly occur in children and young adults, usually in the first two decades of life. imt-type tumors belong to neoplasms of an intermediate biologic potential with considerable rate of local recurrence and in some cases that able to create metastases. presented case is the first imt coexisting with the other neoplasm. in our paper we are going to present a peculiar case of an imt of the bladder coexisting with an ovarian teratoma, and to discuss its pat ...201425027562
genotypes and antibiotic resistances of campylobacter jejuni isolates from cattle and pigeons in dairy farms.campylobacter jejuni is the most common food-borne zoonotic pathogen causing human gastroenteritis worldwide and has assumed more importance in italy following the increased consumption of raw milk. our objectives were to get an overview of genotypes and antibiotic resistances in c. jejuni isolated from milk, cattle feces, and pigeons in dairy herds of northern italy. flab-typing was applied to 78 c. jejuni isolates, previously characterized by multi-locus sequence typing, and genotypic resistan ...201425026083
seasonal and monthly trends in the occurrence of guillain-barre syndrome over a 5-year period: a tertiary care hospital-based study from south india. 201425024587
a crispr-cas system enhances envelope integrity mediating antibiotic resistance and inflammasome evasion.clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats-crispr associated (crispr-cas) systems defend bacteria against foreign nucleic acids, such as during bacteriophage infection and transformation, processes which cause envelope stress. it is unclear if these machineries enhance membrane integrity to combat this stress. here, we show that the cas9-dependent crispr-cas system of the intracellular bacterial pathogen francisella novicida is involved in enhancing envelope integrity through th ...201425024199
update on the burden of campylobacter in developing countries.recent work has added to the understanding of the burden of campylobacter jejuni, c. coli, and non-jejuni/coli campylobacter strains in children living in the developing world.201425023741
development and assessment of molecular diagnostic tests for 15 enteropathogens causing childhood diarrhoea: a multicentre study.childhood diarrhoea can be caused by many pathogens that are difficult to assay in the laboratory. molecular diagnostic techniques provide a uniform method to detect and quantify candidate enteropathogens. we aimed to develop and assess molecular tests for identification of enteropathogens and their association with disease.201425022434
bacterial foodborne infections after hematopoietic cell transplantation.diarrhea, abdominal pain, and fever are common among patients undergoing hematopoietic cell transplantation (hct), but such symptoms are also typical with foodborne infections. the burden of disease caused by foodborne infections in patients undergoing hct is unknown. we sought to describe bacterial foodborne infection incidence after transplantation within a single-center population of hct recipients. all hct recipients who underwent transplantation from 2001 through 2011 at the fred hutchinson ...201425020101
sensitization of radio-resistant prostate cancer cells with a unique cytolethal distending toxin.cytolethal distending toxin (cdt) produced by campylobacter jejuni is a genotoxin that induces cell-cycle arrest and apoptosis in mammalian cells. recent studies have demonstrated that prostate cancer (pca) cells can acquire radio-resistance when doc-2/dab2 interactive protein (dab2ip) is downregulated. in this study, we showed that cdt could induce cell death in dab2ip-deficient pca cells. a combination of cdt and radiotherapy significantly elicited cell death in dab2ip-deficient pca cells by i ...201425015118
prevalence of and risk factors for campylobacter colonisation in broiler flocks at the end of the rearing period in france.1. a study was conducted to estimate the prevalence and quantification by species of campylobacter infection in broiler flocks at the end of the rearing period and to identify associated risk factors. 2. a questionnaire about the rearing period was completed and caecal samples were collected from 121 broiler flocks in brittany, france, during 2008. 3. campylobacter was isolated in 87 out of 121 flocks--a prevalence of 71.9% (95% ci, 63.7-80.1%), including 40.5% of campylobacter jejuni and 29.8% ...201425010255
antibiotic susceptibility pattern and genotyping of campylobacter species isolated from children suffering from gastroenteritis.to study the prevalence and the antimicrobial resistance of campylobacter species isolated from children suffering from gastroenteritis .201425008814
