Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| plasmodium ovale: parasite and disease. | humans are infected by four recognized species of malaria parasites. the last of these to be recognized and described is plasmodium ovale. like the other malaria parasites of primates, this parasite is only transmitted via the bites of infected anopheles mosquitoes. the prepatent period in the human ranges from 12 to 20 days. some forms in the liver have delayed development, and relapse may occur after periods of up to 4 years after infection. the developmental cycle in the blood lasts approxima ... | 2005 | 16020691 |
| prevalence-dependent costs of parasite virulence. | costs of parasitism are commonly measured by comparing the performance of infected groups of individuals to that of uninfected control groups. this measure potentially underestimates the cost of parasitism because it ignores indirect costs, which may result from the modification of the competitiveness of the hosts by the parasite. in this context, we used the host-parasite system consisting of the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti and the microsporidian parasite vavraia culicis to address this ... | 2005 | 16008503 |
| plasmodium cynomolgi: gametocytocidal activity of the anti-malarial compound cdri 80/53 (elubaquine) in rhesus monkeys. | the gametocytocidal action of a new enamine analogue of primaquine, elubaquine (compound cdri 80/53, bulaquine), has been evaluated against plasmodium cynomolgi b in rhesus monkeys. colony bred anopheles stephensi mosquitoes were fed on gametocyte carrying rhesus monkeys prior to and at varying intervals after oral administration of a single dose of elubaquine at doses ranging between 0.63 and 5.00 mg/kg. complete loss of oocyst development and mosquito infectivity was observed within 24 h after ... | 2005 | 16005457 |
| quantitative dynamics of plasmodium yoelii sporozoite transmission by infected anopheline mosquitoes. | malaria transmission begins with the injection of plasmodium sporozoites into the skin of a vertebrate host by infected anopheline mosquitoes. although the size of the sporozoite inoculum likely affects the course of the disease, the number of sporozoites injected by infected mosquitoes has not been determined in vivo. using a quantitative pcr assay, we determined the number of sporozoites injected into mice by single mosquitoes. analysis of 59 mosquito feedings showed that a single infected mos ... | 2005 | 15972531 |
| transcriptome analysis of anopheles stephensi-plasmodium berghei interactions. | simultaneous microarray-based transcription analysis of 4987 anopheles stephensi midgut and plasmodium berghei infection stage specific cdnas was done at seven successive time points: 6, 20 and 40h, and 4, 8, 14 and 20 days after ingestion of malaria infected blood. the study reveals the molecular components of several anopheles processes relating to blood digestion, midgut expansion and response to plasmodium-infected blood such as digestive enzymes, transporters, cytoskeletal and structural co ... | 2005 | 15907562 |
| efficacy of different organophosphate and synthetic pyrethroid insecticides to the larvae of malaria vector anopheles stephensi, liston. | evaluation of the potency of four organophosphate (op) (malathion, fenthion, fenitrothion and temephos) and two synthetic pyrethroid (sp) compounds (cypermethrin and deltamethrin) was carried out against larvae of anopheles stephensi, the major malaria vector in district bikaner (rajasthan). different concentrations supplied by who were used for determining the percent mortalities. lc50 values as calculated by probit analysis were 1.2740, 0.0600, 0.0405, 0.0046, 0.0019 and 0.0016 mg/l respective ... | 2004 | 15907079 |
| intravital observation of plasmodium berghei sporozoite infection of the liver. | plasmodium sporozoite invasion of liver cells has been an extremely elusive event to study. in the prevailing model, sporozoites enter the liver by passing through kupffer cells, but this model was based solely on incidental observations in fixed specimens and on biochemical and physiological data. to obtain direct information on the dynamics of sporozoite infection of the liver, we infected live mice with red or green fluorescent plasmodium berghei sporozoites and monitored their behavior using ... | 2005 | 15901208 |
| virulence and competitive ability in genetically diverse malaria infections. | explaining parasite virulence is a great challenge for evolutionary biology. intuitively, parasites that depend on their hosts for their survival should be benign to their hosts, yet many parasites cause harm. one explanation for this is that within-host competition favors virulence, with more virulent strains having a competitive advantage in genetically diverse infections. this idea, which is well supported in theory, remains untested empirically. here we provide evidence that within-host comp ... | 2005 | 15894623 |
| nanos (nos) genes of the vector mosquitoes, anopheles gambiae, anopheles stephensi and aedes aegypti. | a number of genetics-based strategies for the control of vector-borne diseases require the development of genetic drive systems for introgressing antipathogen effector genes into wild populations of insects. modified transposons whose mobilization is controlled by the dna elements of developmentally regulated genes offer a potential solution for introducing effector genes into mosquitoes. such elements could exhibit sex-, stage- and species-specific transposition, thus mitigating some of the con ... | 2005 | 15894194 |
| midgut antibodies reduce the reproductive capacity of anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | rabbits immunized with polypeptides of midgut of glucose fed a. stephensi resulted in high titer of antibodies (10(4)-10(6)) as detected by elisa. effect of antisera on fecundity, hatchability and engorgement was investigated. fecundity was reduced drastically (62.4%). eight polypeptides were recognized by the antisera raised against midgut tissues viz., 92, 85, 55, 52, 45, 38, 29 and 13 kda. cross reactivity of these antibodies with different tissues of a. stephensi as well as different species ... | 2005 | 15875716 |
| a mitogen-activated protein kinase regulates male gametogenesis and transmission of the malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. | differentiation of malaria parasites into sexual forms (gametocytes) in the vertebrate host and their subsequent development into gametes in the mosquito vector are crucial steps in the completion of the parasite's life cycle and transmission of the disease. the molecular mechanisms that regulate the sexual cycle are poorly understood. although several signal transduction pathways have been implicated, a clear understanding of the pathways involved has yet to emerge. here, we show that a plasmod ... | 2005 | 15864297 |
| influence of age and previous diet of anopheles gambiae on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum gametocytes from human volunteers. | the effect of age and dietary factors of anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae) on the infectivity of natural plasmodium falciparum parasites was studied. mosquitoes of various ages (1-3, 4-7 and 8-11 day old) and those fed blood (either single or double meals) and sugar meals were experimentally co-infected with p. falciparum gametocytes obtained from different naturally infected human volunteers. on day 7, midguts were examined for oocyst infection to determine whether mosquito age or diets ha ... | 2004 | 15861248 |
