Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
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| molecular characterization and antimicrobial susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolated from rabbits raised for meat production. | clostridium difficile is an important cause of enteric disease in humans and animals. recent studies demonstrated a genetic overlap between c. difficile isolated from animals and humans suggesting animals as possible reservoir for human pathogenic strains. this study was a preliminary investigation on the occurrence of c. difficile in rabbits raised in industrial holdings for food production and aimed to characterise isolates and estimate their antimicrobial susceptibility. c. difficile isolates ... | 2015 | 26507420 |
| clinical significance of direct cytotoxicity and toxigenic culture in clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is the leading cause of hospital-acquired diarrhoea in developed countries. although an optimal diagnosis is crucial, laboratory diagnostics remain challenging. currently, the reference methods are direct cytotoxicity assay and toxigenic culture; however there is controversy in the interpretation of discordant results of these tests. | 2016 | 26505927 |
| immunogenic properties of the surface layer precursor of clostridium difficile and vaccination assays in animal models. | clostridium difficile is an opportunistic pathogen causing gut inflammation generally associated with an intestinal dysbiosis due to antibiotics. several virulence factors have been identified as playing a key role in gut colonization. the surface-layer proteins, comprised of two proteins, the high molecular weight slpa (hmw-slp) and the low molecular weight slpa (lmw-slp), are the most abundant proteins on the c. difficile surface. these two proteins are derived from the cwp84-mediated cleavage ... | 2016 | 26505926 |
| cadazolid does not promote intestinal colonization of vancomycin-resistant enterococci in mice. | the promotion of colonization with vancomycin-resistant enterococci (vre) is one potential side effect during treatment of clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea (cdad), resulting from disturbances in gut microbiota. cadazolid (cdz) is an investigational antibiotic with potent in vitro activity against c. difficile and against vre and is currently in clinical development for the treatment of cdad. we report that cdz treatment did not lead to intestinal vre overgrowth in mice. | 2015 | 26503650 |
| multimorbidity in elderly hospitalised patients and risk of clostridium difficile infection: a retrospective study with the cumulative illness rating scale (cirs). | to identify the role of chronic comorbidities, considered together in a literature-validated index (cumulative illness rating scale, cirs), and antibiotic or proton-pump inhibitor (ppi) treatments as risk factors for hospital-acquired clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in elderly multimorbid hospitalised patients. | 2015 | 26503394 |
| memory b cells encode neutralizing antibody specific for toxin b from the clostridium difficile strains vpi 10463 and nap1/bi/027 but with superior neutralization of vpi 10463 toxin b. | secreted toxin b (tcdb) substantially contributes to the pathology observed during clostridium difficile infection. to be successfully incorporated into a vaccine, tcdb-based immunogens must stimulate the production of neutralizing antibody (ab)-encoding memory b cells (bmem cells). despite numerous investigations, a clear analysis of bmem cellular responses following vaccination against tcdb is lacking. b6 mice were therefore used to test the ability of a nontoxigenic c-terminal domain (ctd) fr ... | 2015 | 26502913 |
| serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d levels are not associated with adverse outcomes in clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a significant source of healthcare-associated morbidity and mortality. this study investigated whether serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d is associated with adverse outcomes from cdi. patients with cdi were prospectively enrolled. charts were reviewed and serum 25-hydroxyvitamin d was measured. the primary outcome was a composite definition of severe disease: fever (temperature >38°c), acute organ dysfunction, or serum white blood cell count >15,000 cells/µl withi ... | 2015 | 26500740 |
| decreasing clostridium difficile health care-associated infections through use of a launderable mattress cover. | the annual incidence of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in the united states is estimated to be 330,000 cases. we evaluated the impact of using a launderable mattress and bed deck cover on the incidence of hospital-onset cdi in 2 long-term acute care hospitals (ltachs). | 2015 | 26498703 |
| identification of a novel lipoprotein regulator of clostridium difficile spore germination. | clostridium difficile is a gram-positive spore-forming pathogen and a leading cause of nosocomial diarrhea. c. difficile infections are transmitted when ingested spores germinate in the gastrointestinal tract and transform into vegetative cells. germination begins when the germinant receptor cspc detects bile salts in the gut. cspc is a subtilisin-like serine pseudoprotease that activates the related cspb serine protease through an unknown mechanism. activated cspb cleaves the pro-slec zymogen, ... | 2015 | 26496694 |
| use of probiotics in pediatric infectious diseases. | we summarize current evidence and recommendations for the use of probiotics in childhood infectious diseases. probiotics may be of benefit in treating acute infectious diarrhea and reducing antibiotic-associated diarrhea. potential benefits of probiotic on prevention of traveler's diarrhea,clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea, side effects of triple therapy in helicobacter pylori eradication, necrotizing enterocolitis, acute diarrhea, acute respiratory infections and recurrent urinary tract ... | 2015 | 26496433 |
| [laboratory diagnosis of clostridium difficile infection]. | clostridium difficile is the leading cause of nosocomial diarrhoea in developed countries, and is one of the main aetiologic agents of community diarrhea. the eruption of the hypervirulent strain bi/nap1/027 has given rise to an increase in the morbidity and mortality of c.difficile infection (cdi). this document aims to review the main clinical pictures of cdi and the laboratory diagnosis, including sampling, transport and storage of specimens, specimen processing, diagnostic procedures, antimi ... | 2016 | 26493356 |
