Publications

plasmodium berghei: the application of cultivation and purification techniques to molecular studies of malaria parasites.	species of malaria parasites that infect rodents provide models for the study of the biology of malaria parasites that infect humans. in this article, chris janse and andy waters describe some of the recent advances in the cultivation and purification methodology of one of these species, plasmodium berghei. the improvement of these techniques, and the increasing knowledge about the molecular biology of p. berghei enhance the value of this particular rodent model for the investigation of many asp ...	1995	15275357
plasmodium induces swelling-activated clc-2 anion channels in the host erythrocyte.	intraerythrocytic growth of the human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum depends on delivery of nutrients. moreover, infection challenges cell volume constancy of the host erythrocyte requiring enhanced activity of cell volume regulatory mechanisms. patch clamp recording demonstrated inwardly and outwardly rectifying anion channels in infected but not in control erythrocytes. the molecular identity of those channels remained elusive. we show here for one channel type that voltage dependence, ...	2004	15272009
mosquito--malaria interactions: a reappraisal of the concepts of susceptibility and refractoriness.	this paper considers the available literature on the transmission of malaria by insects and concludes that, in contrast to the commonly held view (that implies mosquitoes are naturally vectors of malaria), it is more useful to consider that mosquitoes, like plants, normally express a variety of gene products, which together render the host resistant to infection. the consequences of this hypothesis upon current research are that when studying the passage of the malarial parasite through a compet ...	2004	15242703
antimalarial activities of tithonia diversifolia (asteraceae) and crossopteryx febrifuga (rubiaceae) on mice in vivo.	ethanolic extracts of the aerial part of tithonia diversifolia and the stem bark of crossopteryx febrifuga were investigated against early, residual (repository) and established malaria infections in vivo using swiss albino mice at a dose range of 50-400 mg/kg per day. chloroquine at 5 mg/kg per day was used as the positive control for the early and established infections while pyrimethamine at 1.2 3/kg per day was used as the positive control for the residual infection test. dose dependent chem ...	2004	15234749
increased parasitaemia and delayed parasite clearance in schistosoma mansoni and plasmodium berghei co-infected mice.	identifying factors that contribute to malaria susceptibility, severity and treatment failure remains one of the major research areas in malaria control strategies. in the present study, we superinfected schistosoma mansoni infected mice with a lethal strain plasmodium berghei anka to assess whether or not infection with s. mansoni affects parasite development, parasitaemia and parasite reduction or clearance following antimalarial treatment. mice infected with p. berghei alone were used as cont ...	2004	15234665
progress in dna-based heterologous prime-boost immunization strategies for malaria.	an effective vaccine against malaria is urgently required to relieve the immense human suffering and mortality caused by this parasite. a successful subunit vaccine against the liver stage of malaria will require the induction of high levels of protective t cells. despite success in small animal models, dna vaccines fail to induce strong cellular immune responses in humans. however, dna vaccines can induce a t-cell response that can be strongly boosted by recombinant viral vectors. we have evalu ...	2004	15233731
the mb2 gene family of plasmodium species has a unique combination of s1 and gtp-binding domains.	identification and characterization of novel plasmodium gene families is necessary for developing new anti-malarial therapeutics. the products of the plasmodium falciparum gene, mb2, were shown previously to have a stage-specific pattern of subcellular localization and proteolytic processing.	2004	15222903
a small peptide (cel-1000) derived from the beta-chain of the human major histocompatibility complex class ii molecule induces complete protection against malaria in an antigen-independent manner.	cel-1000 (dgqeekagvvstgliggg) is a novel potential preventative and therapeutic agent. we report that cel-1000 confers a high degree of protection against plasmodium sporozoite challenge in a murine model of malaria, as shown by the total absence of blood stage infection following challenge with 100 sporozoites (100% protection) and by a substantial reduction (400-fold) of liver stage parasite rna following challenge with 50,000 sporozoites. cel-1000 protection was demonstrated in a/j (h-2(a)) a ...	2004	15215094