| entomopathogenic fungi for mosquito control: a review. | fungal diseases in insects are common and widespread and can decimate their populations in spectacular epizootics. virtually all insect orders are susceptible to fungal diseases, including dipterans. fungal pathogens such as lagenidium, coelomomyces and culicinomyces are known to affect mosquito populations, and have been studied extensively. there are, however, many other fungi that infect and kill mosquitoes at the larval and/or adult stage. the discovery, in 1977, of the selective mosquito-pa ... | 2004 | 15861235 |
| comparative susceptibility of three important malaria vectors anopheles stephensi, anopheles fluviatilis, and anopheles sundaicus to plasmodium vivax. | the 3 laboratory-colonized malaria vectors, i.e., anopheles stephensi, an. sundaicus, and an. fluviatilis, were studied for their comparative susceptibility to plasmodium vivax sporogony. there was no significant difference in oocyst and sporozoite recruitment by these 3 species, whereas the geometric mean (gm) of the oocyst number per midgut was significantly lower in an. fluviatilis as compared with that in the other 2 species. there was no difference in the gm of oocyst between an. stephensi ... | 2005 | 15856876 |
| boosting of dna vaccine-elicited gamma interferon responses in humans by exposure to malaria parasites. | a mixture of dna plasmids expressing five plasmodium falciparum pre-erythrocyte-stage antigens was administered with or without a dna plasmid encoding human granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (hgm-csf) as an immune enhancer. after dna immunization, antigen-specific gamma interferon (ifn-gamma) responses were detected by elispot in 15/31 volunteers to multiple class i- and/or class ii-restricted t-cell epitopes derived from all five antigens. responses to multiple epitopes (</=7) we ... | 2005 | 15845492 |
| induction of nitric oxide synthase in anopheles stephensi by plasmodium falciparum: mechanism of signaling and the role of parasite glycosylphosphatidylinositols. | malaria parasite (plasmodium spp.) infection in the mosquito anopheles stephensi induces significant expression of a. stephensi nitric oxide synthase (asnos) in the midgut epithelium as early as 6 h postinfection and intermittently thereafter. this induction results in the synthesis of inflammatory levels of nitric oxide (no) in the blood-filled midgut that adversely impact parasite development. in mammals, p. falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols (pfgpis) can induce nos expression in immune ... | 2005 | 15845481 |
| motility and infectivity of plasmodium berghei sporozoites expressing avian plasmodium gallinaceum circumsporozoite protein. | avian and rodent malaria sporozoites selectively invade different vertebrate cell types, namely macrophages and hepatocytes, and develop in distantly related vector species. to investigate the role of the circumsporozoite (cs) protein in determining parasite survival in different vector species and vertebrate host cell types, we replaced the endogenous cs protein gene of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei with that of the avian parasite p. gallinaceum and control rodent parasite p. y ... | 2005 | 15839899 |
| a new in vitro bioassay system for discovery of novel human-use mosquito repellents. | a klun & debboun (k&d) test module, previously developed and used for quantitative measurement of the efficacy of mosquito repellents on human volunteers, was adapted for in vitro evaluation of repellents by coupling the module with a membrane-blood reservoir. performance of deet, bayrepel, and ss-220 insect repellents in the new in vitro system was compared with their performance on humans against mosquitoes using our standard in vivo system. for each compound, in vitro dose-response assays wer ... | 2005 | 15825764 |
| persistence and wash-resistance of insecticidal efficacy of nettings treated with deltamethrin tablet formulation (k-o tab) against malaria vectors. | persistence, wash-resistance, and shelf life of mosquito nets treated with a water-dispersible tablet formulation of synthetic pyrethroid insecticide deltamethrin (k-o tab) at 25 mg/m2 was evaluated against malaria vectors in india. during june 2001, treated and untreated polyester, nylon, and cotton nets were separately distributed in 3 villages and cone bioassays were performed on anopheles culicifacies and an. stephensi 1 day after treatment and thereafter every month for 12 months. the mosqu ... | 2005 | 15825762 |
| host cell preference and variable transmission strategies in malaria parasites. | malaria and other haemosporin parasites must undergo a round of sexual reproduction in their insect vector in order to produce stages that can be transmitted to vertebrate hosts. consequently, it is crucial that parasites produce the sex ratio (proportion of male sexual stages) that will maximize the number of fertilization and thus, transmission to new vertebrate hosts. there is some evidence to show that, consistent with evolutionary theory, the sex ratios of malaria parasites are negatively c ... | 2005 | 15799947 |
| an anopheles gambiae salivary gland promoter analysis in drosophila melanogaster and anopheles stephensi. | regulatory regions driving gene expression in specific target organs of the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae are of critical relevance for studies on plasmodium-anopheles interactions as well as to devise strategies for blocking malaria parasite development in the mosquito. in order to identify an appropriate salivary gland promoter we analysed the transactivation properties of genomic fragments located just upstream of the an. gambiae female salivary gland-specific genes agapy and d7r4. ... | 2005 | 15796754 |
| identification and molecular characterization of a prophenoloxidase involved in aedes aegypti chorion melanization. | chorion melanization is a vital biochemical event for the survival of mosquito eggs in the environment. this study describes the identification and molecular characterization of a prophenoloxidase (propo) involved in chorion melanization in aedes aegypti by various biochemical and molecular techniques. results revealed that transcription of the chorion propo occurs only in adults, blood feeding greatly stimulated its transcription and haemocytes are responsible for its transcription. our study p ... | 0 | 15796752 |
| enhanced t cell-mediated protection against malaria in human challenges by using the recombinant poxviruses fp9 and modified vaccinia virus ankara. | malaria is a major global health problem for which an effective vaccine is required urgently. prime-boost vaccination regimes involving plasmid dna and recombinant modified vaccinia virus ankara-encoding liver-stage malaria antigens have been shown to be powerfully immunogenic for t cells and capable of inducing partial protection against experimental malaria challenge in humans, manifested as a delay in time to patent parasitemia. here, we report that substitution of plasmid dna as the priming ... | 2005 | 15781866 |
