Publications

control failure likelihood and spatial dependence of insecticide resistance in the tomato pinworm, tuta absoluta.	insecticide resistance is a likely cause of field control failures of tuta absoluta, but the subject has been little studied. therefore, resistance to ten insecticides was surveyed in seven representative field populations of this species. the likelihood of control failures was assessed, as well as weather influence and the spatial dependence of insecticide resistance.	2011	21394881
development and characterisation of transgenic rice expressing two bacillus thuringiensis genes.	transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) were first commercialised in 1996. the risk that pests have the potential to evolve resistance to bt toxins is one of the most serious challenges to this technology. gene stacking, pyramiding two bt genes into one variety, is considered to be an effective insect resistance management (irm) strategy. in this study, insect-resistant rice expressing two bt genes was developed by sexual crossing ...	2011	21394874
reduced levels of membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase are common to lepidopteran strains resistant to cry toxins from bacillus thuringiensis.	development of insect resistance is one of the main concerns with the use of transgenic crops expressing cry toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis. identification of biomarkers would assist in the development of sensitive dna-based methods to monitor evolution of resistance to bt toxins in natural populations. we report on the proteomic and genomic detection of reduced levels of midgut membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase (malp) as a common feature in strains of cry-resistant heliothis ...	2011	21390253
dietary administration of bacillus thuringiensis on the cellular innate immune response of african catfish (clarias gariepinus) against aeromonas hydrophila.	an experiment was conducted to evaluate the use of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) as a probiotic to enhance the cellular innate immune response of the african catfish (clarias gariepinus) challenged with a bacterial fish pathogen, aeromonas hydrophila.	2011	21381499
parasporins from a caribbean island: evidence for a globally dispersed bacillus thuringiensis strain.	parasporins represent a new functional class of cry (crystal protein) toxins produced by the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt). unlike cry toxins that demonstrate activity mainly against some insect cells, parasporins are characterized as being non-hemolytic, yet capable of preferentially killing some human cancer cells. globally, six different parasporin types, ps1-ps6, based on protein sequence homology, have been identified in only four countries (japan, vietnam, india, and canada). herei ...	2011	21380719
bacillus thuringiensis: a story of a successful bioinsecticide.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) bacteria are insect pathogens that rely on insecticidal pore forming proteins known as cry and cyt toxins to kill their insect larval hosts. at least four different non-structurally related families of proteins form the cry toxin group of toxins. the expression of certain cry toxins in transgenic crops has contributed to an efficient control of insect pests resulting in a significant reduction in chemical insecticide use. the mode of action of the three domain cry tox ...	2011	21376122
bacillus thuringiensis: a century of research, development and commercial applications.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is a soil bacterium that forms spores during the stationary phase of its growth cycle. the spores contain crystals, predominantly comprising one or more cry and/or cyt proteins (also known as d-endotoxins) that have potent and specific insecticidal activity. different strains of bt produce different types of toxin, each of which affects a narrow taxonomic group of insects. therefore, bt toxins have been used as topical pesticides to protect crops, and more recently th ...	2011	21375687
screening for feeding deterrent activity of herbal extracts against the larvae of malaria vector anopheles subpictus grassi.	this no-choice, laboratory study focuses on the feeding of homogeneous powdered, dried, yeast with different plant extracts on mosquito fourth-instar larvae to determine the effects on their mortality. screening for antifeedant activity of plant extracts with some known medicinal attributes could lead to the discovery of new agents for vector control. the aim of this study was to investigate the antifeedant activity of crude leaf hexane, ethyl acetate, acetone, and methanol extracts of andrograp ...	2011	21373809
impact of cry3bb1-expressing bt maize on adults of the western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).	genetically engineered maize producing insecticidal cry3bb1 protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is protected from root damage by corn rootworm larvae. an examination was made to establish whether western corn rootworm (diabrotica virgifera virgifera) adults are affected by cry3bb1-expressing maize (mon88017) when feeding on above-ground tissue.	2011	21360646
relationships between exogenous-toxin quantity and increased biomass of transgenic bt crops under elevated carbon dioxide.	field-otc experiments were conducted with the goals of ascertaining if increased biomass in bt transgenic cotton and rice grown under elevated co(2) results in diminished exogenous-bt toxin, and assessing the effectiveness of bt transgenes against lepidopteran pests. bt cotton responded differently, in terms of bt-toxin quantity, than bt rice, and both indicated differences among developmental stages. dramatic biomass increase significantly diluted bt-toxin content in 45-das ("days after seedlin ...	2011	21349582
characterization of a novel temperate phage originating from a cereulide-producing bacillus cereus strain.	a novel temperate bacteriophage was isolated from a bacillus cereus cereulide-producing strain and named vb_bces-iebh. vb_bces-iebh belongs to the siphoviridae family. the complete genome sequence (53 kb) was determined and annotated. eighty-seven orfs were detected and for 28, a putative function was assigned using the aclame database. vb_bces-iebh replicates as a plasmid in the prophage state. accordingly, a 9-kb plasmid-like region composed of 13 orfs was identified. a fragment of around 2000 ...	2011	21349326
[significance of evaluation of the antibiotic-resistant properties of bacterial producing strains in the hygienic standardization system].	the study was undertaken to evaluate the antibiotic sensitivity of microorganisms that were used in biotechnological production and belonged to different taxons: gram-positive (bacillus subtilis, bacillus licheniformis, and bacillus thuringiensis) and gram-negative (alcaligenes denitrificans and pseudomonas caryophylii) bacteria and noncardioform actinomycetes (rhodococcus erythropolis and rhodococcus corallinus). the sensitivity of the strains to a range of antibiotics was determined by the aga ...	2010	21344698