short report: lethal malaria in cytosolic phospholipase a2- and phospholipase a2iia-deficient mice.	lipid mediators play important roles in the pathogenesis of malaria. phospholipase a2s are enzymes involved in the production of these mediators, and they function in inflammation. among them, cytosolic phospholipase a2 (cpla2) is a key enzyme in the metabolism of arachidonic acid, the first intermediate in the production of lipid mediators. plasmodium berghei anka causes cerebral malaria in cl57b/6 mice, and we recently produced cpla2-deficient mice with this background. with the expectation of ...	2004	15211007
recent developments in marine indole alkaloid synthesis.	the manzamine alkaloids such as manzamine a, b, and c belongs to a unique family of cyctotoxic beta-carbline linked azacycles, which have been isolated from several marine sponges. manzamine a has recently been shown to exhibit in vivo antimalarial activity against parasite plasmodium berghei. further progress was added recently by the isolation of the new and closely related members such as nakadomarin a, as well as an ingenious proposal for their biosynthetic pathway. martefragin a, isolated f ...	2003	15206780
neuropeptide-containing cells in the cortex and striatum of mice with cerebral malaria.	central nervous system tissue of mice infected with plasmodium berghei anka (pba) exhibits similar histopathological features to those in post-mortem human cerebral malaria (cm) tissue. in this study, the neurochemical characteristics of pba-infected and control mice were compared. substance p-containing neurones were almost completely lost from the cortex and striatum of pba-infected mice seven days after inoculation, whereas the intensity of calbindin immunolabelling was increased compared wit ...	2003	15206748
comparative and functional genomics of the innate immune system in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	in much of africa, the mosquito anopheles gambiae is the major vector of human malaria, a devastating infectious disease caused by plasmodium parasites. vector and parasite interact at multiple stages and locations, and the nature and effectiveness of this reciprocal interaction determines the success of transmission. many of the interactions engage the mosquito's innate immunity, a primitive but very effective defense system. in some cases, the mosquito kills the parasite, thus blocking the tra ...	2004	15199960
imaging movement of malaria parasites during transmission by anopheles mosquitoes.	malaria is contracted when plasmodium sporozoites are inoculated into the vertebrate host during the blood meal of a mosquito. in infected mosquitoes, sporozoites are present in large numbers in the secretory cavities of the salivary glands at the most distal site of the salivary system. however, how sporozoites move through the salivary system of the mosquito, both in resting and feeding mosquitoes, is unknown. here, we observed fluorescent plasmodium berghei sporozoites within live anopheles s ...	2004	15186404
real-time, in vivo analysis of malaria ookinete locomotion and mosquito midgut invasion.	invasion of the anopheles mosquito midgut by the plasmodium ookinete is a critical step in the malaria transmission cycle. we have generated a fluorescent p. berghei transgenic line that expresses gfp in the ookinete and oocyst stages, and used it to perform the first real-time analysis of midgut invasion in the living mosquito as well as in explanted intact midguts whose basolateral plasma membranes were vitally stained. these studies permitted detailed analysis of parasite motile behaviour in ...	2004	15186403
ectopic expression of a cecropin transgene in the human malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae (diptera: culicidae): effects on susceptibility to plasmodium.	genetically altering the disease vector status of insects using recombinant dna technologies is being considered as an alternative to eradication efforts. manipulating the endogenous immune response of mosquitoes such as the temporal and special expression of antimicrobial peptides like cecropin may result in a refractory phenotype. using transgenic technology a unique pattern of expression of cecropin a (ceca) in anopheles gambiae was created such that ceca was expressed beginning 24 h after a ...	2004	15185949
new evidences of antimalarial activity of bidens pilosa roots extract correlated with polyacetylene and flavonoids.	bidens pilosa is among the several plants used in brazil to treat malaria. it was demonstrated that crude extracts from roots prepared with 80% ethanol by percolation are active in vitro against plasmodium falciparum and the activity is correlated with the presence of polyacetylene and flavonoids. this extract was submitted to column chromatography with ether and ether methanol (1:1) and two fractions, enriched in polyacetylene and flavonoids, respectively, were obtained. the extract and the fra ...	2004	15182902
