Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| evaluation of cytokines concentration and percentage of survival of rabies virus-infected mice submitted to anti-rabies vero-cell propagated vaccine and p. acnes. | previously, survival of rabies infection was shown to correlate with low il-6 serum concentration in mice subjected to post-exposure treatment with the fuenzalida palacios rabies vaccine in conjunction with the immunomodulator propionibacterium acnes, previously corynebacterium parvum. considering the substitution of the fuenzalida palacios rabies vaccine by the vero cell raised anti-rabies vaccine in almost all countries, the objective of this work was to evaluate the survival and cytokine seru ... | 2006 | 16930720 |
| horizontal eye movement networks in primates as revealed by retrograde transneuronal transfer of rabies virus: differences in monosynaptic input to "slow" and "fast" abducens motoneurons. | the sources of monosynaptic input to "fast" and "slow" abducens motoneurons (mns) were revealed in primates by retrograde transneuronal tracing with rabies virus after injection either into the distal or central portions of the lateral rectus (lr) muscle, containing, respectively, "en grappe" endplates innervating slow muscle fibers or "en plaque" motor endplates innervating fast fibers. rabies uptake involved exclusively motor endplates within the injected portion of the muscle. at 2.5 days aft ... | 2006 | 16927266 |
| prevalance of bat rabies. | 2006 | 16921664 | |
| the rabies peripheral challenge test: more accurate determination of vaccine potency. | the national institutes of health (nih) rabies vaccine potency test is used internationally for evaluating the efficacy of inactivated rabies vaccines, despite concerns about its methods. an alternative test has been developed, using a simplified in vivo method for rabies vaccine testing which has several advantages over the currently recommended method of efficacy testing. the rabies peripheral challenge test more closely models practical vaccine application in target species; decreases the obs ... | 2006 | 16919854 |
| laboratory diagnosis of equine rabies and its implications for human postexposure prophylaxis. | laboratory diagnosis is essential to confirm suspected cases of equine rabies and to determine the medical care needed for human postexposure antirabies prophylaxis. equine rabies transmitted by the vampire bat, desmodus rotundus, has increased gradually in the state of são paulo. the present study has several objectives, the most important being the evaluation of fluorescent antibody test (fat) and virus-isolation laboratory tests performed with different equine nervous system tissues (cortical ... | 2006 | 16919789 |
| the evolving epidemiology of viral encephalitis. | the introduction of west nile virus to north america illustrates the potential emergence of novel encephalitic agents in unexpected settings. there has been continued recognition of emerging neurotropic viruses in both the developed and developing world and novel modes of transmission of these agents. this review describes recent developments in the epidemiology of west nile virus and several other emerging viral encephalitides in the developed and developing world and the emergence of novel mec ... | 2006 | 16914972 |
| retrospective: animal attacks and rabies exposures in thai children. | over 50% of animal bites and potential rabies exposures in thailand are in children and they also have the more severe injuries due to inexperience, smaller size and less ability to fend off attacks. potential rabies exposures and animal bites are common in thailand. majority of these are in children where the extent of the injuries is also much more severe. the bitten areas correlate to the age of the children and level of the bitten animal head. these are areas noted for a higher risk of infec ... | 2006 | 16905457 |
| is injecting a finger with rabies immunoglobulin dangerous? | treating potentially rabies virus infected wounds requires the injection of rabies immunoglobulin into and around the wounds, followed by vaccination with an approved tissue culture rabies vaccine. a significant number of such bite wounds involves fingers where there is little space for expansion. injecting immunoglobulin into such areas under pressure may induce a compartment syndrome caused by compromising circulation. we carried out a retrospective review and a prospective study of patients s ... | 2006 | 16896149 |
| lyssavirus infection activates interferon gene expression in the brain. | to investigate the innate immune response within the brain to lyssavirus infection, key transcripts indicative of innate defences were measured in a mouse model system. following infection with rabies virus, transcript levels for type 1 interferons (ifn-alpha and -beta), the inflammatory mediator interleukin 6 (il-6) and the antiviral protein mx1 increased in the brains of mice. intracranial inoculation resulted in the early detection of virus replication and rapid expression within the brain of ... | 2006 | 16894206 |
| a novel double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for measurement of antibodies against rabies virus. | a novel double-antigen sandwich enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) was developed to measure rabies antibodies in dogs. in contrast to the 4 days required for detecting rabies antibody with conventional rabies antibody virus neutralization assays, this elisa can be completed in hours, without using live virus, in routine laboratories. | 2006 | 16893999 |
| intradermal pre-exposure rabies immunisation in new zealand. | rabies is a fatal infection and immunisation is important to consider in those travellers going to rabies endemic areas. in those at high risk, a course of three immunisations may be given by the intramuscular (im) or intradermal (id) route, both of which are approved by the world health organization (who) and the centers for disease control (cdc). little is known in the new zealand context regarding the effectiveness of pre-exposure id rabies immunisation. | 2006 | 16887722 |
| a human monoclonal antibody cocktail as a novel component of rabies postexposure prophylaxis. | the currently recommended treatment for individuals exposed to rabies virus is the combined administration of rabies vaccine and rabies immune globulin (rig). this review sets out the criteria used to guide development of a cocktail of human monoclonal antibodies as a replacement for rig. using this process as a model, the general requirements for development of safe and efficacious monoclonal antibody alternatives to currently used polyclonal serum products are discussed. | 2007 | 16886905 |
| molecular diagnosis of lyssaviruses and sequence comparison of australian bat lyssavirus samples. | to evaluate and implement molecular diagnostic tests for the detection of lyssaviruses in australia. | 2006 | 16879123 |