small microcapsules of crystal proteins and spores of bacillus thuringiensis by an emulsification/internal gelation method.	this paper describes a microencapsulation process of a spore crystal aggregate produced by bacillus thuringiensis var. kurstaki hd-1. the methodology is based on the emulsification/internal gelation method, and was implemented to produce microcapsules of small diameter (< 10 µm) with the capacity to protect the spore crystal aggregate from extreme ultraviolet radiation. the diameter of microcapsules was in the range of 3.1 ± 0.2-6.8 ± 0.4 µm, which is considered adequate for biological control p ...	2011	21344251
maternal and fetal exposure to pesticides associated to genetically modified foods in eastern townships of quebec, canada.	pesticides associated to genetically modified foods (pagmf), are engineered to tolerate herbicides such as glyphosate (glyp) and gluphosinate (gluf) or insecticides such as the bacterial toxin bacillus thuringiensis (bt). the aim of this study was to evaluate the correlation between maternal and fetal exposure, and to determine exposure levels of glyp and its metabolite aminomethyl phosphoric acid (ampa), gluf and its metabolite 3-methylphosphinicopropionic acid (3-mppa) and cry1ab protein (a bt ...	2011	21338670
construction of a reference plasmid molecule containing eight targets for the detection of genetically modified crops.	a standard plasmid containing eight targets was developed for quantitative detection of genetically modified (gm) soybeans and cotton. these eight targets were joined in tandem to form the ptle8 plasmid with a length of 3,680 bp. this plasmid contains part of the endogenous soybean lec1 gene, the cauliflower mosaic virus (camv) 35s promoter, the agrobacterium tumefaciens nopaline synthase (nos) terminator, the pat gene of the soybean line a2704-12, the event-specific 5'-junction region of roundu ...	2011	21336925
isolation of salmonella spp. from lettuce and evaluation of its susceptibility to novel bacteriocins of bacillus thuringiensis and antibiotics.	in this study, 13% of fresh lettuce (lactuca sativa) samples collected from markets and supermarkets in two cities of mexico were contaminated with salmonella spp. from those samples, amplicons of ~300 base pairs (bp) were amplified, corresponding to the expected size of the invasion (inva) and internal transcribed spacer regions of the 16s and 23s rrna genes of salmonella spp. additionally, salmonella strains were isolated and harbored plasmids ranging from ~9 to 16 kbp. from these strains, 91% ...	2011	21333148
the cry1ac gene of bacillus thuringiensis zq-89 encodes a toxin against long-horned beetle adult.	bacillus thuringiensis is toxic to many insects including coleopteran pests. however, there is no report that b. thuringiensis is toxic to the adults of long-horned beetle, batocera horsfieldi, a pest of poplar trees. this work aims to select a b. thuringiensis strain toxic towards the adults of asian long-horned beetle.	2011	21332894
transcription of gene in an acrystalliferous strain of bacillus thuringiensis xbu001 positively regulated by the metalloprotease camelysin gene at the onset of stationary phase.	the caly gene, encoding metalloprotease camelysin in the bacillus thuringiensis acrystalliferous strain xbu001, was amplified and sequenced. the camelysin from the caly sequence was 199 amino acids in size (c. 22 000 da). the temperature-sensitive plasmid pkesx was used to construct a metalloprotease camelysin-deficient strain of b. thuringiensis. the caly gene was replaced by an erythromycin-resistant gene in kctf. sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis and ms analysis showed ...	2011	21332578
high sensitive detection of cry1ab protein using a quantum dot-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay.	protein-based detection methods, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (elisa) and lateral flow strip, have been widely used for rapid, spot, and sensitive detection of genetically modified organisms (gmos). herein, one novel quantum dot-based fluorescence-linked immunosorbent assay (qd-flisa) was developed employing quantum dots (qds) as the fluorescent marker for the detection of the cry1ab protein in mon810 maize. the end-point fluorescent detection system was carried out using qds conjugated wit ...	2011	21329353
bacillus thuringiensis: a genomics and proteomics perspective.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) is a unique bacterium in that it shares a common place with a number of chemical compounds which are used commercially to control insects important to agriculture and public health. although other bacteria, including b. popilliae and b. sphaericus, are used as microbial insecticides, their spectrum of insecticidal activity is quite limited compared to bt. importantly, bt is safe for humans and is the most widely used environmentally compatible biopesticide worldwide. ...	2010	21327125
bt-engineered bugs versus insect pests.		2010	21326839
transgenic organisms expressing genes from bacillus thuringiensis to combat insect pests.	various subspecies (ssp.) of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are considered the best agents known so far to control insects, being highly specific and safe, easily mass produced and with long shelf life.1 the para-crystalline body that is produced during sporulation in the exosporium includes polypeptides named δ-endotoxins, each killing a specific set of insects. the different entomopathogenic toxins of various bt ssp. can be manipulated genetically in an educated way to construct more efficient tr ...	2010	21326834
bioterrorism: the effects of biological decontamination on the recovery of electronic evidence.	the investigation of a bioterrorism event will ultimately lead to the collection of vital data from electronic devices such as computers and mobile phones. this project sought to determine the use of gamma irradiation and formaldehyde gas as effective biological decontaminants, and the effect of these methods on the recovery of electronic evidence. electronic items were contaminated with viable spores and then exposed to both decontaminants. log values for each matrix were calculated with flash ...	2011	21324616
temporal allocation of metabolic tolerance to transgenic bt cotton in beet armyworm, spodoptera exigua (hübner).	digestive and detoxification enzyme activity and nutrient composition were examined in the body of fourth instar beet armyworms, spodoptera exigua (hübner), fed on transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) and non-bt cotton for different time periods. nutrient composition and specific enzyme activities differed significantly between the s. exigua fed bt vs. non-bt cotton. at 1, 6 and 24 h, free fatty acid and glucose levels were significantly lower in s. exigua fed on bt cotton than those fed on no ...	2011	21318485
adsorption on montmorillonite prevents oligomerization of bt cry1aa toxin.	the adsorption of the insecticidal cry1aa protein from bacillus thuringiensis (bt-toxin) on a model clay surface was studied to understand the structural changes of the protein induced by the clay surface. we studied the adsorption of the monomeric and soluble oligomeric forms of the cry1aa toxin as a function of ph and ionic strength conditions on montmorillonite, which is an electronegative phyllosilicate. cry1aa secondary structure was determined from the amide i' ftir absorption profiles. ac ...	2011	21316063
