Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| prevalence of hepatitis e virus-specific antibodies in sera of german domestic pigs estimated by using different assays. | hepatitis e virus is the causative agent of an acute hepatitis in humans. in industrialized countries, autochthonous hepatitis e cases in the past were mainly of undetermined origin, whereupon nowadays some cases may be linked to zoonotic transmission of hev from pigs and wild boars. in contrast to several european countries the hev status of german domestic pigs and a possible risk of transmission are unknown so far. here, a novel peptide-based elisa was used to detect hev-specific antibodies i ... | 2010 | 20045268 |
| defibrillation delivered during the upstroke phase of manual chest compression improves shock success. | the current standard of manual chest compression during cardiopulmonary resuscitation requires pauses for rhythm analysis and shock delivery. however, interruptions of chest compression greatly decrease the likelihood of successful defibrillations, and significantly better outcomes are reported if this interruption is avoided. we therefore undertook a prospective randomized controlled animal study in an electrically induced ventricular fibrillation pig model to assess the effects of timing of de ... | 2010 | 20042857 |
| protective effect of nac preconditioning against ischemia-reperfusion injury in piglet small bowel transplantation: effects on plasma tnf, il-8, hyaluronic acid, and no. | ischemia-reperfusion (i/r) injury is one of the main factors affecting the function and structure of small bowel transplantation (sbt), by generation of proinflammatory mediators such as reactive oxygen species, reactive nitrogen species, cytokines, and endotoxin. experimental data have demonstrated that n-acetylcysteine (nac) attenuates intestinal i/r injury. the objective of this study was to determine the effect of nac preconditioning on the sbt-i/r induced inflammatory cascade, with particul ... | 2011 | 20036383 |
| porcine torque teno virus: determination of viral genomic loads by genogroup-specific multiplex rt-pcr, detection of frequent multiple infections with genogroups 1 or 2, and establishment of viral full-length sequences. | torque teno virus (ttv) is a non-enveloped virus with a circular, single-stranded dna genome. ttv is currently classified in the unassigned genus anellovirus, and distinct ttvs of tentative species-status infect a wide range of vertebrates. in domestic pigs and wild boars, porcine ttv occurs in two genogroups, ttv1 and ttv2, which are currently detected using only conventional pcr assays. to allow high-throughput testing, the present study describes development of a multiplex real-time (rt)-pcr ... | 2010 | 20031342 |
| reduced l-type calcium current in ventricular myocytes from pigs with hyperdynamic septic shock. | to hypothesize that reduced l-type calcium current with consequent shortening of cardiac repolarization is present in a clinically relevant porcine model of hyperdynamic septic shock. myocardial depression is a well-recognized manifestation of sepsis and septic shock. reduction of l-type calcium current was demonstrated to contribute to the myocardial depression in endotoxemic rodents. | 2010 | 20029342 |
| cranial muscles of the sulawesi babirusa (babyrousa celebensis). | the detailed muscular anatomy of the head of the sulawesi babirusa (babyrousa celebensis) is described for the first time. the results show that the muscular anatomy of the babyrousa is very similar to the pig genus sus, despite long geological separation from it. some differences were noted: the m. parietoauricularis was more clearly separated into two parts in the babirusa than in the domestic pig; the rostral fibres of the m. levator anguli oculi reached the infraorbital sinus in the babirusa ... | 2010 | 20028377 |
| a diet supplemented with l-carnitine improves the sperm quality of piétrain but not of duroc and large white boars when photoperiod and temperature increase. | it has been reported that a diet supplemented with l-carnitine can improve sperm quality in some mammalian species. against this background, the current study seeks to determine the effects of feeding l-carnitine (625 mg day(-1)) on boar semen characteristics (ejaculate volume, sperm concentration, sperm viability, acrosome and mitochondrial sheath integrity, sperm motility, sperm morphology, and osmotic resistance of spermatozoa) in three different porcine breeds (sus domesticus) (piétrain, dur ... | 2010 | 20022096 |
| next generation biodegradable ureteral stent in a yucatan pig model. | ureteral stents are commonly used to facilitate kidney drainage but they may produce significant stent symptoms and morbidity, and require a secondary procedure for removal. previous biodegradable stents showed bio-incompatibility or inconsistent degradation, requiring extra procedures to remove undegraded stent fragments. we previously reported a first generation biodegradable stent composed of suture-like material that required placement through the lumen of a sheath and degraded by 10 weeks. ... | 2010 | 20022028 |
| tylosin and chlorotetracycline decrease the duration of fecal shedding of e. coli o157:h7 by swine. | previously we have shown that experimentally infected swine, fed an antibiotic-free diet, can become colonized and shed escherichia coli o157:h7 for at least 2 months. however, in epidemiological studies this organism is only rarely recovered from domestic swine and the basis for this discrepancy is not clear. in this report we demonstrate that significantly fewer pigs fed diets containing subtherapeutic levels of either tylosin or chlorotetracycline shed e. coli o157:h7 for longer than 2 weeks ... | 2010 | 20018464 |
| impact of contrast material volume on quantitative assessment of reperfused acute myocardial infarction using delayed-enhancement 64-slice ct: experience in a porcine model. | our purpose in this study was to compare the impact of contrast material volume in delayed-enhancement computer tomography (ct) imaging for assessing acute reperfused myocardial infarction. | 2010 | 20017004 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus in samples of animal origin collected in hungary. | hepatitis e virus (hev) is an enterically transmitted human pathogen. hev infections are mainly associated with acute, self-limited, icteric hepatitis with an average mortality rate of 1%. animal reservoirs are considered to play an important role in the maintenance of the virus and in the spread of hev to humans. hev-induced seroconversion was described in several species, however clinical hepatitis in animals has not been observed to date. hev strains from animals are genetically closely relat ... | 2010 | 20005644 |
| transgastric endoluminal gastrojejunostomy: technical development from bench to animal study (with video). | gastrojejunal anastomosis is commonly performed for palliative management of malignant gastric outlet obstruction and bariatric surgery. natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery revolutionized the surgical approach to intra-abdominal surgery. this study explored the possibility of performing gastrojejunostomy (gj) by using a hybrid natural orifice transluminal endoscopic surgery approach. | 2010 | 20004893 |
| intestinal amebiasis in the domestic pig. | 1910 | 19971978 | |