| anopheles mosquito bites activate cutaneous mast cells leading to a local inflammatory response and lymph node hyperplasia. | when anopheles mosquitoes probe the skin for blood feeding, they inject saliva in dermal tissue. mosquito saliva is known to exert various biological activities, but its perception by the immune system and its role in parasite transmission remain poorly understood. in the present study, we report on the cellular changes occurring in the mouse skin and draining lymph nodes after a anopheles stephensi mosquito bite. we show that mosquito bites induce dermal mast cell degranulation, leading to flui ... | 2005 | 15778349 |
| clinical outcome of experimental human malaria induced by plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes. | human experimental malaria infections have been safely carried out previously. the objective of this study was to evaluate infection rates and clinical safety of different protocols for human experimental malaria induced by plasmodium falciparum-infected mosquitoes. | 2005 | 15768480 |
| midgut epithelial responses of different mosquito-plasmodium combinations: the actin cone zipper repair mechanism in aedes aegypti. | in vivo responses of midgut epithelial cells to ookinete invasion of three different vector-parasite combinations, aedes aegypti-plasmodium gallinaceum, anopheles stephensi-plasmodium berghei, and a. stephensi-p. gallinaceum, were directly compared by using enzymatic markers and immunofluorescence stainings. our studies indicate that, in a. aegypti and a. stephensi ookinetes traverse the midgut via an intracellular route and inflict irreversible damage to the invaded cells. these two mosquito sp ... | 2005 | 15753303 |
| larvicidal activity of tagetes patula essential oil against three mosquito species. | larvicidal activity of tagetes patula essential oil was tested against the fourth instar larvae of aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and culex quinquefaciatus. five different concentrations of essential oil were studied and the results were compared with that of synthetic insecticide, malathion. a. aegypti (lc(50) 13.57, lc(90) 37.91) was most susceptible followed by an. stephensi (lc(50) 12.08, lc(90) 57.62) and c. quinquefaciatus (lc(50) 22.33, lc(90) 71.89). | 2005 | 15734310 |
| do malaria ookinete surface proteins p25 and p28 mediate parasite entry into mosquito midgut epithelial cells? | p25 and p28 are related ookinete surface proteins highly conserved throughout the plasmodium genus that are under consideration as candidates for inclusion in transmission-blocking vaccines. previous research using transgenic rodent malaria parasites lacking p25 and p28 has demonstrated that these proteins have multiple partially redundant functions during parasite infection of the mosquito vector, including an undefined role in ookinete traversal of the mosquito midgut epithelium, and it has be ... | 2005 | 15733320 |
| evaluation of the standard membrane feeding assay (smfa) for the determination of malaria transmission-reducing activity using empirical data. | host responses to the transmittable stages of the malaria parasite may reduce transmission effectively. transmission-reducing activity (tra) of human serum can be determined as a percentage, using the standard membrane feeding assay (smfa). this laboratory assay was evaluated using the results of 121 experiments with malaria-endemic sera among which many repeated measurements were obtained. the assay consists of the feeding of anopheles stephensi mosquitoes with cultured plasmodium falciparum ga ... | 2005 | 15700753 |
| larval susceptibility of ajuga remota against anopheline and culicine mosquitos. | the objective of the present study is to determine the bioefficacy of different crude extracts of ajuga remota against anopheline and culicine larvae. larval susceptibility of crude carbon-tetrachloride, methanol and petroleum-ether extracts of ajuga remota leaves was observed against the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi and the filariasis vector, culex quinquefasciatus. among the extracts tested, petroleum-ether extract was the most effective with lc50 values of 0.033% after 24 hours and 0.0 ... | 2004 | 15689074 |
| variations in the insecticide-resistance spectrum of anopheles stephensi after selection with deltamethrin or a deltamethrin-piperonyl-butoxide combination. | when the larvae of anopheles stephensi, a malaria vector, were selected with deltamethrin for 40 successive generations, there was a 60-fold increase in larval resistance to deltamethrin but no increase in the resistance of the adult mosquitoes. this result, and the observation that deltamethrin selection of adults for 40 generations resulted in only a six-fold increase in adult resistance to deltamethrin, indicated some stage specificity. when f(24) deltamethrin-resistant larvae were selected w ... | 2004 | 15667718 |
| pcr cloning of a histone h1 gene from anopheles stephensi mosquito cells: comparison of the protein sequence with histone h1-like, c-terminal extensions on mosquito ribosomal protein s6. | in aedes and anopheles mosquitoes, ribosomal protein rps6 has an unusual c-terminal extension that resembles histone h1 proteins. to explore homology between a mosquito h1 histone and the rps6 tail, we took advantage of the anopheles gambiae genome database to clone a histone h1 gene from an anopheles stephensi mosquito cell line. | 2005 | 15667661 |
| an analysis of the microsporidian genus brachiola, with comparisons of human and insect isolates of brachiola algerae. | the genus brachiola is the newest microsporidian genus established for a human infection with the type species being b. vesicularum in skeletal muscle. subsequently, the microsporidium, nosema algerae, identified from mosquitoes, was added to this genus because of morphological and physiological similarities. the present report illustrates a confirmed case of brachiola algerae infecting skeletal muscle in a 56-year-old woman who was being treated for rheumatoid arthritis with immunosuppressive d ... | 2004 | 15666726 |
| invariant valpha14 chain nkt cells promote plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein-specific gamma interferon- and tumor necrosis factor alpha-producing cd8+ t cells in the liver after poxvirus vaccination of mice. | understanding the protective mechanism in the liver induced by recombinant vaccines against the pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria is important for vaccine development. most studies in mice have focused on splenic and peripheral blood t cells and identified gamma interferon (ifn-gamma)-producing cd8+ t cells as correlates of protection, which can be induced by prime-boost vaccination with recombinant poxviruses. invariant natural killer t (valpha14inkt) cells can also protect against liver stage ... | 2005 | 15664925 |
| overexpression and altered nucleocytoplasmic distribution of anopheles ovalbumin-like srpn10 serpins in plasmodium-infected midgut cells. | the design of effective, vector-based malaria transmission blocking strategies relies on a thorough understanding of the molecular and cellular interactions that occur during the parasite sporogonic cycle in the mosquito. during plasmodium berghei invasion, transcription from the srpn10 locus, encoding four serine protease inhibitors of the ovalbumin family, is strongly induced in the mosquito midgut. herein we demonstrate that intense induction as well as redistribution of srpn10 occurs specifi ... | 2005 | 15659062 |