dna probe functionalized qcm biosensor based on gold nanoparticle amplification for bacillus anthracis detection.	the rapid detection of bacillus anthracis, the causative agent of anthrax disease, has gained much attention since the anthrax spore bioterrorism attacks in the united states in 2001. in this work, a dna probe functionalized quartz crystal microbalance (qcm) biosensor was developed to detect b. anthracis based on the recognition of its specific dna sequences, i.e., the 168 bp fragment of the ba813 gene in chromosomes and the 340 bp fragment of the pag gene in plasmid pxo1. a thiol dna probe was ...	2011	21315574
improvement of bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticide production by sporeless and sporulating strains using response surface methodology.	statistical experimental designs, involving a plackett-burman design followed by a rotatable central composite design were used to optimize the culture medium constituents for bacillus thuringiensis bioinsecticide production. this was carried out by using firstly an asporogenic strain and extrapolated to some sporeless and sporulating strains. initial screening of production parameters was performed and the variables with statistically significant effects on delta-endotoxin production were ident ...	2011	21310269
mortality of western corn rootworm larvae on mir604 transgenic maize roots: field survivorship has no significant impact on survivorship of f1 progeny on mir604.	mortality of western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte, larvae due to mir604 transgenic corn, zea mays l., expressing the modified cry3a (mcry3a) protein relative to survivorship on corn with the same genetic background without the gene (isoline corn) was evaluated at three missouri sites in both 2005 and 2006. we made these comparisons by using wild-type western corn rootworm at three different egg densities (6,000, 3,000, and 1,500 eggs per m) so that the role of density-de ...	2010	21309243
vip3aa tolerance response of helicoverpa armigera populations from a cry1ac cotton planting region.	transgenic cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., that expresses the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cry1ac toxin, holds great promise in controlling target insect pests. evolution of resistance by target pests is the primary threat to the continued efficacy of bt cotton. to thwart pest resistance evolution, a transgenic cotton culitvar that produces two different bt toxins, cry1ac and vip3a genes, was proposed as a successor of cry1ac cotton. this article reports on levels of vip3aa tolerance in helicoverp ...	2010	21309241
characteristics of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry2ab in a strain of helicoverpa punctigera (lepidoptera: noctuidae) isolated from a field population.	in 1996, the australian cotton industry adopted ingard that expresses the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) toxin gene cry1ac and was planted at a cap of 30%. in 2004-2005, bollgard ii, which expresses cry1ac and cry2ab, replaced ingard in australia, and subsequently has made up >80% of the area planted to cotton, gossypium hirsutum l. the australian target species helicoverpa armigera (hübner) and helicoverpa punctigera (wallengren) are innately moderately tolerant to bt toxins, but the absence of a ...	2010	21309238
reducing the impact of pesticides on biological control in australian vineyards: pesticide mortality and fecundity effects on an indicator species, the predatory mite euseius victoriensis (acari: phytoseiidae).	laboratory bioassays on detached soybean, glycine max (l.) merr., leaves were used to test 23 fungicides, five insecticides, two acaricides, one herbicide, and two adjuvants on a key australian predatory mite species euseius victoriensis (womersley) in "worst-case scenario" direct overspray assays. zero- to 48-h-old juveniles, their initial food, and water supply were sprayed to runoff with a potter tower; spinosad and wettable sulfur residues also were tested. tests were standardized to deliver ...	2010	21309226
antixenosis in maize reduces feeding by western corn rootworm larvae (coleoptera: chrysomelidae).	sum2162 is the first known example of a naturally occurring maize, zea mays l., genotype with antixenosis (nonpreference) resistance to western corn rootworm, diabrotica virgifera virgifera leconte (coleoptera: chrysomelidae), larval feeding. behavioral responses of neonate western corn rootworm larvae were evaluated in laboratory bioassays with seven maize genotypes selected for native resistance to rootworm feeding damage. two susceptible maize genotypes and one transgenic (bacillus thuringien ...	2010	21309225
bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins bound specifically to various proteins via domain iii, which had a galactose-binding domain-like fold.	cry toxins have been reported to bind not only to receptors on insect cells but also to several unrelated proteins. in this study, we investigated the binding properties of bacillus thuringiensis cry toxins, focusing on domain iii, a cry toxin region with a structure that of the galactose-binding domain-like. cry1aa, cry1ac, and cry8ca specifically bound to several proteins unrelated to insect midgut cells. cry1aa binding to cry toxin-binding proteins was inhibited by a monoclonal antibody, 2c2, ...	2011	21307569
host-parasite local adaptation after experimental coevolution of caenorhabditis elegans and its microparasite bacillus thuringiensis.	coevolving hosts and parasites can adapt to their local antagonist. in studies on natural populations, the observation of local adaptation patterns is thus often taken as indirect evidence for coevolution. based on this approach, coevolution was previously inferred from an overall pattern of either parasite or host local adaptation. many studies, however, failed to detect such a pattern. one explanation is that the studied system was not subject to coevolution. alternatively, coevolution occurre ...	2011	21307053
improvement of bioinsecticides production by sporeless bacillus thuringiensis strains in response to various stresses in low cost medium.	the use of bioinsecticides, particularly those produced by sporeless bacillus thuringiensis strains, has been shown to be a good alternative in pest management. two types of sporeless mutants were distinguished. the asporogenic mutants which completely lack spores produce a regular bipyramidal crystal inclusion. the oligosporogenic mutants kept the ability to produce insecticidal crystal proteins. however, sporulation in such mutants was not totally blocked and very few of them could still produ ...	2011	21305292
interaction of the bacillus thuringiensis delta endotoxins cry1ac and cry3aa with the gut of the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum (harris).	hemipteran pests including aphids are not particularly susceptible to the effects of insecticidal cry toxins derived from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis. we examined the physiological basis for the relatively low toxicity of cry1ac and cry3aa against the pea aphid, acyrthosiphon pisum (harris). cry1ac was efficiently hydrolyzed by aphid stomach membrane associated cysteine proteases (cp) producing a 60kda mature toxin, whereas cry3aa was incompletely processed and partially degraded. cry1a ...	2011	21300068
isolation and characterization of phages infecting bacillus cereus.	to isolate and characterize bacteriophages (phages) that infect the foodborne pathogen bacillus cereus.	2011	21299576