| a rare cause of reversible renal hemosiderosis. | kidney failure secondary to renal hemosiderosis has been reported in diseases with intravascular hemolysis, like paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, and valvular heart diseases. we present here a case of hemosiderin induced acute tubular necrosis secondary to intravascular hemolysis from clostridium difficile infection with possible role of supratherapeutic inr. we discuss the pathophysiology, causes, and prognosis of acute tubular injury from hemosiderosis. | 2015 | 26491580 |
| evaluation of a bedside scoring system for predicting clinical cure and recurrence of clostridium difficile infections. | the accuracy of a bedside scoring system, atlas, for predicting clinical cure and recurrence of clostridium difficile infections (cdis) was evaluated. | 2015 | 26490821 |
| predominance of clostridium difficile ribotypes 012, 027 and 046 in a university hospital in chile, 2012. | in a 1-year survey at a university hospital we found that 20·6% (81/392) of patients with antibiotic associated diarrohea where positive for c. difficile. the most common pcr ribotypes were 012 (14·8%), 027 (12·3%), 046 (12·3%) and 014/020 (9·9). the incidence rate was 2·6 cases of c. difficile infection for every 1000 outpatients. | 2016 | 26489717 |
| interactions between the gastrointestinal microbiome and clostridium difficile. | antibiotics have significant and long-lasting effects on the intestinal microbiota and consequently reduce colonization resistance against pathogens, including clostridium difficile. by altering the community structure of the gut microbiome, antibiotics alter the intestinal metabolome, which includes both host- and microbe-derived metabolites. the mechanisms by which antibiotics reduce colonization resistance against c. difficile are unknown yet important for development of preventative and ther ... | 2015 | 26488281 |
| evaluating the use of the case mix index for risk adjustment of healthcare-associated infection data: an illustration using clostridium difficile infection data from the national healthcare safety network. | background case mix index (cmi) has been used as a facility-level indicator of patient disease severity. we sought to evaluate the potential for cmi to be used for risk adjustment of national healthcare safety network (nhsn) healthcare-associated infection (hai) data. methods nhsn facility-wide laboratory-identified clostridium difficile infection event data from 2012 were merged with the fiscal year 2012 inpatient prospective payment system (ipps) impact file by cms certification number (ccn) t ... | 2016 | 26486597 |
| transmission of clostridium difficile during hospitalization for allogeneic stem cell transplant. | objective to determine the role of unit-based transmission that accounts for cases of early clostridium difficile infection (cdi) during hospitalization for allogeneic stem cell transplant. setting stem cell transplant unit at a tertiary care cancer center. methods serially collected stool from patients admitted for transplant was screened for toxigenic c. difficile through the hospital stay and genotyping was performed by multilocus sequence typing. in addition, isolates retrieved from cases of ... | 2016 | 26486102 |
| clostridium difficile infection after subarachnoid hemorrhage: a nationwide analysis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is an important cause of hospital-acquired morbidity and mortality. | 2016 | 26485334 |
| [the hunt for the toxicant from clostridium difficile]. | 2015 | 26485133 | |
| ursodeoxycholic acid inhibits clostridium difficile spore germination and vegetative growth, and prevents the recurrence of ileal pouchitis associated with the infection. | to test whether ursodeoxycholic acid (udca) is inhibitory to clostridium difficile and can be used in the treatment of c. difficile-associated ileal pouchitis. | 2016 | 26485102 |
| hospital-onset clostridium difficile infection among solid organ transplant recipients. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a considerable health issue in the united states and represents the most common healthcare-associated infection. solid organ transplant recipients are at increased risk of cdi, which can affect both graft and patient survival. however, little is known about the impact of cdi on health services utilization posttransplantation. we examined hospital-onset cdi from 2012 to 2014 among transplant recipients in the university healthsystem consortium, which inclu ... | 2015 | 26484839 |
| from the hospital to the home--the rise and rise of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has emerged as a serious worldwide public health threat. although c. difficile has always been a cause of diarrhoeal disease in patients presenting to general practice, the rates of community-associated cdi (ca cdi) have increased. | 2015 | 26484484 |
| clinical characteristics and risk factors for community-acquired clostridium difficile infection: a retrospective, case-control study in a tertiary care hospital in japan. | the epidemiology of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has changed in the past decade. the incidence, prevalence, and severity of community-acquired cdi (ca-cdi) have increased. however, the epidemiology of ca-cdi in japan has not been investigated. to evaluate the clinical characteristics and risk factors for ca-cdi in japan, we conducted a retrospective, case-control study of ca-cdi at the national hospital organization tokyo medical center between january 2010 and december 2014. two age- a ... | 2015 | 26482373 |
| risk factors and outcomes for bloodstream infections secondary to clostridium difficile infection. | we determined the incidence, risk factors, and outcomes of bloodstream infections (bsi) subsequent to clostridium difficile infection (cdi). we performed a retrospective study of all patients with definite diagnosis of cdi admitted from january 2014 to december 2014 in two large hospitals in rome. two groups of patients were analyzed: those with cdi and subsequent bsi (cdi/bsi(+)) and those with cdi and no evidence of primary bsi (cdi/bsi(-)). data about clinical features, microbiology, treatmen ... | 2015 | 26482315 |