t cell receptor-ligand interactions: a conformational preequilibrium or an induced fit.	kinetic parameters of t cell receptor (tcr) interactions with its ligand have been proposed to control t cell activation. analysis of kinetic data obtained has so far produced conflicting insights; here, we offer a consideration of this problem. as a model system, association and dissociation of a soluble tcr (st1) and its specific ligand, an azidobenzoic acid derivative of the peptide syipsaek-(aba)i (residues 252-260 from plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein), bound to class i mhc h-2k( ...	2004	15178754
bioimmunotherapy of rodent malaria: co-treatment with recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor and an enkephalin fragment peptide tyr-gly-gly.	we have earlier shown that recombinant mouse granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (rmgm-csf) and methionine-enkephalin co-treatment can protect mice from malaria. we now report the bioimmunotherapeutic effect of rmgm-csf and a synthetic enkephalin fragment peptide tyr-gly-gly (tgg) co-treatment on blood-induced plasmodium berghei infection in swiss mice. mice were completely aparasitimic following co-treatment with rmgm-csf (10.0 microg/kg) and tgg (2.0 mg/kg x 3 per day, intraperito ...	2004	15158686
malaria: the calcium connection.		2004	15152234
orotate phosphoribosyltransferase and orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase exist as multienzyme complex in human malaria parasite plasmodium falciparum.	plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of the most lethal form of human malaria, totally depends on de novo pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway. orotate phosphoribosyltransferase (oprt) and orotidine 5'-monophosphate decarboxylase (ompdc), the fifth and sixth enzymes in the pathway catalyzing formation of uridine 5'-monophosphate (ump), remain largely uncharacterized in the protozoan parasite. in this study, we achieved purification of oprt and ompdc to near homogeneity from p. falciparum cultiv ...	2004	15147974
calcium and a calcium-dependent protein kinase regulate gamete formation and mosquito transmission in a malaria parasite.	transmission of malaria parasites to mosquitoes is initiated by the obligatory sexual reproduction of the parasite within the mosquito bloodmeal. differentiation of specialized transmission stages, the gametocytes, into male and female gametes is induced by a small mosquito molecule, xanthurenic acid (xa). using a plasmodium berghei strain expressing a bioluminescent calcium sensor, we show that xa triggers a rapid rise in cytosolic calcium specifically in gametocytes that is essential for their ...	2004	15137943
identification and activity of a series of azole-based compounds with lactate dehydrogenase-directed anti-malarial activity.	plasmodium falciparum, the causative agent of malaria, relies extensively on glycolysis coupled with homolactic fermentation during its blood-borne stages for energy production. selective inhibitors of the parasite lactate dehydrogenase (ldh), central to nad(+) regeneration, therefore potentially provide a route to new antimalarial drugs directed against a novel molecular target. a series of heterocyclic, azole-based compounds are described that preferentially inhibit p. falciparum ldh at sub-mi ...	2004	15117937
fluoroartemisinin: trifluoromethyl analogues of artemether and artesunate.	the synthesis of a series of c-10 trifluoromethyl ethers of artemisinin has been achieved from key bromide 8, itself carried out in two steps from artemisinin. the substitution of 8 with methanol, ethanol, or succinic acid allowed the access of c-10 cf(3) analogues of beta-artemether, beta-arteether, or artesunate, respectively, in good yields (up to 89%). the presence of the cf(3) group at c-10 of artemisinin clearly increased the chemical stability under simulated stomach acid conditions. for ...	2004	15115411
[studies on the antigens of invasive stages of plasmodium yoelii and plasmodium berghei].	to detect the rhoptry and surface proteins of invasive stages of plasmodium yoelii and p. berghei with monoclonal antibodies.	2003	15108514
comparative study of brain cd8+ t cells induced by sporozoites and those induced by blood-stage plasmodium berghei anka involved in the development of cerebral malaria.	to obtain insight into the mechanisms that contribute to the pathogenesis of plasmodium infections, we developed an improved rodent model that mimics human malaria closely by inducing cerebral malaria (cm) through sporozoite infection. we used this model to carry out a detailed study on isolated t cells recruited from the brains of mice during the development of cm. we compared several aspects of the immune response related to the experimental model of plasmodium berghei anka infection induced b ...	2004	15102792