immunological and metabolomic impacts of administration of cry1ab protein and mon 810 maize in mouse.	we have investigated the immunological and metabolomic impacts of cry1ab administration to mice, either as a purified protein or as the cry1ab-expressing genetically modified (gm) mon810 maize. humoral and cellular specific immune responses induced in balb/cj mice after intra-gastric (i.g.) or intra-peritoneal (i.p.) administration of purified cry1ab were analyzed and compared with those induced by proteins of various immunogenic and allergic potencies. possible unintended effects of the genetic ...	2011	21298004
cost-effective production of bacillus thuringiensis biopesticides by solid-state fermentation using wastewater sludge: effects of heavy metals.	this study demonstrated the feasibility to produce bacillus thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki (btk) based biopesticides using wastewater sludge as raw materials under solid-state fermentation (ssf). more than 10(10) cfu/g viable cells of btk were obtained using sludge or its mixture with agricultural wastes. this study well considered the effect of heavy metals on btk growth and their changes of chemical speciation caused by ssf. the ic(50) (concentration causing 50% inhibition in total cell biomass ...	2010	21295967
germinant generation from d-endotoxin of bacillus thuringiensis strain 1.1.	the novel finding of this study is that the d-endotoxin present in the spore coat of bacillus thuringiensis strain 1.1 (bt1.1), plays a central role in spore germination by generation of germinant via its ß-glucosidase activity and is based on the following: (i) the crystals of bt1.1 consist of the 140 kda d-endotoxin which exhibits ß-glucosidase enzymatic activity. besides crystals, d-endotoxin is also located in the spore coat and at this site displays ß-glucosidase activity, resulting in gluc ...	2011	21286721
[essential expression and inducible synthesis polymorphism of chitinase in bacillus thuringiensis].	chitinases were produced by a lot of microorganisms. chitinase gene expression in most of the chitinase producing bacteria was inducible by chitin. low levels of chitinase were observed in the presence of glucose. to date, however, the regulation of such chitinase gene in bacillus thuringiensis had not been well studied. in this paper, all 77 bacillus thuringiensis strains were grown in the medium with or without chitin. we measured quantitatively the chitinase activity of the cultures. moreover ...	2010	21284213
determination of plasmid copy number reveals the total plasmid dna amount is greater than the chromosomal dna amount in bacillus thuringiensis ybt-1520.	bacillus thuringiensis is the most widely used bacterial bio-insecticide, and most insecticidal crystal protein-coding genes are located on plasmids. most strains of b. thuringiensis harbor numerous diverse plasmids, although the plasmid copy numbers (pcns) of all native plasmids in this host and the corresponding total plasmid dna amount remains unknown. in this study, we determined the pcns of 11 plasmids (ranging from 2 kb to 416 kb) in a sequenced b. thuringiensis subsp. kurstaki strain ybt- ...	2011	21283584
isolation of novel bacillus species showing high mosquitocidal activity against several mosquito species.	two novel mosquitocidal bacteria, vb17 and vb24, identified as new bacillus species were isolated from dead mosquito larvae obtained in florida aquatic habitats. gas chromatographic analysis of fatty acid methyl esters (gc-fame) and 16s rrna sequencing indicated that vb24 is closely related to bacillus sphaericus whereas vb17 does not have a close relationship with either bacillus thuringiensis or b. sphaericus. both isolates were significantly more active than b. sphaericus 2362 against aedes t ...	2011	21276795
the role of dna binding with the cry8ea1 toxin of bacillus thuringiensis.	the cry8ea1 protoxin is a dna-protein complex. both forms of the cry8ea1 toxin (with or without dna binding) were obtained separately, and their stability and ability to insert into a phospholipid monolayer in vitro were compared. the presence of dna can prevent the toxin from aggregation. data regarding the penetration of the cry8ea1 toxin and cry8ea1 toxin-dna complex into the air/water interface without a phospholipid monolayer show that the cry8ea1 toxin-dna complex is more likely to move to ...	2011	21276047
[effect of quorum sensing response regulator nprr deletion on expression of cry protein in bacillus thuringiensis].	the role of quroum sensing response regulator nprr on the expression of cry protein in b. thuringiensis hd-73 was studied.	2010	21268903
response of the gypsy moth, lymantria dispar to transgenic poplar, populus simonii x p. nigra, expressing fusion protein gene of the spider insecticidal peptide and bt-toxin c-peptide.	the response of the asian gypsy moth lymantria dispar (l.) (lepidoptera: lymantriidae) to a fusion gene consisting of the spider, atrax robustus simon (araneae: hexanthelidae) ω-actx-ar1 sequence coding for an ω-atracotoxin and a sequence coding for the bt-toxin c-peptide, expressed in transgenic poplar populus simonii x p. nigra l. (malphigiales: salicaceae) was investigated. individual performance, feeding selection, midgut proteinase activity and nutrition utilization were monitored. the grow ...	2010	21268699
efficacy of bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa protoxin and protease inhibitors against coleopteran storage pests.	environmental impacts and resistance to insecticides pose serious challenges to stored-product insect and other types of pest control. insect-resistant transgenic grain is a potential alternative to fumigants, but candidate control proteins are needed, especially for coleopterans. therefore, we evaluated the efficacy of a coleopteran-active toxin, bacillus thuringiensis cry3aa, with or without protease inhibitors, in laboratory feeding assays against coleopteran storage pests.	2011	21268232
induction of natural competence in bacillus cereus atcc14579.	natural competence is the ability of certain microbes to take up exogenous dna from the environment and integrate it in their genome. competence development has been described for a variety of bacteria, but has so far not been shown to occur in bacillus cereus. however, orthologues of most proteins involved in natural dna uptake in bacillus subtilis could be identified in b. cereus. here, we report that b. cereus atcc14579 can become naturally competent. when expressing the b. subtilis comk prot ...	2008	21261842
translocation and insecticidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis living inside of plants.	the major biological pesticide for the control of insect infestations of crops, bacillus thuringiensis was found to be present naturally within cotton plants from fields that had never been treated with commercial formulations of this bacterium. the ability of b. thuringiensis to colonize plants as an endophyte was further established by the introduction of a strain marked by production of green fluorescent protein (gfp). after inoculation of this preparation close to the roots of cotton and cab ...	2009	21255282