| a study to demonstrate freedom from trichinella spp. in domestic pigs in switzerland. | trichinellosis is a food-borne zoonotic disease caused by the nematode trichinella spp. many omnivorous and carnivorous animal species can act as host for this parasite, including domestic pigs. to protect public health, it should be ensured that pork should not contain infective trichinella larvae. surveillance for trichinella spp. can be done using direct (larval detection) and indirect (antibody detection) diagnostic techniques. the aim of this study was to demonstrate the absence of infectio ... | 2010 | 19968841 |
| african swine fever. | african swine fever (asf) is a devastating haemorrhagic fever of pigs that causes up to 100% mortality, for which there is no vaccine. it is caused by a unique dna virus that is maintained in an ancient cycle between warthogs and argasid ticks, making it the only known dna arbovirus. asf has a high potential for transboundary spread, and has twice been transported from africa to other continents--europe and subsequently the caribbean and brazil (1957, 1959) and the caucasus (2007). it is also a ... | 2009 | 19967933 |
| sequential activation of ground pads reduces skin heating during radiofrequency ablation: initial in vivo porcine results. | radiofrequency (rf) ablation is a common treatment modality for inoperable liver cancer. skin burns below ground pads during rf ablations are increasingly prevalent, hindering the development of higher-power rf generators capable of creating larger ablation zones. | 2009 | 19963820 |
| high prevalence of anti-trichinella igg in domestic pigs of the son la province, vietnam. | although several outbreaks of trichinella infection among humans have occurred in northwestern vietnam, no information is available on the circulation of trichinella among domestic pigs. the objective of the present study was to estimate the seroprevalence of anti-trichinella igg in free-roaming pigs (sus scrofa) in the son la province of northwestern vietnam, where a human outbreak of trichinellosis occurred in june 2008. serum samples were collected from free-roaming pigs of four communes of t ... | 2010 | 19962244 |
| physiologic compliance in engineered small-diameter arterial constructs based on an elastomeric substrate. | compliance mismatch is a significant challenge to long-term patency in small-diameter bypass grafts because it causes intimal hyperplasia and ultimately graft occlusion. current engineered grafts are typically stiff with high burst pressure but low compliance and low elastin expression. we postulated that engineering small arteries on elastomeric scaffolds under dynamic mechanical stimulation would result in strong and compliant arterial constructs. this study compares properties of engineered a ... | 2009 | 19962188 |
| mechanical transmission of vesicular stomatitis new jersey virus by simulium vittatum (diptera: simuliidae) to domestic swine (sus scrofa). | biting flies have been suggested as mechanical vectors of vesicular stomatitis new jersey virus (family rhabdoviridae, genus vesiculovirus, vsnjv) in livestock populations during epidemic outbreaks in the western united states. we conducted a proof-of-concept study to determine whether biting flies could mechanically transmit vsnjv to livestock by using a black fly, simulium vittatum zetterstedt (diptera: simuliidae), domestic swine, sus scrofa l., model. black flies mechanically transmitted vsn ... | 2009 | 19960709 |
| european wild boars and domestic pigs display different polymorphic patterns in the toll-like receptor (tlr) 1, tlr2, and tlr6 genes. | during the last decade, the toll-like receptors (tlrs) have been extensively studied, and their immense importance in innate immunity is now being unveiled. here, we report pronounced differences--probably reflecting the domestication process and differences in selective pressure--between wild boars and domestic pigs regarding single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in tlr genes. the open reading frames of tlr1, tlr2, and tlr6 were sequenced in 25 wild boars, representing three populations, and i ... | 2010 | 19953243 |
| long-term shedding of hepatitis e virus in the feces of pigs infected naturally, born to sows with and without maternal antibodies. | pigs are presumed reservoirs for hepatitis e virus (hev) transmission to humans. to examine infection kinetics, two litters of domestic pigs (a and b, each containing 10 piglets) infected naturally with hev were studied until pigs were 6 months old. maternal igg and iga antibodies were detected in litter a piglets, but not in litter b ones. all pigs shed hev in feces when they were 30-110 days old, and 17 developed viremia at 40-100 days of age. phylogenetic analysis revealed a highly close sequ ... | 2010 | 19950246 |
| the risk of extrapolation in neuroanatomy: the case of the mammalian vomeronasal system. | the sense of smell plays a crucial role in mammalian social and sexual behaviour, identification of food, and detection of predators. nevertheless, mammals vary in their olfactory ability. one reason for this concerns the degree of development of their pars basalis rhinencephali, an anatomical feature that has been considered in classifying this group of animals as macrosmatic, microsmatic or anosmatic. in mammals, different structures are involved in detecting odours: the main olfactory system, ... | 2009 | 19949452 |
| [dynamics of heterozygosity and its correlation with fitness in a population of domestic pigs]. | variation of heterozygosity at 11 loci for blood group systems (erythrocyte antigens), occurred during 14 years in the domestic pig population of kemerovskaya breed is described. the two estimates computed for the population examined were represented by expected population heterozygosity, as a measure resistant to stochastic fluctuations, and individual heterozygosity, as a measure with the features of a quantitative trait. our results showed that relative fitness of genotypic classes, formed by ... | 2009 | 19947552 |
| correlation between clinico-pathological outcome and typing of haemophilus parasuis field strains. | haemophilus parasuis is the etiologic agent of glässer's disease in pigs, which is pathologically characterized by serofibrinous polyserositis and arthritis. h. parasuis include virulent and non-virulent strains and confirmation of virulence in h. parasuis is still dependent on experimental reproduction of the disease. since the variability in virulence is supported by serotyping and genotyping (particularly, multilocus sequence typing [mlst]), we examined the relationship between the classifica ... | 2010 | 19945233 |
| a comparison of intracardiac and transesophageal echocardiography to detect left atrial appendage thrombus in a swine model. | transesophageal echocardiography (tee) is the gold standard in the evaluation for left atrial appendage (laa) thrombus in patients with atrial fibrillation (af) and is often performed prior to af ablation. we routinely use intracardiac echocardiography (ice) to assist in af ablation; however, standard right atrial views do not provide adequate visualization of the laa. as the incidence of thrombus in this population is relatively low, tee incurs additional risk, cost, and patient discomfort. nov ... | 2010 | 19943097 |
