Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| sar of a series of 5,6-dihydro-(9h)-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-alpha]pyridines as potent inhibitors of human eosinophil phosphodiesterase. | the potency and physical properties of a previously reported 7-oxo-4,5,6,7-tetrahydro-1h-pyrazolo[3,4-c]pyridine series of human eosinophil phosphodiesterase inhibitors were improved by tying the lactam moiety into a triazolo ring. the resulting 5,6-dihydro-(9h)-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-alpha]pyridine series provided nonionizable analogs with melting point properties suitable for micronization. substitution at the 3-position of the 5,6-dihydro-(9h)-pyrazolo[3,4-c]-1,2,4-triazolo[4,3-al ... | 2007 | 17228876 |
| ocular biometry in the adult anesthetized ferret (mustela putorius furo). | a total of 44 eyes of 22 ferrets were examined by b-mode ultrasonography. four dimensions were measured: the distance from the corneal surface to the anterior lens surface (m1), the axial lens thickness (m2), the distance from the posterior lens surface to the retina (m3) and the distance from the anterior cornea to the retina (m4). the values obtained were (mean, standard deviation, range): m1: 1.31 +/- 0.16 mm (1-1.7); m2: 3.42 +/- 0.15 mm (3.2-3.7); m3: 2.26 +/- 0.11 mm (2.1-2.5); m4: 7 +/- 0 ... | 2007 | 17204128 |
| cytologic diagnosis of diseases of ferrets. | cytology is a useful, rapid, inexpensive diagnostic technique that is particularly suitable for ferrets because of their small size and readily accessible organs and tissues. this article begins with a brief discussion of general cytologic information. the remainder of the article concentrates on the cytologic features of common diseases that affect ferrets. | 2007 | 17198960 |
| myofasciitis in the domestic ferret. | since late 2003, an inflammatory disease of muscle and fascia has been diagnosed in several ferrets at northwest zoopath, and this report describes the condition in 17 ferrets. it is a disease of young ferrets, characterized by rapid onset of clinical signs, high fever, neutrophilic leukocytosis, treatment failure, and death (or euthanasia). gross lesions include atrophy of skeletal muscle; red and white mottling and dilatation of the esophagus; and splenomegaly. histologically, moderate to seve ... | 2007 | 17197621 |
| high- and low-sensitivity subforms of alpha4beta2 and alpha3beta2 nachrs. | previous studies in other laboratories have shown that alpha4beta2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) exhibits a biphasic concentration-response relationship for ach with low and high ec50 components, and that the low ec50 component can be augmented by decreasing the alpha4:beta2 message ratio or incubating overnight in nicotine or at low temperature (zwart and vijverberg, 1998; covernton and connolly, 2000; buisson and bertrand, 2001; nelson et al., 2003; zhou et al., 2003). in the proces ... | 2006 | 17192606 |
| acute clozapine suppresses synchronized pyramidal synaptic network activity by increasing inhibition in the ferret prefrontal cortex. | recent studies have indicated that impaired neural circuitry in the prefrontal cortex is a prominent feature of the neuropathology of schizophrenia. clozapine is one of the most effective antipsychotic drugs used for this debilitating disease. despite its effectiveness, the mechanism by which clozapine acts on prefrontal cortical circuitry remains poorly understood. in this study, in vitro multiple whole cell recordings were performed in slices of the ferret prefrontal cortex. clozapine, which e ... | 2007 | 17182915 |
| animal models for human metapneumovirus (hmpv) infections. | since its detection in 2001 the human metapneumovirus (hmpv), a member of the paramyxoviridae family, was observed to be a serious pathogen in human respiratory infections during childhood. meanwhile, several animal models have been established to study the virus-host interactions and pathogenic effects. mainly, small laboratory animals like mice and cotton rats have been used, although the usage of these two species for hmpv research is controversially discussed and contradictious results were ... | 2007 | 17181987 |
| in vitro formulation optimization of intranasal galantamine leading to enhanced bioavailability and reduced emetic response in vivo. | the purpose of the current investigation was to optimize an intranasal (in) galantamine (an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor used for treatment of alzheimer's disease) formulation using an in vitro tissue model, to correlate those results to in vivo bioavailability, and to compare emetic response to oral dosing. a design-of-experiments (doe) based formulation screening employing an in vitro tissue model of human nasal epithelium was used to assess drug permeability, tight junction modulation, and ... | 2007 | 17174048 |
| effects of melatonin administration on the clinical course of adrenocortical disease in domestic ferrets. | to evaluate the effect of oral administration of melatonin on clinical signs, tumor size, and serum steroid hormone concentrations in ferrets with adrenocortical disease. | 2006 | 17144819 |
| carpal myxosarcoma and forelimb amputation in a ferret (mustela putorius furo). | 2006 | 17142629 | |
| physiological and anatomical evidence for multisensory interactions in auditory cortex. | recent studies, conducted almost exclusively in primates, have shown that several cortical areas usually associated with modality-specific sensory processing are subject to influences from other senses. here we demonstrate using single-unit recordings and estimates of mutual information that visual stimuli can influence the activity of units in the auditory cortex of anesthetized ferrets. in many cases, these units were also acoustically responsive and frequently transmitted more information in ... | 2007 | 17135481 |
| chronically recording with a multi-electrode array device in the auditory cortex of an awake ferret. | it is known that anesthesia depresses neural activity and inhibits cortico-cortical interactions and cortical output. hence, it is important to record from awake animals in order to better understand the full dynamic range of neural responses. we have developed a preparation for chronic, multi-electrode physiological recording in the cortex of the awake ferret. this paper discusses several of the advantages and disadvantages of the technique as well as procedures used to overcome potential compl ... | 2007 | 17134761 |