| gastroenterologist perceptions of faecal microbiota transplantation. | to explore gastroenterologist perceptions towards and experience with faecal microbiota transplantation (fmt). | 2015 | 26478682 |
| a qualitative analysis of implementation of antimicrobial stewardship at 3 academic hospitals: understanding the key influences on success. | inappropriate use of antimicrobials is linked to the development and spread of drug-resistant pathogens and is associated with increased morbidity, mortality, lengths of hospital stay, and health care costs. "antimicrobial stewardship" is the umbrella term for an evidence-based knowledge translation strategy involving comprehensive quality improvement activities to optimize the use of antimicrobials, improve patient outcomes, reduce the development of antimicrobial resistance and hospital-acquir ... | 2017 | 26478585 |
| evaluating risk factors for clostridium difficile infection in adult and pediatric hematopoietic cell transplant recipients. | although hematopoietic cell transplant (hct) recipients are routinely exposed to classic risk factors for clostridium difficile infection (cdi), few studies have assessed cdi risk in these high-risk patients, and data are especially lacking for pediatric hct recipients. we aimed to determine incidence and risk factors for cdi in adult and pediatric allogeneic hct recipients. | 2015 | 26473030 |
| universal vs risk factor screening for methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus in a large multicenter tertiary care facility in canada. | objective to assess the clinical effectiveness of a universal screening program compared with a risk factor-based program in reducing the rates of nosocomial methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus (mrsa) among admitted patients at the ottawa hospital. design quasi-experimental study. setting ottawa hospital, a multicenter tertiary care facility with 3 main campuses, approximately 47,000 admissions per year, and 1,200 beds. methods from january 1, 2006 through december 31, 2007 (24 months), ... | 2016 | 26470820 |
| scientific evidence for the use of current traditional systemic therapies in patients with hidradenitis suppurativa. | traditional systemic therapies are frequently prescribed for the treatment of hidradenitis suppurativa (hs). clinicians consider antibiotics, retinoids, antiandrogens, immunosuppressants, and less common treatment, such as fumarates, in the management of hs. different classes of medications have been selected to treat hs based on their ability to target various pathways of the condition. concerns about infection, such as infection with clostridium difficile, necessitates switching therapy or sho ... | 2015 | 26470615 |
| a gut odyssey: the impact of the microbiota on clostridium difficile spore formation and germination. | 2015 | 26468647 | |
| the effect of polydextrose and probiotic lactobacilli in a clostridium difficile-infected human colonic model. | clostridium difficile is a natural resident of the intestinal microbiota; however, it becomes harmful when the normal intestinal microbiota is disrupted, and overgrowth and toxin production occurs. the toxins can cause bloating and diarrhoea, which may cause severe disease and have the potential to cause outbreaks in hospitals and other healthcare settings. normally, antibiotic agents are used for treatment, although for some of the patients, these treatments provide only a temporary relief with ... | 2015 | 26468159 |
| clostridium difficile screening in cirrhosis: one for all, or some for one? | 2015 | 26467702 | |
| regulation of clostridium difficile spore formation by the spoiiq and spoiiia proteins. | sporulation is an ancient developmental process that involves the formation of a highly resistant endospore within a larger mother cell. in the model organism bacillus subtilis, sporulation-specific sigma factors activate compartment-specific transcriptional programs that drive spore morphogenesis. σg activity in the forespore depends on the formation of a secretion complex, known as the "feeding tube," that bridges the mother cell and forespore and maintains forespore integrity. even though the ... | 2015 | 26465937 |
| [the most common acute gastrointestinal infections]. | acute gastrointestinal infections and diarrhea with vomiting as its main presentation are a frequently encountered entity in an outpatient setting. due to a mostly self-limiting disease course a diagnostic work-up is often futile. viral infections caused by noro- or rotavirus are most frequent, while bacterial infections are second line due to high hygienic standards in developed countries. in an inpatient setting and after a precedent antibiotic treatment one should think of clostridium diffici ... | 2015 | 26463905 |
| effects of proton pump inhibitors and histamine-2 receptor antagonists on response to fidaxomicin or vancomycin in patients with clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea. | it has been established that use of proton pump inhibitors (ppis) is associated with an increased risk of acquiring clostridium difficile-associated diarrhoea (cdad). however, it is not known whether the use of ppis or histamine-2 receptor antagonists (h2ras) concurrently with cdad-targeted antibiotic treatment affects clinical response or recurrence rates. | 2015 | 26462279 |
| the non-toxigenic clostridium difficile cd37 protects mice against infection with a bi/nap1/027 type of c. difficile strain. | clostridium difficile cd37, a clinical isolate from the usa, does not produce toxin a, b or binary toxin. the aim of this study was to determine whether strain cd37 can protect mice against infection from a challenge with a toxigenic c. difficile strain. three groups of mice (n = 10) were pretreated with a antibiotics cocktail for 5 days, switched to sterile water for 2 days, and given one dose of clindamycin (10 mg/kg) one day (day-1) before challenge (day 0) with a toxigenic c. difficile strai ... | 2015 | 26461425 |
| preparation and preliminary application of monoclonal antibodies to the receptor binding region of clostridium difficile toxin b. | a previous nationwide chinese epidemiological study revealed through isolation of a‑b+ clostridium difficile strains, which produce toxin b (tcdb), but not toxin a tcda, that the strains are widespread and more frequent in east asian countries,. the development of a process capable of detecting tcdb is required in microbiological laboratories in order to facilitate the control of the a‑b+ c. difficile strains, however, no diagnostic reagents have been developed to date. the aim of the present st ... | 2015 | 26459027 |