| animals to heal animals: ethnoveterinary practices in semiarid region, northeastern brazil. | animal-based remedies constitute an integral part of traditional medicine and this is true in brazil as well both in rural and urban areas of the country. due to its long history, zootherapy has in fact become an integral part of folk medicine in the country. the use of these natural resources for medical purposes, however, is not restricted to human diseases treatment, being also widely used for the treatment of animal illnesses. ethnoveterinary is a science that involves the popular practical ... | 2009 | 19941663 |
| histomorphologic and ultrastructural lesions of the pancreas in a porcine model of intra-abdominal hypertension. | intra-abdominal hypertension (iah) and abdominal compartment syndrome are increasingly observed in patients with severe acute pancreatitis (sap). the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of iah on pancreatic histology and ultrastructure in a porcine model. we examined 16 intubated and anesthetized domestic pigs with a mean body weight of 50.6 (sd, 3.8) kg. using a co2 pneumoperitoneum, the intra-abdominal pressure was increased to 30 mmhg for an investigation period of 6 or 12 h (eac ... | 2010 | 19940813 |
| incidence, diversity, and molecular epidemiology of sapoviruses in swine across europe. | porcine sapovirus is an enteric calicivirus in domestic pigs that belongs to the family caliciviridae. some porcine sapoviruses are genetically related to human caliciviruses, which has raised public health concerns over animal reservoirs and the potential cross-species transmission of sapoviruses. we report on the incidence, genetic diversity, and molecular epidemiology of sapoviruses detected in domestic pigs in a comprehensive study conducted in six european countries (denmark, finland, hunga ... | 2010 | 19940055 |
| synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide improves systemic and splanchnic circulation and has a lung-protective effect during endotoxemia in pigs. | pharmacological blockade of the renin-angiotensin system is thought to maintain gut perfusion during circulatory stress and thereby avoid later failure of distant organs. in this controlled experimental study, we investigated the effects of carperitide, a synthetic atrial natriuretic peptide that inhibits the renin-angiotensin system, on the systemic and splanchnic circulation during fluid-resuscitated endotoxemia in pigs. | 2010 | 19933537 |
| role of wild suids in the epidemiology of african swine fever. | there is presently no vaccine to combat african swine fever (asf), a viral hemorrhagic fever of domestic pigs that causes up to 100% morbidity and mortality in naive, commercial pig populations. in its endemic setting, asf virus cycles between asymptomatic warthogs and soft ticks, with persistence in exotic locations being ascribed to the almost global distribution of susceptible soft tick and suid hosts. an understanding of the role played by diverse hosts in the epidemiology of this multi-host ... | 2009 | 19915917 |
| multiple asian pig origins revealed through genomic analyses. | previous mitochondrial dna (mtdna) studies have suggested that european and asian pig populations were derived through multiple domestication events. we investigated whether domestic pig populations were derived from distinct ancestors within their respective regions, using eight domestic breeds (five european and three asian), and also european and asian wild boar populations. genomic analyses utilized 21 microsatellite markers (ms) selected for their distribution across the pig genome in addit ... | 2010 | 19900568 |
| interferon-gamma induction correlates with protection by dna vaccine expressing e2 glycoprotein against classical swine fever virus infection in domestic pigs. | classical swine fever (csf) is a highly contagious viral infection affecting domestic and wild pigs. for classical swine fever virus (csfv), immunization with plasmids expressing different versions of glycoprotein e2 has proven an effective way to induce protection. previously, we have also shown that immunization with dna vaccine expressing glycoprotein e2 (dna-e2) induced specific t helper cell responses in the absence of neutralizing antibodies. however, the role of t cell responses in protec ... | 2010 | 19896784 |
| phylogenetic analysis of recent classical swine fever virus (csfv) isolates from assam, india. | classical swine fever (csf), a highly contagious viral disease of pigs, is endemic in india. as there is no information concerning the accurate genetic typing of classical swine fever virus (csfv) isolates in india, 16 csf viruses isolated during 2005-2007 from domestic pigs in different districts of assam were typed in 5' utr (150 nucleotides). to confirm the genetic typing results and to study the genetic variability, selected viruses were also analyzed in e2 (190 nt) and ns5b gene (409 nt) re ... | 2011 | 19896713 |
| detection of a novel hepatitis e-like virus in faeces of wild rats using a nested broad-spectrum rt-pcr. | hepatitis e is a rare human disease in developed countries. it is caused by hepatitis e virus (hev), which is probably transmitted zoonotically to humans from domestic pigs and wild boars. multiple reports on the detection of hev-specific antibodies in rats have suggested the presence of an hev-related agent; however, infectious virus or a viral genome has not been demonstrated so far. here, a nested broad-spectrum rt-pcr protocol was developed capable of detecting different hev types including ... | 2010 | 19889929 |
| concentrations of lipoproteins in the serum of wild boar and lithuanian pig breeds followed by principal component and cluster analyses to demonstrate the differences among genotypes. | with the aim of evaluating serum cholesterol and triglyceride concentrations in lithuanian wild boar and lithuanian pig breeds, twelve gilts from three genotype groups were used in the experiment. only the concentration of high-density lipoprotein (hdl) was significantly higher in the serum of wild boar than in serum of domestic pig breeds (p < 0.05). factor loadings of the principal components (pcs) revealed that lipoproteins were positively related in pc1 for wild boars but associations betwee ... | 2009 | 19886266 |
| comparison of two different forms of bovine-derived hydroxyapatite in sinus augmentation and simultaneous implant placement: an experimental study. | the aim of this study was to compare two different forms of bovine-derived hydroxyapatite (ha) in sinus augmentation and simultaneous implant placement. | 2009 | 19885412 |
| endoscopic closure of duodenal perforations by using an over-the-scope clip: a randomized, controlled porcine study. | duodenal perforations during diagnostic upper endoscopy are rare; however, when therapeutic techniques are performed, the reported incidence is as great as 2.8%. surgical repair is usually mandated, but it is associated with significant morbidity and mortality. | 2010 | 19883907 |
| androgens and estradiol-17beta production by porcine uterine cells: in vitro study. | porcine (sus scrofa domestica) uterine slices harvested during both early pregnancy and luteolysis produce steroid hormones. the aim of the present study was to determine (1) which porcine separated uterine cells secrete androgens: androstenedione (a(4)) and testosterone (t), and estradiol-17beta (e(2)) in culture; (2) if the production of a(4), t and e(2) in the uterine cells is regulated by p4 and ot; (3) if uterine tissues expressed cytochrome p450arom gene (cyp19). uteri were collected on da ... | 2010 | 19880166 |