| bat rabies surveillance in the former soviet union. | more than 3,000 bats were examined for lyssaviruses in the territory of the former soviet union (fsu) over the past 41 years (1964-2004). european bat lyssavirus type 1 (eblv-1) was registered in the ukraine and the european part of russia. lyssaviruses aravan (arav, kyrgyzstan, 1991), khujand (khuv, tajikistan, 2001), irkut (irkv, irkutsk region, 2002) and west caucasian bat virus (wcbv, krasnodar region, 2002) were proposed as new lyssavirus genotypes. all reports on rabies virus (rabv; seroty ... | 2006 | 16878485 |
| studies on an inactivated vaccine against rabies virus in domestic animals. | an inactivated vaccine against rabies virus was prepared from the attenuated atcc pv-12 viral rabbit pasteur strain. the virus was grown on baby hamster kidney (bhk21) cells, and the supernatant was purified by filtration and inactivated with beta-propriolactone. the inactivated product was checked according to the nhi and european pharmacopoeia methods. part of the product was then lyophilised and the other part was adjuvanted with al(oh)3. both parts were used to vaccinate and boost groups of ... | 2006 | 16878481 |
| rabies dna vaccination by the intranasal route in dogs. | a dna vaccine, using a pcl-neo plasmid encoding the glycoprotein gene of a mexican isolate of rabies virus, was developed to induce long-lasting protective immunity against rabies virus in dogs. the aim of this work was to evaluate the intranasal (in) vaccination route in mice and dogs. mice and dogs were immunized via the intramuscular (im) and in routes. mice received 50 microg of dna vaccine, a booster on day 30, using the same doses and routes, and on day 90 they were challenged. dogs receiv ... | 2006 | 16878480 |
| rabies vaccinology and immunology. | 2006 | 16878475 | |
| occupational lyssavirus risks and post-vaccination monitoring. | in the uk, rabies pre-exposure vaccination involves a 3-dose course (do, 7 & 28) and reinforcing doses at a 2-3 year intervals. this booster schedule had been implemented following scientific evidence indicating that a reduction in the previous regime interval of 3-5 years was warranted. the regime changes were particularly relevant to high risk groups that may encounter rabies virus. those at known high risk of exposure to rabies and other lyssaviruses include laboratory staff and a diverse gro ... | 2006 | 16878474 |
| human rabies prevention. | 2006 | 16878473 | |
| the diversity of rabies virus in russia demonstrated by anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody application and limited gene sequencing. | a comparative analysis of anti-nucleocapsid monoclonal antibody (n-mab) reaction profiles and dna sequences was performed on 97 selected rabies virus (rabv) isolates from russia and neighbouring states. a panel of 73 n-mab from the wistar institute (philadelphia, pa, usa), veterinary laboratories agency (weybridge, uk) and p-41 (tübingen, germany) was used. the sequence of a 400 bp fragment of the n gene was generated for all available isolates and a phylogenetic analysis of the fragment was car ... | 2006 | 16878463 |
| antigenic and molecular characterization of field and vaccine rabies virus strains in the russian federation. | 2006 | 16878458 | |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies viruses in europe. | several different strains of classical rabies virus co-circulate in europe. in order to investigate the roles of the host species and topography on the molecular epidemiology of these viruses, a 400 bp region of the nucleoprotein gene was sequenced and compared with more than 500 european virus isolates. viruses from 21 european countries were represented including some unique panels of archived isolates from the former republic of yugoslavia, estonia, the czech republic, poland and austria. phy ... | 2006 | 16878456 |
| additional thoughts on human rabies vaccination. | 2006 | 16865814 | |
| a new phylogenetic lineage of rabies virus associated with western pipistrelle bats (pipistrellus hesperus). | bats represent the major source of human rabies cases in the new world. in the usa, most cases are associated with species that are not commonly found or reported rabid. to understand better the epidemiology and public health significance of potentially important bat species, a molecular study was performed on samples collected from naturally infected rabid western pipistrelle (pipistrellus hesperus), eastern pipistrelle (pipistrellus subflavus) and silver-haired bats (lasionycteris noctivagans) ... | 2006 | 16847127 |
| bats: important reservoir hosts of emerging viruses. | bats (order chiroptera, suborders megachiroptera ["flying foxes"] and microchiroptera) are abundant, diverse, and geographically widespread. these mammals provide us with resources, but their importance is minimized and many of their populations and species are at risk, even threatened or endangered. some of their characteristics (food choices, colonial or solitary nature, population structure, ability to fly, seasonal migration and daily movement patterns, torpor and hibernation, life span, roo ... | 2006 | 16847084 |
| [progressive human viral encephalitis associated to a bat bite]. | human rabies is a rapidly progressive encephalitis that is transmitted by the bites of an infected mammal. | 2006 | 16832770 |
| molecular characterization of rabies virus isolates in china during 2004. | human rabies cases have been on the rise during the past few years in china and a total of 2651 cases were reported in 2004. to better understand the current rabies epidemics in china, we isolated rabies viruses from dogs and humans from five provinces and characterized these isolates genetically by sequencing the entire nucleoprotein (n) gene. comparison of the n genes among these isolates revealed 86.6-99.9% homology and these viruses can be grouped into three lineages. phylogenetic analysis i ... | 2006 | 16828520 |
| the histopathogenesis of paralytic rabies in six-week-old c57bl/6j mice following inoculation of the cvs-11 strain into the right triceps surae muscle. | a fatal encephalomyelitis was developed after intracerebral and hind limb inoculation of in 6-week-old c57bl/6j mice by the inoculation of fixed rabies virus (cvs-11 strain), intracerebrally and into hind. after the intracerebral inoculation, virus antigens were detected in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus at 2 days postinoculation (pi), and later spread centrifugally to thalamus, brain stem, cerebellum, spinal cord and spinal ganglia. at 4 days pi, severe apoptosis and dna fragmentation were ... | 2006 | 16820716 |
