Publications

warning third parties at risk of aids: apa's policy is a reasonable approach.	the author argues that the american psychiatric association's aids policy on confidentiality and disclosure provides reasonable guidelines for psychiatrists struggling to balance their obligation to maintain the confidentiality of individual patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) with their obligation to protect the community's health. the policy states that notification of third parties who may be exposed to infection through the behavior of an hiv-positive patient is ethical ...	1989	2914668
warning third parties at risk of aids: apa's policy is a barrier to treatment.	the american psychiatric association has adopted a policy stating that psychiatrists may warn third parties who are placed at risk by the behavior of a patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus (hiv). the author argues that although the policy appears reasonable and has well-established precedent, the public will ultimately be better served if hiv-infected patients are assured absolute confidentiality. he contends that the tarasoff decision is not directly applicable to most hiv-infecte ...	1989	2914667
risk of developing aids in hiv-infected cohorts of hemophilic and homosexual men.	the latency period and/or incidence of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) may differ in persons infected with the human immunodeficiency virus by different routes or having different "cofactors." we compared 79 hemophilic men in pennsylvania and 117 homosexual and bisexual men in california, all having known dates of infection and long postinfection observation periods, to examine these hypotheses. by 1987, twenty-one percent of the hemophilic and 27% of the homosexual men had develop ...	1989	2911167
hiv seroprevalence in intravenous drug users: los angeles, california, 1986.	to estimate the seroprevalence and investigate risk behaviors for hiv (human immunodeficiency virus) infection in intravenous drug users in los angeles county, a stratified, random sample of 790 clients, enrolled in either methadone maintenance or detoxification programs, were studied. thirteen study participants (1.8 per cent) were seropositive; of these, five were homosexual/bisexual males and three were female prostitutes. ninety-five per cent of all participants reported sharing needles. ris ...	1989	2909190
a disputed spleen.	a british barrister considers the implications for english courts of the california decision recognizing a cause of action for the tort of conversion by a patient whose spleen was used to generate a commercially valuable cell line. because legal precedent has established that there may be ownership of an organ taken from a living person which can qualify as "goods" for the purposes of theft or conversion, the patient, as custodian of that body part, may be entitled to all the proceeds produced ...	1988	2903372
genetic polymorphism of natural epstein-barr virus isolates from infectious mononucleosis patients and healthy carriers.	we analyzed epstein-barr virus (ebv) genomes from lymphoblastoid cell lines isolated from patients with infectious mononucleosis and from healthy subjects from california, hawaii, and hong kong between 1970 and 1987. using genetic polymorphism as epidemiological markers, we found that several genotypes of ebv cocirculate in a community and that although most ebv strains isolated from california and southern china may be differentiated genotypically, there was no specific association between geno ...	1988	2901499
trial of anonymous versus confidential human immunodeficiency virus testing.	before december, 1986, all public human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) testing in oregon was done confidentially (using names). in december, clients were offered the option of either anonymous or confidential services. as judged by questionnaire responses, the availability of anonymity increased overall demand for testing by 50%: 125% for homosexual/bisexual (gay) men, 56% for female prostitutes, 17% for intravenous drug users, and 32% for other clients. the number of gay clients who had tests inc ...	1988	2899784
serological survey of prospect hill virus infection in indigenous wild rodents in the usa.	we found serological evidence of infection with prospect hill virus, a hantaan-like virus isolated from meadow voles (microtus pennsylvanicus), in microtine and cricetid rodents trapped in maryland, west virginia, minnesota and california, usa. fluorescent antibodies were detected in sera from m. pennsylvanicus (74/277), m. californicus (39/185), clethrionomys gapperi (5/51), peromyscus maniculatus (4/22) and p. truei (1/11). sera from seropositive p. maniculatus contained neutralizing antibodie ...	1987	2895510
epidemiology and ecology of the california serogroup viruses.	the california serogroup viruses are important human pathogens, originally discovered in the united states, but now recognized to occur and cause disease in many parts of the world. in addition to their significance to public health, study of their natural history has resulted in a better understanding of the way in which arboviruses are maintained in nature. viruses of the california serogroup have also been carefully investigated on the molecular level, resulting in a better appreciation of ho ...	1987	2891311
phenotypic and functional deficiency of natural killer cells in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome.	natural killer (nk)3 cells are large granular lymphocytes that appear to play a significant role in the host's defense against viral infection. we performed an extensive phenotypic and functional characterization of nk cells on 41 patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs), or "chronic active epstein-barr virus infection" syndrome, and on 23 age- and sex-matched asymptomatic control subjects in an attempt to further characterize this illness. these studies demonstrated that a majority of p ...	1987	2824604
the relation between hospital experience and in-hospital mortality for patients with aids-related pcp.	there is marked debate by physicians and policymakers regarding the creation of regionalized acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) centers. a central issue is whether outcomes of care, particularly mortality, differ as a function of hospital experience with patients with aids. we evaluated the experience of 257 patients with aids and pneumocystis carinii pneumonia treated at 15 california hospitals between october 1986 and october 1987. an overall 15.2% in-hospital mortality rate was observe ...	1989	2785607