development of insect-resistant transgenic cotton with chimeric tvip3a* accumulating in chloroplasts.	an optimized vip3a gene, designated as vip3a* was chemically synthesized and a thi1 gene chloroplast transit peptide coding sequence was attached to its 5' end to produce the tvip3a. vip3a and tvip3a* genes were transformed into gossypium hirsutum cv. zhongmiansuo35. of 42 independent transformants, 36 were positive for the vip3a* or tvip3a* gene. four independent transgenic t1 lines with single-copy insertions and unchanged phenotypes (ctv1 and ctv2 for tvip3a, and cv1 and cv2 for vip3a) we ...	2011	21246398
development and characterisation of transgenic rice expressing two bacillus thuringiensis genes.	background: transgenic crops that produce insecticidal toxins from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis berliner (bt) were first commercialised in 1996. the risk that pests have the potential to evolve resistance to bt toxins is one of the most serious challenges to this technology. gene stacking, pyramiding two bt genes into one variety, is considered to be an effective insect resistance management (irm) strategy. in this study, insect-resistant rice expressing two bt genes was developed by sex ...	2011	21226009
bacillus gaemokensis sp. nov., isolated from foreshore tidal flat sediment from the yellow sea.	a gram-positive, rod-shaped, endospore-forming organism, strain bl3-6(t), was isolated from tidal flat sediments of the yellow sea in the region of tae-an. a 16s rrna gene sequence analysis demonstrated that this isolate belongs to the bacillus cereus group, and is closely related to bacillus mycoides (99.0% similarity), bacillus thuringiensis (99.0%), bacillus weihenstephanensis (99.0%), bacillus cereus (98.9%), bacillus anthracis (98.8%), and bacillus pseudomycoides (98.1%). the phylogenetic d ...	2010	21221948
newsmaker: biocentury transgene.		2011	21221089
genetic variation in fitness parameters associated with resistance to bacillus thuringiensis in male and female trichoplusia ni.	resistance of insects to insecticides is often associated with reduced fitness in the absence of selection. we examined fitness trade-offs associated with resistance to the microbial insecticide, bacillus thuringiensis (bt), across full-sib families in a resistant population of trichoplusia ni. significant genetic variation in and heritability of susceptibility to bt occurred among the full-sib families. male pupal weight was positively correlated with bt susceptibility, indicating a potential f ...	2011	21219907
relationship between plasmid loss and gene expression in bacillus thuringiensis.	the large genome of bacillus thuringiensis was shortened by provoking plasmid loss, and the effect of such loss on the expression of both chromosomal and plasmid-harboured genes was studied. it was evidenced that the genomic material shortening of b. thuringiensis allows for the improvement of the expression of some of the constructive genes. indeed, it was shown that curing was an efficient tool to obtain mutant strains with better expression of chromosomal genes. in fact, totally cured strains ...	2011	21212955
field efficacy of new larvicide products for control of multi-resistant aedes aegypti populations in martinique (french west indies).	world-wide dengue vector control is hampered by the spread of insecticide resistance in aedes aegypti. we report the resistance status of a wild ae. aegypti population from martinique (vauclin) to conventional larvicides (bacillus thuringiensis var israeliensis [bti] and temephos) and potential alternatives (spinosad, diflubenzuron, and pyriproxyfen). the efficacy and residual activity of these insecticides were evaluated under simulated and field conditions. the vauclin strain exhibited a high ...	2011	21212213
synergism between wild-type bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis and b. sphaericus strains: a study based on isobolographic analysis and histopathology.	prevention is the best resistance management strategy in integrated vector control programs. combined use of insecticides of different classes that interact synergistically and show multi-site actions within the insect is recognized as a potential key strategy to be implemented even before the onset of resistance. the present study is aimed at harvesting the benefits of synergism between the wild-type bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis-h14 (bti) and bacillus sphaericus-2362 (bs) strains b ...	2011	21211506
multiple receptors as targets of cry toxins in mosquitoes.	bacillus thuringiensis (bt) produces inclusions that are composed of proteins known as crystal proteins or cry toxins. due to their high specificity and their safety to humans and the environment, these cry toxins are considered to be valuable alternatives to chemical pesticides in insect control programs. it is believed that cry toxin-induced membrane pore formation is responsible for insect toxicity. the molecular mechanism of pore formation involves recognition and subsequent binding of the t ...	2011	21210704
the usefulness of a mathematical model of exposure for environmental risk assessment.		2011	21208963
modelling in the light of uncertainty of key parameters: a call to exercise caution in field predictions of bt-maize effects.		2011	21208960
molecular characterization of three genes encoding aminopeptidases n in the poplar leaf beetle chrysomela tremulae.	three genes encoding proteins showing sequence similarity and features typical of insect apns were characterized in c. tremulae and designed as ctapn1, ctapn2 and ctapn3. expression analysis of the three c. tremulae apn genes showed that ctapn2 transcript is more abundant in the fat body, whereas both ctapn1 and ctapn3 are specifically expressed in the midgut. despite a similar genomic organization, lepidopteran and coleopteran apns are phylogenetically distant, suggesting that apn gene duplicat ...	2011	21205278
the influence of fertilizer level and spore density on arbuscular mycorrhizal colonization of transgenic bt 11 maize (zea mays) in experimental microcosms.	crop plants genetically modified for the expression of bacillus thuringiensis (bt) insecticidal toxins have broad appeal for reducing insect damage in agricultural systems, yet questions remain about the impact of bt plants on symbiotic soil organisms. here, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (amf) colonization of transgenic maize isoline bt 11 (expressing cry1ab) and its non-bt parental line (providence) was evaluated under different fertilizer level and spore density scenarios. in a three-way facto ...	2010	21198682
a semi-quantitative approach to gmo risk-benefit analysis.	in many countries there are increasing calls for the benefits of genetically modified organisms (gmos) to be considered as well as the risks, and for a risk-benefit analysis to form an integral part of gmo regulatory frameworks. this trend represents a shift away from the strict emphasis on risks, which is encapsulated in the precautionary principle that forms the basis for the cartagena protocol on biosafety, and which is reflected in the national legislation of many countries. the introduction ...	2011	21197601