| microbiome as mediator: do systemic infections start in the gut? | the intestinal microbiome is emerging as a crucial mediator between external insults and systemic infections. new research suggests that our intestinal microorganisms contribute to critical illness and the development of non-gastrointestinal infectious diseases. common pathways include a loss of fecal intestinal bacterial diversity and a disproportionate increase in toxogenic bacterial species. therapeutic interventions targeting the microbiome - primarily probiotics - have yielded limited resul ... | 2015 | 26457009 |
| a potential cellular explanation for the increased risk of clostridium difficile infection due to hypoalbuminemia: reply di bella et al. | 2015 | 26456896 | |
| the protective role of albumin in clostridium difficile infection: a step toward solving the puzzle. | 2015 | 26456662 | |
| distribution and characterization of clostridium difficile isolated from dogs in japan. | we collected 204 nondiarrhoeic canine fecal samples and isolated 68 clostridium difficile strains from 62 of these samples. strains were grouped into 29 pcr ribotypes. only 47% of the strains were toxigenic. | 2016 | 26456188 |
| performance management of clostridium difficile infection in hospitals - the carrot or stick approach? | public and political pressure for healthcare quality indicator monitoring, specifically healthcare-associated infection (hai) has intensified the debate regarding the merits of public reporting and target setting as policy approaches. this paper reviews the evidence for these approaches with a focus on hai, including clostridium difficile infection (cdi). healthcare key performance indicators (kpis) and associated targets have been used widely with little evaluation. while targets are associated ... | 2016 | 26456187 |
| the effectiveness of probiotics in reducing the incidence of clostridium difficile associated diarrhea in elderly patients: a systematic review protocol. | 2015 | 26455937 | |
| interleukin-23 (il-23), independent of il-17 and il-22, drives neutrophil recruitment and innate inflammation during clostridium difficile colitis in mice. | our objective was to determine the role of the inflammatory cytokine interleukin-23 (il-23) in promoting neutrophil recruitment, inflammatory cytokine expression and intestinal histopathology in response to clostridium difficile infection. wild-type (wt) and p19(-/-) (il-23ko) mice were pre-treated with cefoperazone in their drinking water for 5 days, and after a 2-day recovery period were challenged with spores from c. difficile strain vpi 10463. interleukin-23 deficiency was associated with si ... | 2016 | 26455347 |
| racial and ethnic disparities in health care-associated clostridium difficile infections in the united states: state of the science. | among health care-associated infections (hais), clostridium difficile infections (cdis) are a major cause of morbidity and mortality in the united states. as national progress toward cdi prevention continues, it will be critical to ensure that the benefits from cdi prevention are realized across different patient demographic groups, including any targeted interventions. | 2016 | 26454749 |
| complete genome sequence of the clostridium difficile type strain dsm 1296t. | in this study, we sequenced the complete genome of the clostridium difficile type strain dsm 1296(t). a combination of single-molecule real-time (smrt) and illumina sequencing technology revealed the presence of one chromosome and two extrachromosomal elements, the bacteriophage phicdif1296t and a putative plasmid-like structure harboring genes of another bacteriophage. | 2015 | 26450746 |
| identification of population at risk for future clostridium difficile infection following hospital discharge to be targeted for vaccine trials. | efforts to develop a clostridium difficile vaccine are underway; identification of patients at risk for c. difficile infection (cdi) is critical to inform vaccine trials. we identified groups at high risk of cdi ≥ 2 8 days after hospital discharge. | 2015 | 26450660 |
| [campylobacteriosis at the department of infectious diseases of the university hospital brno in 2011-2013: a retrospective study]. | to provide basic clinical, laboratory, and microbiological characteristics of adult patients with campylobacteriosis admitted to the department of infectious diseases university hospital brno (uhb), in 2011-2013. | 2015 | 26448303 |
| recommendations for probiotic use--2015 update: proceedings and consensus opinion. | this paper describes the consensus opinion of the participants in the 4th triennial yale/harvard workshop on probiotic recommendations. the recommendations update those of the first 3 meetings that were published in 2006, 2008, and 2011. recommendations for the use of probiotics in necrotizing enterocolitis, childhood diarrhea, inflammatory bowel disease, irritable bowel syndrome and clostridium difficile diarrhea are reviewed. in addition, we have added recommendations for liver disease for the ... | 2016 | 26447969 |
| fecal microbiota transplant: respice, adspice, prospice. | respice, adspice, prospice, look to the past, look to the present, look to the future, is one of life's valuable axioms; for it is only if one knows where one has been can one intelligently prepare for the future. i have used this approach here to review fecal microbiota transplant (fmt). first used in fourth-century china to treat an assortment of gastrointestinal (gi) symptoms, today fmt is primarily used for recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi). in the future, however, it is likel ... | 2015 | 26447968 |
| clostridium difficile infection in rural ontario: a retrospective multisite population-based study. | we conducted a retrospective, population-based study to assess the prevalence of clostridium difficile infections and the associated risk factors among inpatients and outpatients in our region. | 2015 | 26447730 |
| longitudinal study of clostridium difficile shedding in raccoons on swine farms and conservation areas in ontario, canada. | clostridium difficile is an important enteropathogen affecting humans, domestic animals, and wildlife. the objectives of this study were to 1) compare the prevalence and characteristics of c. difficile isolated from the feces of raccoons trapped on swine farms and conservation sites, and 2) investigate the role of raccoons as potential reservoirs for host-adapted strains of c. difficile using a longitudinal study. fecal swabs were collected from raccoons at 5 conservation sites and 5 swine farms ... | 2015 | 26446591 |