cocaine- and methamphetamine-related deaths in san diego county (1987): homicides and accidental overdoses.	cocaine- and methamphetamine-related homicides and fatal accidental overdoses in san diego county were studied retrospectively for the 1987 calendar year. cocaine was involved in 66 cases (39 homicides, 27 accidental overdoses), methamphetamine in 32 cases (23 homicides, 9 accidental overdoses), and a combination of cocaine and methamphetamine in 10 cases (4 homicides, 6 accidental overdoses). the composite for cocaine-related deaths was a 30-year-old black man in whom was also found at least 1 ...	1989	2785157
neonatal prevalence of anti-human immunodeficiency virus antibodies in california.		1989	2780141
a human capital approach to icu nurse retention.	nursing staff turnover is a critical personnel problem for nursing administrators and top hospital management. high turnover rates degrade the quality of patient care. they are economically dysfunctional when they reduce the capacity of hospital units; the facility loses revenues which can in turn exacerbate retention problems. good management practice requires that nursing staff turnover be closely and routinely monitored with indices reporting both personnel numbers and staff experience status ...	1989	2778522
barriers to influenza vaccine acceptance. a survey of physicians and nurses.	the immunization practices advisory committee (acip) recommends that health care providers who contact high-risk patients receive influenza immunization annually. there are few available data on hospital employees' acceptance of these recommendations or their attitudes about influenza immunization. in a hospital where no formal influenza immunization program was in place, a survey of 193 nursing personnel and physicians showed that only 2.1% received the 1986-1987 trivalent influenza vaccine and ...	1989	2774292
ecology of a semi-isolated population of adult anopheles freeborni: abundance, trophic status, parity, survivorship, gonotrophic cycle length, and host selection.	a population of adult anopheles freeborni near sheridan, ca was sampled daily during 13 august-7 september 1984. data on abundance, trophic status, and gonotrophic age were recorded. abundance and gonotrophic age data were analyzed to estimate daily survivorship and gonotrophic cycle length. daily survivorship for unfed mosquitoes was estimated to be 0.72 with a gonotrophic cycle of 6 days duration. daily survivorship for bloodfed mosquitoes was estimated to be 0.74 with a gonotrophic cycle of 4 ...	1989	2774063
recognizing property interests in bodily tissues. a need for legislative guidance.		1989	2760536
aflatoxins in domestic and imported foods and feeds.	aflatoxins, metabolic products of the molds aspergillus flavus and a. parasiticus, may occur in foods and feeds. these toxins cannot be entirely avoided or eliminated from foods or feeds by current agronomic and manufacturing processes and are considered unavoidable contaminants. to limit aflatoxin exposure, the u.s. food and drug administration (fda) has set action levels for these toxins in foods and feeds involved in interstate commerce. fda continually monitors food and feed industries throu ...	1989	2759983
methadone maintenance program for aids-affected opiate addicts.	to slow the spread of aids, it may be important for substance abuse treatment programs to give priority admission to patients who are hiv-infected and infectious. a new program is described that provides methadone maintenance treatment to opiate addicts who are "aids affected"--heroin addicts diagnosed with aids, aids-related complex (arc), or other significant symptoms of hiv infection. the program aims to protect the health of patients and to protect the general public by slowing the spread of ...	1989	2746716
cohort study of diet, lifestyle, and prostate cancer in adventist men.	dietary and lifestyle characteristics were evaluated in relation to subsequent prostatic cancer risk in a cohort of approximately 14,000 seventh-day adventist men who completed a detailed lifestyle questionnaire in 1976 and who were monitored for cancer incidence until the end of 1982. during the 6-year follow-up period, 180 histologically confirmed prostatic cancers were detected among some 78,000 man-years of follow-up. increasing educational attainment was associated with significantly decrea ...	1989	2743254
the dangerous patient.	the dangerous patient requires proper management to ensure appropriate disposition and preclude injury. a safety-conscious public has propelled the issue into the courtroom, and a slowly evolving standard of care is emerging. in some states a legal duty to protect victims of violence exists. understanding human aggression, the potentiating effects of the environment, and prior methods of coping, as well as assessing current behavioral controls and certain statistical correlates all aid managemen ...	1989	2738552
classification, management, and tracking of abnormal papanicolaou smears.	a system of classifying, managing, and tracking abnormal papanicolaou (pap) smears was used at a california university where 3,289 patients were tested. classification was based on use of the latest cytopathological techniques for identifying characteristics associated with dysplasia and human papilloma virus (hpv). the follow-up success rate was determined for 6-month repeat pap smears, colposcopy patient contact, and biopsy results. pathology report correlations were determined for the noncolp ...	1989	2723261
condom sales at public universities in california: implications for campus aids prevention.	public health officials have called for increased use of condoms to protect americans from sexually acquiring human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection. to investigate the availability of condoms for sale on college campuses, we asked student union directors and bookstore managers from all 28 public universities in california, with a combined enrollment of half a million students, to complete a detailed questionnaire in august and september 1987. two thirds of the campuses reported having con ...	1989	2723259