[selected mechanisms of pathogenicity of campylobacter jejuni].campylobacter jejuni is one of the most common causes of bacterial diarrhea worldwide. various virulence factors of c. jejuni contribute to survival and participate in the induction of infection in the human body. the virulence mechanisms such as motility, toxin production or invasive properties allow the bacteria to survive in the human body. the article presents the current knowledge on selected virulence mechanisms of c. jejuni.201425007513
contamination of water resources by pathogenic bacteria.water-borne pathogen contamination in water resources and related diseases are a major water quality concern throughout the world. increasing interest in controlling water-borne pathogens in water resources evidenced by a large number of recent publications clearly attests to the need for studies that synthesize knowledge from multiple fields covering comparative aspects of pathogen contamination, and unify them in a single place in order to present and address the problem as a whole. providing ...201425006540
anti-diarrhoeal investigation from aqueous extract of cuminum cyminum linn. seed in albino rats.cuminum cyminum linn. (umbelliferae), commonly known as jeera. it is native from mediterranean region, but today widely cultivated in asian countries. it has been reported to possess various medicinal properties and an important food ingredient. the seed of the plant are claimed for treatment of diarrhoea by various traditional practitioners.201425002800
effects of feeding plant-derived agents on the colonization of campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens.the aim of this work was to test the potential use of plant-derived extracts and compounds to control campylobacter jejuni in broiler chickens. over a 7-wk feeding period, birds were fed a commercial diet with or without plant extracts (acacia decurrens, eremophila glabra), essential oil [lemon myrtle oil (lmo)], plant secondary compounds [terpinene-4-ol and α-tops (including α-terpineol, cineole, and terpinene-4-ol)], and the antibiotic virginiamycin. traditional culture and real-time quantitat ...201425002548
unrest at home: diarrheal disease and microbiota disturbance.diarrhea and malnutrition, two intertwined worldwide problems, are both associated with lower diversity of the intestinal microbiota in children in low-income countries.201425002208
impact of acinetobacter baumannii superoxide dismutase on motility, virulence, oxidative stress resistance and susceptibility to antibiotics.acinetobacter baumannii is a gram-negative bacterium appearing as an opportunistic pathogen in hospital settings. superoxide dismutase (sod) contributes to virulence in several pathogenic bacteria by detoxifying reactive oxygen species released in the course of host defense reactions. however, the biological role of sods in a. baumannii has not yet been elucidated. here, we inactivated in a. baumannii atcc 17978 gene a1s_2343, encoding a putative sod of the fe-mn type by transposon insertion, re ...201425000585
mathematical and live meningococcal models for simple sequence repeat dynamics - coherent predictions and observations.evolvability by means of simple sequence repeat (ssr) instability is a feature under the constant influence of opposing selective pressures to expand and compress the repeat tract and is mechanistically influenced by factors that affect genetic instability. in addition to direct selection for protein expression and structural integrity, other factors that influence tract length evolution were studied. the genetic instability of ssrs that switch the expression of antibiotic resistance on and off ...201424999629
functional identification of a galactosyltransferase critical to bacteroides fragilis capsular polysaccharide a biosynthesis.capsular polysaccharide a (cpsa), a polymer of a four-sugar repeating unit that coats the surface of the mammalian symbiont bacteroides fragilis, has therapeutic potential in animal models of multiple sclerosis and other autoinflammatory diseases. genetic studies have demonstrated that cpsa biosynthesis is dependent primarily on a single gene cluster within the b. fragilis genome. however, the precise functions of the individual glycosyltransferases encoded by this cluster have not been identifi ...201424997288
the interplay between siglecs and sialylated pathogens.siglecs are mammalian sialic acid (sia) recognizing immunoglobulin-like receptors expressed across the major leukocyte lineages, and function to recognize ubiquitous sia epitopes on cell surface glycoconjugates and regulate immunological and inflammatory activities of these cells. a large subset referred to as cd33-related siglecs are inhibitory receptors that limit leukocyte activation, and recent research has shown that the pathogen group b streptococcus (gbs) binds to these siglecs in sia- an ...201424996821