| clostridium difficile: new insights into the evolution of the pathogenicity locus. | the major virulence factors of clostridium difficile are toxins a and b. these toxins are encoded by tcda and tcdb genes, which form a pathogenicity locus (paloc) together with three additional genes that have been implicated in regulation (tcdr and tcdc) and secretion (tcde). to date, the paloc has always been found in the same location and is replaced in non-toxigenic strains by a highly conserved 75/115 bp non-coding region. here, we show new types of c. difficile pathogenicity loci through t ... | 2015 | 26446480 |
| indication of acid suppression therapy and predictors for the prophylactic use of protonpump inhibitors vs. histamine-2 receptor antagonists in a malaysian tertiary hospital. | proton-pump inhibitors (ppi) and histamine-2 receptor antagonists (h2ra) are common acid suppressants used in gastrointestinal disorders. the trend of usage in malaysia has changed from predominantly h2ra to ppi from 2007 to 2008, 3.46 versus 2.87 and 2.99 versus 3.24 ddd (defined daily dose)/1000 population/day respectively. this raises concerns as ppi overutilization amounts to higher cost expenditure and are associated with various untoward consequences such as clostridium difficile-associate ... | 2017 | 26445624 |
| bacterial glycosyltransferase toxins. | mono-glycosylation of host proteins is a common mechanism by which bacterial protein toxins manipulate cellular functions of eukaryotic target host cells. prototypic for this group of glycosyltransferase toxins are clostridium difficile toxins a and b, which modify guanine nucleotide-binding proteins of the rho family. however, toxin-induced glycosylation is not restricted to the clostridia. various types of bacterial pathogens including escherichia coli, yersinia, photorhabdus and legionella sp ... | 2015 | 26445410 |
| increasing incidence of and increased mortality associated with clostridium difficile-associated megacolon. | 2016 | 26445319 | |
| tracing the spread of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 in germany based on bacterial genome sequences. | we applied whole-genome sequencing to reconstruct the spatial and temporal dynamics underpinning the expansion of clostridium difficile ribotype 027 in germany. based on re-sequencing of genomes from 57 clinical c. difficile isolates, which had been collected from hospitalized patients at 36 locations throughout germany between 1990 and 2012, we demonstrate that c. difficile genomes have accumulated sequence variation sufficiently fast to document the pathogen's spread at a regional scale. we de ... | 2015 | 26444881 |
| efficacy and safety of metronidazole monotherapy versus vancomycin monotherapy or combination therapy in patients with clostridium difficile infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) has become a global epidemiological problem for both hospitalized patients and outpatients. the most commonly used drugs to treat cdi are metronidazole and vancomycin. the aim of this study was to compare the efficacy and safety of metronidazole monotherapy with vancomycin monotherapy and combination therapy in cdi patients. | 2015 | 26444424 |
| erratum for boudry et al., function of the crispr-cas system of the human pathogen clostridium difficile. | 2015 | 26443462 | |
| scientific evidence for health effects attributed to the consumption of probiotics and prebiotics: an update for current perspectives and future challenges. | probiotics and prebiotics, mainly commercialised as food ingredients and also as supplements, are considered highly profitable niche markets. however, in recent years, the food industry has suffered from a series of health claim restrictions on probiotics and prebiotics in many parts of the world, including those made by the european food safety authority. therefore, we reviewed the core benefits of probiotic and prebiotic consumption on health. a number of studies have examined the prevention a ... | 2015 | 26443321 |
| integration of erm(b)-containing elements through large chromosome fragment exchange in clostridium difficile. | in clostridium difficile, erm(b) genes are located on mobile elements like tn5398 and tn6215. in previous studies, some of these elements were transferred by conjugation-like mechanisms, mobilized in trans by helper conjugative systems. in this study, we analyzed the genomes of several recipient strains that acquired either tn5398 or tn6215-like elements. we demonstrated that the integration of the transposons in the genome of the recipient cell was always due to homologous recombination events, ... | 2017 | 26442177 |
| on lactococcus lactis ul719 competitivity and nisin (nisaplin(®)) capacity to inhibit clostridium difficile in a model of human colon. | clostridium difficile is the most frequently identified enteric pathogen in patients with nosocomially acquired, antibiotic-associated diarrhea and pseudomembranous colitis. although metronidazole and vancomycin were effective, an increasing number of treatment failures and recurrence of c. difficile infection are being reported. use of probiotics, particularly metabolically active lactic acid bacteria, was recently proposed as an alternative for the medical community. the aim of this study was ... | 2015 | 26441942 |
| isolation and characterization of clostridium difficile in farm animals from slaughterhouse to retail stage in isfahan, iran. | to determine the prevalence of clostridium difficile in farm animals from slaughterhouse through to retail stage, a total of 750 samples of feces, posteviscerated and washed carcass were collected from cattle, camels, goats, and sheep in isfahan, iran. the overall prevalence of c. difficile in feces, posteviscerated and washed carcass were 20 (13.3%), 23 (15.3%), and 11 (7.3%), respectively; while c. difficile was isolated from 79 (26.3%) retail samples. twenty-nine (3.8%) isolates were toxigeni ... | 2015 | 26440207 |
