Publications
| Title | Abstract | Year Filter | PMID(sorted descending) Filter |
|---|
| genetically attenuated plasmodium berghei liver stages induce sterile protracted protection that is mediated by major histocompatibility complex class i-dependent interferon-gamma-producing cd8+ t cells. | at present, radiation-attenuated plasmodia sporozoites ( gamma -spz) is the only vaccine that induces sterile and lasting protection in malaria-naive humans and laboratory rodents. however, gamma -spz are not without risks. for example, the heterogeneity of the gamma -spz could explain occasional breakthrough infections. to avoid this possibility, we constructed a double-knockout p. berghei parasite by removing 2 genes, uis3 and uis4, that are up-regulated in infective spz. we evaluated the doub ... | 2007 | 17624847 |
| effect of chloroquine on gene expression of plasmodium yoelii nigeriensis during its sporogonic development in the mosquito vector. | the anti-malarial chloroquine can modulate the outcome of infection during the plasmodium sporogonic development, interfering with plasmodium gene expression and subsequently, with transmission. the present study sets to identify plasmodium genes that might be regulated by chloroquine in the mosquito vector. | 2007 | 17605769 |
| leishmania manipulation of sand fly feeding behavior results in enhanced transmission. | in nature the prevalence of leishmania infection in whole sand fly populations can be very low (<0.1%), even in areas of endemicity and high transmission. it has long since been assumed that the protozoan parasite leishmania can manipulate the feeding behavior of its sand fly vector, thus enhancing transmission efficiency, but neither the way in which it does so nor the mechanisms behind such manipulation have been described. a key feature of parasite development in the sand fly gut is the secre ... | 2007 | 17604451 |
| mosquito heparan sulfate and its potential role in malaria infection and transmission. | heparan sulfate has been isolated for the first time from the mosquito anopheles stephensi, a known vector for plasmodium parasites, the causative agents of malaria. chondroitin sulfate, but not dermatan sulfate or hyaluronan, was also present in the mosquito. the glycosaminoglycans were isolated, from salivary glands and midguts of the mosquito in quantities sufficient for disaccharide microanalysis. both of these organs are invaded at different stages of the plasmodium life cycle. mosquito hep ... | 2007 | 17597060 |
| genetically attenuated plasmodium berghei liver stages persist and elicit sterile protection primarily via cd8 t cells. | live-attenuated plasmodium liver stages remain the only experimental model that confers complete sterile protection against malaria. irradiation-attenuated plasmodium parasites mediate protection primarily by cd8 t cells. in contrast, it is unknown how genetically attenuated liver stage parasites provide protection. here, we show that immunization with uis3(-) sporozoites does not cause breakthrough infection in t and b-cell-deficient rag1(-/-) and ifn-gamma(-/-) mice. however, protection was ab ... | 2007 | 17591958 |
| functional conservation between structurally diverse ribosomal proteins from drosophila melanogaster and saccharomyces cerevisiae: fly l23a can substitute for yeast l25 in ribosome assembly and function. | the proposed drosophila melanogaster l23a ribosomal protein features a conserved c-terminal amino acid signature characteristic of other l23a family members and a unique n-terminal extension [koyama et al. (poly(adp-ribose) polymerase interacts with novel drosophila ribosomal proteins, l22 and l23a, with unique histone-like amino-terminal extensions. gene 1999; 226: 339-345)], absent from saccharomyces cerevisiae l25 that nearly doubles the size of fly l23a. the ability of fly l23a to replace th ... | 2007 | 17584789 |
| the role of dna mismatch repair in generating genetic diversity and drug resistance in malaria parasites. | although the mechanisms by which malaria parasites develop resistance to drugs are unclear, current knowledge suggests a main mechanism of resistance is the alteration of target enzymes by point mutation. in other organisms, defects in dna mismatch repair have been linked to increased mutation rates and drug resistance. we have identified an unusual complement of mismatch repair genes in the plasmodium genome. an initial functional test of two of these genes (pfmsh2-1 and pfmsh2-2) using a domin ... | 2007 | 17583362 |