| efficacy and safety of selamectin in the treatment of otodectes cynotis infestation in domestic ferrets. | 2006 | 17127760 | |
| acetylcholine synthesis, muscarinic receptor subtypes, neuropeptides and secretion of ferret salivary glands with special reference to the zygomatic gland. | studies on salivary secretion are usually focused on parotid and submandibular glands. however, the film of mucin, that protects the oral structures and is responsible for the feeling of oral comfort, is produced by the submucosal glands. the submucosal zygomatic and molar glands are particularly large in carnivores such as the ferret. comparisons between the mucous sublingual, zygomatic and molar glands, serous parotid and sero-mucous submandibular glands showed the acetylcholine synthesis, in ... | 2007 | 17123459 |
| bilateral damage to the sexually dimorphic medial preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus of male ferrets causes a female-typical preference for and a hypothalamic fos response to male body odors. | previous studies showed that bilateral lesions of the male ferret's preoptic area/anterior hypothalamus (poa/ah), centered in the sexually dimorphic nuclei present in this region, caused subjects to seek out a same-sex male, as opposed to a female conspecific. male subjects with poa/ah lesions (which were also castrated and given estradiol) displayed female-typical receptive behavior in response to neck gripping by a stimulus male, implying that subjects' approaches to a same-sex conspecific wer ... | 2007 | 17118411 |
| predator threat induces behavioral inhibition, pituitary-adrenal activation and changes in amygdala crf-binding protein gene expression. | behavioral inhibition (bi) is an adaptive defensive response to threat; however, extreme bi is associated with anxiety-related psychopathology. when rats are exposed to a natural predator they display stress- and anxiety-related behavioral alterations and physiological activation. to develop a preclinical rodent model to study mechanisms underlying human bi and anxiety, we examined the extent to which ferret exposure elicits anxiety-related bi and hpa and amygdala activation of the crf system. i ... | 2007 | 17116372 |
| simple fall-off pattern of correlated neural activity in the developing lateral geniculate nucleus. | activity-dependent models for cortical simple-cell receptive field development predict specific patterns of correlated neural activity within the visual pathway, such as a mexican hat-shaped pattern of correlated activity in the lateral geniculate nucleus (lgn). however, such activity patterns have yet to be experimentally demonstrated. we performed multielectrode recordings in the lgn of immature awake ferrets and found simple fall-off-shaped, rather than mexican hat-shaped, patterns of correla ... | 2006 | 17115045 |
| first report of cryptosporidium parvum 'ferret' genotype in american mink (mustela vison shreber 1777). | a total of 51 faecal samples from wild and farmed mink were analysed by a direct immunofluorescence antibody test. cryptosporidium oocysts were identified in eight, apparently healthy, farmed american mink (mustela vison). the isolates were identified as cryptosporidium parvum 'ferret' genotype by pcr-rflp and sequencing analysis of a 341-base-pair fragment of the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) gene. this is the first report of cryptosporidium in american mink. | 2007 | 17111177 |
| a study of the subcortical connexions of the optic tract system of the ferret, with special reference to gonadal activation by retinal stimulation. | 1940 | 17104839 | |
| abnormal pronuclei in the ferret. | 1936 | 17104603 | |
| the early development of the ferret: the zona granulosa, zona pellucida and associated structures. | 1932 | 17104395 | |
| the early development of the ferret: the cytoplasm. | 1931 | 17104336 | |
| the early development of the ferret: the pronuclei. | 1930 | 17104277 | |
| the pluriovular follicle, with reference to its occurrence in the ferret. | 1928 | 17104179 | |
| the earliest stages of development of the blood-vessels and of the heart in ferret embryos. | 1918 | 17103832 | |
| the earliest stages of development of the blood-vessels and of the heart in ferret embryos. | 1917 | 17103829 | |
| feed-forward, feedback and lateral interactions in membrane potentials and spike trains from the visual cortex in vivo. | neurons in the visual cortex receive input from the lateral geniculate nucleus (feed-forward), higher order visual areas (feedback) and local neurons in the surroundings (lateral interactions). here we first briefly review the approximate timing and proportion of these three types of influences on the membrane potentials in visual areas 17, 18 and 19. then we present original results from an independent component analysis of multiunit spike trains in the same visual areas to resolve the contribu ... | 2006 | 17098401 |
| selective detection of abrupt input changes by integration of spike-frequency adaptation and synaptic depression in a computational network model. | short-term synaptic depression (std) and spike-frequency adaptation (sfa) are two basic physiological cortical mechanisms for reducing the system's excitability under repetitive stimulation. the computational implications of each one of these mechanisms on information processing have been studied in detail, but not so the dynamics arising from their combination in a realistic biological scenario. we show here, both experimentally with intracellular recordings from cortical slices of the ferret a ... | 2006 | 17095200 |
| diagnosis and successful treatment of cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii in a domestic ferret. | a domestic ferret was presented for episodic regurgitation. cytologic examination and culture of an enlarged submandibular lymph node revealed cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii (serotype a). the ferret was successfully treated with itraconazole. this is the first documented case of cryptococcus neoformans variety grubii in a ferret in the united states. | 2006 | 17078253 |