| rabies virus glycoprotein as a carrier for anthrax protective antigen. | live viral vectors expressing foreign antigens have shown great promise as vaccines against viral diseases. however, safety concerns remain a major problem regarding the use of even highly attenuated viral vectors. using the rabies virus (rv) envelope protein as a carrier molecule, we show here that inactivated rv particles can be utilized to present bacillus anthracis protective antigen (pa) domain-4 in the viral membrane. in addition to the rv glycoprotein (g) transmembrane and cytoplasmic dom ... | 2006 | 16820183 |
| serological responses of adult dogs to revaccination against distemper, parvovirus and rabies. | serum antibody titres to canine distemper virus (cdv), canine parvovirus (cpv) and rabies were measured in dogs that had not been revaccinated annually and compared with the titres in a control group of regularly vaccinated animals; 83 per cent (171 of 207) of the dogs vaccinated against cdv one or more years earlier had serum neutralising antibody titres equal to or greater than 16; 64 per cent (136 of 213) of the dogs vaccinated against cpv one or more years earlier had haemagglutination inhib ... | 2006 | 16816154 |
| rabies virus-induced apoptosis involves caspase-dependent and caspase-independent pathways. | previously, it has been shown that the laboratory attenuated rabies virus cvs-b2c, but not the wild-type virus shbrv, induces apoptosis in mice and the induction of apoptosis is mediated by viral glycoprotein. induction of apoptosis by cvs-b2c limits the spread of the virus in the cns. in the present study, we characterized the pathways by which cvs-b2c induces apoptosis. bsr cells were infected with cvs-b2c or shbrv and harvested at different time points for detection of apoptosis by immunofluo ... | 2006 | 16814422 |
| a dna vaccine that encodes rabies virus glycoprotein lacking transmembrane domain enhances antibody response but not protection. | rabies virus (rv) glycoprotein (gp) consists of three domains: cytoplasmic, transmembrane and ectodomain. it occurs in a complete, membrane-bound form within the infected cell, but it is released from them in a deleted, secreted form lacking the transmembrane domain. this study was performed to test the importance of the transmembrane domain for the capability of the rv gp gene, introduced into mice via a recombinant plasmid (dna vaccine), to induce immune response and protection against challen ... | 2006 | 16808325 |
| the darc conspiracy--virus invasion tactics. | is there a "conspiracy" at work among viral pathogens? apparently, yes. rabies virus, lenti- and retroviruses, and herpesviruses, the "co-conspirators", target select members of the tumor necrosis factor (tnf) receptor superfamily to invade the cells of their host. the intrigue deepens, as several reports have revealed that the viral envelope proteins interact with the cellular tnf receptor in a highly conserved region of previously unknown function. targeting of this region by diverse pathogens ... | 2006 | 16807107 |
| a chimpanzee-origin adenovirus vector expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein as an oral vaccine against inhalation infection with rabies virus. | rabies has the highest fatality rate of all human viral infections and the virus could potentially be disseminated through aerosols. currently licensed vaccines to rabies virus are highly effective but it is unknown if they would provide reliable protection to rabies virus transmitted through inhalation, which allows rapid access to the central nervous system upon entering olfactory nerve endings. here we describe preclinical data with a novel vaccine to rabies virus based on a recombinant repli ... | 2006 | 16797238 |
| rabies in apparently healthy dogs: histological and immunohistochemical studies. | a slaughterhouse survey for rabies virus infection among apparently healthy dogs slaughtered for human consumption was carried out in maiduguri, nigeria. formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissues (salivary gland, hippocampus, cerebrum, medulla, and trigeminal ganglion) were obtained from a total of 52 head samples from slaughtered dogs. the paraffin-embedded tissues were analysed histologically using the haematoxylin and eosin (h&e) method for the presence of inclusion bodies and histochemica ... | 2006 | 16794650 |
| two different conformations of rabies virus glycoprotein taken under neutral ph conditions. | we previously reported that the rabies virus glycoprotein (g) takes either of two different conformations (referred to as b and c forms) under neutral ph conditions, that could be differentiated by their reactivity to a monoclonal antibody (mab), #1-30-44, that recognizes the acid-sensitive conformational epitope, and the formation taken is dependent on two separate regions containing lys-202 and asn-336 of the protein (kankanamge et al., microbiol. immunol., 47, 507-519, 2003). semi-quantitativ ... | 2006 | 16785715 |
| crystal structure of the rabies virus nucleoprotein-rna complex. | negative-strand rna viruses condense their genome into a helical nucleoprotein-rna complex, the nucleocapsid, which is packed into virions and serves as a template for the rna-dependent rna polymerase complex. the crystal structure of a recombinant rabies virus nucleoprotein-rna complex, organized in an undecameric ring, has been determined at 3.5 angstrom resolution. polymerization of the nucleoprotein is achieved by domain exchange between protomers, with flexible hinges allowing nucleocapsid ... | 2006 | 16778023 |
| immunogenicity of cytopathic and noncytopathic viral vectors. | the impact of cytolytic versus noncytolytic viral infections on host responses is not well understood, due to limitations of the systems that have been used to address this issue. using paired cytopathic and noncytopathic rabies viruses that differ by only two amino acids, we investigated several fundamental aspects of the immune response to these viral vectors. greater cytopathic capacity translated into a greater degree of cross-priming to cd8(+) t cells (t(cd8)(+)) and more-robust short-term ... | 2006 | 16775313 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies from maranhão and surrounding states in the northeastern region of brazil. | although many outbreaks of rabies have been reported in northern brazil, few epidemiological studies of these outbreaks have been undertaken. in this study, molecular epidemiological analyses were performed using 41 rabies virus samples isolated in the maranhão (ma), pará (pa), and tocantins (to) states of northeastern brazil. a 599-bp region of the glycoprotein (g) gene was first amplified from each sample by rt-pcr, then sequenced and subjected to phylogenetic analysis. a phylogenetic tree div ... | 2006 | 16773238 |