| gene encoding a deubiquitinating enzyme is mutated in artesunate- and chloroquine-resistant rodent malaria parasites. | artemisinin- and artesunate-resistant plasmodium chabaudi mutants, as-art and as-atn, were previously selected from chloroquine-resistant clones as-30cq and as-15cq respectively. now, a genetic cross between as-art and the artemisinin-sensitive clone aj has been analysed by linkage group selection. a genetic linkage group on chromosome 2 was selected under artemisinin treatment. within this locus, we identified two different mutations in a gene encoding a deubiquitinating enzyme. a distinct muta ... | 2007 | 17581118 |
| morphological evidence for proliferative regeneration of the anopheles stephensi midgut epithelium following plasmodium falciparum ookinete invasion. | ookinetes are motile invasive stages of the malaria parasite that enter the midgut epithelium of the mosquito vector via an intracellular route. ookinetes often migrate through multiple adjacent midgut epithelial cells, which subsequently undergo apoptosis/necrosis and are extruded from the midgut epithelium into the midgut lumen. hundreds of ookinetes may simultaneously invade the midgut epithelium, causing destruction of an appreciable proportion of the total number of midgut epithelial cells. ... | 2007 | 17575986 |
| the anopheles gambiae vitellogenin gene (vgt2) promoter directs persistent accumulation of a reporter gene product in transgenic anopheles stephensi following multiple bloodmeals. | mosquitoes made resistant to pathogens through genetic engineering are proposed as a basis for developing a strategy to control disease transmission. transgenic approaches that introduce exogenous antipathogen effector genes into mosquito genomes require cis-acting regulatory dna to control tissue-, stage-, and sex-specific transgene expression. we show that control sequences derived from a vitellogenin-encoding gene of anopheles gambiae, a major vector in sub-saharan africa, can direct expressi ... | 2007 | 17556621 |
| enhanced malaria parasite transmission from helminth co-infected mice. | helminth infections are prevalent in malaria-endemic areas, yet the potential for helminths to alter malaria transmission has not been closely examined. we used the echinostoma caproni-plasmodium yoelii murine model of co-infection to assess the impact of helminth co-infection on malaria transmission. in four replicate experiments, anopheles stephensi mosquitoes exposed to co-infected mice five days post-malaria infection had a higher rate of infectivity (80.1%, n = 241) than those exposed to ma ... | 2007 | 17556610 |
| cytokine responses of cd4+ t cells during a plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi (er) blood-stage infection in mice initiated by the natural route of infection. | investigation of host responses to blood stages of plasmodium spp, and the immunopathology associated with this phase of the life cycle are often performed on mice infected directly with infected red blood cells. thus, the effects of mosquito bites and the pre-erythrocytic stages of the parasite, which would be present in natural infection, are ignored in this paper, plasmodium chabaudi chabaudi infections of mice injected directly with infected red blood cells were compared with those of mice i ... | 2007 | 17555592 |
| entomological evaluation of three brands of manufactured insecticidal nets and of nets conventionally treated with deltamethrin, after repeated washing. | the present study evaluated the efficacy and wash resistance of three types of commercial, deltamethrin-treated nets (permanet, yorkool and a-z nets) - that their manufacturers claimed to be long-lasting insecticidal nets (llin) - and those of nets conventionally treated with deltamethrin, at either 23-27 mg/m(2) (using one k-o tab tablet/net) or 46-54 mg/m(2) (using two k-o tab tablets/net). the nets were tested unwashed or after being washed, by hand or machine, five or 15 times. after each wa ... | 2007 | 17550651 |
| an insight into immunogenic salivary proteins of anopheles gambiae in african children. | during blood feeding, the mosquito injects saliva into the vertebrate host. this saliva contains bioactive components which may play a role in pathogen transmission and in host-vector relationships by inducing an immune response in the vertebrate host. the evaluation of human immune responses to arthropod bites might also represent a research direction for assessing individual exposure to the bite of a malaria vector. | 2007 | 17550586 |