| yellow fever 17d as a vaccine vector for microbial ctl epitopes: protection in a rodent malaria model. | the yellow fever vaccine 17d (17d) is safe, and after a single immunizing dose, elicits long-lasting, perhaps lifelong protective immunity. one of the major challenges facing delivery of human vaccines in underdeveloped countries is the need for multiple injections to achieve full efficacy. to examine 17d as a vector for microbial t cell epitopes, we inserted the h-2k(d)-restricted ctl epitope of the circumsporozoite protein (cs) of plasmodium yoelii between 17d nonstructural proteins ns2b and n ... | 2005 | 15657290 |
| quantitative genetics of vector competence for la crosse virus and body size in ochlerotatus hendersoni and ochlerotatus triseriatus interspecific hybrids. | la crosse virus is a leading cause of pediatric encephalitis in the united states. the mosquito ochlerotatus triseriatus is an efficient vector for la crosse virus, whereas the closely related o. hendersoni transmits only at very low rates. quantitative trait loci (qtl) affecting the ability to orally transmit this virus and adult body size were identified in 164 f(2) female individuals from interspecific crosses of o. hendersoni females and o. triseriatus males using a combination of composite ... | 2005 | 15654112 |
| gene expression patterns associated with blood-feeding in the malaria mosquito anopheles gambiae. | blood feeding, or hematophagy, is a behavior exhibited by female mosquitoes required both for reproduction and for transmission of pathogens. we determined the expression patterns of 3,068 ests, representing ~2,000 unique gene transcripts using cdna microarrays in adult female anopheles gambiae at selected times during the first two days following blood ingestion, at 5 and 30 min during a 40 minute blood meal and at 0, 1, 3, 5, 12, 16, 24 and 48 hours after completion of the blood meal and compa ... | 2005 | 15651988 |
| plasmodium falciparum ookinete invasion of the midgut epithelium of anopheles stephensi is consistent with the time bomb model. | plasmodium falciparum gametocytes grown in vitro were fed through membrane feeders to laboratory-reared anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. intact midguts, including entire bloodmeal contents, were removed between 24 and 48 h post-bloodfeeding. giemsa-stained histological sections were prepared from the midguts and examined by light microscopy. contrary to previous reports, ookinetes were clearly visible within midgut epithelial cells, demonstrating intracellular migration across the midgut wall. oo ... | 2004 | 15648689 |
| a genetic approach to the de novo identification of targets of strain-specific immunity in malaria parasites. | vaccine research in malaria has a high priority. however, identification of specific antigens as candidates for vaccines against asexual blood stages of malaria parasites has been based on largely circumstantial evidence. we describe here how genes encoding target antigens of strain-specific immunity in malaria can be directly located in the parasite's genome without prior information concerning their identity, by the method we call linkage group selection. two genetically distinct clones of the ... | 2005 | 15640359 |
| linkage group selection: rapid gene discovery in malaria parasites. | the identification of parasite genes controlling phenotypes such as drug resistance, virulence, immunogenicity, and transmission is vital to malaria research. classical genetic methods have achieved these goals only rarely and with difficulty. we describe here a novel genetic method, linkage group selection (lgs), which achieves rapid de novo location of genes encoding selectable phenotypes of malaria parasites. a phenotype-specific selection pressure is applied to the uncloned progeny of a gene ... | 2005 | 15632093 |
| the plasmodium circumsporozoite protein is proteolytically processed during cell invasion. | the circumsporozoite protein (csp) is the major surface protein of plasmodium sporozoites, the infective stage of malaria. although csp has been extensively studied as a malaria vaccine candidate, little is known about its structure. here, we show that csp is proteolytically cleaved by a papain family cysteine protease of parasite origin. our data suggest that the highly conserved region i, found just before the repeat region, contains the cleavage site. cleavage occurs on the sporozoite surface ... | 2005 | 15630135 |
| urbanization, malaria transmission and disease burden in africa. | many attempts have been made to quantify africa's malaria burden but none has addressed how urbanization will affect disease transmission and outcome, and therefore mortality and morbidity estimates. in 2003, 39% of africa's 850 million people lived in urban settings; by 2030, 54% of africans are expected to do so. we present the results of a series of entomological, parasitological and behavioural meta-analyses of studies that have investigated the effect of urbanization on malaria in africa. w ... | 2005 | 15608702 |
| the role of programmed cell death in plasmodium-mosquito interactions. | many host-parasite interactions are regulated in part by the programmed cell death of host cells or the parasite. here we review evidence suggesting that programmed cell death occurs during the early stages of the development of the malaria parasite in its vector. zygotes and ookinetes of plasmodium berghei have been shown to die by programmed cell death (apoptosis) in the midgut lumen of the vector anopheles stephensi, or whilst developing in vitro. several morphological markers, indicative of ... | 2004 | 15582523 |
| population genetic structure of anopheles gambiae mosquitoes on lake victoria islands, west kenya. | understanding the genetic structure of island anopheles gambiae populations is important for the current tactics in mosquito control and for the proposed strategy using genetically-modified mosquitoes (gmm). genetically-isolated mosquito populations on islands are a potential site for testing gmm. the objective of this study was to determine the genetic structure of a. gambiae populations on the islands in lake victoria, western kenya. | 2004 | 15581429 |
| cross-talk between nitric oxide and transforming growth factor-beta1 in malaria. | malaria has re-emerged as a global health problem, leading to an increased focus on the cellular and molecular biology of the mosquito anopheles and the parasite plasmodium with the goal of identifying novel points of intervention in the parasite life cycle. anti-parasite defenses mounted by both mammalian hosts and anopheles can suppress the growth of plasmodium. nonetheless, the parasite is able to escape complete elimination in vivo, perhaps by thwarting or co-opting these mechanisms for its ... | 2004 | 15579025 |
| laboratory studies on the predatory potential of dragon-fly nymphs on mosquito larvae. | biocontrol potential of dragonfly nymph, brachythemis contaminata fabricius against the larvae of anopheles stephensi, culex. quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was studied under laboratory conditions. it was found that dragonfly nymph had highest predation efficacy against an. stephensi followed by cx. quinquefasciatus and ae. aegypti. feeding rate increased with decrease in prey size/stage. analysis of data indicated that dragonfly nymphs have good predatory potential and can be used as a biol ... | 2003 | 15562955 |