contribution of cd1d-unrestricted hepatic dx5+ nkt cells to liver injury in plasmodium berghei-parasitized erythrocyte-injected mice.	inoculation with erythrocytes infected with plasmodium berghei, a protozoan causing mouse lethal malaria, induces liver injury in mice, although the parasite cannot invade host hepatocytes at this infectious stage. as previously reported, hepatic infiltrates participate in this liver injury by exerting their perforin-dependent killing action. here, we have investigated the cellular mechanisms underlying p. berghei-induced incidental liver injury. hepatic lymphocytes from p. berghei-infected mice ...	2004	15096477
fitness of anopheline mosquitoes expressing transgenes that inhibit plasmodium development.	one potential strategy for the control of malaria and other vector-borne diseases is the introduction into wild vector populations of genetic constructs that reduce vectorial capacity. an important caveat of this approach is that the genetic construct should have minimal fitness cost to the transformed vector. previously, we produced transgenic anopheles stephensi expressing either of two effector genes, a tetramer of the sm1 dodecapeptide or the phospholipase a2 gene (pla2) from honeybee venom. ...	2004	15082552
ctla-4-dependent mechanisms prevent t cell induced-liver pathology during the erythrocyte stage of plasmodium berghei malaria.	during the course of malaria several organs develop pathology. frequently also signs of hepatocyte damage are found. in the present work we studied the mechanisms leading to liver pathology during the erythrocyte stage of plasmodium berghei malaria. during infection, mice developed an inflammation of the liver, associated with infiltration of t cells, although only little tissue damage could be observed. histological analysis revealed the presence of ctl-associated antigen-4 (ctla-4)-positive t ...	2004	15048707
efficacy and pharmacokinetics of intravenous nanocapsule formulations of halofantrine in plasmodium berghei-infected mice.	the efficacy and pharmacokinetics of a new parenteral formulation of halofantrine were studied in mice infected with plasmodium berghei. the formulation consisted of nanocapsules with an oily core, prepared from either poly(d,l-lactide) (pla) homopolymer or pla that was surface modified with grafted polyethylene glycol chains. they were compared with a previously described intravenous halofantrine preparation. no toxic effects were observed with halofantrine in form of nanocapsules after intrave ...	2004	15047523
effects of mosquito genes on plasmodium development.	malaria parasites must complete a complex developmental cycle in an anopheles mosquito vector before transmission to a vertebrate host. sexual development of the parasite in the midgut is initiated in the lumen immediately after the mosquito ingests infected blood, and the resulting ookinetes must traverse the surrounding epithelial layer before transforming into oocysts. the innate immune system of the mosquito is activated during midgut invasion, but to date, no evidence has been published ide ...	2004	15044804
parasitology. new ways to control malaria.		2004	15044794
transcriptional profiling reveals suppressed erythropoiesis, up-regulated glycolysis, and interferon-associated responses in murine malaria.	the primary pathophysiological events contributing to fatal malaria are the cerebral syndrome, anemia, and lactic acidosis. the molecular basis of each event has been unclear. in the present study, microarray analysis of murine transcriptional responses during the development of severe disease revealed temporal, organ-specific, and pathway-specific patterns. more than 400 genes in the brain and 600 genes in the spleen displayed transcriptional changes. dominant patterns revealed strongly suppres ...	2004	15031794
isonicotinic acid hydrazide: an anti-tuberculosis drug inhibits malarial transmission in the mosquito gut.	we studied the transmission-blocking effect of isonicotinic acid hydrazide (inh), a widely used anti-tuberculosis drug, against plasmodium gallinaceum and plasmodium berghei. inh-treatment of infected animals did not inhibit parasite development in the blood of the vertebrate host, but did inhibit exflagellation, ookinete formation, and oocyst development in the mosquito. oocyst development was inhibited in a dose-dependent manner. the ed(50) in the p. gallinaceum/chicken/aedes aegypti model and ...	2004	15013786
plasmodium berghei parasite transformed with green fluorescent protein for screening blood schizontocidal agents.	high priority has been given to new assays that facilitate and accelerate the development of novel antimalarial compounds. unlike evaluation of drugs in vitro, in which new approaches have been used to expedite identification of parasites, the conventional in vivo murine assay requires determination of parasitemia by light microscopy, an incompatible technique to test large numbers of drugs. we have investigated the possibility of using an autonomously fluorescent plasmodium berghei strain, stab ...	2004	15013738