| rubidium marking of anopheles mosquitoes detectable by field-capable x-ray spectrometry. | we present a mosquito marking technique suitable for mark-release-recapture that can be used with a hand-held, portable x-ray fluorescence (xrf) spectrometer, which is practical for field measurements. third instar anopheles gambiae giles sensu stricto (diptera: culicidae) and anopheles stephensi liston larvae were cultured to pupation in water containing rubidium (rb) cl at concentrations up to 1000 p.p.m. rb. anopheles gambiae larvae survived to adulthood at concentrations as high as 1000 p.p. ... | 2007 | 17550439 |
| nanos gene control dna mediates developmentally regulated transposition in the yellow fever mosquito aedes aegypti. | transposable elements (tes) are proposed as a basis for developing drive systems to spread pathogen resistance genes through vector mosquito populations. the use of transcriptional and translational control dna elements from genes expressed specifically in the insect germ line to mediate transposition offers possibilities for mitigating some of the concerns about transgene behavior in the target vector species and eliminating effects on nontarget organisms. here, we describe the successful use o ... | 2007 | 17548819 |
| comparative efficacy of solanum xanthocarpum extracts alone and in combination with a synthetic pyrethroid, cypermethrin, against malaria vector, anopheles stephensi. | with a goal of minimal application of environmentally hazardous chemical insecticides, the larvicidal activity of cypermethrin was studied alone and in combination with the root extract of solanum xanthocarpum against anopheline larvae. petroleum ether extract was observed to be the most toxic, with lc,, of 1.41 and 0.93 ppm and lc90 of 16.94 and 8.48 ppm at 24 and 48 hours after application, respectively, followed by carbon tetrachloride and methanol extracts. the values for cypermethrin were a ... | 2007 | 17539274 |
| induction of nitric oxide synthase and activation of signaling proteins in anopheles mosquitoes by the malaria pigment, hemozoin. | anopheles stephensi, a major vector for malaria parasite transmission, responds to plasmodium infection by synthesis of inflammatory levels of nitric oxide (no), which can limit parasite development in the midgut. we have previously shown that plasmodium falciparum glycosylphosphatidylinositols (pfgpis) can induce a. stephensi no synthase (asnos) expression in the midgut epithelium in vivo in a manner similar to the manner in which cytokines and no are induced by pfgpis in mammalian cells. in mo ... | 2007 | 17526741 |
| larvicidal effects of a neem (azadirachta indica) oil formulation on the malaria vector anopheles gambiae. | larviciding is a key strategy used in many vector control programmes around the world. costs could be reduced if larvicides could be manufactured locally. the potential of natural products as larvicides against the main african malaria vector, anopheles gambiae s.s was evaluated. | 2007 | 17519000 |
| plasmodium yoelii sporozoites with simultaneous deletion of p52 and p36 are completely attenuated and confer sterile immunity against infection. | malaria infection starts when sporozoites are transmitted to the mammalian host during a mosquito bite. sporozoites enter the blood circulation, reach the liver, and infect hepatocytes. the formation of a parasitophorous vacuole (pv) establishes their intracellular niche. recently, two members of the 6-cys domain protein family, p52 and p36, were each shown to play an important albeit nonessential role in plasmodium berghei sporozoite infectivity for the rodent host. here, we generated p52/p36-d ... | 2007 | 17517871 |
| a long and winding road: the plasmodium sporozoite's journey in the mammalian host. | the plasmodium sporozoite, the infectious stage of the malaria parasite, makes a remarkable journey in its mammalian host. here we review our current knowledge of the molecular and cellular basis of this journey, which begins in the skin and ends in the hepatocyte. | 2007 | 17513164 |