| investigation of negative cross-resistance as a resistance-management tool for insecticide-treated nets. | resistance management for insecticide-treated nets (itns) remains a challenge. options are limited, because a safe and highly active insecticide with a persistence of several months is required. these criteria have only been met by pyrethroids, although organophosphates (ops) and carbamates have been considered as alternatives for impregnation of eave curtains. it has been observed that some pyrethroid-resistant mosquito strains show increased op susceptibility over pyrethroid-susceptible strain ... | 2004 | 15535623 |
| photoelectric sensing device for recording mosquito host-seeking behavior in the laboratory. | a new automatic device for recording the host-seeking behavior of mosquitoes was designed using photoelectric sensors. the host-seeking rhythms of several species of mosquitoes were recorded under laboratory conditions. use of co2, in addition to heating and black color to activate mosquito flight, proved to be important for evaluation of the present recording device. the diel rhythms of nonblood-fed aedes albopictus (skuse), aedes aegypti (l.), culex quinquefasciatus say, culex tritaeniorhynchu ... | 2004 | 15535615 |
| a malaria membrane skeletal protein is essential for normal morphogenesis, motility, and infectivity of sporozoites. | membrane skeletons are structural elements that provide mechanical support to the plasma membrane and define cell shape. here, we identify and characterize a putative protein component of the membrane skeleton of the malaria parasite. the protein, named pbimc1a, is the structural orthologue of the toxoplasma gondii inner membrane complex protein 1 (tgimc1), a component of the membrane skeleton in tachyzoites. using targeted gene disruption in the rodent malaria species plasmodium berghei, we sho ... | 2004 | 15533999 |
| resting behavior and malaria vector incrimination of anopheles stephensi in goa, india. | malaria in goa, india, has been endemic ever since an outbreak occurred in 1986. anopheles stephensi liston has always been suspected as a malaria vector in this area. due to lack of knowledge on its resting behavior, sufficient adult females could not be collected and incriminated as vectors in the past. in this study mosquito collections were conducted in three endemic urban and suburban areas of goa. in well-built houses, 67 h of collections did not yield a single an. stephensi mosquito, alth ... | 2004 | 15532935 |
| use of polymerase chain reaction technique to confirm vectest screening results in plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax vk 210 laboratory-infected anopheles stephensi mosquitoes. | we evaluated polymerase chain reaction (pcr) to confirm immunoassays for malaria parasites in mosquito pools after a failure to detect malaria with pcr during an outbreak in which pools tested positive using vectest and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). we combined vectest, elisa, and pcr to detect plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium vivax vk 210. each mosquito pool, prepared in triplicate, consisted of 1 exposed anopheles stephensi and up to 9 unfed mosquitoes. the results of vectest ... | 2004 | 15532925 |
| molecular characterization of brevibacillus laterosporus and its potential use in biological control. | thirty-three strains of brevibacillus laterosporus, including three novel strains isolated from brazilian soil samples, were examined for genetic variability by the use of different pcr-based methods. molecular markers that could characterize bacterial strains with regards to their pathogenic potential were investigated. in addition, toxicity was assessed by the use of insects belonging to the orders lepidoptera and coleoptera and the mollusk biomphalaria glabrata. among the targets tested, biom ... | 2004 | 15528531 |
| essential role of membrane-attack protein in malarial transmission to mosquito host. | after ingestion of infected blood by a mosquito, malarial parasites are fertilized in the mosquito midgut and develop into motile ookinetes. these ookinetes invade epithelial cells by rupturing the cell membrane and migrate through the cytoplasm toward the basal lamina, on which they develop to oocysts. here we report that a microneme protein with a membrane-attack complex and perforin (macpf)-related domain, which we name membrane-attack ookinete protein (maop), is produced in the ookinete stag ... | 2004 | 15520375 |
| molecular differentiation of colonized human malaria vectors by 28s ribosomal dna polymorphisms. | anopheles gambiae s.s. giles, an. stephensi liston, an. freeborni aitken, and an. quadrimaculatus say are cultured and studied in molecular genetic and transgenic laboratories with increasing frequency. with limited research space, these mosquitoes are often maintained in the same insectary. under these conditions, cross-contamination of colonies can occur and have devastating consequences to affected research programs. we have developed a polymerase chain reaction-based assay targeting the 28s ... | 2004 | 15516651 |
| distinct trafficking and localization of stevor proteins in three stages of the plasmodium falciparum life cycle. | the genome of plasmodium falciparum harbors three extensive multigene families, var, rif, and stevor (for subtelomeric variable open reading frame), located mainly in the subtelomeric regions of the parasite's 14 chromosomes. stevor variants are known to be expressed in asexual parasites, but no function has as yet been ascribed to this protein family. we have examined the expression of stevor proteins in intraerythrocytic sexual stages, gametocytes, and extracellular sporozoites isolated from i ... | 2004 | 15501792 |
| conservation of capa peptide-induced nitric oxide signalling in diptera. | in d. melanogaster malpighian (renal) tubules, the capa peptides stimulate production of nitric oxide (no) and guanosine 3', 5'-cyclic monophosphate (cgmp), resulting in increased fluid transport. the roles of no synthase (nos), no and cgmp in capa peptide signalling were tested in several other insect species of medical relevance within the diptera (aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi and glossina morsitans) and in one orthopteran out-group, schistocerca gregaria. nos immunoreactivity was detect ... | 2004 | 15498959 |
| fighting malaria at the crossroads. | 0 | 15470379 | |
| conditional mutagenesis using site-specific recombination in plasmodium berghei. | reverse genetics in plasmodium, the genus of parasites that cause malaria, still faces major limitations. only red blood cell stages of this haploid parasite can be transfected. consequently, the function of many essential genes in these and subsequent stages, including those encoding vaccine candidates, cannot be addressed genetically. here, we establish conditional mutagenesis in plasmodium by using site-specific recombination and the flp/frt system of yeast. site-specific recombination is ind ... | 2004 | 15465918 |
| inducible peroxidases mediate nitration of anopheles midgut cells undergoing apoptosis in response to plasmodium invasion. | plasmodium berghei invasion of anopheles stephensi midgut cells causes severe damage, induces expression of nitric-oxide synthase, and leads to apoptosis. the present study indicates that invasion results in tyrosine nitration, catalyzed as a two-step reaction in which nitric-oxide synthase induction is followed by increased peroxidase activity. ookinete invasion induced localized expression of peroxidase enzymes, which catalyzed protein nitration in vitro in the presence of nitrite and h(2)o(2) ... | 2004 | 15456781 |