complement-like protein tep1 is a determinant of vectorial capacity in the malaria vector anopheles gambiae.	anopheles mosquitoes are major vectors of human malaria in africa. large variation exists in the ability of mosquitoes to serve as vectors and to transmit malaria parasites, but the molecular mechanisms that determine vectorial capacity remain poorly understood. we report that the hemocyte-specific complement-like protein tep1 from the mosquito anopheles gambiae binds to and mediates killing of midgut stages of the rodent malaria parasite plasmodium berghei. the dsrna knockdown of tep1 in adults ...	2004	15006349
brain gene expression, metabolism, and bioenergetics: interrelationships in murine models of cerebral and noncerebral malaria.	malaria infection can cause cerebral symptoms without parasite invasion of brain tissue. we examined the relationships between brain biochemistry, bioenergetics, and gene expression in murine models of cerebral (plasmodium berghei anka) and noncerebral (p. berghei k173) malaria using multinuclear nmr spectroscopy, neuropharmacological approaches, and real-time rt-pcr. in cerebral malaria caused by p. berghei anka infection, we found biochemical changes consistent with increased glutamatergic act ...	2004	15003995
ptramp; a conserved plasmodium thrombospondin-related apical merozoite protein.	a gene encoding a 352 amino acid protein with a putative signal sequence, transmembrane domain and thrombospondin structural homology repeat was identified in the genome of the human malaria parasite, plasmodium falciparum and the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei. the protein localises in the apical organelles of p. falciparum and p. berghei merozoites within intraerythrocytic schizonts and has, therefore, been termed the plasmodium thrombospondin-related apical merozoite protein (ptr ...	2004	15003842
orally active antimalarials: hydrolytically stable derivatives of 10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin.	new fluoroartemisinin derivatives containing polar or water-soluble functionalities at c-16 (11a-j, 12a-g) were synthesized using the key intermediate 16-bromo-10-trifluoromethyl anhydrodihydroartemisinin 10. the substitution reaction from 10 was more selective than that from the nonfluorinated parent bromide; the allylic bromide 10 underwent no allylic rearrangement and provided only nucleophilic substitution products in high yields with n-, o-, and c-nucleophiles. among them, amines 11a-c appe ...	2004	14998331
laboratory evaluation of the ict malaria p.f./p.v. immunochromatographic test for detecting the panmalarial antigen using a rodent malaria model.	we evaluated the ict malaria p.f./p.v. immunochromatographic test for the detection of the panmalarial antigen (pma) using a rodent malaria model. mice were infected with plasmodium berghei by mosquito bite, and blood was examined by microscopy and the ict test. treatment with artemether was started when the parasite density exceeded 70,000/microl. the ict pma band appeared when the parasite density was more than 2,000/microl, but it continued to be positive after the parasitemia became negative ...	2004	14993624
pathogenic role of p-selectin in experimental cerebral malaria: importance of the endothelial compartment.	p-selectin is a leukocyte adhesion receptor expressed on the surface of activated platelets and endothelial cells. its role in the pathogenesis of cerebral malaria was explored in a murine model of cerebral malaria. infection of mice with plasmodium berghei anka led to p-selectin up-regulation in brain vessels of cerebral malaria-susceptible mice but not of cerebral malaria-resistant mice. treatment of susceptible mice with anti-mouse p-selectin mab failed to prevent the development of the neuro ...	2004	14982832
antimalarial activity of phenazines from lapachol, beta-lapachone and its derivatives against plasmodium falciparum in vitro and plasmodium berghei in vivo.	the antimalarial activity of benzo[a]phenazines synthesized from 1,2-naphthoquinone, lapachol, beta-lapachone and several derivatives have been tested against plasmodium falciparum in vitro using isolates of parasites with various susceptibilities to chloroquine and/or mefloquine. parasite growth in the presence of the test drugs was measured by incorporation of [(3)h]-hipoxanthine in comparison to controls with no drugs, always testing in parallel chloroquine, a standard antimalarial. among sev ...	2004	14980653