| genomic and evolutionary analyses of tango transposons in aedes aegypti, anopheles gambiae and other mosquito species. | tango is a transposon of the tc1 family and was originally discovered in the african malaria mosquito, anopheles gambiae. here we report a systematic analysis of the genome sequence of the yellow fever mosquito, aedes aegypti, which uncovered three distinct tango transposons. we name the only an. gambiae tango transposon agtango1 and the three ae. aegypti tango elements aetango1-3. like agtango1, aetango1 and aetango2 elements both have members that retain characteristics of autonomous elements ... | 2007 | 17506852 |
| bacteria of the genus asaia stably associate with anopheles stephensi, an asian malarial mosquito vector. | here, we show that an alpha-proteobacterium of the genus asaia is stably associated with larvae and adults of anopheles stephensi, an important mosquito vector of plasmodium vivax, a main malaria agent in asia. asaia bacteria dominate mosquito-associated microbiota, as shown by 16s rrna gene abundance, quantitative pcr, transmission electron microscopy and in situ-hybridization of 16s rrna genes. in adult mosquitoes, asaia sp. is present in high population density in the female gut and in the ma ... | 2007 | 17502606 |
| minimum requirements for ookinete to oocyst transformation in plasmodium. | during their passage through a mosquito vector, malaria parasites undergo several developmental transformations including that from a motile zygote, the ookinete, to a sessile oocyst that develops beneath the basal lamina of the midgut epithelium. this transformation process is poorly understood and the oocyst is the least studied of all the stages in the malaria life cycle. we have used an in vitro culture system to monitor morphological features associated with transformation of plasmodium ber ... | 2007 | 17482621 |
| identification and characterization of a new kallikrein-kinin system inhibitor from the salivary glands of the malaria vector mosquito anopheles stephensi. | a new kallikrein-kinin system inhibitor, designated anophensin, was identified in the salivary glands of the malaria vector mosquito, anopheles stephensi. in vitro reconstitution experiments showed that anophensin inhibits activation of the kallikrein-kinin system by inhibiting the reciprocal activation of factor xii (fxii) and prekallikrein (pk), and subsequent release of bradykinin. additionally, anophensin inhibits activation of the kallikrein-kinin system on cultured human umbilical vein end ... | 2007 | 17456441 |
| an insight into the sialome of the oriental rat flea, xenopsylla cheopis (rots). | the salivary glands of hematophagous animals contain a complex cocktail that interferes with the host hemostasis and inflammation pathways, thus increasing feeding success. fleas represent a relatively recent group of insects that evolved hematophagy independently of other insect orders. | 2007 | 17437641 |
| transcriptional analysis of insecticide resistance in anopheles stephensi using cross-species microarray hybridization. | a large scale microarray (20k mmc1) from the african malaria vector anopheles gambiae was used to monitor gene expression in insecticide resistant and susceptible strains of the asian mosquito anopheles stephensi. heterologous hybridization at slightly reduced stringency yielded approximately 7000 significant signals. thirty-six putative genes were differentially transcribed between the pyrethroid-resistant (dub-r) and the susceptible (beech) strains. the expression profiles of selected transcri ... | 2007 | 17433071 |
| binding of cyt1aa and cry11aa toxins of bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis to brush border membrane vesicles of tipula paludosa (diptera: nematocera) and subsequent pore formation. | bacillus thuringiensis serovar israelensis (b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis) produces four insecticidal crystal proteins (icps) (cry4a, cry4b, cry11a, and cyt1a). toxicity of recombinant b. thuringiensis subsp. israelensis strains expressing only one of the toxins was determined with first instars of tipula paludosa (diptera: nematocera). cyt1a was the most toxic protein, whereas cry4a, cry4b, and cry11a were virtually nontoxic. synergistic effects were recorded when cry4a and/or cry4b was c ... | 2007 | 17416690 |