| clostridium difficile infection in patients with liver disease: a review. | over the past two decades, there has been a dramatic worldwide increase in both the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infection (cdi). paralleling the increased incidence of cdi in the general population, there has been increased interest in cdi among patients with liver disease, particularly in those with liver cirrhosis and post liver transplantation. medline and several other electronic databases from january 1995 to december 2014 were searched in order to identify potentially r ... | 2015 | 26440041 |
| clostridium difficile recurrent infection: possible implication of ta systems. | clostridium difficile is an important nosocomial pathogen associated with antibiotic treatments. c. difficile's ability to survive antimicrobial therapy and transition from inert colonization to active infection is one of the most perplexing aspects of c. difficile infections and suggests that additional mechanisms are involved in persistence. in this regard, novel mechanisms linked with pathogenesis and persistence of c. difficile such as toxin-antitoxin systems might significantly contribute t ... | 2015 | 26439907 |
| slow intestinal transit contributes to elevate urinary p-cresol level in italian autistic children. | the uremic toxin p-cresol (4-methylphenol) is either of environmental origin or can be synthetized from tyrosine by cresol-producing bacteria present in the gut lumen. elevated p-cresol amounts have been previously found in the urines of italian and french autism spectrum disorder (asd) children up until 8 years of age, and may be associated with autism severity or with the intensity of abnormal behaviors. this study aims to investigate the mechanism producing elevated urinary p-cresol in asd. u ... | 2016 | 26437875 |
| monitoring in real time the cytotoxic effect of clostridium difficile upon the intestinal epithelial cell line ht29. | the incidence and severity of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) has been increased not only among hospitalized patients, but also in healthy individuals traditionally considered as low risk population. current treatment of cdi involves the use of antibiotics to eliminate the pathogen, although recurrent relapses have also been reported. for this reason, the search of new antimicrobials is a very active area of research. the strategy to use inhibitors of toxin's activity has however been les ... | 2015 | 26436983 |
| susceptibility of clostridium difficile isolates from a phase 2 clinical trial of cadazolid and vancomycin in c. difficile infection. | the aim of this study was to evaluate the susceptibilities of clostridium difficile isolates to cadazolid, a novel antibiotic for the treatment of c. difficile infection. | 2016 | 26433782 |
| faecal microbiota transplantation in recurrent clostridium difficile infection: recommendations from the french group of faecal microbiota transplantation. | faecal microbiota transplantation is effective for treating recurrent forms of clostridium difficile infection and its use in this indication is recommended in the most recent european and north american guidelines. in this context, faecal microbiota transplantation is beginning to be performed in france in clinical practice, while the rules governing this procedure have been defined in france only for clinical trials. to unify, secure, and evaluate practice in this field in france, the french g ... | 2016 | 26433619 |
| recurrent clostridium difficile infection in intensive care unit patients. | the purpose of this study was to assess the 12-week cumulative incidence of recurrent clostridium difficile infection (rcdi) and identify risk factors for rcdi in patients that acquired index c difficile infection (cdi) while in the intensive care unit (icu). | 2016 | 26432184 |
| hand hygiene: knowledge and attitudes of fourth-year clerkship medical students at alfaisal university, college of medicine, riyadh, saudi arabia. | little is known about the clerkship (clinical) medical students' knowledge of hand hygiene as the single most important precautionary measure to reduce nosocomial healthcare-associated infections. the aim of this study is to explore the knowledge of, and attitudes towards, hand hygiene practices among fourth-year clerkship medical students at alfaisal university, college of medicine, riyadh, saudi arabia. | 2015 | 26430584 |
| rising incidence of clostridium difficile related discharges among hospitalized children in the united states. | using a national database, we report an increasing trend in clostridium difficile incidence among hospitalized children in the united states from 2003 to 2012. the incidence rate of cdi increased from 24.0 to 58.0 per 10,000 discharges per year (p<0.001) across all age groups, with the greatest increase in children 15 years and older. infect. control hosp. epidemiol. 2015;37(1):104-106. | 2016 | 26424193 |
| localizing carbohydrate binding sites in proteins using hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry. | the application of hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry (hdx-ms) to localize ligand binding sites in carbohydrate-binding proteins is described. proteins from three bacterial toxins, the b subunit homopentamers of cholera toxin and shiga toxin type 1 and a fragment of clostridium difficile toxin a, and their interactions with native carbohydrate receptors, gm1 pentasaccharides (β-gal-(1→3)-β-galnac-(1→4)[α-neu5ac-(2→3)]-β-gal-(1→4)-glc), pk trisaccharide (α-gal-(1→4)-β-gal-(1→4)-glc) an ... | 2016 | 26423923 |
| recombinant bacterial lipoproteins as vaccine candidates. | recombinant bacterial lipoproteins (rlp) with built-in immuno-stimulating properties for novel subunit vaccine development are reviewed. this platform technology offers the following advantages: easily converts antigens into highly immunogenic rlp using a fusion sequence containing lipobox; the lipid moiety of rlp is recognized as the danger signals in the immune system through the toll-like receptor 2, so both innate and adaptive immune responses can be induced by rlp; serves as an efficient an ... | 2015 | 26420467 |
| minimal systemic and high faecal exposure to cadazolid in patients with severe clostridium difficile infection. | cadazolid is under development as an oral treatment for clostridium difficile infection (cdi), which is the most common infectious cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea. low systemic cadazolid exposures were previously reported in healthy subjects following both single and multiple oral dosing. the main objective of this study was to investigate systemic cadazolid exposure in patients with severe cdi with potential disrupted lining of the gastrointestinal tract. a single 3000 mg oral dose of ... | 2015 | 26419191 |