| elicitation of broad ctl response against hiv-1 by the dna vaccine encoding artificial multi-component fusion protein multihiv--study in domestic pigs. | broad ctl response against hiv-1 is one factor that helps to control the viral replication. we have constructed a dna vaccine that encodes a large artificial fusion protein (multihiv) and shown it to be immunogenic in mice, swine and macaques. inbred mice revealed ctl response only against two epitopes due to limited mhc class i variability. to assess the quality of the ctl response we addressed this question in domestic swine. number of presented epitopes varied between 7 and 14 among the five ... | 2009 | 19879232 |
| new records of calyptrate dipterans (fanniidae, muscidae and sarcophagidae) associated with the decomposition of domestic pigs in brazil. | the calyptrate dipterans are the most important decomposers of human cadavers. knowledge of their species and distribution are of great importance to forensic entomology, especially because of the enormous diversity in brazil. carcasses of domestic pigs (sus scrofa, l) were the experimental models used to attract calyptrates of forensic interest during the winters of 2006 and 2007 and the summers of 2006 and 2008. a total of 24,423 specimens from 44 species were collected (19 muscidae, 2 fanniid ... | 2009 | 19876568 |
| characterization of selected nutrients and bacteria from anaerobic swine manure lagoons on sow, nursery, and finisher farms in the mid-south usa. | swine (sus scrofa domestica) production in the mid-south usa comprises sow, nursery, and finisher farms. a 2007 packing plant closure started a regional shift from finisher to sow and nursery farms. changes in manure stored in lagoons and land-applied as fertilizer were expected but were unknown because nutrient and bacterial levels had not been characterized by farm type. the objectives of this study were to quantify selected nutrients and bacteria, compare levels by farm types, and project imp ... | 2009 | 19875798 |
| characterisation of experimental infections of domestic pigs with genotype 2.1 and 3.3 isolates of classical swine fever virus. | the early identification of classical swine fever epizootics is hampered by difficulties in recognising early signs of infection, due to a lack of specific clinical signs. in addition many textbook descriptions of csf are based on observations of disease caused by historic, mainly genotype 1, strains. our objective was to improve our knowledge of the diverse range of signs that different csfv strains can cause by characterising the experimental infection of domestic pigs with both a recent strai ... | 2010 | 19875252 |
| the structure and differentiation of the specific cellular elements of the pars intermedia of the hypophysis of the domestic pig. | the bearing of these results on the herring-cushing theory of pituitary secretion is apparent. for the first time a true secretion antecedent has been demonstrated in the cells of the pars intermedia, an antecedent which appears in the cells at the same period of development at which active pressor effects may be obtained from the gland extracts. the route of export of this material from the gland to its point of utilization, however, is unknown; it may go by way of the blood or, as required by ... | 1922 | 19868654 |
| a comparative study of the biological characters and pathogenesis of bacillus x (sternberg), bacillus icteroides (sanarelli), and the hog-cholera bacillus (salmon and smith). | 1. bacillus x (sternberg) belongs to the colon group. 2. bacillus icteroides (sanarelli) is a member of the hog-cholera group. 3. the various channels of infection, the duration of the disease and the gross and microscopical lesions in mice, guinea-pigs and rabbits are the same for bacillus icteroides and the hog-cholera bacillus. 4. the clinical symptoms and the lesions observed in dogs inoculated intravenously with bacillus icteroides, are reproduced in these animals by infection with the hog- ... | 1900 | 19866945 |
| single-port, single-operator-light endoscopic robot-assisted laparoscopic urology: pilot study in a pig model. | to present our initial operative experience in which single-port-light endoscopic robot-assisted reconstructive and extirpative urological surgery was performed by one surgeon, using a pig model. | 2010 | 19863530 |
| tick-borne encephalitis from eating goat cheese in a mountain region of austria. | we report transmission of tick-borne encephalitis virus (tbev) in july 2008 through nonpasteurized goat milk to 6 humans and 4 domestic pigs in an alpine pasture 1,500 m above sea level. this outbreak indicates the emergence of ticks and tbev at increasing altitudes in central europe and the efficiency of oral transmission of tbev. | 2009 | 19861072 |
| remarkable sequence similarity between the dinoflagellate-infecting marine girus and the terrestrial pathogen african swine fever virus. | heterocapsa circularisquama dna virus (hcdnav; previously designated as hcv) is a giant virus (girus) with a approximately 356-kbp double-stranded dna (dsdna) genome. hcdnav lytically infects the bivalve-killing marine dinoflagellate h. circularisquama, and currently represents the sole dna virus isolated from dinoflagellates, one of the most abundant protists in marine ecosystems. its morphological features, genome type, and host range previously suggested that hcdnav might be a member of the f ... | 2009 | 19860921 |
| classical swine fever: comparison of oronasal immunisation with cp7e2alf marker and c-strain vaccines in domestic pigs. | effective oronasal vaccination against classical swine fever (csf) is essential to achieve protection in wild boar. however the currently available live csf vaccines, e.g. c-strain, do not allow serological differentiation between infected and vaccinated animals (diva). a modified live marker vaccine candidate (cp7e2alf) has been recently developed (reimann et al., 2004). this communication reports the comparison of cp7e2alf and c-strain virus vaccines during 98 days following oronasal immunisat ... | 2010 | 19857935 |
| present and future arboviral threats. | arthropod-borne viruses (arboviruses) are important causes of human disease nearly worldwide. all arboviruses circulate among wild animals, and many cause disease after spillover transmission to humans and agriculturally important domestic animals that are incidental or dead-end hosts. viruses such as dengue (denv) and chikungunya (chikv) that have lost the requirement for enzootic amplification now produce extensive epidemics in tropical urban centers. many arboviruses recently have increased i ... | 2010 | 19857523 |
| the robust phylogeny of korean wild boar (sus scrofa coreanus) using partial d-loop sequence of mtdna. | in order to elucidate the precise phylogenetic relationships of korean wild boar (sus scrofa coreanus), a partial mtdna d-loop region (1,274 bp, nc_000845 nucleotide positions 16576-1236) was sequenced among 56 korean wild boars. in total, 25 haplotypes were identified and classified into four distinct subgroups (k1 to k4) based on bayesian phylogenetic analysis using markov chain monte carlo methods. an extended analysis, adding 139 wild boars sampled worldwide, confirmed that korean wild boars ... | 2009 | 19855937 |