| effect of the antimicrobial peptide gomesin against different life stages of plasmodium spp. | while seeking strategies for interfering with plasmodium development in vertebrate/invertebrate hosts, we tested the activity of gomesin, an antimicrobial peptide isolated from the hemocytes of the spider acanthoscurria gomesiana. gomesin was tested against asexual, sexual and pre-sporogonic forms of plasmodium falciparum and plasmodium berghei parasites. the peptide inhibited the in vitro growth of intraerythrocytic forms of p. falciparum. when gomesin was added to in vitro culture of p. berghe ... | 2007 | 17376436 |
| late-acting dominant lethal genetic systems and mosquito control. | reduction or elimination of vector populations will tend to reduce or eliminate transmission of vector-borne diseases. one potential method for environmentally-friendly, species-specific population control is the sterile insect technique (sit). sit has not been widely used against insect disease vectors such as mosquitoes, in part because of various practical difficulties in rearing, sterilization and distribution. additionally, vector populations with strong density-dependent effects will tend ... | 2007 | 17374148 |
| transgenic malaria-resistant mosquitoes have a fitness advantage when feeding on plasmodium-infected blood. | the introduction of genes that impair plasmodium development into mosquito populations is a strategy being considered for malaria control. the effect of the transgene on mosquito fitness is a crucial parameter influencing the success of this approach. we have previously shown that anopheline mosquitoes expressing the sm1 peptide in the midgut lumen are impaired for transmission of plasmodium berghei. moreover, the transgenic mosquitoes had no noticeable fitness load compared with nontransgenic m ... | 2007 | 17372227 |
| laboratory efficacy of metabolites of lagenidium giganteum (couch) on anopheles stephensi (liston) after filterations by column chromatography. | this study was conducted in laboratory to evaluate the efficacy of filtered extracellular metabolites of lagenidium giganteum against all the four instars of an. stephensi larvae. fungal colonies have been cultured in pyg broth and after 15 days of culturing the fungus, metabolites have been filtered twice by whatman filter paper. these metabolites were again filtered by column chromatography and by rang syringe filters. filtered metabolites were then used against all instars of an. stephensi la ... | 2006 | 17370682 |
| plasmodium berghei: plasmodium perforin-like protein 5 is required for mosquito midgut invasion in anopheles stephensi. | during its life cycle the malarial parasite plasmodium forms three invasive stages which have to invade different and specific cells for replication to ensue. invasion is vital to parasite survival and consequently proteins responsible for invasion are considered to be candidate vaccine/drug targets. plasmodium perforin-like proteins (pplps) have been implicated in invasion because they contain a predicted pore-forming domain. ookinetes express three pplps, and one of them (pplp3) has previously ... | 2007 | 17367780 |
| [effect of anti-midgut-protein-ingredient antibodies of anopheles stephensi on the oocysts of plasmodium yoelii]. | to observe the inhibitory effect of the antibodies against midgut-protein-ingredient of anopheles stephensi on the oocysts of plasmodium yoelii. | 2006 | 17366975 |
| outer surface protein b is critical for borrelia burgdorferi adherence and survival within ixodes ticks. | survival of borrelia burgdorferi in ticks and mammals is facilitated, at least in part, by the selective expression of lipoproteins. outer surface protein (osp) a participates in spirochete adherence to the tick gut. as ospb is expressed on a bicistronic operon with ospa, we have now investigated the role of ospb by generating an ospb-deficient b. burgdorferi and examining its phenotype throughout the spirochete life cycle. similar to wild-type isolates, the ospb-deficient b. burgdorferi were ab ... | 2007 | 17352535 |
| uninfected mosquito bites confer protection against infection with malaria parasites. | despite decades of research and multiple initiatives, malaria continues to be one of the world's most debilitating infectious diseases. new insights for malaria control and vaccine development will be essential to thwart the staggering worldwide impact of this disease (a. bjorkman and a. bhattarai, acta trop. 94:163-169, 2005); ultimately successful vaccine strategies will undoubtedly be multifactorial, incorporating multiple antigens and targeting diverse aspects of the malaria parasites' biolo ... | 2007 | 17339356 |