campylobacter infection in a cohort of rural children in moramanga, madagascar.campylobacter infection is the most common cause of bacterial gastroenteritis in developing countries, including madagascar. reports of pathogenicity have not been consistent and repeated exposures over time seem to lead to the development of protective immunity in developing areas. we conducted this study to support evidence for these hypotheses by exploring the association between infection and age, the reoccurrence of infection and the pathogenicity of campylobacter.201424996559
host stress hormone norepinephrine stimulates pneumococcal growth, biofilm formation and virulence gene expression.host signals are being shown to have a major impact on the bacterial phenotype. one of them is the endogenously produced catecholamine stress hormones, which are also used therapeutically as inotropes. recent work form our laboratories have found that stress hormones can markedly increase bacterial growth and virulence. this report reveals that streptococcus pneumoniae, a commensal that can also be a major cause of community acquired and nosocomial pneumonia, is highly inotrope responsive. thera ...201424996423
diarrhea in young children from low-income countries leads to large-scale alterations in intestinal microbiota composition.diarrheal diseases continue to contribute significantly to morbidity and mortality in infants and young children in developing countries. there is an urgent need to better understand the contributions of novel, potentially uncultured, diarrheal pathogens to severe diarrheal disease, as well as distortions in normal gut microbiota composition that might facilitate severe disease.201424995464
clinical study of acute childhood diarrhoea caused by bacterial enteropathogens.there are not a large number of studies in india which can enlighten us regarding acute childhood diarrhoea and far lesser in number when it comes to its bacterial enteropathogenesis. the present study is specially targeted to determine the prevalence of various bacterial enteropathogens causing acute childhood diarrhoea and to find out their respective pattern of clinical features.201424995223
the role of intracellular organisms in the pathogenesis of inflammatory arthritis.inflammatory arthritis is a condition which is characterised by recurrent episodes of joint pain and swelling. it encompasses a spectrum of disorders ranging from rheumatoid arthritis to ankylosing spondylitis. in these conditions, for reasons that are poorly understood, the immune system raises an inflammatory response within the joint space. in some cases, autoantigens have been identified (e.g., anticitrullinated peptides in rheumatoid arthritis), but the absence of these, in the seronegative ...201424995143
role of campylobacter jejuni gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase on epithelial cell apoptosis and lymphocyte proliferation.a gamma-glutamyl transpeptidase (ggt) is produced by up to 31% of strains of campylobacter jejuni isolates. c. jejuni ggt is close to helicobacter pylori ggt suggesting a conserved activity but unlike the latter, c. jejuni ggt has not been studied extensively. in line with the data available for h. pylori, our objectives were to purify c. jejuni ggt from the bacteria, and to evaluate its inhibitory and proapoptotic activities on epithelial cells and human lymphocytes.201424995041
tupa: a tungstate binding protein in the periplasm of desulfovibrio alaskensis g20.the tupabc system is involved in the cellular uptake of tungsten and belongs to the abc (atp binding cassette)-type transporter systems. the tupa component is a periplasmic protein that binds tungstate anions, which are then transported through the membrane by the tupb component using atp hydrolysis as the energy source (the reaction catalyzed by the modc component). we report the heterologous expression, purification, determination of affinity binding constants and crystallization of the desulf ...201424992597
same-day subtyping of campylobacter jejuni and c. coli isolates by use of multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification-binary typing.campylobacteriosis is the most commonly reported form of human bacterial gastroenteritis in the world. sound identification of infectious sources requires subtyping, but the most widely used methods have turnaround times measured in days and require specialist equipment and skills. a multiplex ligation-dependent probe amplification-binary typing (mbit) assay was developed for subtyping campylobacter jejuni and campylobacter coli. it was tested on 245 isolates, including recent isolates from belg ...201424989612