| spatial disruption and enhanced degradation of collagen with the transition from compensated ventricular hypertrophy to symptomatic congestive heart failure. | the cardiac extracellular matrix (ecm) maintains the structural and mechanical integrity of the myocardium. we determined the alterations in the composition of the ecm coincident with the transition from compensated left ventricular (lv) hypertrophy (lvh) to symptomatic congestive heart failure (chf) and the mechanisms underlying such changes. heart failure was induced in ferrets by aortic banding. myocardial collagen content was assessed by hplc and histological analysis. matrix metalloproteina ... | 2007 | 17071734 |
| peripheral versus central modulation of gastric vagal pathways by metabotropic glutamate receptor 5. | metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglur) are classified into group i, ii, and iii mglur. group i (mglur1, mglur5) are excitatory, whereas group ii and iii are inhibitory. mglur5 antagonism potently reduces triggering of transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations and gastroesophageal reflux. transient lower esophageal sphincter relaxations are mediated via a vagal pathway and initiated by distension of the proximal stomach. here, we determined the site of action of mglur5 in gastric vagal p ... | 2007 | 17053158 |
| comparison of sevoflurane and isoflurane in domestic ferrets (mustela putorius furo). | isoflurane anesthesia is commonly used in ferrets for routine examinations and diagnostics. sevoflurane is now being used as well, but there have been no studies to date directly comparing these agents in domestic ferrets. a prospective study was designed to evaluate the quality and speed of anesthetic induction and recovery using isoflurane and sevoflurane in ferrets. in addition effects on heart rate, blood pressure and packed cell volume were also recorded. no significant differences were not ... | 2006 | 17039443 |
| lymphoma and mycobacterium avium infection in a ferret (mustela putorius furo). | a 6-year-old, neutered male ferret presented with weight loss. radiography revealed an enlarged liver and other abdominal masses. the ferret was euthanized, and at necropsy, the stomach wall was thickened, mesenteric lymph nodes were enlarged, and the liver contained multifocal tan nodules. histopathology confirmed lymphoma and granulomatous inflammation in all affected organs. acid-fast bacilli were present in the lesions and were confirmed to be mycobacterium avium by pcr. | 2006 | 17037629 |
| identification of ferret ace2 and its receptor function for sars-coronavirus. | 2006 | 17037589 | |
| pharmacological mri in awake rats reveals neural activity in area postrema and nucleus tractus solitarius: relevance as a potential biomarker for detecting drug-induced emesis. | drug-induced vomiting (emesis) is a major concern in patient care and a significant hurdle in the development of novel therapeutics. with respect to the latter, rodents, such as the rat and mouse, are typically used in efficacy and safety studies; however, drug-induced emesis cannot be readily observed in these species due to the lack of an emetic reflex. it is known that emesis can be triggered by neural activity in brain regions including area postrema (ap) and nucleus tractus solitarius (nts) ... | 2006 | 17023182 |
| current animal models of bronchial asthma. | human asthma is on the rise worldwide. the necessity to develop effective treatments against it requires an organized effort which covers every aspect of the disease from the pathological alterations via the genetic background to the use and development of active remedies. in these processes animal experiments have served an indispensable role. as asthma is not a natural disease in the animal kingdom the variety for artificially established animal models is quite wide. the possible selection ran ... | 2006 | 17020527 |
| ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus lesions disrupt olfactory mate recognition and receptivity in female ferrets. | previous research showed that ferrets of both sexes rely on the perception of conspecifics' body odors to identify and motivate approach towards opposite-sex mating partners, and exposure to male body odors stimulated fos expression in an olfactory projection circuit of female, but not male, ferrets that terminates in the ventromedial hypothalamic nucleus (vmh). we asked whether the female-typical preference of ferrets to approach male as opposed to female body odors in y-maze tests would be dis ... | 2007 | 17011561 |
| blood collection from the cranial vena cava of the ferret. | the domestic ferret, though not as common a laboratory animal as the rat or mouse, serves as a model in critical research areas, including influenza biology and vaccine development. studies involving ferrets necessitate knowledge of proper blood collection methods, such as cranial vena cava puncture. | 2006 | 17008905 |
| exophthalmos and corneal edema in a young ferret. diagnosis: glaucoma. | 2006 | 17008903 | |
| bioelectric properties of chloride channels in human, pig, ferret, and mouse airway epithelia. | the development of effective therapies for cystic fibrosis (cf) requires animal models that can appropriately reproduce the human disease phenotype. cf mouse models have demonstrated camp-inducible, non-cf transmembrane conductance regulator (non-cftr) chloride transport in conducting airway epithelia, and this property is thought to be responsible for the lack of a spontaneous cf-like phenotype in the lung. thus, an understanding of species diversity in airway epithelial electrolyte transport a ... | 2007 | 17008635 |
| induction of ovulation in the unmated oestrous ferret. | 1933 | 16994486 | |
| the effect of hysterectomy on the oestrous cycle of the ferret. | 1933 | 16994405 | |
| the time-dependent and dose-dependent effects of caffeine on the contraction of the ferret heart. | 1. trabeculae isolated from ferret heart and from other mammalian hearts have been mounted in a way that enables the tension generated to be measured while the composition of the bathing fluid is rapidly altered.2. application of caffeine to these trabeculae initiates a rapid transient contracture and depresses the strength of regularly evoked heart beats.3. the strength of the contractures, the rate of tension development and the rate of spontaneous relaxation are all increased by raising the c ... | 1976 | 16992504 |