impact of explicit questions about high-risk activities on donor attitudes and donor deferral patterns. results in two community blood centers.	concern about the ineffectiveness of indirect questioning of donors about participation in activities with a high-risk of exposure to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) led our two community blood centers independently to begin direct and explicit questioning of donors about such activities. the impact of direct questioning was assessed via a donor attitude survey and by comparing the number of donors deferred for a positive response to a direct verbal question with the number previously deferre ...	1989	2718236
state and local influenza immunization program activities.		1989	2706978
the effect of occupational, marital and parental roles on mortality: the alameda county study.	this study investigated the impact of combining marital, parental, and occupational roles upon 18-year risk of mortality from all causes. the respondents were 3,700 participants in the human population laboratory cohort ages 35-64 who completed a comprehensive health and psychosocial questionnaire in 1965 and were followed for mortality status through 1982. employment status and type of employment were not found to predict mortality risk among women. contrary to the multiple roles hypothesis, th ...	1989	2705597
the development of applied action levels for soil contact: a scenario for the exposure of humans to soil in a residential setting.	the california site mitigation decision tree manual, 1985, was developed by the california department of health services to provide a detailed technical basis for managing uncontrolled hazardous waste sites. the decision tree describes a process that relies on criteria, applied action levels (aals) to evaluate and, if necessary, mitigate the impact of uncontrolled hazardous waste sites on the public health and the environment. aals are developed for individual substances, species, and media of e ...	1989	2651104
chromium carcinogenicity: california strategies.	hexavalent chromium was identified by california as a toxic air contaminant (tac) in january 1986. the california department of health services (cdhs) concurred with the findings of the international agency for research on cancer that there is sufficient evidence to demonstrate the carcinogenicity of chromium in both animals and humans. cdhs did not find any compelling evidence demonstrating the existence of a threshold with respect to chromium carcinogenesis. experimental data was judged inadeq ...	1989	2602933
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome.	a report entitled "kaposi's sarcoma and pneumocytosis carinii pneumonia among homosexual men in new york city and california" in the mmwr in july 1981 alerted the world to the appearance of a completely new disease. the opportunistic infections and cancers occurring in these patients had previously only been seen in patients who were immunosuppressed. homosexual men were the first as a major risk group to be identified. others quickly followed. the pattern of occurrence clearly indicated an infe ...	1989	2599843
emergence of a restricted bioserovar of vibrio parahaemolyticus as the predominant cause of vibrio-associated gastroenteritis on the west coast of the united states and mexico.	examination of 45 human fecal isolates of vibrio parahaemolyticus revealed the emergence of an unusual bioserovar (o4:k12, urease positive) associated with cases of gastroenteritis which appear to be domestically acquired on the west coast of the united states and mexico.	1989	2592553
the santa cruz workshop--may 1985.		1989	2591974
assessing the economic impact of aids in local communities. current and projected costs for san diego county.	the economic cost of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) in san diego county, california, is forecast to increase from $103 million in 1986 to between $502 and $743 million in 1991, rising at a minimum average annual rate of 30% after adjusting for inflation. a greater emphasis on outpatient care and the use of new therapies that increase life expectancy by reducing the frequency and severity of morbidity will decrease the future annual cost of treatment but will have a small effect on ...	1989	2588588
introduction of hiv infection among intravenous drug abusers in low prevalence areas.	to explore the introduction of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection into intravenous drug abusing populations, risk behaviors of 1,154 intravenous drug abusers (ivdas) in four u.s. cities with low prevalence of ivda/hiv infection (0.9-13.0%) were examined. seropositive subjects (n = 54) were compared with demographically matched seronegative controls regarding drug use practices, homosexual contact, blood transfusions, risk behaviors while traveling or living in high prevalence areas, an ...	1989	2585246
evidence for spread of the human immunodeficiency virus epidemic into low prevalence areas of the united states.	reports of an increased proportion of aids cases occurring in small and medium-sized cities suggest that the hiv epidemic may be spreading into locations that were previously characterized by their low hiv antibody prevalences. studying the question of the geographic spread of the hiv infection epidemic (rather than the aids epidemic) has been difficult largely because most serial seroprevalence data have been gathered from cohorts of high risk individuals (e.g., homosexual/bisexual cohorts) in ...	1989	2585245
condom use and use-effectiveness in high-risk populations.	in vitro evidence strongly suggests that latex condoms provide an impenetrable barrier for the passage of infectious agents, but few have studied the use-effectiveness of condoms in preventing sexually transmitted diseases. in 1971, a prospective evaluation of the condom failed to demonstrate efficacy against infections with gonorrhea because users were exposed to infectious secretions before the condom was used. an ongoing multicenter study of female prostitutes in the united states shows that ...	1989	2554516
criteria for identifying and listing substances known to cause developmental toxicity under california's proposition 65.	because of the automatic restrictions and warning requirements imposed on substances identified by the state as "known to cause developmental toxicity," the expert committee recommends the use of criteria that emphasize human relevancy, biological plausibility, and evidence in support of a selective, adverse developmental effect at non-maternally-toxic doses. in many instances, data for substances of public concern will be insufficient at present to meet these criteria. the fact that a substance ...	1989	2520504