| identification and characterization of a virus-inducible non-coding rna in mouse brain. | infection of mice with japanese encephalitis virus or rabies virus results in the activation of a gene encoding a novel, non-coding rna (ncrna) in the mouse central nervous system. this transcript, named virus-inducible ncrna (vinc), is identical to a 3.18 kb transcript expressed in mouse neonate skin (genbank accession no. ak028745) that, together with a number of unannotated cdnas and expressed sequence tags, is grouped in the mouse unigene cluster mm281895. vinc is expressed constitutively in ... | 2006 | 16760401 |
| comparative evaluation of commonly used laboratory tests for post-mortem diagnosis of rabies. | animal brain samples received at who collaborating centre laboratory at national institute of communicable diseases (nicd) during the years 1991-2002 were tested by seller's stain, fluorescent antibody test (fat) and mouse innoculation test (mit) as methods of rabies diagnosis. negri bodies on seller's staining could be detected in 52.5% of mit positive brains, the concordance of this test with mit was found to be 77.8%. fat was positive in 91.5% of mit positive brains, though it showed concorda ... | 2005 | 16758661 |
| rabies virus binding to cellular membranes measured by enzyme immunoassay. | the binding of rabies virus to cellular membranes was measured using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa). virus binding to membranes adsorbed to the wells of microtiter plates was detected with rabies virus antibody and alkaline phosphatase-linked second antibody. the greatest degree of binding was to myotube, neuroblastoma, and salivary gland membranes; intermediate levels occurred in striated muscle and nerve membranes; and low levels of binding were found in other membranes, includin ... | 1985 | 16758601 |
| regional differences in blood-brain barrier permeability changes and inflammation in the apathogenic clearance of virus from the central nervous system. | the loss of blood-brain barrier (bbb) integrity in cns inflammatory responses triggered by infection and autoimmunity has generally been associated with the development of neurological signs. in the present study, we demonstrate that the clearance of the attenuated rabies virus cvs-f3 from the cns is an exception; increased bbb permeability and cns inflammation occurs in the absence of neurological sequelae. we speculate that regionalization of the cns inflammatory response contributes to its la ... | 2006 | 16751414 |
| a molecular epidemiological study of rabies in cuba. | to investigate the emergence and current situation of terrestrial rabies in cuba, a collection of rabies virus specimens was employed for genetic characterization. these data supported the monophyletic nature of all terrestrial rabies viruses presently circulating in cuba but additionally delineated several distinct variants exhibiting limited spatial distribution which may reflect the history of rabies spread on the island. the strain of rabies currently circulating in cuba, which emerged on th ... | 2006 | 16740188 |
| detection of rabies virus antigen or antibody using flow cytometry. | rabies is invariably a fatal encephalomyelitis that is considered to be a serious public health problem. rabies diagnosis must be rapid and conclusive. detection and quantification of antirabies antibodies is used for assessment of the effectiveness of rabies vaccines. hence, computer-automated detection of fluorescence using flow cytometry was attempted to reduce the work time required to undertake the conventional rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (rffit). | 2006 | 16739219 |
| bat rabies virus variants causing human rabies. | 2006 | 16732165 | |
| transduction of motor neurons and muscle fibers by intramuscular injection of hiv-1-based vectors pseudotyped with select rabies virus glycoproteins. | for studies of motor neuron function or for therapeutic purposes, novel pseudotype hiv-1-based vectors were developed that are capable of expressing transgenes in motor neurons following injection into mouse hind limb muscles. to specifically target motor neurons, glycoproteins from two rabies virus (rv) isolates, the mouse-brain adapted challenge virus 24 (cvs-24) variants, cvs-n2c and cvs-b2c were evaluated for pseudotype formation with an hiv-1-based vector. both rv glycoproteins incorporated ... | 2006 | 16725205 |
| postmortem confirmation of human rabies source. | 2006 | 16710960 | |
| rabies: new insights into pathogenesis and treatment. | the occurrences of transmission of rabies virus by organ and vascular conduit transplantation, and recovery from rabies by a patient in wisconsin, will be addressed. perspectives will be given on the prevention of rabies by organ transplantation and on the management of patients with rabies. | 2006 | 16702833 |
| muscle representation in the macaque motor cortex: an anatomical perspective. | how are the neurons that directly influence the motoneurons of a muscle distributed in the primary motor cortex (m1)? to answer this classical question we used retrograde transneuronal transport of rabies virus from single muscles of macaques. this enabled us to define cortico-motoneuronal (cm) cells that make monosynaptic connections with the motoneurons of the injected muscle. we examined the distribution of cm cells that project to motoneurons of three thumb and finger muscles. we found that ... | 2006 | 16702556 |
| molecular epidemiology of rabies virus strains isolated from wild canids in northeastern brazil. | rabies in wild canids in northeastern brazil is frequent and has been reported for some time, with episodes of rabies transmission from these animals to humans also reported. in this study, we analyzed the antigenic and genetic profiles of the rabies virus nucleoprotein gene, isolated from 20 samples taken from domestic animals and wild canids located in the northeastern region of brazil. all viruses isolated from domestic animals (dogs and cats) belonged to the antigenic variant 2 (agv2). among ... | 2006 | 16701914 |
| digoxigenin-labeled probe for rabies virus nucleoprotein gene detection. | a digoxigenin-labeled probe was produced from the pasteur virus strain for the detection of the rabies virus n gene. the probe hybridization was performed from amplified n gene obtained by reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction and the results by rt-pcr and hybridization showed 100% agreement. the hybridization, when carried out in products amplified by rt-pcr, increases the sensitivity of this technique even more and confers specificity to the diagnosis. the technique described in this ... | 2006 | 16699642 |