| cross-protectiveness and immunogenicity of influenza a/duck/singapore/3/97(h5) vaccines against infection with a/vietnam/1203/04(h5n1) virus in ferrets. | ferrets were immunized with two 7- mu g doses of hemagglutinin from inactivated whole-virus vaccines containing the hemagglutinin gene of a/duck/singapore/3/97(h5n3) then inoculated with a lethal dose of a/vietnam/1203/04(h5n1) (viet/1203/04). serum samples did not react with viet/1203/04 in hemagglutination-inhibition (hi) or virus-neutralization (vn) tests. all vaccinated ferrets survived the challenge, whereas all mock-immunized ferrets died. immunized ferrets had significantly lower virus ti ... | 2006 | 16991078 |
| response adaptation to broadband sounds in primary auditory cortex of the awake ferret. | driven by previous reports of adaptation to persistent stimuli in other brain regions, we investigated adaptive effects in the primary auditory cortex of awake non-behaving ferrets (mustela putorius furo). electrophysiological data was obtained in response to the presentation of auditory gratings with a structured spectro-temporal envelope of varying bandwidth which had repeated transitions between low and high modulation depths. the responses were analyzed in terms of the evoked spike rates and ... | 2006 | 16982164 |
| canine distemper virus uses both the anterograde and the hematogenous pathway for neuroinvasion. | canine distemper virus (cdv), a member of the morbillivirus genus that also includes measles virus, frequently causes neurologic complications, but the routes and timing of cdv invasion of the central nervous system (cns) are poorly understood. to characterize these events, we cloned and sequenced the genome of a neurovirulent cdv (strain a75/17) and produced an infectious cdna that expresses the green fluorescent protein. this virus fully retained its virulence in ferrets: the course and signs ... | 2006 | 16973542 |
| live, attenuated influenza a h5n1 candidate vaccines provide broad cross-protection in mice and ferrets. | recent outbreaks of highly pathogenic influenza a h5n1 viruses in humans and avian species that began in asia and have spread to other continents underscore an urgent need to develop vaccines that would protect the human population in the event of a pandemic. | 2006 | 16968127 |
| issues to consider for preparing ferrets as research subjects in the laboratory. | the domestic or european ferret (mustela putorius furo) has been domesticated for thousands of years. ferrets have been used for hunting and fur production, as pets, and as models in biomedical research. despite the relatively small numbers used in the laboratory, ferrets have some unique applications including study of human influenza and severe acute respiratory syndrome (sars)-associated corona virus. they have served as models for peptic ulcer disease, carotenoid metabolism, cystic fibrosis, ... | 2006 | 16963814 |
| regulation of kcc2 and nkcc during development: membrane insertion and differences between cell types. | the developmental switch of gaba's action from excitation to inhibition is likely due to a change in intracellular chloride concentration from high to low. here we determined if the gaba switch correlates with the developmental expression patterns of kcc2, the chloride extruder k+-cl- cotransporter, and nkcc, the chloride accumulator na+-k+-cl- cotransporter. immunoblots of ferret retina showed that kcc2 upregulated in an exponential manner similar to synaptophysin (a synaptic marker). in contra ... | 2006 | 16958091 |
| secretory phospholipases a2 stimulate mucus secretion, induce airway inflammation, and produce secretory hyperresponsiveness to neutrophil elastase in ferret trachea. | secretory phospholipases a(2) (spla(2)) are increased in the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of patients with asthma and acute respiratory distress syndrome. intratracheal spla(2) instillation induces acute lung injury in the rat and guinea pig. we hypothesized that spla(2) would stimulate mucus secretion in vitro and that intratracheal spla(2) exposure would induce mucus hypersecretion and airway inflammation in the ferret trachea in vivo. in vitro, porcine pancreatic spla(2) at a concentration of ... | 2007 | 16951132 |
| eosinophilic gastroenteritis in three ferrets. | eosinophilic gastroenteritis (ege) is a rarely reported condition of ferrets. this article reviews three cases of suspected ege in ferrets, summarizes the presenting signs, differential diagnoses, and treatment options, and discusses some question raised by this disease in ferrets. immune suppression by means of prednisolone therapy is currently the treatment of choice. | 2006 | 16931394 |
| rostral maxillectomy and radiation therapy to manage squamous cell carcinoma in a ferret. | a 4-year-old, male, neutered ferret presented with squamous cell carcinoma of the right maxillary region associated with the tissues surrounding the upper canine tooth. a rostral maxillectomy was performed to excise the mass. histopathologic examination showed questionable margins of tumor removal. approximately 2 months after surgery, the ferret received a course of radiation therapy and is currently being monitored for tumor regrowth. | 2006 | 16931393 |
| hydrometra in a ferret-case report. | a desexed female ferret was presented with bilateral alopecic changes. clinical examination revealed generalized alopecia and abdominal distension. a polycystic mass was found behind the right kidney, and the whole abdomen was filled with a large turgid mass. radiography and ultrasonography confirmed the presumptive diagnosis of a hydrometra. hematology and serum biochemistry showed regenerative anemia with light azotemia. laparotomy showed the presence of a neoplastic mass at the location of th ... | 2006 | 16931392 |
| hepatic hemangiosarcoma in two ferrets (mustela putorius furo). | two ferrets were presented to the authors' clinic. hemoperitoneum was diagnosed in one ferret, and an abdominal mass was palpated in the other. one ferret was euthanized and necropsied, and one ferret underwent exploratory laparotomy and liver lobectomy. in both cases, the histopathologic diagnosis was hepatic hemangiosarcoma. | 2006 | 16931391 |
| pacemaker implantation in a ferret (mustela putorius furo) with third-degree atrioventricular block. | a 7.5-year-old castrated male ferret (mustela putorius furo) was diagnosed with third-degree atrioventricular (av) block. a monopolar epicardial pacemaker system was implanted, resulting in a regular, paced cardiac rhythm with third-degree av block at 140 beats per minute. over the next 2 months, the ferret developed anorexia, interstitial pneumonia, intermittent diarrhea, and hind-limb weakness and had a slow and progressive recovery. the ferret developed clinical signs of congestive heart fail ... | 2006 | 16931390 |