biological characterization of a strain of trypanosoma cruzi chagas isolated from a human case of trypanosomiasis in california.	in august 1982, the first autochthonous case of human american trypanosomiasis in california occurred. the isolate, the tuolumne strain of trypanosoma, was infective to young laboratory mice and capable of causing death or chronic disease in these animals. the morphology and mensural characteristics are described. this strain can develop in 2 species of triatominae native to california, triatoma protracta and t. rubida. the flagellates isolated from these insects were infective to vertebrate hos ...	1989	2508500
rabies surveillance, united states, 1988.	the primary purpose of the annual report on rabies surveillance is to assist local and state public health officials in the planning of rabies control programs and to guide health professionals in evaluating the need for rabies postexposure prophylaxis in patients who are exposed to animals that may be rabid. in 1988, a total of 4,724 cases of animal rabies were reported by 47 states, the district of columbia, and puerto rico, similar to the total (4,729) for 1987. no human cases of rabies were ...	1989	2505046
genetic characterization of clones of the bacterium listeria monocytogenes causing epidemic disease.	one hundred and seventy-five isolates of the pathogenic bacterium listeria monocytogenes recovered from human clinical (blood and cerebrospinal fluid), animal, and environmental sources in europe, north america, and elsewhere were analyzed electrophoretically for allelic variation at 16 genetic loci encoding metabolic enzymes. forty-five distinctive allele profiles (electrophoretic types, ets) were distinguished, among which mean genetic diversity per locus (h) was 0.424. cluster analysis of a m ...	1989	2498876
selenium in animal nutrition: the oregon and san joaquin valley (california) experiences--examples of correctable deficiencies in livestock.	white muscle disease and other selenium deficiency syndromes, once extremely common in young calves and lambs in oregon, especially in the areas of volcanic origin east of the cascade mountain range, prompted extensive investigations in the oregon agricultural experiment station that resulted in the implementation of large-scale selenium supplementation programs. although selenium deficiency in livestock is consequently now rare in oregon, selenium-deficient soils and attendant selenium deficien ...	1989	2484399
studies of kissing bug-sensitive patients: evidence for the lack of cross-reactivity between triatoma protracta and triatoma rubida salivary gland extracts.	in the southern and western sections of the united states, bites from the reduviid bug, commonly known as the kissing bug, genus triatoma, may induce serious life-threatening allergic reactions. this study was undertaken to identify the allergens responsible for patient sensitization and to determine the extent of cross-reactivity of these allergens. the triatoma spp. most commonly encountered in california and arizona, t. protracta and t. rubida, were obtained, maintained in the laboratory, and ...	1986	2418092
illness, injuries, and deaths from pesticide exposures in california 1949-1988.	data on human acute illness/injury and death associated with pesticide exposure in california for the 40-yr period, beginning with 1949, were reviewed. even though california has better data of this type than most government jurisdictions in the world, there are some shortcomings. in the early part of this period, nonoccupational data were scant because poison information centers were just being developed. also in the early period, many occupational exposures were not recorded in state statistic ...	1990	2403691
an outbreak of hepatitis b associated with jet injections in a weight reduction clinic.	from january 1984 through november 1985, 31 clinical cases of hepatitis b occurred among attendees of a weight reduction clinic (clinic 1). before the onset of illness, each case-patient had received a series of injections of human chorionic gonadotropin administered by jet injectors at clinic 1. clinical history, risk factor assessment, serologic evaluation, and review of clinic injection records were obtained on 287 (84%) of 341 persons who had attended clinic 1 in the first 6 months of 1985. ...	1990	2393323
california court decision has major impact on informed consent.		1990	2391718
stressful life events and use of physician services among the elderly: the moderating role of pet ownership.	the physician utilization behavior of 938 medicare enrollees in a health maintenance organization was prospectively followed for 1 year. with demographic characteristics and health status at baseline controlled for, respondents who owned pets reported fewer doctor contacts over the 1-year period than respondents who did not own pets. furthermore, pets seemed to help their owners in times of stress. the accumulation of prebaseline stressful life events was associated with increased doctor contact ...	1990	2391640
aldicarb food poisonings in california, 1985-1988: toxicity estimates for humans.	three outbreaks of food poisoning involving watermelons or cucumbers and caused by the carbamate pesticide aldicarb occurred in california between 1985 and 1988. for each outbreak, and for an outbreak of aldicarb poisoning associated with english cucumbers previously reported in the literature, dosages of aldicarb sulfoxide that caused the illnesses were estimated. estimated dosages ranged between 0.0023 [corrected] and 0.06 mg/kg body weight, and most were well below the 0.025 mg/kg lowest obse ...	2016	2386419
pneumococcal bacteremia as a marker for human immunodeficiency virus infection in patients without aids.	we retrospectively reviewed medical records of all adult patients with blood cultures positive for streptococcus pneumoniae to determine the number of hiv seropositive patients in whom s pneumoniae bacteremia was the presenting manifestation. we also compared the clinical presentation, laboratory data, and outcome of pneumococcal bacteremia in patients who were hiv seropositive with patients with no risk factors for hiv infection. all adult patients with blood cultures positive for s pneumoniae ...	1990	2382154
an institutional policy on the right to benefit from the commercialization of human biological material.		1990	2374448
risk assessment for carcinogens under california's proposition 65.	risk assessments for carcinogens are being developed through an accelerated process in california as a part of the state's implementation of proposition 65, the safe drinking water and toxic enforcement act. estimates of carcinogenic potency made by the california department of health services (cdhs) are generally similar to estimates made by the u.s. environmental protection agency (epa). the largest differences are due to epa's use of the maximum likelihood estimate instead of cdhs' use of the ...	1990	2367711