intestinal carriage and excretion of campylobacter jejuni in chickens exposed at different ages.campylobacter jejuni is usually recovered from chickens in commercial broiler farms after 2 to 3 weeks of age. this study was conducted to clarify whether fecal excretion is associated with the age of exposure to this bacterium. day-of-hatch broiler chickens were separated from a flock in a local commercial farm, kept in isolation rooms, and esophageally inoculated with c. jejuni (5.5 × 10(7) to 5.4 × 10(8) cfu) at 0, 7, 14, 21, 28, and 35 days of age. the remaining chicks were placed on the far ...201424988026
prevalence and genotypes of campylobacter jejuni from urban environmental sources in comparison with clinical isolates from children.this study aimed to investigate the prevalence of campylobacter jejuni in potential contamination sources that are not regularly monitored such as free-living urban pigeons and crows, dogs, cats and urban environmental water and to assess the possible impact on the epidemiology of campylobacteriosis in children using multilocus sequence typing (mlst). campylobacter spp. were detected in 36.2 % of faecal samples of free-living urban birds and in 40.4 % of environmental water samples. a low preval ...201424987101
conservation of transcription start sites within genes across a bacterial genus.transcription start sites (tsss) lying inside annotated genes, on the same or opposite strand, have been observed in diverse bacteria, but the function of these unexpected transcripts is unclear. here, we use the metal-reducing bacterium shewanella oneidensis mr-1 and its relatives to study the evolutionary conservation of unexpected tsss. using high-resolution tiling microarrays and 5'-end rna sequencing, we identified 2,531 tsss in s. oneidensis mr-1, of which 18% were located inside coding se ...201424987095
campylobacter jejuni is not merely a commensal in commercial broiler chickens and affects bird welfare.campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial food-borne infection; chicken meat is its main source. c. jejuni is considered commensal in chickens based on experimental models unrepresentative of commercial production. here we show that the paradigm of campylobacter commensalism in the chicken is flawed. through experimental infection of four commercial breeds of broiler chickens, we show that breed has a significant effect on c. jejuni infection and the immune response of the animals, ...201424987092
campylobacter jejuni gastroenteritis complicated by pancytopenia. 201424986300
3,4-dhpea-ea from olea europaea l. is effective against standard and clinical isolates of staphylococcus sp.the aim of the present work was to evaluate the antibacterial effect of 3,4-dhpea-ea (methyl-4-(2-(3,4-dihydroxyphenethoxy)-2-oxoethyl)-3-formyl-2-methyl-3,4-dihydro-2h-pyran-5-carboxylate), a derivate of oleuropein, against a range of gram-positive bacteria, including atcc strains, food and clinical isolates.201424986240
epidemiology of pathogenic enterobacteria in humans, livestock, and peridomestic rodents in rural madagascar.among the families of enteric bacteria are globally important diarrheal agents. despite their potential for zoonotic and environmental transmission, few studies have examined the epidemiology of these pathogens in rural systems characterized by extensive overlap among humans, domesticated and peridomestic animals. we investigated patterns of infection with enterotoxigenic escherichia coli, shigella spp., salmonella enterica, vibrio cholerae, and yersinia spp. (enterocolitica, and pseudotuberculo ...201424983990
biosensors for whole-cell bacterial detection.bacterial pathogens are important targets for detection and identification in medicine, food safety, public health, and security. bacterial infection is a common cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide. in spite of the availability of antibiotics, these infections are often misdiagnosed or there is an unacceptable delay in diagnosis. current methods of bacterial detection rely upon laboratory-based techniques such as cell culture, microscopic analysis, and biochemical assays. these procedures ...201424982325
emergence of multidrug-resistant campylobacter species isolates with a horizontally acquired rrna methylase.antibiotic-resistant campylobacter constitutes a serious threat to public health, and resistance to macrolides is of particular concern, as this class of antibiotics is the drug of choice for clinical therapy of campylobacteriosis. very recently, a horizontally transferrable macrolide resistance mediated by the rrna methylase gene erm(b) was reported in a campylobacter coli isolate, but little is known about the dissemination of erm(b) among campylobacter isolates and the association of erm(b)-c ...201424982085