| intervertebral disk prolapse in a ferret. | this case report describes the diagnosis and resolution of an inter-vertebral disk prolapse in a 6-year-old ferret. no predisposing causes were found in the patient's history. a right hemilaminectomy, performed 1 week after presentation, was chosen to treat the patient surgically, and complete remission of clinical signs was achieved 2 months after presentation. | 2006 | 16931388 |
| medical and surgical management of traumatic elbow luxation in a juvenile ferret. | elbow luxation is a common orthopedic injury in the ferret. the injury is usually caused by trauma but can also occur spontaneously. the most successful treatment involves a combination of surgical and medical intervention. surgical treatment includes open reduction of the elbow joint and stabilization with orthopedic implants. medical treatment includes external coaptation, analgesia, and prevention of infection. owner compliance also plays an important role in return to full function of the lu ... | 2006 | 16931386 |
| exocrine pancreatic carcinoma and carcinomatosis with abdominal effusion containing mast cells in a ferret (mustela putorius furo). | this case describes the clinical presentation and findings of exocrine pancreatic carcinoma in a 9-year-old female sprayed ferret (mustela putorius furo). transcoelomic metastasis and hemorrhagic abdominal effusion were secondary to the neoplasm. the finding of mast cells in abdominal effusion, with a leukocyte component composed primarily of lymphocytes and lesser numbers of neutrophils and macrophages, is an atypical finding, never before reported in ferrets. | 2006 | 16931385 |
| changes in sodium channel expression following trigeminal nerve injury. | we have investigated the expression of ttx-sensitive (ttxs) and ttx-resistant (ttxr) sodium channel subtypes following injury to the inferior alveolar nerve (ian), in order to determine their potential role in the development of trigeminal neuropathic pain. in seven anaesthetised ferrets, fluorogold (2%) was injected into the left ian to identify cell bodies with axons in this nerve. in four animals, the nerve was sectioned distal to the injection site and the remaining three served as controls. ... | 2006 | 16908020 |
| cortical feedback depolarization waves: a mechanism of top-down influence on early visual areas. | despite the lack of direct evidence, it is generally believed that top-down signals are mediated by the abundant feedback connections from higher- to lower-order sensory areas. here we provide direct evidence for a top-down mechanism. we stained the visual cortex of the ferret with a voltage-sensitive dye and presented a short-duration contrast square. this elicited an initial feedforward and lateral spreading depolarization at the square representation in areas 17 and 18. after a delay, a broad ... | 2006 | 16891418 |
| molecular fingerprinting of cryptosporidium oocysts isolated during water monitoring. | we developed and validated a pcr-based method for identifying cryptosporidium species and/or genotypes present on oocyst-positive microscope slides. the method involves removing coverslips and oocysts from previously examined slides followed by dna extraction. we tested four loci, the 18s rrna gene (n18sdiag and n18sxiao), the cryptosporidium oocyst wall protein (cowp) gene (stn-cowp), and the dihydrofolate reductase (dhfr) gene (by multiplex allele-specific pcr), for amplifying dna from low den ... | 2006 | 16885295 |
| lack of transmission of h5n1 avian-human reassortant influenza viruses in a ferret model. | avian influenza a h5n1 viruses continue to spread globally among birds, resulting in occasional transmission of virus from infected poultry to humans. probable human-to-human transmission has been documented rarely, but h5n1 viruses have not yet acquired the ability to transmit efficiently among humans, an essential property of a pandemic virus. the pandemics of 1957 and 1968 were caused by avian-human reassortant influenza viruses that had acquired human virus-like receptor binding properties. ... | 2006 | 16880383 |
| cross reactive antigenicity in orally vaccinated foxes and raccoon dogs against european bat lyssavirus type 1 and 2. | for the first time, the effectiveness of oral rabies vaccines against european bat lyssaviruses type 1 (eblv-1) and type 2 (eblv-2) by means of cross-neutralization assays was investigated. sera from orally vaccinated red foxes (vulpes vulpes) and raccoon dogs (nyctereutes procyonoides) with the street alabama dufferin (sad) b19 and sad p5/88 live-modified vaccine viruses were used to study the cross reactive antigenicity against cvs-11 (genotype 1), eblv-1 (genotype 5) and eblv-2 (genotype 6). ... | 2006 | 16878477 |
| cortical feedback to the thalamus is selectively enhanced by nitric oxide. | the brain somehow merges visual information with the behavioral context in which it is being processed, a task that is often attributed to the cerebral cortex. we have identified a new role of the gaseous neurotransmitter, nitric oxide (no), in the early selective enhancement of corticogeniculate communication that may participate in this process at the level of the thalamus. visual information is dynamically gated through the thalamus by brainstem neurons that release acetylcholine and no. usin ... | 2006 | 16876956 |
| use of nontraditional animals for evaluation of pharmaceutical products. | although the international conference on harmonization guideline ich m3 indicates the use of nonrodents for some studies of pharmaceutical products, the specific nonrodent species is not specified. dogs are used most frequently; however, there may be reasons why dogs are not the best model for a particular drug. minipigs are being used increasingly for evaluation of toxicity, especially for dermally applied drugs, and for various efficacy models. hamsters may be used for the evaluation of intrao ... | 2006 | 16863438 |
| energetics of swimming by the ferret: consequences of forelimb paddling. | the domestic ferret (mustela putorius furo) swims by alternate strokes of the forelimbs. this pectoral paddling is rare among semi-aquatic mammals. the energetic implications of swimming by pectoral paddling were examined by kinematic analysis and measurement of oxygen consumption. ferrets maintained a constant stroke frequency, but increased swimming speed by increasing stroke amplitude. the ratio of swimming velocity to foot stroke velocity was low, indicating a low propulsive efficiency. meta ... | 2008 | 16861018 |