physicians' perceptions about increased glove-wearing in response to risk of hiv infection.	glove-wearing attitudes of 375 physicians, representing 56% of all physicians surveyed, were ascertained. although the majority were comfortable with their current glove use, 33% preferred wearing them more frequently. the most common reasons for not wearing gloves were a low likelihood of disease transmission and fear of offending patients. many physicians felt that more frequent glove use in examining human immunodeficiency virus- (hiv)-positive patients might reduce rapport and diminish the a ...	1990	2351811
rights, duties, and commercial interests: john moore versus the regents of the university of california.		1990	2350719
pulmonary hyperinfection syndrome with strongyloides stercoralis.	a 65-year-old man with steroid-dependent chronic airflow obstruction presented with progressive dyspnea and weight loss. travel history included a military tour in southeast asia. a chest roentgenogram revealed hyperexpanded lung fields with diffusely increased interstitial markings. the papanicolaou stain of expectorated sputum demonstrated the rhabditiform larvae of strongyloides stercoralis. endemic areas of infection include the southeastern united states, puerto rico, central america, the p ...	1990	2347234
hiv testing: the legal balance between individual and societal rights.	testing for the presence of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibodies creates a legal conflict between the individual's right to autonomy and privacy versus society's right to control the public health. a body of laws exists to address these conflicting rights. these laws, however, must evolve so as to strike a better balance between what society has a right to know and the individual's right to personal autonomy and privacy. appropriate statutes should recognize that a legitimate need may a ...	1990	2315775
examination of the impact of radioactive liquid effluent releases from the rancho seco nuclear power plant.	a project has been carried out by oak ridge national laboratory (ornl) to estimate the concentrations of radionuclides in the environment resulting from the release of radioactive materials in the liquid waste effluents from the rancho seco nuclear power plant (rsnpp) and to estimate possible radiation doses to man resulting from current environmental concentrations. to accomplish the objectives of this project, ornl staff members conducted an environmental sampling program around the plant site ...	1990	2312292
must a catholic hospital inform a rape victim of the availability of the "morning-after pill"?	the california court of appeals discussed in brownfield v. daniel freeman memorial hospital, 256 cal. rptr. (1989), whether a health-care giver must inform a patient of medical options that the care-giver morally opposes. in this case, workers in a catholic hospital refused to inform a rape victim about the "morning-after pill" (diethylstilbestrol) despite the victim's mother requesting the information, the possibility of a pregnancy, and the need for treatment within 72 hours, because such inf ...	1990	2309736
comparison of uw solution and euro-collins solutions for cold preservation of human liver grafts.	university of wisconsin solution, a new organ preservation medium, is reported to extend the period of cold storage. in order to evaluate the efficacy of uw solution in human liver preservation we compared 58 donor liver grafts preserved in euro-collins (ec) solution. all livers were harvested in a similar manner. donor and recipient characteristics in the two groups were comparable. the mean preservation time of the uw solution was 11.5 +/- 4.2 hr (range 3-20 hr), significantly longer than the ...	1990	2305457
a controlled study of variation among family physicians in hiv screening recommendations.	the results of a study of screening recommendations for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) by family physicians are reported. of 209 family practice residents and clinical faculty from the four ucla-affiliated family practice residency programs surveyed, 110 (53%) responded. each physician was presented with an identical set of five clinical scenarios and asked to make an hiv screening decision in each case. the physicians were also asked to choose from a list of 11 physician roles the one role ...	1990	2299311
risk of sexually transmitted disease among black adolescent crack users in oakland and san francisco, calif.	crack cocaine is a smokable form of cocaine hydrochloride that has been associated with increases in admissions to drug treatment programs, and, recently, increases in the incidence of sexually transmitted diseases (stds) among black teenagers. in an exploratory, cross-sectional study of the prevalence of risk behaviors that would promote the dissemination of stds (including human immunodeficiency virus) among 222 black teenaged crack users, 41% of those interviewed reported a history of an std. ...	1990	2296147
journal deselection in a biomedical research library: a mediated mathematical approach.	a unique mathematical formula was developed to use for journal deselection decisions. the formula factors in subscription cost, shelving and storage cost, interlibrary loan cost, staffing cost, and use level to determine the institutional cost ratio; this ratio serves as an indicator of the cost-effectiveness of each subscription title. once the institutional cost ratio was calculated for each of 537 titles, a committee of library staff and senior library customers reviewed the ranked list to de ...	1990	2295012
alimentary tract cytopathology in human immunodeficiency virus infection: a review of experience in los angeles.	in the past decade, over 100,000 cases of the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) have been reported in the united states. conservative estimates suggest that 1.5 million people are infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv), the etiologic agent of aids. major metropolitan areas, such as los angeles, have experienced a rapid increase in the number of aids cases. at the los angeles county-university of southern california medical center, we have gained significant insight into the ...	1990	2292226