| a novel combination of taqman rt-pcr and a suspension microarray assay for the detection and species identification of pestiviruses. | the genus pestivirus contains four recognized species: classical swine fever virus, border disease virus, bovine viral diarrhoea virus types 1 and 2. all are economically important and globally distributed but classical swine fever is the most serious, concerning losses and control measures. it affects both domestic pigs and wild boars. outbreaks of this disease in domestic pigs call for the most serious measures of disease control, including a stamping out policy in europe. since all the member ... | 2010 | 19854591 |
| the effect of tissue degradation on detection of infectious virus and viral rna to diagnose classical swine fever virus. | a considerable part of tissue samples that are collected for the monitoring of classical swine fever (csf) from the wild boar population or from domestic pigs are unsuitable for virus detection using the fluorescent antibody test (fat) or virus isolation (vi), due to tissue degradation. reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (rt-pcr) has a higher sensitivity than the fat and vi, and is supposed to be less sensitive to sample degradation. reliable and quantitative information on how long ... | 2010 | 19854005 |
| cryopreservation of immature porcine testis tissue to maintain its developmental potential after xenografting into recipient mice. | the purpose of this study was to develop effective strategies for cooling and cryopreservation of immature porcine testis tissue that maintain its developmental potential. testes from 1-wk-old piglets (sus domestica) were subjected to 1 of 12 cooling/cryopreservation protocols: as intact testes, cooling at 4 degrees c for 24, 48, or 72h (experiment 1); as fragments, programmed slow-freezing with dimethyl sulfoxide (dmso), glycerol, or ethylene glycol (experiment 2); or solid-surface vitrificatio ... | 2010 | 19853904 |
| using accumulated degree-days to estimate postmortem interval from the dna yield of porcine skeletal muscle. | determining the age of meat may require dna extraction from tissue that may be frozen, chilled or sold over the counter of butchers. until now, there has no systematic study on the ageing of meat. in the human application, the parallel is the determination of the time of death or postmortem interval (pmi). the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of accumulated degree-days on the dna yield of skeletal muscle and its possible application to estimate pmi. this study focused on the e ... | 2010 | 19851896 |
| technical development and initial animal experience with a novel, uncovered, self-expanding, highly flexible aortic stent with improved side branch access. | to present a novel, uncovered, self-expanding aortic stent for use as a thoracoabdominal stent-graft extension to improve distal flow in aortic dissections complicated by malperfusion syndrome and to enhance the remodeling process in the abdominal aorta after thoracic endovascular aortic repair. | 2009 | 19842725 |
| cd14 inhibition efficiently attenuates early inflammatory and hemostatic responses in escherichia coli sepsis in pigs. | sepsis is a severe infection-induced systemic inflammatory syndrome. inhibition of downstream inflammatory mediators of sepsis, e.g., tnf-alpha, has failed in clinical trials. the aim of this study was to investigate the effects of inhibiting cd14, a key upstream innate immunity molecule, on the early inflammatory and hemostatic responses in a pig model of gram-negative sepsis. the study comprised two arms, whole live escherichia coli bacteria and e. coli lipopolysaccharide (lps) (n=25 and n=9 a ... | 2010 | 19841036 |
| cervical spinal cord therapeutics delivery: preclinical safety validation of a stabilized microinjection platform. | the current series represents a preclinical safety validation study for direct parenchymal microinjection of cellular grafts into the ventral horn of the porcine cervical spinal cord. | 2009 | 19834381 |
| review of african swine fever: transmission, spread and control. | african swine fever is one of the most important and serious diseases of domestic pigs. its highly contagious nature and ability to spread over long distances make it one of the most feared diseases, since its devastating effects on pig production have been experienced not only in most of sub-saharan africa but also in western europe, the caribbean, brazil and, most recently, the caucasus. unlike most diseases of livestock, there is no vaccine, and therefore prevention relies entirely upon preve ... | 2009 | 19831264 |
| sequential activation of ground pads reduces skin heating during radiofrequency tumor ablation: in vivo porcine results. | skin burns below ground pads during monopolar rf ablation are increasingly prevalent, thereby hindering the development of higher power rf generators capable of creating larger tumor ablation zones in combination with multiple or new applicators. our goal was to evaluate reduction in skin temperatures via additional ground pads in an in vivo porcine model. three ground pads placed on the animal's abdomen were activated either simultaneously or sequentially, where activation timing was adjusted t ... | 2010 | 19822466 |
| international ring trial to detect anti-trichinella igg by elisa on pig sera. | to determine the reproducibility and robustness of an elisa to detect anti-trichinella igg in pig sera which was previously validated at the community reference laboratory for parasites (crlp), a ring trial was organized involving european and extra-european reference laboratories for trichinella. the sensitivity and specificity of the assay determined by the crlp validation resulted to be 100% and 98.29%, respectively. the assay was reproducible, moreover, based on the receiver-operator charact ... | 2009 | 19819075 |
| detection of novel sequences related to african swine fever virus in human serum and sewage. | the family asfarviridae contains only a single virus species, african swine fever virus (asfv). asfv is a viral agent with significant economic impact due to its devastating effects on populations of domesticated pigs during outbreaks but has not been reported to infect humans. we report here the discovery of novel viral sequences in human serum and sewage which are clearly related to the asfarvirus family but highly divergent from asfv. detection of these sequences suggests that greater genetic ... | 2009 | 19812170 |
| impacts of acute severe pulmonary regurgitation on right ventricular geometry and contractility assessed by tissue-doppler echocardiography. | little is known of the impact of acute right ventricular (rv) volume overload on rv function. we assessed the impact of acute severe pulmonary regurgitation (pr) on global and regional rv function by applying novel quantitative echocardiographic markers of myocardial performance in an animal model. | 2010 | 19812060 |