| fibrosarcoma with typical features of postinjection sarcoma at site of microchip implant in a dog: histologic and immunohistochemical study. | a 9-year-old, male french bulldog was examined for a subcutaneous mass located at the site of a microchip implant. cytologic examination of the mass was suggestive of a malignant mesenchymal neoplasm. histologically, the mass was confirmed as a high-grade infiltrative fibrosarcoma, with multifocal necrosis and peripheral lymphoid aggregates. by immunohistochemistry, the sample was investigated for vimentin, smooth-muscle actin (sma), cd3, cd79alpha, and cd18. all the neoplastic cells were positi ... | 2006 | 16846997 |
| selective and quickly reversible inactivation of mammalian neurons in vivo using the drosophila allatostatin receptor. | genetic strategies for perturbing activity of selected neurons hold great promise for understanding circuitry and behavior. several such strategies exist, but there has been no direct demonstration of reversible inactivation of mammalian neurons in vivo. we previously reported quickly reversible inactivation of neurons in vitro using expression of the drosophila allatostatin receptor (alstr). here, adeno-associated viral vectors are used to express alstr in vivo in cortical and thalamic neurons ... | 2006 | 16846851 |
| bursting without slow kinetics: a role for a small world? | bursting, a dynamical phenomenon whereby episodes of neural action potentials are punctuated by periodic episodes of inactivity, is ubiquitous in neural systems. examples include components of the respiratory rhythm generating circuitry in the brain stem, spontaneous activity in the neonatal rat spinal cord, and developing neural networks in the retina of the immature ferret. bursting can also manifest itself in single neurons. bursting dynamics require one or more kinetic processes slower than ... | 2006 | 16846385 |
| differential action of anti-emetic drugs on defecation and emesis induced by prostaglandin e2 in the ferret. | in the present studies we investigated the mechanism of action of prostaglandin e2 (1 mg/kg, i.p.) to induce emesis and defecation and/or tenesmus in the ferret. the emesis was antagonized significantly (p<0.05) by ondansetron (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, i.p.) and (+)-(2s,3s)-3-(2-methoxybenzylamino)-2-phenlypiperidine hydrochloride (cp-99,994; 10 mg/kg, i.p.), but neither compound reduced defecations and/or tenesmus, with ondansetron (0.3 mg/kg) actually producing a slight increase (p<0.05). droperidol ( ... | 2006 | 16844111 |
| final report on the safety assessment of sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-cresol, chlorothymol, mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresols, thymol, o-cymen-5-ol, and carvacrol. | sodium p-chloro-m-cresol, p-chloro-m-cresol (pcmc), mixed cresols, m-cresol, o-cresol, p-cresol, isopropyl cresols, thymol, chlorothymol, o-cymen-5-ol, and carvacrol are substituted phenols used as cosmetic biocides/preservatives and/or fragrance ingredients. only pcmc, thymol, and o-cymen-5-ol are reported to be in current use, with the highest concentration of use at 0.5% for o-cymen-5-ol in perfumes. the use of pcmc in cosmetics is restricted in europe and japan. cresols can be absorbed throu ... | 2006 | 16835130 |
| fraud and abuse trends for 2006: what's hot for physicians and physician practices. | federal and state governments will have new tools and new mandates to ferret out fraud and abuse in federal health care programs. this article describes new legislative, regulatory, and investigative trends in the fraud and abuse arena that are likely to affect physicians and physician groups. | 2006 | 16833059 |
| the inotropic effect of cardioactive glycosides in ventricular myocytes requires na+-ca2+ exchanger function. | glycoside-induced cardiac inotropy has traditionally been attributed to direct na(+)-k(+)-atpase inhibition, causing increased intracellular [na(+)] and consequent ca(2+) gain via the na(+)-ca(2+) exchanger (ncx). however, recent studies suggested alternative mechanisms of glycoside-induced inotropy: (1) direct activation of sarcoplasmic reticulum ca(2+) release channels (ryanodine receptors; ryrs); (2) increased ca(2+) selectivity of na(+) channels (slip-mode conductance); and (3) other signal ... | 2006 | 16825310 |
| use of an adjustable restraint device for prolonged and intermittent intravenous infusion and blood sampling in ferrets. | 2006 | 16807566 | |
| cross-bridge-dependent change of the ca2+ sensitivity during relaxation in aequorin-injected tetanized ferret papillary muscles. | background the aim of the present study was to indicate the cross-bridge-dependent change in the ca2+ affinity of troponin-c (tnc) during relaxation in an intact preparation, because the intracellular mechanism of relaxation is not fully understood, although several methods of evaluating global diastolic function have been reported. methods and results: the aequorin method was used with intact ferret papillary muscles and a tetanic contraction was induced by a repetitive electrical stimulation i ... | 2006 | 16799248 |
| human monoclonal antibody combination against sars coronavirus: synergy and coverage of escape mutants. | experimental animal data show that protection against severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (sars-cov) infection with human monoclonal antibodies (mabs) is feasible. for an effective immune prophylaxis in humans, broad coverage of different strains of sars-cov and control of potential neutralization escape variants will be required. combinations of virus-neutralizing, noncompeting mabs may have these properties. | 2006 | 16796401 |
| immunization with reverse-genetics-produced h5n1 influenza vaccine protects ferrets against homologous and heterologous challenge. | multiple cases of transmission of avian h5n1 influenza viruses to humans illustrate the urgent need for an efficacious, cross-protective vaccine. | 2006 | 16779721 |
| ferrets and the challenges of h5n1 vaccine formulation. | 2006 | 16779718 | |
| reference values for selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests of the ferret (mustela putorius furo). | to perform selected ophthalmic diagnostic tests in healthy ferrets with the aim of establishing normal physiological reference values for this species. | 2006 | 16771755 |