| striving for optimal care: updates in quality, value, and patient experience. | hospitalists are playing a growing role in quality improvement efforts, and they are increasingly spearheading programs to improve patient experience and healthcare value. we aimed to summarize and critique recent research related to quality, value, and patient experience in the clinical practice of hospital medicine. | 2016 | 26417871 |
| effect of geographic region and seasonality on clostridium difficile incidence and hospital mortality. | 2015 | 26416527 | |
| periodontal-disease-associated biofilm: a reservoir for pathogens of medical importance. | the ecological diversity of the periodontal microenvironment may provide suitable conditions for the colonization of species not usually considered members of the oral microbiota. in this investigation, we aimed to determine the prevalence and levels of pathogenic species of medical relevance in the microbiota of individuals with distinct periodontal clinical status. subgingival biofilm was obtained from patients with periodontal health (h, n = 81), gingivitis (g, n = 55), generalized aggressive ... | 2016 | 26416306 |
| necrotizing fasciitis and the diabetic foot. | necrotizing fasciitis (nf) represents a rapidly progressive, life-threatening infection involving skin, soft tissue, and deep fascia. an early diagnosis is crucial to treat nf effectively. the disease is generally due to an external trauma that occurs in predisposed patients: the most important risk factor is represented by diabetes mellitus. nf is classified into 3 different subtypes according to bacterial strains responsible: type 1 associated to polymicrobial infection, type 2 nf, generally a ... | 2015 | 26415868 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal disease: 2015 update and the road ahead. | at its height, the clostridium difficile infection epidemic caused approximately 7000 infections and 300 deaths per day in the usa. fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt) has demonstrated extraordinary clinical resolution, c. difficile infection cure rates of over 90%, and low recurrence. in tandem with the rise of fmt, the gastrointestinal microbiome has emerged as a 'vital' organ armed with a wealth of microbe 'soldiers' more powerful than known antibiotics. fmts' reputation has diffused into ... | 2015 | 26414076 |
| fecal transplant is as effective and safe in immunocompromised as non-immunocompromised patients for clostridium difficile. | 2016 | 26410257 | |
| pcr cycle threshold value predicts the course of clostridium difficile infection. | 2016 | 26408277 | |
| case report of gastric outlet obstruction from metastatic lobular breast carcinoma. | the most common malignancy to cause gastric outlet obstruction is primary gastric adenocarcinoma and it is followed by carcinoma of the pancreas and gallbladder. herein, we report a case of gastric outlet obstruction secondary to metastatic lobular breast carcinoma. | 2015 | 26408025 |
| economic assessment of fidaxomicin for the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in special populations (patients with cancer, concomitant antibiotic treatment or renal impairment) in spain. | the objective of this paper was to assess the cost-utility of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin in the treatment of clostridium difficile infection (cdi) in three specific cdi patient subgroups: those with cancer, treated with concomitant antibiotic therapy or with renal impairment. a markov model with six health states was developed to assess the cost-utility of fidaxomicin versus vancomycin in the patient subgroups over a period of 1 year from initial infection. cost and outcome data used to param ... | 2015 | 26407619 |
| comparison of whole-genome sequencing and molecular-epidemiological techniques for clostridium difficile strain typing. | we analyzed in parallel 27 pediatric clostridium difficile isolates by repetitive sequence-based polymerase chain reaction (reppcr), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (pfge), and whole-genome next-generation sequencing. next-generation sequencing distinguished 3 groups of isolates that were indistinguishable by reppcr and 1 isolate that clustered in the same pfge group as other isolates. | 2016 | 26407257 |
| healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infections and strain diversity in pediatric hospitals in the canadian nosocomial infection surveillance program, 2007-2011. | children with healthcare-associated clostridium difficile infection were identified. the incidence increased from 3.2/10,000 patient days in 2007 to 5.2/10,000 patient days in 2011 (p < 0.001). of 169 isolates, the most common north american pulsed-field (nap) types were nap4 (n = 43; (25.4%), and nap1 (n = 25;14.8%) while 55 (32.6%) were non-assigned nap types. | 2015 | 26407250 |
| dentists, antibiotics and clostridium difficile-associated disease. | dentists prescribe significant volumes of antimicrobial drugs within primary care settings. there is good evidence that many of the prescriptions are not justified by current clinical guidance and that that there is considerable misuse of these drugs in dentistry. one of the risks associated with antibiotic administration is clostridium difficile-associated disease (cdad), an entity of which many healthcare workers, including dentists, have little knowledge or understanding. this review seeks to ... | 2015 | 26404991 |
| clostridium difficile infection in the pediatric transplant patient. | cdis are on the rise in both hospital and community settings in adults and children. children with cancer or a history of hsct or sot appear to be at higher risk for primary disease, recurrent disease, and severe outcomes when compared to children with other comorbidities. the reasons for this are not clear and no studies to date have analyzed risk factors for cdi in pediatric transplant patients. colonization rates in children with cancer and a transplant history are also high. determining whic ... | 2015 | 26403484 |