| serial noninvasive in vivo positron emission tomographic tracking of percutaneously intramyocardially injected autologous porcine mesenchymal stem cells modified for transgene reporter gene expression. | porcine bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (mscs) were stably transfected with a lentiviral vector for transgene expression of the trifusion protein renilla luciferase, red fluorescent protein and herpes simplex truncated thymidine kinase (lv-rl-rfp-ttk; positron emission tomography [pet] reporter gene) for in vivo noninvasive tracking of the intramyocardially delivered msc fate. | 2008 | 19808526 |
| long-term cognitive enrichment affects opioid receptor expression in the amygdala of domestic pigs. | enriching the housing environment by stimuli that challenge both reward and cognitive mechanisms may enhance behavioural experiences and can improve animal welfare, particularly in farm animals. a newly developed experimental feeding system for domestic pigs using food-rewarded learning of discriminatory and instrumental tasks enabled the animals to successfully master a cognitive challenge and to be rewarded ca. 30 times per day with small food portions. reward-related behaviour is expected to ... | 2010 | 19804558 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus of genotype 3 in a farm pig in kinshasa (democratic republic of the congo). | autochthonous hepatitis e is an emerging disease in industrialized countries where a growing body of data indicates that pigs represent a reservoir for hepatitis e virus (hev) of genotype 3 or 4. in africa, only hev genotypes 1 and 2 have been identified in hepatitis e outbreaks as well as in sporadic cases. we aimed to investigate whether commercial pigs in sub-saharan africa might represent an hev reservoir using molecular assays. faecal samples from 40 pigs of the pietrain race housed in a fa ... | 2010 | 19800029 |
| influence of portosystemic shunt on liver regeneration after hepatic resection in pigs. | the minimal amount of liver mass necessary for regeneration is still a matter of debate. the aim of the study was to analyze liver regeneration factors after extended resection with or without portosystemic shunt. | 2009 | 19794827 |
| enteric calicivirus and rotavirus infections in domestic pigs. | we report the prevalence of rotavirus and calicivirus infections, along with their respective association with diarrhoea in the porcine population of the region of northern spain. a total of 221 samples were collected at random from different farms in the region and from the main slaughterhouse facility in the city of zaragoza. faecal samples were scored as diarrhoeic or normal and grouped into five groups to match general farm management and age criteria: group i (suckling 0-4 weeks), group ii ... | 2010 | 19781118 |
| comparative snp diversity among four eucalyptus species for genes from secondary metabolite biosynthetic pathways. | there is little information about the dna sequence variation within and between closely related plant species. the combination of re-sequencing technologies, large-scale dna pools and availability of reference gene sequences allowed the extensive characterisation of single nucleotide polymorphisms (snps) in genes of four biosynthetic pathways leading to the formation of ecologically relevant secondary metabolites in eucalyptus. with this approach the occurrence and patterns of snp variation for ... | 2009 | 19775472 |
| vocal and locomotor responses of piglets to social isolation and reunion. | potentiation of infant isolation calls following a brief reunion with the mother is considered an index of filial bonding in altricial rodents. we investigated potentiation of isolation and reunion responses in 15-day-old unweaned domestic piglets (sus scrofa domesticus). when piglets were re-isolated following a brief, comforting reunion with their mother and littermates in their home pen, they displayed a persistence (relative potentiation) of calling and jumping. in contrast, when re-isolated ... | 2010 | 19774554 |
| measurement of ninhydrin reactive nitrogen influx into gravesoil during aboveground and belowground carcass (sus domesticus) decomposition. | carcass decomposition results in the release of nitrogenous compounds into associated soil. the current study investigated the release of ninhydrin reactive nitrogen (nrn) following burial (approximately 40 cm depth) and decomposition on the soil surface. also investigated was the lateral extent of nrn in gravesoil. nrn concentration increased significantly in gravesoil collected from the center of graves (approximately 20 cm depth) during the initial two months of burial. a similar finding was ... | 2009 | 19773138 |
| kisspeptin signaling in the brain. | kisspeptin (a product of the kiss1 gene) and its receptor (gpr54 or kiss1r) have emerged as key players in the regulation of reproduction. mutations in humans or genetically targeted deletions in mice of either kiss1 or kiss1r cause profound hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. neurons that express kiss1/kisspeptin are found in discrete nuclei in the hypothalamus, as well as other brain regions in many vertebrates, and their distribution, regulation, and function varies widely across species. kisspept ... | 2009 | 19770291 |
| transmissibility studies of vacuolar changes in the rostral colliculus of pigs. | histopathological examinations of brains from healthy pigs have revealed localised vacuolar changes, predominantly in the rostral colliculus, that are similar to the neuropil vacuolation featured in the transmissible spongiform encephalopathies and have been described in pigs challenged parenterally with the agent causing bovine spongiform encephalopathy (bse). feedstuff containing bse-contaminated meat and bone meal (mbm) may have been fed to pigs prior to the ban of mammalian mbm in feed of fa ... | 2009 | 19765298 |
| mortality rates of interventional and surgical procedures performed in domestic juvenile farm pigs and yucatan mini-pigs. | perioperative and postoperative care are critical factors in cardiac catheterization and cardiothoracic surgical procedures. a retrospective analysis of mortality data in cardiovascular catheter and surgical studies performed in domestic juvenile swine (djs) and yucatan mini-swine (yms) was conducted. a total of 529 animals in 35 studies were included in the analysis, which included six study categories: coronary stenting (stent) and percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (ptca) alone; s ... | 2003 | 19760832 |
| the effect of variable release kinetics on paclitaxel efficacy from a drug eluting stent in a porcine model. | aims: paclitaxel is a potent and effective inhibitor of neointimal proliferation after coronary stenting. the conor stent loaded with paclitaxel can be programmed with multi-parameter matrix of dose, temporal release profiles and release pathways. the aim of this study was to determine the most efficacious dose and release pattern of paclitaxel in a porcine model and parallels the pisces trial.methods: 32 farm pigs were implanted with conor stents loaded with 10 or 30 microg of paclitaxel with, ... | 2005 | 19758908 |
| detection of hepatitis e virus in wild boar (sus scrofa) livers. | the routes of transmission of hepatitis e virus (hev) in industrialised countries are largely unknown, but several studies suggest that hev can be a porcine zoonosis. the aim of the present study was to determine the prevalence of hev in the wild boar (sus scrofa) and to determine the genetic relationships between hev sequences recovered from wild boars and from domestic pigs and humans. hev rna was detected by real time reverse transcriptase pcr in 7/285 (2.5%) liver samples from wild boars hun ... | 2010 | 19747861 |