| evaluation of antiviral activity of phenolic compounds and derivatives against rabies virus. | human rabies is a viral disease with a great impact on public health, mainly on account of its fatal course in the majority of cases. despite the well-established prophylaxis by immunization, rabies is believed to be responsible for 40,000-70,000 human deaths per year, mostly in endemic areas. palliative support and experimental protocols to avoid death have been employed with no expressive results, with the exception of a recent human case of recovery from rabies. no antiviral drugs are current ... | 2006 | 16697126 |
| expression of a human anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibody in tobacco cell culture. | a nicotiana tabacum cv. xanthi cell culture was initiated from a transgenic plant expressing a human anti-rabies virus monoclonal antibody. within 3 months, plant cell suspension cultures were established and recombinant protein expression was examined. the antibody was stably produced during culture growth. elisa, protein g purification, western blotting, and neutralization assay confirmed that the antibody was fully processed, with association of light and heavy-chains, and that it was able to ... | 2006 | 16690026 |
| airborne transmission of lyssaviruses. | in 2002, a scottish bat conservationist developed a rabies-like disease and subsequently died. this was caused by infection with european bat lyssavirus 2 (eblv-2), a virus closely related to rabies virus (rabv). the source of this infection and the means of transmission have not yet been confirmed. in this study, the hypothesis that lyssaviruses, particularly rabv and the bat variant eblv-2, might be transmitted via the airborne route was tested. mice were challenged via direct introduction of ... | 2006 | 16687600 |
| molecular diversity of rabies viruses associated with bats in mexico and other countries of the americas. | bat rabies and its transmission to humans and other species in mexico were investigated. eighty-nine samples obtained from rabid livestock, cats, dogs, and humans in mexico were studied by antigenic typing and partial sequence analysis. samples were further compared with enzootic rabies associated with different species of bats in the americas. patterns of nucleotide variation allowed the definition of at least 20 monophyletic clusters associated with 9 or more different bat species. several lin ... | 2006 | 16672396 |
| the parvocellular lgn provides a robust disynaptic input to the visual motion area mt. | dorsal visual cortical areas are thought to be dominated by input from the magnocellular (m) visual pathway, with little or no parvocellular (p) contribution. these relationships are supported by a close correlation between the functional properties of these areas and the m pathway and by a lack of anatomical evidence for p input. here we use rabies virus as a retrograde transynaptic tracer to show that the dorsal area mt receives strong input, via a single relay, from both m and p cells of the ... | 2006 | 16630841 |
| the evolutionary history and dynamics of bat rabies virus. | rabies virus (rabv) is endemic in terrestrial mammals throughout the world and in bats on the american continent. we performed the most extensive phylogenetic analyses of bat rabv sequences undertaken to date using a variety of genes. our study supported previous suggestions that viral sequences are grouped according to the behaviour of the host species. however, there was more genetic and geographical diversity within each phylogenetic group than previously recognised, including evidence for ne ... | 2006 | 16621724 |
| safety and efficacy of the oral rabies vaccine sag2 in raccoon dogs. | oral vaccination programmes in several rabies-infected countries from northern and eastern europe should not be restricted to foxes but should target raccoon dogs as well. the safety, immunogenicity and efficacy of rabigen sag2 bait was evaluated in raccoon dogs. safety of sag2 was demonstrated after direct instillation (n = 5) or ingestion of a bait (n = 5) using a quantity of virus at least 10 times superior to the field dose. all animals seroconverted and remained healthy. raccoon dogs were v ... | 2006 | 16603277 |
| immunogenicity and efficacy of an in-house developed cell-culture derived veterinarian rabies vaccine. | the efficiency of an inactivated tissue culture rabies vaccine produced on bhk-21 cells, according to an in-house developed process, was evaluated and compared to a commercial cell-tissue culture vaccine (rabisin). fifteen experimental dogs from local common breed were duly conditioned during a quarantine period, then vaccinated via the subcutaneous route with 1 ml of either the tissue culture vaccine developed in-house or the commercial vaccine rabisin. the immune response of each dog was monit ... | 2006 | 16600442 |
| genetic and phylogenetic characterization of rabies virus isolates from wildlife and livestock in paraiba, brazil. | thirty-four rabies virus (rv) isolates from foxes (8), insectivore bats (9), cattle (14), sheep (1), a goat (1) and a donkey (1) from paraiba state, northeastern brazil, were genetically characterized. sequences of 890 nts of nucleoprotein (n) genes of these isolates were analyzed and compared with those of other brazilian isolates characterized earlier. phylogenetic analysis revealed three genetical lineages of rv co-existing in this region. each lineage was found to be associated with particul ... | 2006 | 16599183 |
| detection and sequence of plus-strand leader rna of sonchus yellow net virus, a plant rhabdovirus. | tobacco infected with the plant rhabdovirus sonchus yellow net virus (synv) contains short, 139- to 144-nucleotide (nt) transcripts complementary to the 3' terminus of the negative-strand genomic rna. these transcripts are similar to the leader rnas associated with several animal rhabdovirus infections in that they are encoded by the same region of the genome, but the synv transcripts are nearly 3 times longer than the animal rhabdovirus leader rnas. the synv leader rnas differ markedly in seque ... | 1986 | 16593726 |
| novel, rapid assay for measuring entry of diverse enveloped viruses, including hiv and rabies. | entry is the first and essential step in virus replication and is a target for therapeutic intervention. however, current knowledge on entry mechanism for the majority of viruses is poor, partly due to lack of a simple, sensitive and accurate entry assay that can be applied to diverse viruses. to overcome this obstacle, a novel contents-mixing-based virus entry assay is described that can be broadly applied to many enveloped viruses. by fusing firefly luciferase to the hiv nef protein, luciferas ... | 2006 | 16584792 |
| rabies. | 2006 | 16581953 | |
| acute respiratory distress syndrome associated with rabies: a case report. | acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards) is the first potentially lethal complication in rabies virus infection, although its occurrence is rare. we report on a fatal case of rabies virus infection in a 45-year-old woman from hu-nan province, china. the neurologic signs of limb numbness and water phobia occurred from 61 days after the dog bite; the clinical course was progressive, with the most severe clinical manifestations being fever, encephalitis, and ards. the woman expired 12 days after ... | 2006 | 16568727 |