synthesis and blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activities of 2-substituted/2,5-disubstituted-8-quinolinamines and some of their amino acid conjugates.	thirteen new analogues (32-40, 45-48) of recently discovered potent blood-schizontocidal antimalarial agent, 2-tert-butylprimaquine (2) are synthesized and evaluated for in vivo antimalarial activities against drug-sensitive p. berghei strain and multi-drug resistant p. yoelii nigeriensis strain. two of the amino acid conjugates (47-48) have exhibited potent antimalarial activities similar to that of 2 against both drug-sensitive and multi-drug resistant strains.	2004	14980613
enhanced cd8+ t cell immune responses and protection elicited against plasmodium berghei malaria by prime boost immunization regimens using a novel attenuated fowlpox virus.	sterile immunity can be provided against the pre-erythrocytic stages of malaria by ifn-gamma-secreting cd8(+) t cells that recognize parasite-infected hepatocytes. in this study, we have investigated the use of attenuated fowlpox virus (fpv) strains as recombinant vaccine vectors for eliciting cd8(+) t cells against plasmodium berghei. the gene encoding the p. berghei circumsporozoite (pbcs) protein was inserted into an fpv vaccine strain licensed for use in chickens, webster's fpv, and the nove ...	2004	14978115
a common cross-species function for the double epidermal growth factor-like modules of the highly divergent plasmodium surface proteins msp-1 and msp-8.	an understanding of structural and functional constraints on the c-terminal double epidermal growth factor (egf)-like modules of merozoite surface protein (msp)-1 and related proteins is of importance to the development of these molecules as malaria vaccines and drug targets. using allelic replacement, we show that plasmodium falciparum parasites can invade erythrocytes and grow efficiently in the absence of an msp-1 protein with authentic msp-1 egf domains. in this mutant parasite line, the msp ...	2004	14976193
double-drug development against antioxidant enzymes from plasmodium falciparum.	new drugs against malaria are urgently and continuously needed. plasmodium parasites are exposed to higher fluxes of reactive oxygen species and need high activities of intracellular antioxidant systems. a most important antioxidative system consists of (di)thiols which are recycled by disulfide reductases (dr), namely both glutathione reductases (gr) of the malarial parasite plasmodium falciparum and man, and the thioredoxin reductase (trxr) of p. falciparum. the aim of our interdisciplinary re ...	2003	14962365
glutathione is involved in the antimalarial action of chloroquine and its modulation affects drug sensitivity of human and murine species of plasmodium.	ferriprotoporphyrin ix (fp) is released inside the food vacuole of the malaria parasite during the digestion of host cell hemoglobin. fp is detoxified by its biomineralization to hemozoin. this process is effectively inhibited by chloroquine (cq) and amodiaquine (aq). undegraded fp accumulates in the membrane fraction and inhibits enzymes of infected cells in parallel with parasite killing. fp is demonstrably degraded by reduced glutathione (gsh) in a radical-mediated mechanism. this degradation ...	2003	14962364
studies on plasmodium berghei n. sp. vincke and lips, 1948. iv. the reaction of blood-induced p. berghei in albino mice to quinine and sulphadiazine.		1951	14955279
studies on plasmodium berghei n. sp. vincke and lips, 1948. iii. latency, relapse and immunity in albino rats with blood-induced infections.		1951	14955278
[the development of plasmodium berghei in the atroparvus variant of anopheles maculipennis].		1952	14953087
synergistic effect of haemobartonella muris on plasmodium berghei in white rats.		1952	14952697
[the possibility of preserving trypanosoma congolense and plasmodium berghei at -70 degrees c].		1952	14945110
cyclical transmission of plasmodium berghei in the laboratory.		1952	14941077
[innate resistance of guinea pig to plasmodium berghei malaria of rodents].		1951	14934328
[on the long duration of latent metacritic infection in experimental malaria of plasmodium berghei in north african meriones].		1951	14934327
cortisone and plasmodium berghei infection in mice.		1952	14929234
[massive, intraperitoneal inoculation with plasmodium berghei in white rats].		1951	14926174
[intracardiac reinoculation with plasmodium berghei in rats recovered from prior infection].		1951	14926173
[intracardiac inoculation of plasmodium berghei; technique and evaluation of method].		1951	14926172
pathological processes in disease. iii. the oxygen uptake of blood from albino rats infected with plasmodium berghei.		1951	14915463
parasitic recrudescences in trophozoite-induced plasmodium berghei infections in the albino rat.		1951	14915458
complete sporogenic development of plasmodium berghei in experimentally infected anopheles spp.		1951	14910642
the course of the blood-induced plasmodium berghei infection in white rats.		1951	14908565