viability of bacillus licheniformis and bacillus thuringiensis spores as a model for predicting the fate of bacillus anthracis spores during composting of dead livestock.	safe disposal of dead livestock and contaminated manure is essential for the effective control of infectious disease outbreaks. composting has been shown to be an effective method of disposal, but no information exists on its ability to contain diseases caused by spore-forming bacteria, such as bacillus anthracis. duplicate composters (east and west), each containing 16 dead cattle, were constructed (final capacity, 85,000 kg). spores (10(7) cfu/g manure) of bacillus licheniformis and bacillus t ...	2010	21193674
evaluation of phenotypic and pcr-based approaches for routine analysis of bacillus cereus group foodborne isolates.	identification of bacillus cereus sensu stricto is a challenge for the food industry since it is being increasingly reported as implicated in many foodborne outbreaks. so far no conclusive microbiological or biochemical traits have been described for their specific differentiation. here a polyphasic approach aiming at identification of new isolates is presented. it was conducted on a total of 75 strains, 59 bacillus cereus group (29 reference strains and 30 food and environmental isolates) and 1 ...	2010	21191654
an abc transporter mutation is correlated with insect resistance to bacillus thuringiensis cry1ac toxin.	transgenic crops producing insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis (bt) are commercially successful in reducing pest damage, yet knowledge of resistance mechanisms that threaten their sustainability is incomplete. insect resistance to the pore-forming cry1ac toxin is correlated with the loss of high-affinity, irreversible binding to the mid-gut membrane, but the genetic factors responsible for this change have been elusive. mutations in a 12-cadherin-domain protein confer some cry1ac res ...	2010	21187898
bioefficacy of insecticides against leucinodes orbonalis on brinjal.	studies on bioefficacy of insecticides against brinjal shoot and fruit borer, leucinodes orbonalis guenee on brinjal were carried out during 2007 and 2008. the results on bioefficacy of insecticides showed that in terms of shoot infestation, emamectin benzoate (0.002%), endosulfan (0.05%), novaluron (0.01%) and lambda-cyhalothrin (0.004%) were found superior. the total number of drooping shoots was minimum (4.17) in emamectin benzoate followed by endosulfan (6.83) and novaluron (7.00), as compar ...	2010	21186709
microfluidic module for automated isolation and purification of nucleic acids from biological samples.		2010	21184296
effect of bt broccoli and resistant genotype of plutella xylostella (lepidoptera: plutellidae) on development and host acceptance of the parasitoid diadegma insulare (hymenoptera: ichneumonidae).	the ecological implications on biological control of insecticidal transgenic plants, which produce crystal (cry) proteins from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt), remain a contentious issue and affect risk assessment decisions. in this study, we used a unique system of resistant insects, bt plants and a parasitoid to critically evaluate this issue. the effects of broccoli type (normal or expressing cry1ac protein) and insect genotype (susceptible or cry1ac-resistant) of plutella xylo ...	2010	21181494
[the reemergence of the chikungunya virus in réunion island on 2010: evolution of the mosquito control practices.]	the re-emergence of local transmission of chikungunya virus caused by aedes albopictus since march 2010 in the réunion island, french territory in the southwest indian ocean, calls for better epidemiological surveys, vector control, and community-based chikungunya control. this paper describes the strategy and the new ways of vector control applied since the last major chikungunya virus outbreak in 2005-2007, and the high levels of collaboration with mayors and local associations for community i ...	2010	21181327
evaluation of a new formulation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis.	the aim of this study was to determine the potency (itu) and efficacy of a liquid formulation of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis developed by the state university of londrina named biouel, against early fourth instar larvae of aedes aegypti and culex quinquefasciatus. the itu/mg of biouel was 960, the lc₅₀ was of 0.271 (± 0.39) ppm, and the lc₉₅ was 0.634 (± 0.099) ppm, in larvae of c. quinquefasciatus. in a. aegypti larvae, lc₅₀ was 0.332 (± 0.042) ppm and lc₉₅ was 0.694 (± 0.073) ppm. the i ...	2010	21180922
bacillus thuringiensis isolates entomopathogenic for culex quinquefasciatus (diptera: culicidae) and anticarsia gemmatalis (lepidoptera: noctuidae).	samples of the bacillus thuringiensis (bt) were collected from soil and insects. eight isolates were selected from rural soil, 15 from urban soil and 11 from insects. these were evaluated for entomopathogenicity against larvae of anticarsia gemmatalis and culex quinquefasciatus. the pathogenicity tests showed that a higher percentage of isolates were active against a. gemmatalis (60%) compared to c. quinquefasciatus (31%). probit analysis (lc₅₀) indicated that against a. gemmatalis four of the i ...	2010	21180911
sero-biochemical studies in sheep fed with bt cotton plants.	an experimental study was conducted to evaluate the toxicological effects, if any, due to feeding of bt (bacillus thuringiensis) cotton plants to sheep. a total of 32 sheep of one year of age belonging to deccani breed were randomly divided into four groups, consisting of eight sheep in each group. group 1 was maintained on basal diet (concentrate feed at the rate of 300 g + green fodder at the rate of 3 kg/sheep/day), group 2 on non-bt cotton plant at the rate of 1.5 kg + green fodder at the ra ...	2010	21170255
developmental penalties associated with inducible tolerance in helicoverpa armigera to insecticidal toxins from bacillus thuringiensis.	exposure of insect larvae to sublethal concentrations of crystal toxins from the soil bacterium bacillus thuringiensis (bt toxins) causes the induction of immune and metabolic responses that can be transmitted to offspring by epigenetic inheritance mechanisms. given that the elevated immune status carries significant developmental penalties, we wanted to establish the relationships between immune induction, tolerance to the toxin and developmental penalties. a laboratory culture of helicoverpa a ...	2010	21169448
modular columns to study depth-dependence behavior of mosquito larvae and toxicity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis.	modular transparent column system was designed to study depth-dependence behavior of mosquito larvae. the system was used in preliminary experiments to evaluate the effect of water depth on the larvicidal activity of bacillus thuringiensis subsp. israelensis de barjac against bottom feeder larvae of aedes aegypti (linn.) (diptera: culicidae), and suggestions for increasing the efficiency of the device are discussed.	2010	21167119
persistence of bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) in the environment induces resistance to multiple bti toxins in mosquitoes.	the simultaneous production of six different toxins by bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti) is thought to delay the evolution of resistance in treated mosquito populations. recent studies have shown that bti can persist and proliferate in the environment, thereby imposing continuous selective pressure on mosquito populations, raising concerns about the long-term effectiveness of this bioinsecticide. in order to evaluate the effect of bti persistence on the evolution of resistance, the author ...	2010	21162152