the yersinia pestis siderophore, yersiniabactin, and the znuabc system both contribute to zinc acquisition and the development of lethal septicaemic plague in mice.bacterial pathogens must overcome host sequestration of zinc (zn(2+) ), an essential micronutrient, during the infectious disease process. while the mechanisms to acquire chelated zn(2+) by bacteria are largely undefined, many pathogens rely upon the znuabc family of abc transporters. here we show that in yersinia pestis, irp2, a gene encoding the synthetase (hmwp2) for the siderophore yersiniabactin (ybt) is required for growth under zn(2+) -deficient conditions in a strain lacking znuabc. more ...201424979062
veillonella, firmicutes: microbes disguised as gram negatives.the firmicutes represent a major component of the intestinal microflora. the intestinal firmicutes are a large, diverse group of organisms, many of which are poorly characterized due to their anaerobic growth requirements. although most firmicutes are gram positive, members of the class negativicutes, including the genus veillonella, stain gram negative. veillonella are among the most abundant organisms of the oral and intestinal microflora of animals and humans, in spite of being strict anaerob ...201324976898
nitropropenyl benzodioxole, an anti-infective agent with action as a protein tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor.we report on the activities of a broad spectrum antimicrobial compound,nitropropenyl benzodioxole (npbd) which are of relevance to its potential as an anti-infective drug. these investigations support the proposal that a major mechanism of npbd is action as a tyrosine mimetic, competitively inhibiting bacterial and fungal protein tyrosine phosphatases (ptp). npbd did not affect major anti-bacterial drug targets, namely, atp production, cell wall or cell membrane integrity, or transcription and t ...201424976873
spread and transmission of bacterial pathogens in experimental populations of the nematode caenorhabditis elegans.caenorhabditis elegans is frequently used as a model species for the study of bacterial virulence and innate immunity. in recent years, diverse mechanisms contributing to the nematode's immune response to bacterial infection have been discovered. yet despite growing interest in the biochemical and molecular basis of nematode-bacterium associations, many questions remain about their ecology. although recent studies have demonstrated that free-living nematodes could act as vectors of opportunistic ...201424973073
suicin 90-1330 from a nonvirulent strain of streptococcus suis: a nisin-related lantibiotic active on gram-positive swine pathogens.streptococcus suis serotype 2 is known to cause severe infections (meningitis, endocarditis, and septicemia) in pigs and is considered an emerging zoonotic agent. antibiotics have long been used in the swine industry for disease treatment/prevention and growth promoters. this pattern of utilization resulted in the spread of antibiotic resistance in s. suis worldwide. interestingly, pigs may harbor s. suis in their tonsils without developing diseases, while north american strains belonging to the ...201424973067
inactivation of campylobacter jejuni with dielectric barrier discharge plasma using air and nitrogen gases.air and nitrogen gas are commonly used feed gases for plasma generation and are economically useful in industrial applications. the two gases were compared in dielectric barrier discharge plasma for the inactivation of campylobacter jejuni on an agar surface. plasma treatment with nitrogen gas for 20 s did not yield any reduction (p>0.05) in viable cell count. however, a 0.8-log reduction (p<0.05) in colony-forming units (cfu) occurred when the nitrogen gas was supplemented with 2% (vol/vol) air ...201424971667
detection of diarrhoeagenic escherichia coli in clinical and environmental water sources in south africa using single-step 11-gene m-pcr.escherichia coli (e. coli) consists of commensal (comec) and diarrhoeagenic (dec) groups. comec are detected using traditional culture methods. conformational steps are performed after culturing if it is required to test for the presence of dec, increasing cost and time in obtaining the results. the aim of this study was to develop a single-step multiplex polymerase chain reaction (m-pcr) that can simultaneously amplify genes associated with dec and comec, with the inclusion of controls to monit ...201424969140
dissecting escherichia coli outer membrane biogenesis using differential proteomics.the cell envelope of gram-negative bacteria is a complex multi-layered structure comprising an inner cytoplasmic membrane and an additional asymmetric lipid bilayer, the outer membrane, which functions as a selective permeability barrier and is essential for viability. lipopolysaccharide, an essential glycolipid located in the outer leaflet of the outer membrane, greatly contributes to the peculiar properties exhibited by the outer membrane. this complex molecule is transported to the cell surfa ...201424967819
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