[serological study of experimental plasmodium berghei infection in white rat; quantitative variations of sensitizor and alexin during the disease].		1951	14905723
[production of congenital malaria in the rat and mouse by placental passage of plasmodium berghei].		1951	14905671
[study of the different routes of experimental inoculation of plasmodium berghei in albino rats and mice].		1951	14905670
[trans cutaneous infection of newborn rats and mice with plasmodium berghei].		1951	14905669
[serologic study of experimental infection of the white rat with plasmodium berghei; disappearance of alexin. presence of complement fixing antibodies].		1951	14905662
[effect of splenectomy on white rats spontaneously recovered from experimental infection with plasmodium berghei].		1951	14905661
[factors and significance of the prepatent period in experimental plasmodium berghei malaria].		1951	14905222
[experimental plasmodium berghei infection of the rabbit].		1951	14905184
[relation between plasmodium berghei and erythrocytes during the primary attack in the white rat].		1951	14892300
[peculiar immunity phenomena in plasmodium berghei infection].		1951	14892299
the course of the blood-induced plasmodium berghei infection in white mice.		1951	14889386
studies on plasmodium berghei n. sp. vincke and lips, 1948, ii. morphology, periodicity and pathogenicity in blood induced infections in mice, rats and garden squirrels.		1950	14880188
studies on plasmodium berghei n. sp. vincke and lips, 1948. i. variations in susceptibility in albino mice.		1950	14880187
the effect of neoarsphenamine on plasmodium berghei infections in the mouse and rat: inhibition of the antimalarial action of neoarsphenamine by british anti-lewisite.		1951	14878394
the effect of splenectomy on the course of plasmodium berghei infections in microtus guentheri.		1951	14873942
[behavior of reinoculation hematozoa in the blood of rats cured of plasmodium berghei infection].		1951	14870381
morphological changes in plasmodium berghei following proguanil, sulphadiazine and mepacrine therapy.		1951	14855618
[experiment in development of plasmodium berghei, vincke and lips in anopheles maculipennis (var. atroparvus)].		1951	14847385
[behavior of cotton rat towards plasmodium berghei; complementary note].		1951	14847384
[sensibility of the golden hamster to plasmodium berghei vincke and lips 1948].		1951	14839860
[plasmodium berghei infection in the white rat].		1951	14839468
[the effect of chemotherapeutic agents on plasmodium berghei vincke & lips].		1951	14837159
[cyclic transmission of plasmodium berghei].		1950	14830042
susceptibility of the indian garden squirrel (sciurus palmarum) to plasmodium berghei and its asexual periodicity.		1951	14826832
[on the virulence of plasmodium berghei, hemosporidia of a rodent of central africa to the north african rodent meriones shawi].		1950	14800475
[behavior of roussettus leachi toward plasmodium berghei].		1950	14800009
behaviour of plasmodium berghei in some rodents.		1950	14780155
the action of antimalarial drugs in mice infected with plasmodium berghei.		1950	14777864
a new modular protein of cryptosporidium parvum, with ricin b and lccl domains, expressed in the sporozoite invasive stage.	the recombinant sa35 peptide has been described as an antigenic portion of a larger cryptosporidium parvum protein. we identified and characterized the encoding cpa135 gene and the entire protein, cpa135. the cpa135 gene was found to consist of a single exon of 4671 bp, and the mrna transcribed in the sporozoites was identified. the predicted 1556 amino-acid protein showed the presence of domains which are widely conserved also in other unrelated phylogenetic groups (i.e. a ricin b and a lccl mo ...	2004	14747151
naphthoquine phosphate and its combination with artemisinine.	naphthoquine phosphate and artemisinine are two antimalarials developed in china. both drugs have proven to be efficacious and well tolerated as monotherapy as well as in combination in patients suffering from malaria. the co-naphthoquine, a novel antimalarial combination, is an oral fixed combination tablet of the naphthoquine phosphate and artemisinine. artemisinin is characterised by a rapid onset of schizonticidal action and a short half-life. parasite clearance is, however, often incomplete ...	2004	14744564
the pharmacodynamic study of a potent new antimalarial (mc1).	2,3-bis(trifluoromethyl)-4-(3-hydroxyquinuclidinylquinoline) or mc(1) is a new synthetic compound with potent antimalarial activity in vitro and in vivo studies. the ic(50) values of mc(1) and chloroquine in in vitro culture of plasmodium falciparum are 7.0x10(-8) and 6.06x10(-7)m, respectively. in an in vivo study using plasmodium berghei infected mice as the test model, the survival time of the infected mice without drug treatment was 6.00+0.58 days. chloroquine and mc(1) at an equal dose of 7 ...	2004	14744560