| abstracts of the fourth international symposium on molecular insect science. may 28-june 2, 2002. tucson, arizona, usa. | 2002 | 15455051 | |
| competitive release of drug resistance following drug treatment of mixed plasmodium chabaudi infections. | malaria infections are often genetically diverse, potentially leading to competition between co-infecting strains. such competition is of key importance in the spread of drug resistance. | 2004 | 15367331 |
| laboratory and field evaluation of teknar hp-d, a biolarvicidal formulation of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis, against mosquito vectors. | larvicidal efficacy of teknar hp-d, an improved biolarvicidal formulation of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis (bti), against anopheles stephensi, culex quinquefasciatus and aedes aegypti was determined in the laboratory, and in field the efficacy of the formulation was tested against cx. quinquefasciatus breeding in cesspits, unused wells and drains. the toxicity of the formulation to gambusia affinis (larvivorous fish), notonecta sp. and diplonychus indicus (water bugs) was also evaluate ... | 2004 | 15350862 |
| conditional expression in the malaria mosquito anopheles stephensi with tet-on and tet-off systems. | we report successful conditional gene expression in the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi, on the basis of binary systems consisting of gene driver and responder transgenic lines generated by minos-mediated germline transformation. an a. gambiae tissue-specific enhancer derived from a serpin (srpn10) gene was utilized to control the temporal and spatial expression of doxycycline (dox)-sensitive transcriptional regulators in the driver lines. the "tet-off" driver utilized the tetracycline-contr ... | 0 | 15342516 |
| evaluation of pirimiphos-methyl (50% ec) against the immatures of anopheles stephensi/an. culicifacies (malaria vectors) and culex quinquefasciatus (vector of bancroftian filariasis). | in india, temephos and fenthion are used as larvicides in fresh and polluted waters. since use of same insecticide may precipitate resistant, as an alternative bioefficacy of pirimiphos-methyl--an organophosphorus insecticide was evaluated against immatures of anopheles and culex species in different breeding habitats in district ghaziabad (u.p.) and goa. | 2004 | 15332481 |
| mosquito larvicidal properties of essential oil of an indigenous plant, ipomoea cairica linn. | laboratory bioassay of the essential oil extracted from an indigenous plant, ipomoea cairica, commonly known as 'railway creeper', was carried out against the larvae of four vector species of mosquitoes in order to evaluate its mosquito larvicidal effect. bioassay test revealed that the essential oil of the plant possess remarkable larvicidal properties as it could induce 100% mortality in the larvae of culex tritaeniorhynchus (100 ppm), aedes aegypti (120 ppm), anopheles stephensi (120 ppm), an ... | 2004 | 15329451 |
| piperitenone oxide as toxic, repellent, and reproduction retardant toward malarial vector anopheles stephensi (diptera: anophelinae). | anopheles stephensi (liston) is a well-known vector of malarial parasite in tropical countries. the developing trend of resistance in mosquitoes toward synthetic mosquitocidal agents makes their management extremely difficult. effectiveness of essential oils with aroma therapeutic values seems to be an emerging tool to combat this vector. piperitenone oxide isolated from essential oil of a new genotype, mentha spicata l. variety viridis, has been evaluated for larvicidal, ovicidal, oviposition-d ... | 2004 | 15311462 |
| transforming growth factor-betas and related gene products in mosquito vectors of human malaria parasites: signaling architecture for immunological crosstalk. | the participation of a divergent mosquito transforming growth factor-beta (tgf-beta) and mammalian tgf-beta1 in the anopheles stephensi response to malaria parasite development [infect. genet. evol. 1 (2001) 131-141; infect. immun. 71 (2003) 3000-3009] suggests that a network of anopheles tgf-beta ligands and signaling pathways figure prominently in immune defense of this important vector group. to provide a basis for identifying the roles of these proteins in anopheles innate immunity, we ident ... | 2004 | 15302159 |
| molecular dissection of the human antibody response to the structural repeat epitope of plasmodium falciparum sporozoite from a protected donor. | the circumsporozoite surface protein is the primary target of human antibodies against plasmodium falciparum sporozoites, these antibodies are predominantly directed to the major repetitive epitope (asn-pro-asn-ala)n, (npna)n. in individuals immunized by the bites of irradiated anopheles mosquitoes carrying p. falciparum sporozoites in their salivary glands, the anti-repeat response dominates and is thought by many to play a role in protective immunity. | 2004 | 15283866 |
| the efficacy of inhibitors involved in spermidine metabolism in plasmodium falciparum, anopheles stephensi and trypanosoma evansi. | in the present study, we have tested the effect of different polyamine inhibitors of the spermidine metabolizing enzymes deoxyhypusine synthase and homospermidine synthase in different chloroquine resistant plasmodium falciparum strains, in the mosquito anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) and in a trypanosoma evansi clone i from strain stib 806 k china. recent experiments have shown that agmatine is a growth inhibitor of the malaria parasite p. falciparum (kaiser et al. 2001) in vitro. a co ... | 2004 | 15278440 |
| alterations in polypeptides pattern in malaria vector anopheles stephensi, fed upon immunized blood causing fecundity reduction. | changes in polypeptides pattern of haemolymph, midgut, ovary and salivary glands of female mosquito a. stephensi were studied when fed upon anti-mosquito haemolymph antibodies. the expression of almost all polypeptides was reduced in haemolymph and ovary of the immune fed mosquitoes as compared to control. however, there was no significant difference in case of midgut and salivary glands. seven polypeptides 100, 90, 84, 80, 62, 19 and 12.5 kda were absent in haemolymph and five 92, 90, 80, 60 an ... | 2003 | 15267145 |
| immune haemolymph proteins in response to bacterial infection and identification of a putative bacteria binding protein in malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | induction of haemolymph proteins in mosquito a. stephensi due to wounding or bacterial infection (e. coli) was analyzed using sds-page. wounding response of pupa revealed subsequent induction of two polypeptides (21 and 74 kda). two other polypeptides (44 and 57 kda) were induced commonly in both pupa and adult female haemolymph upon bacterial infection. in vitro binding assay revealed identification of 44 kda, a putative bacterial binding protein, a more relevant protein for further elucidation ... | 2004 | 15260104 |
| tents pre-treated with insecticide for malaria control in refugee camps: an entomological evaluation. | a refugee shelter that is treated with insecticide during manufacture would be useful for malaria control at the acute stage of an emergency, when logistic problems, poor co-ordination and insecurity limit the options for malaria control. | 2004 | 15253773 |