genetic marker family studies in familial mediterranean fever (fmf) in armenians.	familial mediterranean fever is an autosomal recessive disease manifested by recurrent short episodes of fever associated with polyserositis. it is common in a variety of mediterranean and near eastern populations. the biochemical defect is unknown, and there have been few studies of genetic marker associations or linkage with the disease. we have screened blood samples from members of 14 nuclear armenian families, the population with the highest known gene frequency, for 19 different polymorphi ...	1990	2282713
informed consent: how far must it go?	the case of the mo cell line was the first to address the issue of ownership of human tissues removed during the course of surgery. it is also about the disclosure of sufficient information to enable "informed" consent for surgical or diagnostic procedures. can patients have confidence when informed consent fails and conflict of interest may exist? in dealing with conflicting values, health care professionals must recognize that what may be immoral or unethical is not necessarily illegal.	1990	2266507
oral contraceptives and breast cancer.	the possible relationship of oral contraception use to breast cancer is a concern to physicians and their patients. in this article, the authors present a review of the major studies conducted during the last 10 years, from an epidemiologic viewpoint.	1990	2259330
epidemiologic research using existing databases of environmental measures.	when detailed information on individuals is not available, databases of environmental measures are sometimes used in epidemiologic studies to provide data on human exposure. the use of such databases is based on the assumption that the data are representative of individual human exposure and are applicable to the study. twenty-six databases that contained data on the environment pertaining to california were summarized and evaluated by categorical criteria of spatial and temporal precision, avai ...	1990	2256714
california's proposition 65: extrapolating animal toxicity to humans.	in 1986, the voters of california passed a law regarding the concept of extrapolating animal toxicity data to humans. the california safe drinking water and toxic enforcement act of 1986, known as proposition 65, does five things: 1. it creates a list of chemicals (including a number of agricultural chemicals) known to cause cancer or reproductive toxicity; 2. it limits discharges of listed chemicals to drinking water sources; 3. it requires prior warning before exposure to listed chemicals by a ...	1990	2248253
hiv antibody seroprevalence among prisoners entering the california correctional system.	a cross-sectional blind study was conducted in the spring of 1988 to estimate the extent of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection among inmates entering the california correctional system. of the 6,834 inmates receiving entrance physical examinations during the study period, 6,179 (90.4%) had serum tested for the presence of hiv antibodies after routine blood work was completed and personal identifiers were removed. seroprevalence was 2.5% (95% confidence interval, 2.1% to 3.0%) among the ...	1990	2244374
predictors of medical and nursing students' levels of hiv-aids knowledge and their resistance to working with aids patients.	among health professionals, knowledge about the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is often limited, inaccurate, or both. many health professionals also resist working with aids patients. this 1988 survey examined exaggerated risk estimates for hiv contagion in relationship to hiv-aids knowledge and resistance to working with aids patients among medical and nursing students at a large northwestern teaching hospital. the results indicate that among th ...	1990	2242205
interlaboratory and intralaboratory comparisons of indirect immunofluorescence assays for serodiagnosis of lyme disease.	a conventional indirect immunofluorescence assay (ifa) and an anticomplement indirect immunofluorescence assay (acif) for detecting serum antibodies to borrelia burgdorferi in humans were evaluated during a prevalence survey in northern california. sera obtained from 119 current or former residents of an area in which lyme disease is endemic were split and tested by the ifa in two laboratories and the acif in a third. the seropositivity rate ranged from 15 to 20% with 88 to 93% agreement among l ...	1990	2203813
human papillomavirus infection in sexually active adolescent females: prevalence and risk factors.	we examined the prevalence of human papillomavirus (hpv) infection, and associated risk factors for infection with hpv types 6, 11, 16, 18, 31, 33, and 35, in 661 sexually active adolescent females attending family planning clinics. fifteen percent were positive for hpv dna by rna-dna dot-blot hybridization. more than 60% of the hpv-positive subjects harbored at least one of the following cancer-related hpv types: 16, 18, 31, 33, or 35. those with hpv had a mean range of four to 10 lifetime sexu ...	1990	2175024
epidemic keratoconjunctivitis in an ophthalmology clinic--california.		1990	2166898
coccidioidomycosis during human immunodeficiency virus infection. a review of 77 patients.	through a retrospective review, we identified 77 previously unreported cases of coccidioidomycosis during hiv infection. patients were classified into 1 of 6 categories based on their primary clinical presentation: 20 had focal pulmonary disease (group 1), 31 had diffuse pulmonary disease (group 2), 4 had cutaneous coccidioidomycosis (group 3), 9 had meningitis (group 4), 7 had extrathoracic lymph node or liver involvement (group 5), and 6 has positive coccidioidal serology without a clinical fo ...	1990	2146461
age and human immunodeficiency virus infection in persons with hemophilia in california.	thirteen hemophilia centers provide comprehensive care to approximately 90 percent of persons with hemophilia in california. for 1987, these centers reported patient human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) antibody status, age group, level of clotting factor deficiency, and hemophilia type on 1,438 persons with hemophilia a and b; hiv serologic status was known for 860 persons (59.8 percent) of whom 537 (62.4 percent) were hiv-antibody-positive. the hiv positivity rate increased with age after taking ...	1990	2114801