| use of reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction to determine the stability of rabies virus genome in brains kept at room temperature. | in tropical and subtropical climates, the shipment of animal brains for rabies diagnosis may be a problem because brain specimens sometimes arrive decomposed at the diagnostic laboratory. in this situation, reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) may serve as a potential solution because of its high sensitivity. however, little is known about the stability of rabies viral rna in decomposed brain tissue. to determine the stability of rabies virus genomic rna in brain samples, 72 ... | 2006 | 16566265 |
| investigations on the immunogenic properties of fixed rabies virus strains. | 1942 | 16560509 | |
| replication of rabies virus in organized cultures of mammalian neural tissues. | organized cultures of dorsal root ganglion and spinal cord ganglion from rat and mouse were used as a model to study the pathogenesis of rabies infection in neural tissue. two strains of fixed virus and one of street virus were used. virus replication was similar to that detected in other rabies virus host cell systems, although virus yields remained in relatively low titer. sequential observations of individual neurons in organized cultures revealed that cytopathic effects usually became eviden ... | 1971 | 16558025 |
| antibody responses in serum, secretions, and urine of man after parenteral administration of vaccines. | the nature of antibody activities associated with purified immunoglobulin fractions of serum, secretions (whole saliva, parotid secretion, and intestinal secretion), and urine of a volunteer after subcutaneous booster injections with rabies virus, poliovirus, diphtheria and tetanus toxoids, and typhoid-paratyphoid-cholera vaccines was investigated. the results showed that the pattern of antibody responses in these fluids differed from one antigen to another. serum-antibody responses to killed-ba ... | 1970 | 16557795 |
| persistence of genetic variants of the arctic fox strain of rabies virus in southern ontario. | genetic-variant analysis of rabies viruses provides the most sensitive epidemiologic tool for following the spread and persistence of these viruses in their wildlife hosts. since its introduction by a southern epizootic movement that began in the far north, the arctic fox (afx) strain of rabies virus has been enzootic in ontario for almost 50 y. prior genetic studies identified 4 principal genetic variants (ont.t1 to ont.t4) that were localized to different regions of the province; furthermore, ... | 2006 | 16548327 |
| characterization of recombinant rabies virus carrying double glycoprotein genes. | a recombinant rabies virus carrying double glycoprotein (g) genes, r(npmggl) strain, was generated by a reverse genetics system utilizing cloned cdna of the rc-hl strain, and the biological properties of the virus were compared to those of the recombinant rc-hl (rrc-hl) strain. the extents of virus growth in cultured cells and virulence for adult mice of the r(npmggl) strain were almost same as those of the rrc-hl strain, while g protein content of the purified r(npmggl) virion and g protein exp ... | 2006 | 16547416 |
| rabies post-exposure prophylaxis vaccination with purified chick embryo cell vaccine (pcecv) and purified vero cell rabies vaccine (pvrv) in a four-site intradermal schedule (4-0-2-0-1-1): an immunogenic, cost-effective and practical regimen. | currently, two intradermal (id) regimens for rabies post-exposure prophylaxis (pep) are recommended by who and used in countries where approved by national authorities: the thai red cross (trc) two-site id regimen and the eight-site id regimen. besides these who recommended schedules, a new economical four-site id regimen was evaluated that reduces the cost of pep by up to 80%, when compared with the standard intramuscular essen regimen, reduces the number of visits required for the patients whe ... | 2006 | 16545510 |
| survival of neutralizing antibody in previously rabies vaccinated subjects: a prospective study showing long lasting immunity. | physicians dealing with potential rabies exposures and travel medicine are frequently asked how long previous pre- or post-exposure rabies vaccination induced immunity persists. we therefore carried out a prospective study on 118 rabies vaccine recipients who had received pre- or post-exposure regimens with tissue culture rabies vaccines by intramuscular or intradermal schedules 5-21 years previously. rabies neutralizing antibody was detectable in the sera of all subjects on day 0. they then rec ... | 2006 | 16530893 |
| a simple method for detection of rabies viral sequences in 16-year old archival brain specimens with one-week fixation in formalin. | archival formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded brain tissues are important source for diagnosis and molecular analysis. however, nucleic acids are particularly vulnerable to degradation during tissue processing. the brain cutting process usually is performed after 1 week of brain storage in formalin followed by embedding of each particular neuro-anatomical specimen in paraffin. a simple method of deparaffinization, proteinase k digestion and rna extraction using the boom technique to obtain rabie ... | 2006 | 16529825 |
| prevention of rabies virus infection in dogs by a recombinant canine adenovirus type-2 encoding the rabies virus glycoprotein. | safe and effective vaccination is important for rabies prevention in animals. although several genetically engineered rabies vaccines have been developed, few have been licensed for use, principally due to biosafety concerns or due to poor efficacy in animal models. in this paper, we describe the construction and characterization of a replication-competent recombinant canine adenovirus type-2 expressing the rabies virus glycoprotein (srv9 strain) by a different strategy from that reported previo ... | 2006 | 16524754 |
| the raccoon an emerging rabies host. | the geographic distribution of enzootic rabies in raccoons is currently limited to florida and georgia. the enzootic area has steadily expanded northward into georgia during the 1960's. an epizootic in a population of raccoons closely associated with the human residents of a small, off-shore island was investigated. forty-seven raccoons from the island were confirmed rabies positive by the state laboratory from january 22 to may 20, 1969. about 10 percent of the raccoons trapped during the peak ... | 1970 | 16512166 |