| the role of metacaspase 1 in plasmodium berghei development and apoptosis. | the malaria parasite encodes a wide range of proteases necessary to facilitate its many developmental transitions in vertebrate and insect hosts. amongst these is a predicted cysteine protease structurally related to caspases, named plasmodium metacaspase 1 (pxmc1). we have generated plasmodium berghei parasites in which the pbmc1coding sequence is removed and replaced with a green fluorescent reporter gene to investigate the expression of pbmc1, its contribution to parasite development, and its ... | 2007 | 17335919 |
| female inheritance of malarial lap genes is essential for mosquito transmission. | members of the lccl/lectin adhesive-like protein (lap) family, a family of six putative secreted proteins with predicted adhesive extracellular domains, have all been detected in the sexual and sporogonic stages of plasmodium and have previously been predicted to play a role in parasite-mosquito interactions and/or immunomodulation. in this study we have investigated the function of pblap1, 2, 4, and 6. through phenotypic analysis of plasmodium berghei loss-of-function mutants, we have demonstra ... | 2007 | 17335349 |
| efficacy of lagenidium giganteum metabolites on mosquito larvae with reference to nontarget organisms. | lagenidium giganteum is a water mold and an effective mosquito control agent with limited use due to poor survival and contamination during storage. invert extracellular metabolites of l. giganteum is easy to produce, long shelf life, and a potential candidate in tropical climates. this fungus was grown in pyg broth in the laboratory at 25 +/- 2 degrees c, and relative humidity was maintained at 75 +/- 5% for 15 +/- 2 days. filtration process of metabolites was done using whatman filter paper, c ... | 2007 | 17334944 |
| ethnoveterinary medicines used for ruminants in british columbia, canada. | the use of medicinal plants is an option for livestock farmers who are not allowed to use allopathic drugs under certified organic programs or cannot afford to use allopathic drugs for minor health problems of livestock. | 2007 | 17324258 |
| primary infection of c57bl/6 mice with plasmodium yoelii induces a heterogeneous response of nkt cells. | nkt cells are a population of innate-like lymphocytes that display effector functions and immunoregulatory properties. we characterized the nkt cell response induced in c57bl/6 mice during a primary infection with plasmodium yoelii sporozoites. we observed a heterogeneous nkt cell response that differed between liver and spleen. hepatic nkt cells found in infected livers consisted mainly of cd1d-dependent cd4+ and double-negative (dn) nkt cells, whereas cd1d-independent nkt cells exhibiting a tc ... | 2007 | 17307938 |
| reduced susceptibility to deltamethrin and kdr mutation in anopheles stephensi liston, a malaria vector in india. | the indian urban malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston was selected for deltamethrin resistance for 25 generations (f25) at larval and adult stages separately in the laboratory. there was roughly a 151-fold increase in the lethal concentration (lc)50 and a 99-fold increase in the lc90 in larval selection, when the f25 was compared with the parent colony. similarly, adult selection resulted in a 39-fold increase in the lc50 and a 31-fold increase in the lc90 in the adults. knockdown bioassays ... | 2006 | 17304937 |
| nature or nurture in mosquito resistance to malaria? | the genetic basis of mosquito resistance to malaria parasites is well established and currently receives a lot of attention. however this is not the sole determinant of the success or failure of an infection. in a recent article, lambrechts and colleagues report the influence of the quality of the external environment of a mosquito on infection. they indicate that external variations could substantially reduce the importance of resistance genes in determining infection by malaria parasites. furt ... | 2007 | 17276733 |
| spatial and sex-specific dissection of the anopheles gambiae midgut transcriptome. | the midgut of hematophagous insects, such as disease transmitting mosquitoes, carries out a variety of essential functions that mostly relate to blood feeding. the midgut of the female malaria vector mosquito anopheles gambiae is a major site of interactions between the parasite and the vector. distinct compartments and cell types of the midgut tissue carry out specific functions and vector borne pathogens interact and infect different parts of the midgut. | 2007 | 17261194 |