acute health effects from community exposure to n-propyl mercaptan from an ethoprop (mocap)-treated potato field in siskiyou county, california.	a 145-acre potato field adjacent to dorris, california, was treated with ethoprop (mocap) to control nematodes. ethoprop releases n-propyl mercaptan, a highly odorous and volatile gas, as a degradation product of the pesticide. an epidemiological investigation was undertaken by the california department of health services because community residents sought medical attention for odor-related illness. elevated health effects were found among those who reported smelling a strong odor (n-propyl merc ...	1991	2069429
prevalence of hiv antibody in a noninner-city university hospital emergency department.	to determine the prevalence of antibody to human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) in trauma and nontrauma patients not identified as having known hiv infection in a noninner-city university teaching hospital emergency department, and to determine the frequency with which treating emergency physicians are knowledgeable of patients' risk factors for hiv infection.	1991	2064100
epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and human immunodeficiency virus infection in adolescents.	the epidemiology of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) and human immunodeficiency virus infection (hiv) in adolescents is important for purposes of prevention and car, since sexual and drug behavior is formed during this period. for 1990 the centers for disease control reports .4% of aids cases are among adolescents 13-19 years old; this figure has steadily risen since 1982. 53% of the reported aids cases were from new york, florida, california, texas, puerto rico, and new jersey, and has ...	1991	2062630
mid-course correction at lbl genome center.		1991	2047857
microbial larvicides for the control of nuisance aquatic midges (diptera: chironomidae) inhabiting mesocosms and man-made lakes in california.	bacillus thuringiensis var. israelensis (b.t.i.) and b. sphaericus were evaluated for chironomid larvicidal activity in freshwater mesocosms. of two b.t.i. formulations, the technical powder abg-6164 provided excellent control of chironomines (94%) at the rate of 11.2 kg/ha whereas the liquid concentrate, vectobac 6 as, achieved only moderate control (57%) at the rate of 22.4 kg/ha. in contrast, similar rates of b. sphaericus products, abg-6184 technical powder and bsp-2 flowable concentrate, pr ...	1991	2045809
comparing alternative approaches to establishing regulatory levels for reproductive toxicants: dbcp as a case study.	this paper compares four alternative approaches for deriving regulatory levels for reproductive toxicants by applying them to the available data on the human spermatotoxicant 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane (dbcp). the alternatives examined include the proposition 65 approach (application of a mandatory 1000-fold uncertainty factor to a no-observed-adverse-effect level [noael]), the environmental protection agency (epa) approach (application of flexible uncertainty factors to a noael), the benchmark ...	1991	2040244
commercial development of human cell lines--property, ethics, and conflict of interest.		1991	2034257
preliminary analysis: hiv serosurvey of orthopedic surgeons, 1991.	although occupational transmission of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) and other bloodborne pathogens to health-care workers from patients has been well documented, data on hiv seroprevalence in health-care workers are limited. this report summarizes preliminary findings from a voluntary, anonymous hiv serosurvey among orthopedic surgeons, conducted by cdc in cooperation with the american academy of orthopaedic surgeons (aaos), at the aaos annual meeting in anaheim, california, during march 6- ...	1991	2023576
the fetal life table revisited: spontaneous abortion rates in three kaiser permanente cohorts.	a cohort of 9,055 singleton pregnancies was identified by conventional urine tests or physician examination at the kaiser permanente medical care program in northern california in 1981-1982. using life table methods, we estimated the cumulative risk of spontaneous abortion or fetal death through the end of pregnancy as 13.0% of all pregnancies surviving 1 week or more past the time of the first missed menses. this value was lower than the estimates of 15.1% and 16.0%, respectively, from two prev ...	1991	2021664
lbl genome center to try leadership by committee.		1991	2020850
prevalence of cryptosporidiosis in dogs and human beings in san bernardino county, california.	fecal specimens from 200 stray dogs impounded at the san bernardino city and county animal shelters were screened for cryptosporidium sp oocysts, using the auramine-rhodamine fluorescent staining procedure. the university of california, los angeles acid-fast stain was used for confirmation. only 4 (2%) dogs were passing cryptosporidial oocysts. likewise, stool specimens from 664 people were submitted to the san bernardino county department of public health laboratory for routine parasitologic ex ...	1991	2019531
aids education for labor and management: category iii workers.		1991	2011976
scientific and commercial development of human cell lines. issues of property, ethics, and conflict of interest.		1991	2002828
leroy hood says no.		1991	1986408
the impact of hiv-related illness on employment.	we used structured telephone interviews to determine the extent of work loss following onset of symptoms, the interval between onset of symptoms and cessation of work, and the risk factors for work loss among 193 persons with symptoms of human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-related illness attending the aids clinic at the university of california, san francisco, between october 1, 1988, and september 30, 1989. estimates of the duration of time between onset of hiv-related symptoms and work loss de ...	1991	1983921
update: influenza activity and vaccine availability--united states, 1991-92.	during the 1991-92 influenza season, widespread influenza-like illness (ili) activity* was first reported in louisiana for the week ending november 9, 1991, and in mississippi the week ending november 16. through november 30, six additional states (alaska, missouri, new york, north carolina, tennessee, and texas) reported widespread activity; 13 (alabama, arkansas, california, florida, georgia, indiana, kansas, kentucky, minnesota, nebraska, new jersey, ohio, and pennsylvania) reported regional ...	1991	1961177