| high-level gene expression in aedes albopictus cells using a baculovirus hr3 enhancer and ie1 transactivator. | aedes aegypti is the key vector of both the yellow fever and dengue fever viruses throughout many parts of the world. low and variable transgene expression levels due to position effect and position effect variegation are problematic to efforts to create transgenic laboratory strains refractory to these viruses. transformation efficiencies are also less than optimal, likely due to failure to detect expression from all integrated transgenes and potentially due to limited expression of the transpo ... | 2004 | 15251037 |
| fatal myositis due to the microsporidian brachiola algerae, a mosquito pathogen. | 2004 | 15229306 | |
| immunity promotes virulence evolution in a malaria model. | evolutionary models predict that host immunity will shape the evolution of parasite virulence. while some assumptions of these models have been tested, the actual evolutionary outcome of immune selection on virulence has not. using the mouse malaria model, plasmodium chabaudi, we experimentally tested whether immune pressure promotes the evolution of more virulent pathogens by evolving parasite lines in immunized and nonimmunized ("naïve") mice using serial passage. we found that parasite lines ... | 2004 | 15221031 |
| optically active arthropod repellents for use against disease vectors. | optically inactive 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl] piperidine and 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine are repellents against blood-feeding arthropods. pure stereoisomers of these compounds were synthesized and characterized for use in bioassays. initial laboratory tests with the malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston showed that this species was repelled differentially by the stereoisomers of 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine. two stereoisomers were twice as repellen ... | 2000 | 15218925 |
| a new module for quantitative evaluation of repellent efficacy using human subjects. | a new module for quantitative evaluation of arthropod repellents in human subjects was designed, constructed, and protocols for use of the module were developed. doses of 3 arthropod repellents, 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl] piperidine (ai3-35765), 1-[3-cyclohexen-1-ylcarbonyl]-2-methylpiperidine (ai3-37220), and n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet), were evaluated using the mosquito, anopheles stephensi liston. biting responses to varied doses of the repellents on human skin were quantified, an ... | 2000 | 15218924 |
| a small peptide (cel-1000) derived from the beta-chain of the human major histocompatibility complex class ii molecule induces complete protection against malaria in an antigen-independent manner. | cel-1000 (dgqeekagvvstgliggg) is a novel potential preventative and therapeutic agent. we report that cel-1000 confers a high degree of protection against plasmodium sporozoite challenge in a murine model of malaria, as shown by the total absence of blood stage infection following challenge with 100 sporozoites (100% protection) and by a substantial reduction (400-fold) of liver stage parasite rna following challenge with 50,000 sporozoites. cel-1000 protection was demonstrated in a/j (h-2(a)) a ... | 2004 | 15215094 |
| adult anopheline ecology and malaria transmission in irrigated areas of south punjab, pakistan. | surface irrigation in the punjab province of pakistan has been carried out on a large scale since the development of the indus basin irrigation system in the late 19th century. the objective of our study was to understand how the population dynamics of adult anopheline mosquitoes (diptera: culicidae) could be related to malaria transmission in rural areas with intensive irrigation and a history of malaria epidemics. in this paper we present our observations from three villages located along an i ... | 2004 | 15189239 |
| imaging movement of malaria parasites during transmission by anopheles mosquitoes. | malaria is contracted when plasmodium sporozoites are inoculated into the vertebrate host during the blood meal of a mosquito. in infected mosquitoes, sporozoites are present in large numbers in the secretory cavities of the salivary glands at the most distal site of the salivary system. however, how sporozoites move through the salivary system of the mosquito, both in resting and feeding mosquitoes, is unknown. here, we observed fluorescent plasmodium berghei sporozoites within live anopheles s ... | 2004 | 15186404 |
| in vitro repellency of n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide and n,n-diethylphenylacetamide analogs against aedes aegypti and anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae). | seventeen analogs of the repellent compounds n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and n,n-diethylphenylacetamide (depa) were evaluated in vitro for repellency against laboratory-reared aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi liston mosquitoes by using a modified membrane blood feeding test system. the system was a valuable tool for comparing the effective concentrations of the repellent analogs. additionally, this method used easily controlled test conditions, allowing completion of the many ... | 2004 | 15185946 |
| enhancement of cry19aa mosquitocidal activity against aedes aegypti by mutations in the putative loop regions of domain ii. | improvements in the mosquitocidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis cry19aa were achieved by protein engineering of putative surface loop residues in domain ii through rational design. the improvement of aedes toxicity in cry19aa was 42,000-fold and did not affect its toxicity against anopheles or culex. | 2004 | 15184189 |
| characterization of the first non-insect invertebrate functional angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace): leech ttace resembles the n-domain of mammalian ace. | angiotensin-converting enzyme (ace) is a zinc metallopeptidase that plays a major role in blood homoeostasis and reproduction in mammals. in vertebrates, both transmembrane and soluble ace, containing one or two homologous active sites, have been characterized. so far, several aces from invertebrates have been cloned, but only in insects. they are soluble and display a single active site. using biochemical procedures, an ace-like activity was detected in our model, the leech, theromyzon tessulat ... | 2004 | 15175004 |
| antibodies against maebl ligand domains m1 and m2 inhibit sporozoite development in vitro. | maebl is a type 1 membrane protein that is implicated in the merozoite invasion of erythrocytes and sporozoite invasion of mosquito salivary glands. this apical organelle protein is structurally similar to the ebl erythrocyte binding proteins, such as eba-175, except that the tandem ligand domains of maebl are similar to part of the extracellular domain of apical membrane antigen 1 and not the duffy binding-like domain. although midgut and salivary gland sporozoites are morphologically similar, ... | 2004 | 15155670 |
| mosquito appetite for blood is stimulated by plasmodium chabaudi infections in themselves and their vertebrate hosts. | arthropod vectors of disease may encounter more than one infected host during the course of their lifetime. the consequences of super-infection to parasite development are rarely investigated, but may have substantial epidemiological and evolutionary consequences. | 2004 | 15151700 |