| synaptogenesis in the inferior colliculus of the pre-hearing postnatal ferret. | although intrinsic organization in the inferior colliculus (ic) has been surveyed in a variety of species, current knowledge of synaptogenesis within the mammalian inferior colliculus is limited. the present study surveyed the ultrastructure of the central nucleus of the inferior colliculus in postnatal day (p) p4, p7, p14, and p28 ferrets, prior to the onset of hearing at the end of the first postnatal month with the goal of beginning to characterize the time course of synapse formation in rela ... | 2006 | 16766149 |
| sleep and sleep regulation in the ferret (mustela putorius furo). | we investigated sleep-wake (s-w) architecture and sleep regulation in the ferret: a phylogenetically primitive mammal increasingly used in neurobiological studies. twenty-four hour s-w baseline data were collected in eight adult ferrets. seven ferrets were then sleep deprived for 6h at the beginning of the light period. like other placental mammals, ferrets exhibited the main vigilance states of wakefulness, rapid-eye-movement (rem) sleep and non-rem (nrem) sleep. interestingly, the amount of re ... | 2006 | 16765460 |
| common procedures in the pet ferret. | the domestic ferret is an increasingly popular pet in north america and europe and may easily be incorporated into the structure and workings of most small animal hospitals. not only does treatment of ferrets provide case diversity and intellectual challenges to the veterinarian but it may increase revenue, because most ferret owners have several ferrets. the diagnostic and supportive care procedures used commonly in ferrets are similar to those used in dogs and cats. this article presents the c ... | 2006 | 16759951 |
| pneumocystis melanins confer enhanced organism viability. | pneumocystis continues to represent an important opportunistic fungal pathogen of those with compromised immunity. thus, it is crucial to identify factors that affect its viability and pathogenicity. we previously reported the first identification of melanins in pneumocystis. in the present study, we sought to further characterize these components and define the function for these melanins. melanins extracted from pneumocystis and melanized pneumocystis cells were analyzed by electron spin reson ... | 2006 | 16757739 |
| primary structure of cat preproendothelin-2 and cat renal mrna expression of preproendothelin-1 and preproendothelin-2 in naturally occurring renal failure. | endothelin (et)-1 is involved in the pathophysiology of various renal disorders, promoting renal cellular proliferation and extracellular matrix protein accumulation, and, thus, diminishing fundamental renal function, including filtration. to determine whether et-1 and et-2 play a role in feline chronic renal failure, we analyzed the messenger rna (mrna) expression of the prepro-et (ppet )-1 and ppet-2 genes in affected cat kidney after molecular cloning of full-length ppet-2 complementary dna ( ... | 2006 | 16741037 |
| receptor (slam [cd150]) recognition and the v protein sustain swift lymphocyte-based invasion of mucosal tissue and lymphatic organs by a morbillivirus. | experimental infections of ferrets with canine distemper virus (cdv) recapitulate many hallmarks of measles: rash, high fever, viremia, depression of delayed-type hypersensitivity responses, lowered leukocyte counts, and reduced lymphocyte proliferation activity. to understand how a morbillivirus invades the host and causes immunosuppression, we generated cdv either unable to recognize one of the receptors or incapable of expressing either one or both of the candidate interferon antagonist prote ... | 2006 | 16731947 |
| sperm viability in the black-footed ferret (mustela nigripes) is influenced by seminal and medium osmolality. | fundamental knowledge of spermatozoa cryobiology can assist with optimizing cryopreservation protocols needed for genetic management of the endangered black-footed ferret. objectives were to characterize semen osmolality and assess the influence of two media at various osmolalities on sperm viability. we examined the influence of ham's f10 +hepes medium (h) at 270, 400, 500 or 700 mosm (adjusted with sucrose, a nonpermeating cryoprotectant) and test yolk buffer (tyb) with 0% (300 mosm) versus 4% ... | 2006 | 16712829 |
| proposed mode of action for in utero effects of some phthalate esters on the developing male reproductive tract. | phthalate esters containing a straight-chain backbone of 4-6 carbons have demonstrated testicular toxicity and infertility in adult and pre-adolescent rats, mice, hamsters, and ferrets. in recent years, these same phthalates have been shown to interfere with the normal development of the male reproductive tract in rodents and rabbits. the review presented here summarizes studies that provide evidence of a mode of action for these effects. the data indicate that c4-c6 phthalate esters inhibit pro ... | 2006 | 16698716 |
| unique presynaptic and postsynaptic roles of group ii metabotropic glutamate receptors in the modulation of thalamic network activity. | the thalamic reticular nucleus (trn) is a sheet of gabaergic neurons that project to other trn neurons and to associated thalamocortical relay nuclei. the trn receives glutamatergic synaptic inputs from cortex as well as reciprocal inputs from the collaterals of thalamocortical neurons. in addition to ionotropic glutamate receptors, metabotropic glutamate receptors (mglurs) are present in the trn circuitry. using whole cell voltage clamp recordings, we pharmacologically characterized unique pre- ... | 2006 | 16690217 |
| plasticity of temporal pattern codes for vocalization stimuli in primary auditory cortex. | it has been suggested that "call-selective" neurons may play an important role in the encoding of vocalizations in primary auditory cortex (a1). for example, marmoset a1 neurons often respond more vigorously to natural than to time-reversed twitter calls, although the spectral energy distribution in the natural and time-reversed signals is the same. neurons recorded in cat a1, in contrast, showed no such selectivity for natural marmoset calls. to investigate whether call selectivity in a1 can ar ... | 2006 | 16672651 |