sexual practices of heterosexual asian-american young adults: implications for risk of hiv infection.	epidemiologic patterns of reported aids cases suggest that at present asian americans in the united states are an ethnic minority group at lower risk for human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) infection than blacks, hispanics, or whites. yet little is known empirically about the sexual behaviors of asian americans. the present study explores rates of sexual activity and patterns of sexual behavior in a sample of young, unmarried, heterosexual asian americans. results suggest that previously reported ...	1991	1953329
thoracic radiographic features of silicosis in 19 horses.	clinical records and thoracic radiographs of 19 horses with a confirmed pathologic diagnosis of silicosis were reviewed. these horses had histories of varying degrees of chronic weight loss, exercise intolerance, and respiratory distress. at the time of presentation, two horses were asymptomatic. ten horses were geldings and nine were female. the mean age of the 19 horses was 10.7 +/- 5.5 years. fourteen horses were identified as being from the monterey-carmel peninsula of midcoastal california. ...	1991	1941758
toxicity of adductor muscles from the purple hinge rock scallop (crassadoma gigantea) along the pacific coast of north america.	mouse bioassay results of rock scallops occasionally monitored by official agencies of british columbia, washington and california before and/or after algal blooms from 1980-1990 revealed that 24%, 38% and 87% of adductor muscles, whole body and viscera, respectively, were unsafe (greater than or equal to 80 micrograms saxitoxin equivalents/100 g tissue) for human consumption. the safety of adductor muscles could not be predicted from corresponding toxicity levels of the viscera but the absence ...	1991	1926187
genetic screening. california tackles insurance.		1991	1881446
chronic fatigue syndrome in northern nevada.	the clinical and laboratory findings from studies of patients with chronic fatigue syndrome (cfs) from northern nevada are summarized. physicians caring for these patients have estimated that greater than 400 patients with cfs from northern nevada and nearby communities in california were identified between 1984 and 1988. as a result of these studies, a cluster of clinical and laboratory features associated with the illness in moderately to severely affected patients has been identified: profoun ...	1991	1850542
melatonin therapy of advanced human malignant melanoma.	we undertook a study to investigate the therapeutic potential of orally administered melatonin in patients with advanced melanoma. forty-two patients received melatonin in doses ranging from 5 mg/m2/day to 700 mg/m2/day in four divided doses. two were excluded from analysis. after a median follow-up of 5 weeks, six patients had partial responses, six additional patients had stable disease. sites of response included the central nervous system, subcutaneous tissue and lung. the median response du ...	1991	1823632
medication usage patterns in patients with human immunodeficiency virus infection: a comparison of patient-reported medication usage with medical chart review.	patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (hiv) receive numerous medications from multiple providers. as a result, it is important that medication usage is properly documented in each patient's medical record. lack of adequate documentation may confound a provider's assessment of drug efficacy, potentially leading to an increased incidence of drug interactions and adverse effects. the objective of this study was to determine if discrepancies exist between patient-reported medicatio ...	1991	1815436
human t-cell lymphotrophic virus in california's injection drug users.	human t-cell lymphotrophic virus i (htlv-i) and human t-cell lymphotrophic virus ii (htlv-ii) are closely related retroviruses that are highly prevalent in injection drug users (idus). the bulk of infection in this group probably occurs with htlv-ii, with a lower prevalence of htlv-i. htlv-i is known to cause adult t-cell leukemia/lymphoma and tropical spastic paraparesis. htlv-ii has not been proven to cause any human pathology, but may be immunosuppressive and is almost indistinguishable serol ...	1991	1765894
ozone, air pollution, and respiratory health.	of the outdoor air pollutants regulated by the clean air act of 1970 (and recently revised in 1990), ozone has been the one pollutant most difficult to control within the federal standards. the known human health effects are all on the respiratory system. at concentrations of ozone which occur during summer air-pollution episodes in many urban metropolitan areas of the united states, a portion of the healthy population is likely to experience symptoms and reversible effects on lung function, par ...	1991	1750227
estimating the 1978-1990 and future spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in subgroups of homosexual men.	the authors studied the historical spread of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (hiv-1) infection in homosexual/bisexual men and projected its future spread in these men using data from an aids-free cohort recruited during late 1984 in baltimore, maryland; chicago, illinois; los angeles, california; and pittsburgh, pennsylvania. dates of preentry seroconversion in hiv-1 seroprevalent men were estimated using study entry values of hematologic variables influenced by hiv-1 infection. the authors ...	1991	1746529
a ten-year perspective on three models of sheltered care.	data from three surveys of california sheltered care residents and facilities were used to determine which of three models best describes the use of sheltered care by residents and the provision of services to residents between 1973 and 1983. the continuum-of-care model emphasizes a person's movement along a treatment continuum to greater independence. in the residual model, the focus is on providing habitation for a chronic population from the era before deinstitutionalization. the developmenta ...	1991	1743639
distribution of hiv type 1 infection in childbearing women in california.	the incidence of acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (aids) is increasing among california heterosexuals and children. to assess human immunodeficiency virus (hiv)-1 infection in childbearing women, we conducted a blinded serosurvey of newborns. dried blood specimens taken from 99% of california births during the third quarter of 1988 (n = 135,808) and linked only to maternal demographic categories were tested for hiv-1 antibody by enzyme immunoassay and confirmed by western blot. period prevalen ...	1992	1739158