spinosad as an effective larvicide for control of aedes albopictus and aedes aegypti, vectors of dengue in southern mexico.	field trials were conducted during the wet and dry seasons in periurban and semi-rural cemeteries in southern mexico to determine the efficacy of a suspension concentrate formulation of spinosad (tracer 480sc) on the inhibition of development of aedes albopictus l. and ae. aegypti skuse. for this, oviposition traps were treated with spinosad (1 or 5 mg l(-1)), bacillus thuringiensis israelensis (bti, vectobac 12as), a sustained release formulation of temephos and a water control.	2010	21162151
pollen- and seed-mediated transgene flow in commercial cotton seed production fields.	characterizing the spatial patterns of gene flow from transgenic crops is challenging, making it difficult to design containment strategies for markets that regulate the adventitious presence of transgenes. insecticidal bacillus thuringiensis (bt) cotton is planted on millions of hectares annually and is a potential source of transgene flow.	2010	21152426
decomposition rates and residue-colonizing microbial communities of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal protein cry3bb-expressing (bt) and non-bt corn hybrids in the field.	despite the rapid adoption of crops expressing the insecticidal cry protein(s) from bacillus thuringiensis (bt), public concern continues to mount over the potential environmental impacts. reduced residue decomposition rates and increased tissue lignin concentrations reported for some bt corn hybrids have been highlighted recently as they may influence soil carbon dynamics. we assessed the effects of mon863 bt corn, producing the cry3bb protein against the corn rootworm complex, on these aspects ...	2010	21148693
hemocytes of rhynchophorus ferrugineus (olivier) (coleoptera: curculionidae) and their response to saccharomyces cerevisiae and bacillus thuringiensis.	originally from tropical asia, the red palm weevil (rpw rhynchophorus ferrugineus (olivier)) is the most dangerous and deadly pest of many palm trees, and there have been reports of its recent detection in france, greece and italy. at present, emphasis is on the development of integrated pest management based on biological control rather than on chemical insecticides, however the success of both systems is often insufficient. in this regard, rpw appears to be one pest that is very difficult to c ...	2010	21147119
functional expression in insect cells of glycosylphosphatidylinositol-linked alkaline phosphatase from aedes aegypti larval midgut: a bacillus thuringiensis cry4ba toxin receptor.	bacillus thuringiensis produces insecticidal crystal (cry) proteins which bind to cell surface receptors on the brush border membrane of susceptible midgut larvae. the toxin-receptor interaction generates pores in midgut epithelial cells resulting in cell lysis. here, a cdna encoding membrane-bound alkaline phosphatase from aedes aegypti (aa-malp) midgut larvae, based on the sequence identity hit to bombyx mori membrane-bound alp, was amplified by rt-pcr and transiently expressed in spodoptera f ...	2010	21146607
the amino- and carboxyl-terminal fragments of the bacillus thuringensis cyt1aa toxin have differential roles in toxin oligomerization and pore formation.	the cyt toxins produced by the bacteria bacillus thuringiensis show insecticidal activity against some insects, mainly dipteran larvae, being able to kill mosquitoes and black flies. however, they also possess a general cytolytic activity in vitro, showing hemolytic activity in red blood cells. these proteins are composed of two outer layers of α-helix hairpins wrapped around a β-sheet. with regard to their mode of action, one model proposed that the two outer layers of α-helix hairpins swing aw ...	2010	21142020
agroinfiltration as a technique for rapid assays for evaluating candidate insect resistance transgenes in plants.	functional analysis of candidate transgenes for insect resistance in stably transformed plants is a time-consuming task that can take months to achieve in even the fastest of plant models. in this study, a rapid screening technique is described, which employs candidate transgene transient expression using agroinfiltration in nicotiana benthamiana combined with a simple insect bioassay. using this system the known insecticidal protein cry1ac is demonstrated to effectively control helicoverpa zea. ...	2010	21140154
no refuge for insect pests.		2010	21139612
interaction of allium sativum leaf agglutinin with midgut brush border membrane vesicles proteins and its stability in helicoverpa armigera.	allium sativum leaf agglutinin (asal) binds to several proteins in the midgut of helicoverpa armigera and causes toxicity. most of these were glycosylated. six asal-binding proteins were selected for identification. pmf and ms/ms data showed their similarity with midgut aminopeptidase apn2, polycalins and alkaline phosphatase of h. armigera, cadherin-n protein (partial agap009726-pa) of acyrthosiphon pisum, cytochrome p450 (cyp315a1) of manduca sexta and alkaline phosphatase of heliothis viresce ...	2010	21136596
effect of bt-176 maize pollen on first instar larvae of the peacock butterfly (inachis io) (lepidoptera; nymphalidae).	more than 10 years after registration of the first bt maize cultivar in europe, there still exists a remarkable lack of data on effects on lepidoptera which would be necessary for a complete and comprehensive environmental risk assessment. so far only very few european butterfly species have been tested in this aspect. in our study the effect of transgenic bacillus thuringiensis (bt) maize pollen (event bt-176) on the development and survival of neonate larvae of the peacock butterfly, inachis i ...	2010	21122482
characterization of an argentine isolate of bacillus thuringiensis similar to the hd-1 strain.	we report the characterization of an argentine isolate of bacillus thuringiensis (inta ta24-6) similar to the hd-1 strain, which harbors a cryptic cry2ab gene that apparently is transcribed but not translated into a protein. inta ta24-6 showed a rep-pcr pattern identical to the hd-1 strain, a plasmid pattern that resembled that of this strain and cry1 and cry2 genes as hd-1. screening of cry1 and cry2 genes showed that inta ta24-6 harbors only cry1ac and cry2ab genes. furthermore, crystalline in ...	2010	21120387
[toxic activity of bacillus thuringiensis isolates to aedes aegypti (l.) (diptera: culicidae) larvae].	aedes aegypti (l.), the main vector of dengue fever in brazil, has been controlled with the use of massive chemical products, contributing to the development of resistance and decreasing the insect control efficiency. the control of dipterans with bioinsecticides based on bacillus thuringiensis has been satisfactory, due to the production of insecticidal proteins denominated cry (crystal), cyt (cytolytic) toxins and chi (chitinase), and to the synergistic effects among them. the present work aim ...	2010	21120386
bacillus cereus cytotoxins hbl, nhe and cytk are secreted via the sec translocation pathway.	bacillus cereus and the closely related bacillus thuringiensis are gram positive opportunistic pathogens that may cause food poisoning, and the three secreted pore-forming cytotoxins hbl, nhe and cytk have been implicated as the causative agents of diarrhoeal disease. it has been proposed that the hbl toxin is secreted using the flagellar export apparatus (fea) despite the presence of sec-type signal peptides. as protein secretion is of key importance in virulence of a microorganism, the mechani ...	2010	21118484