| pantropism of rabies virus in free-ranging rabid red fox vulpes fulva. | the fluorescent antibody and mouse inoculation tests were employed to study the pantropism of rabies virus in tissue from free-ranging red fox (vulpes fulva) submitted for rabies diagnosis. viral antigen was found in various organs and tissues of the body. the distribution of antigen within tissues is discussed in the light of the pathogenesis and potential excretion of the virus. | 1970 | 16512165 |
| rabies detection in road-killed skunks (mephitis mephitis). | three diagnostic techniques (1) microscopic examination for negri bodies, (2) mouse inoculation and (3) fluorescent antibody tagging were compared as to their ability to detect rabies virus in 14 experimentally infected striped skunks (mephitis mephitis) exposed to normal summer weather conditions after death. the fluorescent antibody technique correctly identified rabies virus longer than either of the other methods. rabies incidence in 61 road-killed skunks collected on the day following death ... | 1970 | 16512164 |
| ante mortem diagnosis of human rabies using saliva samples: comparison of real time and conventional rt-pcr techniques. | rabies is an enzootic and fatal disease and is still a major problem in developing countries. ante mortem diagnosis in human cases is necessary for medical management of the patient and to ensure appropriate post-exposure treatment of contacts. both conventional rt-pcr and real time pcr (taqman) have been described for the detection of rabies virus rna from saliva and tissue respectively, however to date, there have been no studies comparing conventional and real time pcr assays for detection of ... | 2006 | 16504574 |
| inhibition of interferon signaling by rabies virus phosphoprotein p: activation-dependent binding of stat1 and stat2. | rabies virus (rv) phosphoprotein p is an interferon (ifn) antagonist counteracting transcriptional activation of type i ifn (k. brzózka, s. finke, and k. k. conzelmann, j. virol 79:7673-7681, 2005). we here show that rv p in addition is responsible for preventing ifn-alpha/beta- and ifn-gamma-stimulated jak-stat signaling in rv-infected cells by the retention of activated stats in the cytoplasm. expression of ifn-stimulated response element- and gamma-activated sequence-controlled genes was seve ... | 2006 | 16501077 |
| experimental rabies in a great horned owl. | a great horned owl (bubo virginianus) was fed the carcass of an experimentally infected rabid skunk. the bird developed antibody titer to rabies, detected by passive haemagglutination, 27 days after oral inoculation by ingestion. the owl suppressed the infection until corticosteroid administration, after which a maximum antibody titer was attained. evidence of active rabies viral infection was seen by fluorescent antibody staining of oral swabs, corneal impression smears and histologic tissue sm ... | 1976 | 16498892 |
| rabies antibodies in sera of wild birds. | three hundred forty-three birds representing six orders and 22 species were examined serologically for antibodies against rabies. low passive hemagglutination titers were observed in 23 samples. fifteen of 65 (23.1%) predatory birds and 8 of 278 (2.9%) non-predatory birds were positive. rabies antibody positive sera from non-predatory species were from species commonly thought to be scavengers suggesting the importance of the oral route for the presentation of rabies virus to birds. | 1976 | 16498885 |
| revision of the thai red cross intradermal rabies post-exposure regimen by eliminating the 90-day booster injection. | the thai red cross intradermal post-exposure rabies prophylaxis regimen (trc-id) is being used in thailand, the philippines, sri lanka and is making inroads in india. it consists of two injections of 0.1 ml of any world health organization recommended tissue culture rabies vaccine intradermally at two sites on days 0, 3, 7, followed by one injection on days 28 and 90. two decades of experience had shown that approximately 11% of 187,000 possibly rabies exposed subjects who received the trc-id sc ... | 2006 | 16494972 |
| rabies virus chaperone: identification of the phosphoprotein peptide that keeps nucleoprotein soluble and free from non-specific rna. | the genomic rna of rabies virus is always complexed with the viral nucleoprotein (n). this n-rna complex is the template for viral transcription and replication. the viral phosphoprotein (p) has two functions during the infection process: it binds through its carboxy-terminus to n in the n-rna complex and at the same time with an amino-terminal domain to the polymerase and in this way fixes the polymerase to its template. the second function of p is to bind to newly produced n in the infected ce ... | 2006 | 16494915 |
| evaluation of a direct, rapid immunohistochemical test for rabies diagnosis. | a direct rapid immunohistochemical test (drit) was evaluated under field and laboratory conditions to detect rabies virus antigen in frozen and glycerol-preserved field brain samples from northwestern tanzania. compared to the direct fluorescent antibody test, the traditional standard in rabies diagnosis, the drit was 100% sensitive and specific. | 2006 | 16494761 |
| wildlife rabies in western turkey: the spread of rabies through the western provinces of turkey. | the incidence of rabies has decreased in turkey during recent years. however, an increasing number of rabies cases have been reported in the aegean (western) region of turkey. the virus appears to have maintained a foothold in the urban areas of the province of izmir with only three cases per year being reported during the mid-1990s. since 2001, the virus has been recorded in the previously rabies-free provinces of manisa and aydin. during this epizootic, cases have been reported in both dogs an ... | 2006 | 16490142 |
| comparison of an anti-rabies human monoclonal antibody combination with human polyclonal anti-rabies immune globulin. | the world health organization estimates human mortality from endemic canine rabies to be 55,000 deaths/year. limited supply hampers the accessibility of appropriate lifesaving treatment, particularly in areas where rabies is endemic. anti-rabies antibodies are key to protection against lethal rabies. currently, only human and equine polyclonal anti-rabies immune globulin (hrig and erig) is available. replacement of hrig and erig with a safer and more widely available product is recommended. we h ... | 2006 | 16479514 |
| [when vaccination takes place after the bite, every hour counts. race with the rabies virus]. | 2006 | 16475619 | |