| malaria vectors in the changing environment of the southern punjab, pakistan. | the pakistani punjab experienced several devastating malaria epidemics during the twentieth century. since the 1980s, however, malaria has been at a low ebb, while in other areas of pakistan and neighbouring india malaria is on the increase. this raises the question of whether transmission in the pakistani punjab may have been influenced by a change in vector species abundance or composition, possibly induced by environmental changes. to investigate this question, routinely-collected government ... | 2004 | 15138083 |
| interrupting malaria transmission by genetic manipulation of anopheline mosquitoes. | malaria ranks among the deadliest infectious diseases that kills more than one million persons every year. the mosquito is an obligatory vector for malaria transmission. in the mosquito, plasmodium undergoes a complex series of developmental events that includes transformation into several distinct morphological forms and the crossing of two different epithelia--midgut and salivary gland. circumstantial evidence suggests that crossing of the epithelia requires specific interactions between plasm ... | 2003 | 15119075 |
| genetics of resistance to permethrin in anopheles stephensi. | 2013 | 15119073 | |
| [assay of haemolymph protein concentration in anopheles stephensi]. | to ascertain the changes of haemolymph protein concentration in adult anopheles stephensi mosquitoes under different feeding conditions. | 2003 | 15108524 |
| comparative study of brain cd8+ t cells induced by sporozoites and those induced by blood-stage plasmodium berghei anka involved in the development of cerebral malaria. | to obtain insight into the mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of plasmodium infections, we developed an improved rodent model that mimics human malaria closely by inducing cerebral malaria (cm) through sporozoite infection. we used this model to carry out a detailed study on isolated t cells recruited from the brains of mice during the development of cm. we compared several aspects of the immune response related to the experimental model of plasmodium berghei anka infection induced b ... | 2004 | 15102792 |
| antimalarial drug resistance. | malaria, the most prevalent and most pernicious parasitic disease of humans, is estimated to kill between one and two million people, mainly children, each year. resistance has emerged to all classes of antimalarial drugs except the artemisinins and is responsible for a recent increase in malaria-related mortality, particularly in africa. the de novo emergence of resistance can be prevented by the use of antimalarial drug combinations. artemisinin-derivative combinations are particularly effecti ... | 0 | 15085184 |
| fitness of anopheline mosquitoes expressing transgenes that inhibit plasmodium development. | one potential strategy for the control of malaria and other vector-borne diseases is the introduction into wild vector populations of genetic constructs that reduce vectorial capacity. an important caveat of this approach is that the genetic construct should have minimal fitness cost to the transformed vector. previously, we produced transgenic anopheles stephensi expressing either of two effector genes, a tetramer of the sm1 dodecapeptide or the phospholipase a2 gene (pla2) from honeybee venom. ... | 2004 | 15082552 |
| laboratory evaluation of methanolic extract of atlantia monophylla (family: rutaceae) against immature stages of mosquitoes and non-target organisms. | methanolic extracts of the leaves of atlantia monophylla (rutaceae) were evaluated for mosquitocidal activity against immature stages of three mosquito species, culex quinquefasciatus, anopheles stephensi, and aedes aegypti in the laboratory. larvae of cx. quinquefasciatus and pupae of an. stephensi were found more susceptible, with lc50 values of 0.14 mg/l and 0.05 mg/l, respectively. insect growth regulating activity of this extract was more pronounced against ae. aegypti, with ei50 value 0.00 ... | 2004 | 15057359 |
| analysis of insecticidal azadirachta indica a. juss. fractions. | as a result of chemical investigation on the ethanolic extract of fresh fruit coatings of azadirachta indica a. juss. (neem), twenty-seven compounds were identified in non-polar to less polar fractions which showed pesticidal activity determined by who method against anopheles stephensi liston. these identifications were basically made through gc-eims and were further supported by other spectroscopic techniques, including 13c nmr, uv and ftir as well as retention indices. thus sixteen n-alkanes, ... | 2009 | 15018062 |
| isonicotinic acid hydrazide: an anti-tuberculosis drug inhibits malarial transmission in the mosquito gut. | we studied the transmission-blocking effect of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (inh), a widely used anti-tuberculosis drug, against plasmodium gallinaceum and plasmodium berghei. inh-treatment of infected animals did not inhibit parasite development in the blood of the vertebrate host, but did inhibit exflagellation, ookinete formation, and oocyst development in the mosquito. oocyst development was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. the ed(50) in the p. gallinaceum/chicken/aedes aegypti model and ... | 2004 | 15013786 |
| reconstruction of bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis cry11a endotoxin from fragments corresponding to its n- and c-moieties restores its original biological activity. | subtilisin hydrolyzes cry11a endotoxin (of 70 kd) produced by bacillus thuringiensis ssp. israelensis to fragments of 33- and 36-kd, which correspond to n- and c-terminal halves of the endotoxin molecule. thermitase (a serine protease from thermoactinomyces vulgaris) and insect gut proteases from diptera and lepidoptera exhibit the same hydrolytic effect on cry11a. hydrolyzates maintain high toxicity with respect to larvae of aedes aegypti, anopheles stephensi, and culex pipiens. the 33- and 36- ... | 2004 | 15000685 |
| deet mosquito repellent sold through social marketing provides personal protection against malaria in an area of all-night mosquito biting and partial coverage of insecticide-treated nets: a case-control study of effectiveness. | deet (diethyl-3-methylbenzamide), the widely used mosquito repellent, has the potential to prevent malarial infection but hitherto there has been no study demonstrating this possibility during normal everyday use. mosbar, a repellent soap containing deet, was promoted through social marketing in villages in eastern afghanistan. this was followed up with a case-control study of effectiveness against malarial infection conducted through local clinics. mosbar was purchased by 43% of households. rep ... | 2004 | 14996363 |
| kupffer and stellate cell proteoglycans mediate malaria sporozoite targeting to the liver. | 2004 | 14960199 | |
| spiracular indices in anopheles stephensi: a taxonomic tool to identify ecological variants. | thoracic spiracle length and its index was examined for their ability to discriminate two ecological variants, type form and mysorensis, of anopheles stephensi in the adult stage. the type form is exclusively domestic in all seasons, whereas the mysorensis variant occupies the outdoor niche during monsoon and postmonsoon seasons, with spillover into domestic sites during summer ecological stress periods. a statistically significant co-relation was established between the ridge count of the egg a ... | 2003 | 14765648 |