novel microbial route to synthesize silver nanoparticles using spore crystal mixture of bacillus thuringiensis.	metallic nanoparticles are traditionally synthesized by wet chemical techniques, where the chemicals used are often toxic and flammable. in the present study, the spore crystal mixture of bacillus thuringiensis was used for the synthesis of silver nanoparticles. nanoparticles were characterized using uv-vis absorption spectroscopy, xrd and tem. x-ray diffraction and tem analysis showed the average particle size of 15 nm and mixed (cubic and hexagonal) structure. this is for the first time that a ...	2010	21117457
[hypothetical link between endometriosis and xenobiotics-associated genetically modified food].	endometriosis is an oestrogen-dependent inflammatory disease affecting 10 % of reproductive-aged women. often accompanied by chronic pelvic pain and infertility, endometriosis rigorously interferes with women's quality of life. although the pathophysiology of endometriosis remains unclear, a growing body of evidence points to the implication of environmental toxicants. over the last decade, an increase in the incidence of endometriosis has been reported and coincides with the introduction of gen ...	2010	21111655
in vivo fluorescence observation of parasporal inclusion formation in bacillus thuringiensis.	a recombinant gene expressing a cry1ac-gfp fusion protein with a molecular mass of approximately 160 kd was constructed to investigate the expression of cry1ac, the localization of its gene product cry1ac, and its role in crystal development in bacillus thuringiensis. the cry1ac-gfp fusion gene under the control of the cry1ac promoter was cloned into the plasmid pht304, and this construct was designated phtcry1ac-gfp. phtcry1ac-gfp was transformed into the crystal-negative strain, hd-73 cry(-), ...	2010	21104371
developmental and photosynthetic regulation of δ-endotoxin reveals that engineered sugarcane conferring resistance to 'dead heart' contains no toxins in cane juice.	the phosphoenolpyruvate (pep) carboxylase is regulated at the levels of transcription and post-translation in c4 plants in light and abundantly accumulates in leaf mesophyll cells. we report here developmental and photosynthetic regulation of stably accumulated bacillus thuringiensis δ-endotoxin under the control of pep-c promoter in transgenic sugarcane. in young leaves of plants, the transprotein is accumulated to 39% of the levels in mature leaves (135 ng mg(-1)), and is induced with the cell ...	2010	21104030
self-assembly and recrystallization of bacterial s-layer proteins of bacillus sphaericus and bacillus thuringiensis on silicone, mica and quartz crystal supports.	the oriented architecture of macromolecules plays a critical role in many aspects of nanobiotechnology such as in the development of biosensors. to this regard, s-layers which constitute the outermost cell envelope component of many prokaryotic organisms, represent unique self assembled systems with the capability to rearrange into monomolecular and oriented arrays. these properties can be exploited to promote their crystallization on surfaces (e.g. silicone) which is pivotal for the subsequent ...	2010	21096866
effect of ultrasonication and fenton oxidation on biodegradation of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) in wastewater sludge.	the presence of bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (dehp) and its metabolites, i.e. 2-ethylhexanol, 2-ethylhexanal, and 2-ethylhexanoic acid in wastewater sludge (wws) were investigated during aerobic digestion and bacillus thuringiensis (bt)-based fermentation of wws. ultrasonication and fenton oxidation pre-treatment was applied to improve biodegradability of wws and bioavailability of the target compounds for digestion and fermentation. dehp and 2-ethylhexanoic acid were observed at higher concentra ...	2010	21094970
haematology, blood biochemistry and tissue histopathology of lambs maintained on diets containing an insect controlling protein (cry1ac) in bt-cottonseed.	this experiment assessed the effect of feeding genetically modified cottonseed (bt) containing an insect controlling protein (cry1ac) on haematology, blood biochemistry and histopathology of lambs. haemato-biochemicals were estimated at periodic intervals, and histopathology at termination of experiment. thirty three weaner lambs were fed a composite feed mixture (cfm) ad libitum individually, in three groups for 123 days. the isonitrogenous cfm had roughage (perl millet stover) and concentrate ...	2010	21091548
introduction and control of three invasive mosquito species in the netherlands, july-october 2010.	in july 2010, during routine mosquito surveillance inspections at companies that import used tires, three invasive species were found at five locations in the netherlands: the yellow fever mosquito (aedes aegypti), the asian tiger mosquito (ae. albopictus), and the american rock-pool mosquito (ae. atropalpus). this is the first time that ae. aegypti is reported from the netherlands. mosquito control was initiated one week after the first invasive mosquito was found, using adulticides and larvici ...	2010	21087591
interaction of allium sativum leaf agglutinin with midgut brush border membrane vesicles proteins and its stability in helicoverpa armigera.	allium sativum leaf agglutinin (asal) binds to several proteins in the midgut of helicoverpa armigera and causes toxicity. most of these were glycosylated. six asal-binding proteins were selected for identification. pmf and ms/ms data showed their similarity with midgut aminopeptidase apn2, polycalins and alkaline phosphatase of h. armigera, cadherin-n protein (partial agap009726-pa) of acyrthosiphon pisum, cytochrome p450 (cyp315a1) of manduca sexta and alkaline phosphatase of heliothis viresce ...	2010	21082761
influence of mutagenesis of bacillus thuringiensis cry1aa toxin on larvicidal activity.	domain iii of bacillus thuringiensis cry δ-endotoxins are considered to be related to the stability of the structure and avoidance of overdigestion by proteases. in this study, some residues of potential chymotrypsin and trypsin sites in domain iii of b. thuringiensis cry1aa were replaced individually with alanine by site-directed mutagenesis, in order to investigate their functional roles. except f574a, all mutants f536a, r543a, f550a, f565a, r566a, f570a, f576a, f583a, and f590a were highly ex ...	2010	21082182
effects of mutations within surface-exposed loops in the pore-forming domain of the cry9ca insecticidal toxin of bacillus thuringiensis.	the pore-forming domain of bacillus thuringiensis insecticidal cry toxins is formed of seven amphipathic α-helices. because pore formation is thought to involve conformational changes within this domain, the possible role of its interhelical loops in this crucial step was investigated with cry9ca double mutants, which all share the previously characterized r164a mutation, using a combination of homology modeling, bioassays and electrophysiological measurements. the mutations either introduced, n ...	2010	21082167