cell-passage activity is required for the malarial parasite to cross the liver sinusoidal cell layer.	liver infection is an obligatory step in malarial transmission, but it remains unclear how the sporozoites gain access to the hepatocytes, which are separated from the circulatory system by the liver sinusoidal cell layer. we found that a novel microneme protein, named sporozoite microneme protein essential for cell traversal (spect), is produced by the liver-infective sporozoite of the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium berghei. targeted disruption of the spect gene greatly reduced sporozoite ...	2004	14737184
discovery of a bulky 2-tert-butyl group containing primaquine analogue that exhibits potent blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activities and complete elimination of methemoglobin toxicity.	to eliminate an unwarranted metabolic pathway of the quinoline ring, a set of two compounds, where c-2 position of the antimalarial drug primaquine is blocked by metabolically stable bulky alkyl group are synthesized. compound 2 [r = c(ch(3))(3)] of the series has produced excellent antimalarial efficacy against p. berghei and highly virulent multidrug-resistant p. yoelii nigeriensis strain in vivo. compound 2 was also evaluated for methemoglobin (methb) toxicity. this study describes the discov ...	2004	14711300
8-quinolinamines conjugated with amino acids are exhibiting potent blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activities.	alanine, lysine, ornithine and valine conjugated to primaquine and other 8-quinolinamine antimalarials were prepared for blood-schizontocidal antimalarial activity evaluation. the analogues were examined in vivo against plasmodium berghei (drug-sensitive strain) and plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis (highly virulent multi-drug-resistant strain) infected mice models. n(1)-[4-(5-butoxy-4-ethyl-6-methoxy-8-quinolylamino)pentyl]-(2s)-2,6-diaminohexanamide (20) which showed curative activity at 5mg/kg in ...	2004	14697789
folate-synthesizing enzyme system as target for development of inhibitors and inhibitor combinations against candida albicans-synthesis and biological activity of new 2,4-diaminopyrimidines and 4'-substituted 4-aminodiphenyl sulfones.	the paper describes the design, synthesis, and testing of inhibitors of folate-synthesizing enzymes and of whole cell cultures of candida albicans. the target enzymes used were dihydropteroic acid synthase (syn) and dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr). several series of new 2,4-diaminopyrimidines were synthesized and tested as inhibitors of dhfr and compared with their activity against dhfr derived from mycobacteria and escherichia coli. to test for selectivity, also rat dhfr was used. a series of su ...	2004	14695838
effects of bisphosphonates on the growth of entamoeba histolytica and plasmodium species in vitro and in vivo.	the effects of a series of 102 bisphosphonates on the inhibition of growth of entamoeba histolytica and plasmodium falciparum in vitro have been determined, and selected compounds were further investigated for their in vivo activity. forty-seven compounds tested were active (ic(50) < 200 microm) versus e. histolytica growth in vitro. the most active compounds (ic(50) approximately 4-9 microm) were nitrogen-containing bisphosphonates with relatively large aromatic side chains. simple n-alkyl-1-hy ...	2004	14695831
mice deficient in interleukin-4 (il-4) or il-4 receptor alpha have higher resistance to sporozoite infection with plasmodium berghei (anka) than do naive wild-type mice.	balb/c interleukin-4 (il-4(-/-)) or il-4 receptor-alpha (il-4ralpha(-/-)) knockout (ko) mice were used to assess the roles of the il-4 and il-13 pathways during infections with the blood or liver stages of plasmodium in murine malaria. intraperitoneal infection with the blood-stage erythrocytes of plasmodium berghei (anka) resulted in 100% mortality within 24 days in balb/c mice, as well as in the mutant mouse strains. however, when infected intravenously with the sporozoite liver stage, 60 to 8 ...	2004	14688111
gene targeting demonstrates that the plasmodium berghei subtilisin pbsub2 is essential for red cell invasion and reveals spontaneous genetic recombination events.	the plasmodium merozoite proteases involved in the crucial process of erythrocyte invasion are promising targets for novel malaria control strategies. we report here the characterization of the subtilisin-like protease sub2 from the rodent parasites plasmodium berghei and plasmodium yoelii, leading the way to in vivo functional studies of this enzyme. the kinetics of expression and subcellular localization imply a central role for sub2 in erythrocyte invasion. through the use of gene targeting s ...	2004	14678331