| outcome of relapsing clostridium difficile infections do not correlate with virulence-, spore- and vegetative cell-associated phenotypes. | one of the main clinical challenges of clostridium difficile infections (cdi) is the high rate of relapse episodes. the main determinants involved in relapse of cdi include the presence of antibiotic-resistant c. difficile spores in the colonic environment and a permanent state of dysbiosis of the microbiota caused by antibiotic therapy. a possible scenario is that phenotypes related to the persistence of c. difficile spores might contribute to relapsing infections. in this study, 8 c. difficile ... | 2015 | 26403333 |
| gastro-hepatic fistula with liver abscess: a rare complication of a common procedure. | percutaneous endoscopic gastrostomy (peg) is a procedure used most commonly for enteral access for nutrition and continuation of treatment in patients when oral nutrition is not possible. it is a safe, cost-effective procedure; however, has its own complications and adverse effects that can be life threatening. | 2015 | 26402902 |
| a small-molecule antivirulence agent for treating clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a worldwide health threat that is typically triggered by the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics, which disrupt the natural gut microbiota and allow this gram-positive anaerobic pathogen to thrive. the increased incidence and severity of disease coupled with decreased response, high recurrence rates, and emergence of multiple antibiotic-resistant strains have created an urgent need for new therapies. we describe pharmacological targeting of the cysteine pro ... | 2015 | 26400909 |
| a bedside test for clostridium difficile infection: an emergency department use. preliminary results. | clostridium difficile (cd) infection is a severe cause of diarrhea in patients with prolonged hospitalization and/or previously treated with antibiotics. cd's a and b toxins are responsible for either diarrhea or septical status as well as other complications including toxic megacolon. toxins isolation, usually performed by a central microbiological laboratory (cml), is mandatory for the final diagnosis of the disease. the clinical suspect of cd infection (cdi) results in the isolation of the pa ... | 2015 | 26400518 |
| [acute respiratory distress syndrome due to clostridium difficile colitis: a case report and review of the literature]. | clostridium difficile is a major cause of antibiotic-associated diarrhea. we report a patient with complicated clostridium difficile infection (cdi) who developed rapidly progressive acute respiratory distress syndrome (ards), for which cdi was the only identifiable source. cdi should be considered in the differential diagnosis for anyone with diarrhea who presents especially in high-risk groups such as the elderly, hospitalized patients, or those who have had a history of cdi. | 2017 | 26397285 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation in gastrointestinal diseases: what practicing physicians should know. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is one of the most commonly reported nosocomial pathogens in the united states and europe, with recent cdi-associated mortality in the united states approaching 30 000 deaths annually. antibiotics remain the preferred treatment for cdi; however, a minority of patients experience numerous relapses and are treated with restoration of the bowel microbiota, termed fecal microbiota transplantation (fmt). fmt involves the introduction of a fecal suspension from a ... | 2015 | 26397161 |
| antibiotic therapy and clostridium difficile infection - primum non nocere - first do no harm. | treatment options for clostridium difficile infection (cdi) remain limited despite this usually nosocomial infection posing an urgent threat to public health. a major paradox of the management of cdi is the use of antimicrobial agents to treat infection, which runs the risk of prolonged gut microbiota perturbation and so recurrence of infection. here, we explore alternative cdi treatment and prevention options currently available or in development. notably, strategies that aim to reduce the nega ... | 2015 | 26396535 |
| mechanisms of ricin toxin neutralization revealed through engineered homodimeric and heterodimeric camelid antibodies. | novel antibody constructs consisting of two or more different camelid heavy-chain only antibodies (vhhs) joined via peptide linkers have proven to have potent toxin-neutralizing activity in vivo against shiga, botulinum, clostridium difficile, anthrax, and ricin toxins. however, the mechanisms by which these so-called bispecific vhh heterodimers promote toxin neutralization remain poorly understood. in the current study we produced a new collection of ricin-specific vhh heterodimers, as well as ... | 2015 | 26396190 |
| fecal microbiota transplantation for clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea. | clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea is a problem most hospital-based physicians will face in their career. this review aims to refresh current knowledge with regard to clostridium difficile infection and bring physicians up to date with the latest developments in the growing field of fecal microbiota transplantation, the benefits it offers, and the promise this and other developments hold for the future. | 2015 | 26394495 |
| isolation and characterization of clostridium difficile from pet dogs in assam, india. | one hundred and seventeen faecal samples from pet dogs (pup = 21 and adult = 96) brought for treatment to a veterinary clinic were examined for clostridium difficile. a total of 16 (13.67%) samples were positive. nine (56.25%) isolates were obtained from 17 adult dogs undergoing antibiotic treatment and this was significantly higher (p < 0.01) as compared to isolates from dogs without antibiotic treatment. ten isolates (62.5%) were toxigenic (all toxinotype 0) and six were non-toxigenic. none of ... | 2015 | 26393292 |
| cadazolid: a new hope in the treatment of clostridium difficile infection. | clostridium difficile infection (cdi) is a potential life-threatening consequence of antibiotic therapy. although the risk increases with duration of treatment, it can also occur after a short treatment course. in addition to broad-spectrum antibiotics, anti-neoplastic agents, proton pump inhibitors, h(2) blockers, and several other drugs have been reported to induce intestinal dysbiosis, which is central to the pathogenesis of cdi. there is an increase in incidence and mortality attributed to c ... | 2015 | 26392822 |
| the role of procalcitonin levels in assessing the severity of clostridium difficile infection. | 2017 | 26392722 |