| differing sperm ability to penetrate the oocyte in vivo and in vitro as revealed using colloidal preparations. | the penetration ability of boar (sus scrofa domestica) spermatozoa exposed to viscous preparations under in vivo and in vitro fertilization conditions has been examined. experiments involving induced ovulation in prepubertal animals and surgical insemination directly into the oviduct isthmus revealed an advantage of colloidal preparations. based on within-animal comparisons, the incidence of penetration was 100% using both spermatozoa suspended in a viscous preparation of plant extracts and sper ... | 2009 | 19744704 |
| purification and characterisation of a p-selectin-binding molecule from the salivary glands of ornithodoros moubata that induces protective anti-tick immune responses in pigs. | ornithodoros moubata is an argasid tick that lives in africa in wild and synanthropic habitats. it feeds on warthogs, domestic swine and humans, and is able to transmit severe diseases such as human relapsing fever and african swine fever. the elimination of o. moubata from the synanthropic surroundings should improve control of the diseases it transmits. previous attempts to develop a vaccine against o. moubata showed that a salivary gland extract (sge) induced a protective response that inhibi ... | 2010 | 19735664 |
| the use of a hypo-osmotic swelling (hos) test on sperm of the pig (sus scrofa domesticus), emu (dromaius novaehollandiae), asian elephant (elephas maximus), hamadryas baboon (papio hamadryas hamadryas), and central rock rat (zyzomys pedunculatus). | a hypo-osmotic swelling test using talp-hepes medium over a range of 50 to 300 mosm/kg was applied to sperm from domestic and endangered species. maximal responses of curling of the sperm tails were seen over a range of osmolalities for epididymal sperm from the pig (100 mosm/kg), hamadryas baboon (range 50-125 mosm/kg), and central rock rat (range 50-100 mosm/kg), and the ejaculated sperm from the emu (50 mosm/kg) and the asian elephant (range 75-150 mosm/kg). a solution of talp-hepes medium at ... | 2009 | 19734955 |
| influence of habitat and seasonal variation on wild mammal diversity and distribution with special reference to the trypanosoma brucei gambiense host-reservoir in bipindi (cameroon). | to evaluate the role of wildlife in the resurgence and perenisation of human african trypanosomiasis (hat), we investigated the influence of habitat and seasonal variations on the diversity and spatial distribution of wild mammals, with special reference to those recognised as potential host-reservoirs of trypanosoma brucei gambiense in bipindi (southwestern cameroon). to achieve this, we carried out transect surveys in four habitat types over two years. a total of 31 mammal species were recorde ... | 2009 | 19732737 |
| distant effects of nitric oxide inhalation in endotoxemic pigs. | inhalation of nitric oxide (ino) has distant effects. by a blood- borne factor, ino down-regulates endogenous nitric oxide production in healthy pig lungs, resulting in vasoconstriction in lung regions not directly reached by ino. the aim of this study was to investigate whether ino has distant effects in endotoxemic pig lungs. the hypothesis was that ino down-regulates endogenous no production in lung regions not reached by ino. | 2010 | 19730256 |
| amphiregulin promotes the proliferation of trophoblast cells during preimplantation development of porcine embryos. | our objective was to investigate the effects of in vitro culture (ivc) medium supplemented with amphiregulin (areg) on the preimplantation embryonic development of porcine (genus: sus domestica, species: landrace) embryos derived from in vitro fertilization (ivf) and parthenogenetic activation (pa). in vitro fertilization and pa embryos at the 1-cell stage were cultured in ivc medium supplemented with 0, 0.5, 5, or 50 ng/ml areg for 7 d. there were significantly greater total numbers of cells in ... | 2009 | 19729194 |
| evolution and spectral tuning of visual pigments in birds and mammals. | variation in the types and spectral characteristics of visual pigments is a common mechanism for the adaptation of the vertebrate visual system to prevailing light conditions. the extent of this diversity in mammals and birds is discussed in detail in this review, alongside an in-depth consideration of the molecular changes involved. in mammals, a nocturnal stage in early evolution is thought to underlie the reduction in the number of classes of cone visual pigment genes from four to only two, w ... | 0 | 19720655 |
| arginine-vasopressin attenuates beneficial norepinephrine effect on jejunal mucosal tissue oxygenation during endotoxinaemia. | the objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of increasing doses of norepinephrine (ne) with or without arginine-vasopressin (avp) on intestinal oxygen supply and jejunal mucosal tissue oxygen tension in an acute endotoxic pig model. | 2009 | 19720610 |
| anti-inflammatory effects of c1-inhibitor in porcine and human whole blood are independent of its protease inhibition activity. | c1-inhibitor (c1-inh) is an important biological inhibitor, regulating several protein cascade systems. recent research has shown that the molecule exhibits properties not dependent on its protease inhibition activity. serum and whole blood from pigs and humans were pre-incubated with c1-inh, ic1-inh or the complement inhibitors spice or compstatin. whole, live escherichia coli were then added for further incubation. complement activation, a range of cytokines, chemokines and growth factors, as ... | 2010 | 19710096 |
| initial in vivo studies with a polymer-based mr-compatible guide wire. | the purpose of this study was to evaluate a new polymer-based and magnetic resonance (mr) imaging-compatible guide wire for its application in mr-guided endovascular interventions, particularly for interventional peripheral mr angiography in swine experiments in vivo. a passive device tracking method tailored to the specific conditions of peripheral mr angiography was developed. near-real-time visualization of the guide wire was accomplished in vivo in the carotid artery, aorta, heart, and iliac ... | 2009 | 19699660 |
| frequent transmission of hepatitis e virus among piglets in farms in southern france. | the present study aimed to assess whether hepatitis e virus (hev) is present in domestic pigs in southern france, and to determine the relationship between hev sequences detected from pigs and from humans. two hundred fifteen sera, 207 stools, and 107 bile samples were collected from 3- or 6-month-old pigs from different regions of southern france. pig igg anti-hev antibodies testing was performed using a commercial elisa kit with minor modifications. pig hev rna was tested by real-time pcr and ... | 2009 | 19697419 |