| a highly attenuated rabies virus hep-flury strain reverts to virulent by single amino acid substitution to arginine at position 333 in glycoprotein. | an amino acid at position 333 in the glycoprotein of several fixed rabies virus strains is responsible for the pathogenicity in adult mice. substitution of arginine at this position largely reduces the viral pathogenicity in adult mice. attenuation by this single amino acid substitution has been established by using escape mutants selected by monoclonal antibodies and point-mutated virus generated by reverse-genetics. a highly attenuated hep-flury strain, which was selected by serial passages in ... | 2006 | 16473429 |
| comparative pathogenesis of recombinant rabies vaccine strain sad-l16 and sad-d29 with replacement of arg333 in the glycoprotein after peripheral inoculation of neonatal mice: less neurovirulent strain is a stronger inducer of neuronal apoptosis. | less neurovirulent strains of rabies virus have been recognized to be stronger inducers of neuronal apoptosis in vitro than more neurovirulent strains, but few studies have clarified whether this also applies in vivo. a comparative study was performed in two-day-old icr mice inoculated in a hindlimb thigh muscle with recombinant rabies virus vaccine strain sad-l16 (l16) or sad-d29 (d29), which contains an attenuating substitution of arg333 in the rabies virus glycoprotein. histopathological and ... | 2006 | 16453143 |
| multigenic relation to the attenuation of rabies virus. | rabies virus nishigahara strain causes lethal infection in adult mice after intracerebral inoculation. on the other hand, the rc-hl strain, derived from the nishigahara strain, does not cause lethal infection in adult mice. we previously demonstrated that a chimeric virus, r(g), with the open reading frame of the g gene (g-orf) from the nishigahara strain in the background of the rc-hl genome, is virulent. reversely, in order to demonstrate that the g gene of the rc-hl strain is related to the a ... | 2006 | 16428870 |
| genetic divergence of rabies viruses from bat species of colorado, usa. | molecular epidemiological studies have linked many cryptic human rabies cases in the united states with exposure to rabies virus (rv) variants associated with insectivorous bats. in colorado, bats accounted for 98% of all reported animal rabies cases between 1977 and 1996. the genetic divergence of rv was investigated in bat and terrestrial animal specimens that were submitted for rabies diagnosis to the colorado department of public health and environment (cdphe), colorado, usa. rv isolates fro ... | 2005 | 16417429 |
| a molecular epidemiological study of rabies epizootics in kudu (tragelaphus strepsiceros) in namibia. | a panel of 37 rabies virus isolates were collected and studied, originating mainly from the northern and central regions of namibia, between 1980 and 2003. | 2006 | 16412222 |
| [laboratory diagnosis of rabies in the west region of são paulo state]. | the pólo da alta sorocabana laboratory, presidente prudente, sp, brazil, and the biological institute in são paulo state, performed an evaluation of rabies diagnosis from 1996 to 2003 in the west region of são paulo state. for the tests, the laboratories used direct immunofluorescence and mice inoculation in 4,950 samples, that were sent for analysis involving dogs, cats, cattle, chiroptera (bats) and other animals. according to the results, the laboratories found 74 positive samples; of which 5 ... | 2006 | 16410925 |
| rabies surveillance in the united states during 2004. | during 2004, 49 states and puerto rico reported 6,836 cases of rabies in nonhuman animals and 8 cases in human beings to the cdc, representing a 4.6% decrease from the 7,170 cases in nonhuman animals and 3 cases in human beings reported in 2003. approximately 92% of the cases were in wildlife, and 8% were in domestic animals (compared with 91% and 9%, respectively, in 2003). relative contributions by the major animal groups were as follows: 2,564 raccoons (37.5%), 1,856 skunks (27.1%), 1,361 bat ... | 2005 | 16379626 |
| prophylaxis against rabies in children exposed to bats. | rabies has become a disease of increasing concern. one reason is that bat variant rabies is a more common cause of human disease, with 1-2 deaths per year in the united states. bat bites are much more difficult to document than bites from larger animals. deaths from rabies encephalitis have remained undiagnosed until postmortem examination. prophylaxis includes a series of 5 vaccinations during 28 days. vaccine efficacy has been documented, even in young children. | 2005 | 16371876 |
| [clinical feature of human rabies]. | rabies is one of the most typical zoonosis that has been well known since ancient ages. although no rabies case has been reported since 1957 in japan, there are many areas where rabies is yet endemic or epidemic. usually men contract rabies through rabid animal bite. however, human-to-human transmission of rabies virus occurred through organ transplantations. rabies causes fatal encephalitis in animals and humans and effective methods to treat rabies patients have not yet been available. the onl ... | 2005 | 16363691 |
| [epidemiology of rabies virus and other lyssaviruses]. | rabies is a zoonosis that infects domestic and wild animals through close contacts with saliva from infected animals. the annual number of deaths worldwide caused by rabies is estimated approximately 55,000 by world health organization (who). there has been no indigenous rabies case in japan since 1957; however, there was only one imported case, a traveler who was bitten by a stray dog in nepal and died in 1970. dogs in asia and africa remain the main reservoir and transmitter of rabies to human ... | 2005 | 16363690 |
| complex genetic structure of the rabies virus in bangkok and its surrounding provinces, thailand: implications for canine rabies control. | dog vaccination and population management have been suggested as priorities in attempts at disease control in canine rabies-endemic countries. budget limitations and the complexity of social, cultural and religious variables have complicated progress in the developing world. in bangkok, thailand, an intensive canine vaccination and sterilization programme has been in place since november 2002. our objective was to determine if the rabies virus could be mapped according to its genetic variations ... | 2006 | 16352324 |
| could the homologous sequence of anti-inflammatory pentapeptide (mlif) produced by entamoeba histolytica in the n protein of rabies virus affect the inflammatory process? | amebiasis and rabies are public health problems, and they have in common a poor inflammatory effect in the target organs that they affect. in the genbank, it was found that the anti-inflammatory peptide monocyte locomotion inhibitory factor (mlif) produced by entamoeba histolytica homologates 80%, with a fragment of the n protein of the rabies virus. we speculated if the n protein could contribute to the scant inflammatory reaction produced by rabies virus in central nervous system. the n protei ... | 2006 | 16341883 |