| renal adenocarcinoma in a ferret. | a spontaneous case of renal tumor was observed in a 7-year-old ovariectomized female pet ferret (mustela putorius furo). clinical signs included exhaustion, emaciation, anorexia, and stooping position. at necropsy, a solid and cystic mass replaced the left kidney and adrenal gland. the tumor was composed of pleomorphic epithelial cells with a large number of giant cells. metastases were recognized in the lung, liver, greater omentum, right renal pelvis, and systemic lymph nodes. immunohistochemi ... | 2006 | 16672582 |
| renal tubular-cell neoplasms in black-footed ferrets (mustela nigripes)--38 cases. | thirty-eight cases of renal tubular cell neoplasms were diagnosed in 184 captive, adult (>1-year-old), black-footed ferrets (mustela nigripes) examined from 1985 to 1996. this prevalence (20.7%) is one of the highest reported for this neoplasm in a population of animals. these tumors rarely metastasized (1/38), and usually were incidental postmortem findings, associated clinical disease being present in only 3 (8%) of the 38 cases. the prevalence of renal tubular cell neoplasms found at postmort ... | 2006 | 16672574 |
| the biochemical characterization of ferret carotene-9',10'-monooxygenase catalyzing cleavage of carotenoids in vitro and in vivo. | previous studies have shown that beta-carotene 15,15'-monooxygenase catalyzes the cleavage of beta-carotene at the central carbon 15,15'-double bond but cleaves lycopene with much lower activity. however, expressing the mouse carotene 9',10'-monooxygenase (cmo2) in beta-carotene/lycopene-synthesizing and -accumulating escherichia coli strains leads to both a color shift and formation of apo-10'-carotenoids, suggesting the oxidative cleavage of both carotenoids at their 9',10'-double bond. here w ... | 2006 | 16672231 |
| inhibitory effect of zacopride on cisplatin-induced delayed emesis in ferrets. | we evaluated the antiemetic effect of zacopride, a potent 5-ht3-receptor antagonist with 5-ht4-receptor agonist properties, on delayed emesis caused by cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) in ferrets, compared with granisetron, a selective 5-ht3-receptor antagonist. multiple intravenous injections of zacopride at 1 mg/kg, a dose that completely inhibited acute emesis caused bycisplatin (10 mg/kg, i.v.), significantly reduced delayed emesis. granisetron (3.2 mg/kg) also reduced delayed emesis but this faile ... | 2006 | 16651699 |
| motion perception deficits in albino ferrets (mustela putorius furo). | albino ferrets contrary to their pigmented conspecifics show no optokinetic nystagmus. therefore, in this study motion perception was compared between pigmented and albino ferrets (mustela putorius furo) trained to discriminate between coherently moving random dot patterns and dynamic noise stimuli in a two-alternative forced choice task. fully coherently versus incoherently moving patterns could be distinguished by ferrets of both phenotypes. motion coherence thresholds, however, were significa ... | 2006 | 16647737 |
| molecular cloning and pharmacological characterization of serotonin 5-ht(3a) receptor subtype in dog. | in order to establish if the canine 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3a (5-ht(3a)) receptors share the pharmacological profile with human 5-ht(3a) receptors, we cloned and performed a molecular pharmacological characterization of the canine 5-ht(3a) receptor. the 5-ht(3a) cdna was cloned from canine brain by polymerase chain reaction amplification. it encodes a 483 amino acid peptide that exhibits from 80% (mice) to 90% (ferrets) identity to other sequenced mammalian 5-ht(3a) receptors. the receptor ago ... | 2006 | 16647053 |
| vasoactive intestinal peptide stimulates mucus secretion, but nitric oxide has no effect on mucus secretion in the ferret trachea. | vasoactive intestinal peptide (vip) and nitric oxide (no) are neurotransmitters involved in the regulation of bronchial and pulmonary vascular tone. published studies of the effects of vip on airway mucus secretion have yielded conflicting results. the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of vip on mucus secretion in the ferret trachea and if this effect was influenced by no. we used a sandwich enzyme-linked lectin assay to measure mucin secretion and a turbidimetric assay to measur ... | 2006 | 16645189 |
| neocortical network activity in vivo is generated through a dynamic balance of excitation and inhibition. | the recurrent excitatory and inhibitory connections between and within layers of the cerebral cortex are fundamental to the operation of local cortical circuits. models of cortical function often assume that recurrent excitation and inhibition are balanced, and we recently demonstrated that spontaneous network activity in vitro contains a precise balance of excitation and inhibition; however, the existence of a balance between excitation and inhibition in the intact and spontaneously active cere ... | 2006 | 16641233 |
| acute stress and nicotine cues interact to unveil locomotor arousal and activity-dependent gene expression in the prefrontal cortex. | this study examines the interactive effects of acute stress and nicotine-associated contextual cues on locomotor activity and activity-dependent gene expression in subregions of the prefrontal cortex. | 2007 | 16631128 |
| bacterial sinusitis and otitis media following influenza virus infection in ferrets. | streptococcus pneumoniae is the leading cause of otitis media, sinusitis, and pneumonia. many of these infections result from antecedent influenza virus infections. in this study we sought to determine whether the frequency and character of secondary pneumococcal infections differed depending on the strain of influenza virus that preceded bacterial challenge. in young ferrets infected with influenza virus and then challenged with pneumococcus, influenza viruses of any subtype increased bacterial ... | 2006 | 16622191 |
| interfering vaccine (defective interfering influenza a virus) protects ferrets from influenza, and allows them to develop solid immunity to reinfection. | defective interfering (di) virus rnas result from major deletions in full-length viral rnas that occur spontaneously during de novo rna synthesis. these rnas are packaged into virions that are by definition non-infectious, and are delivered to cells normally targeted by the virion. di rnas can only replicate with the aid of a coinfecting infectious helper virus, but the small size of di rna allows more copies of it to be made than of its full-length counterpart, so the cell produces defective vi ... | 2006 | 16621180 |