| healing of mid-dermal burns in a diabetic porcine model. | wound healing is delayed in diabetic patients. we developed a diabetic-porcine burn model and compared the healing of partial-thickness burns in normal and diabetic pigs. we hypothesized that wound healing would be delayed in the diabetic swine. diabetes mellitus was chemically induced in three domestic pigs (25-50 kg) by intravenous injection of streptozotocin 130 mg/kg over 30 minutes. glucose levels were maintained between 250 and 500 mg/dl by injecting short-acting or long-acting insulin 1 u ... | 2009 | 19692921 |
| african swine fever: how can global spread be prevented? | african swine fever (asf) is a devastating haemorrhagic fever of pigs with mortality rates approaching 100 per cent. it causes major economic losses, threatens food security and limits pig production in affected countries. asf is caused by a large dna virus, african swine fever virus (asfv). there is no vaccine against asfv and this limits the options for disease control. asf has been confined mainly to sub-saharan africa, where it is maintained in a sylvatic cycle and/or among domestic pigs. wi ... | 2009 | 19687038 |
| preferences of minipigs for environmental enrichment objects. | the minipig is an increasingly popular species for use in behavioral and toxicologic studies. as a result, quantification of environmental enrichment preferences for this species is especially important. we exposed 6 individually housed prepubertal female yucatan minipigs to 1 of 3 different objects on a rotating schedule: 2 sessions with a hard plastic ball (diameter, 21.0 cm), and 3 sessions each with a large plastic apple (diameter, 22.5 cm) and a soft rubber cone (height, 48.0 cm). objects w ... | 2009 | 19653948 |
| transplantation of bone marrow-derived stem cells improves myocardial diastolic function: strain rate imaging in a model of hibernating myocardium. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the cardioprotective effects of bone marrow-derived stem cells on myocardial compliance in a chronic ischemia model regarding strain rate (sr) parameters during dobutamine stress echocardiography (dse). | 2009 | 19647407 |
| transforming growth factor-alpha in a defined medium during in vitro maturation of porcine oocytes improves their developmental competence and intracellular ultrastructure. | we examined the effects of transforming growth factor-alpha (tgf-alpha) to develop a defined medium for in vitro maturation (ivm) of porcine (sus scrofa domesticus) oocytes. cumulus-oocyte complexes (cocs) were matured in porcine oocyte medium containing 3mg/ml polyvinyl alcohol (pom) and tgf-alpha (0, 1, 10, or 100 ng/ml) in the presence or absence of the gonadotropins equine chorionic gonadotropin (ecg) and human chorionic gonadotropin (hcg). in the absence of gonadotropins, adding 10 ng/ml tg ... | 2009 | 19632712 |
| first record of pseudorabies in feral swine in nebraska. | in 2007, two new populations of feral swine were discovered in nance and valley counties, nebraska, usa. necropsies and serologic testing was done on two individuals from the nance county herd. results indicated that a lactating sow had positive antibodies for pseudorabies virus (prv). investigations conducted by nebraska game and parks commission law enforcement division confirmed that the infected individual was transported illegally to nebraska, usa, from texas, usa. all domestic swine herds ... | 2009 | 19617504 |
| pro-inflammatory, pleiotropic, and anti-inflammatory tnf-alpha, il-6, and il-10 in experimental porcine intervertebral disk degeneration. | the aim of this study was to check the balance between tumor necrosis factor-alpha (tnf-alpha), interleukin-6 (il-6), and interleukin-10 (il-10) in well-developed end-stage disk disease in the disk itself as well as in paradiskal spine. in 6 domestic pigs the cranial bony end plate of the l4 vertebra was perforated to the nucleus pulposus. at 3 months the degenerated experimental and contiguous control disks, together with the adjoining bony and cartilaginous vertebral end plates, bone marrow, a ... | 2009 | 19605905 |
| comparison of efficacy of pulsed biphasic waveform and rectilinear biphasic waveform in a short ventricular fibrillation pig model. | the waveform designs and their relative defibrillation efficacy of external biphasic waveforms may differ remarkably among manufacturers. in this study, we compared pulsed biphasic waveform (pbw) with rectilinear biphasic waveform (rbw) and their effects on terminating ventricular fibrillation (vf). | 2009 | 19604618 |
| the degree of resistance to freezing-thawing is related to specific changes in the structures of motile sperm subpopulations and mitochondrial activity in boar spermatozoa. | the main aim of this work was to analyze the possible relationship between the structures of motile-sperm subpopulations and boar (sus scrofa domesticus) sperm resistance to freezability. for this purpose, 45 boar ejaculates were subjected to a standard freezing-thawing protocol, and afterwards they were classified into three groups, in accordance with their resistance to freezing-thawing. our analysis yielded four separate motile-sperm subpopulations in all of the studied ejaculates, both in fr ... | 2009 | 19604570 |
| global left ventricular function: assessment with dual-source ct versus conventional ventriculography in a porcine model. | cardiac computed tomography (ct) and conventional biplane ventriculography are established methods for the determination of ventricular function. recently dual source ct was introduced for cardiac ct scanning providing a temporal resolution of 83 ms independent of the patient's heart rate. the purpose of this study was to assess the global left ventricular function using retrospectively ecg-gated dual source computed tomography (dsct) in comparison to conventional ventriculography. | 2009 | 19593940 |
| discovery of swine as a host for the reston ebolavirus. | since the discovery of the marburg and ebola species of filovirus, seemingly random, sporadic fatal outbreaks of disease in humans and nonhuman primates have given impetus to identification of host tropisms and potential reservoirs. domestic swine in the philippines, experiencing unusually severe outbreaks of porcine reproductive and respiratory disease syndrome, have now been discovered to host reston ebolavirus (rebov). although rebov is the only member of filoviridae that has not been associa ... | 2009 | 19590002 |
| experimental comparison of the stapled intestinal anastomotic techniques. | various techniques of stapled intestinal anastomoses are performed in gastroenterological surgery. little is known about which technique is optimal. the intestines of a domestic pig were used in this study. stapled intestinal anastomoses of three types-functional end-to-end anastomosis (fetea), stapled side-to-end anastomosis (stea), and stapled end-to-end anastomosis (eea)-were constructed using pig intestines. the times for constructing anastomoses, length of the completed anastomosed intestin ... | 2009 | 19579195 |
| the effect of anterior spinal fusion on spinal canal development in an immature porcine model. | experimental study. | 2009 | 19564754 |
| comparison of inflammatory response after implantation of sirolimus- and paclitaxel-eluting stents in porcine coronary arteries. | although both sirolimus (cypher) and paclitaxel (taxus) drug-eluting stents have demonstrated efficacy and safety in clinical trials, human autopsy data have raised concerns about long-term healing and the potential for local inflammatory reactions. | 2009 | 19564562 |