| an insight into the sialome of anopheles funestus reveals an emerging pattern in anopheline salivary protein families. | anopheles funestus, together with anopheles gambiae, is responsible for most malaria transmission in sub-saharan africa, but little is known about molecular aspects of its biology. to investigate the salivary repertoire of this mosquito, we randomly sequenced 916 clones from a salivary-gland cdna library from adult female f1 offspring of field-caught an. funestus. thirty-three protein sequences, mostly full-length transcripts, are predicted to be secreted salivary proteins. we additionally descr ... | 2007 | 17244545 |
| molecular identification of palearctic members of anopheles maculipennis in northern iran. | members of anopheles maculipennis complex are effective malaria vectors in europe and the caspian sea region in northern iran, where malaria has been re-introduced since 1994. the current study has been designed in order to provide further evidence on the status of species composition and to identify more accurately the members of the maculipennis complex in northern iran. | 2007 | 17233887 |
| plasmodium sporozoites trickle out of the injection site. | plasmodium sporozoites make a remarkable journey from the skin, where they are deposited by an infected anopheline mosquito, to the liver, where they invade hepatocytes and develop into exoerythrocytic stages. although much work has been done to elucidate the molecular mechanisms by which sporozoites invade hepatocytes, little is known about the interactions between host and parasite before the sporozoite enters the blood circulation. it has always been assumed that sporozoites rapidly exit the ... | 2007 | 17223931 |
| histone h1-like, lysine-rich low complexity amino acid extensions in mosquito ribosomal proteins rpl23a and rps6 have evolved independently. | histone h1-like amino acid extensions have been described at the amino terminus of drosophila rpl22 and rpl23a, and at the carboxyl terminus of mosquito ribosomal protein rps6. an in silico search suggested that rpl23a, but not rpl22, in anopheles gambiae has an amino-terminal extension. because low complexity amino acid extensions are not common on eukaryotic ribosomal proteins, and their functions are unknown, we cloned cdnas encoding rpl23a from aedes albopictus and anopheles stephensi mosqui ... | 2007 | 17212354 |
| comparison of plants used for skin and stomach problems in trinidad and tobago with asian ethnomedicine. | this paper provides a preliminary evaluation of fifty-eight ethnomedicinal plants used in trinidad and tobago for skin problems, stomach problems, pain and internal parasites for safety and possible efficacy. thirty respondents, ten of whom were male were interviewed from september 1996 to september 2000 on medicinal plant use for health problems. the respondents were obtained by snowball sampling, and were found in thirteen different sites, 12 in trinidad and one in tobago. the uses are compare ... | 2007 | 17207273 |
| an annotated catalogue of salivary gland transcripts in the adult female mosquito, aedes aegypti. | saliva of blood-sucking arthropods contains a cocktail of antihemostatic agents and immunomodulators that help blood feeding. mosquitoes additionally feed on sugar meals and have specialized regions of their glands containing glycosidases and antimicrobials that might help control bacterial growth in the ingested meals. to expand our knowledge on the salivary cocktail of aedes aegypti, a vector of dengue and yellow fevers, we analyzed a set of 4,232 expressed sequence tags from cdna libraries of ... | 2007 | 17204158 |
| expression of immune responsive genes in cell lines from two different anopheline species. | malaria infection results in increased expression of immune responsive genes, including those encoding antimicrobial peptides such as gambicin (gam1) and cecropin a (cec1). understanding how these genes are regulated will provide insights how the mosquito immune system is activated by plasmodium. we previously have shown that cec1 was primarily regulated by the imd-relish (rel2) pathway in the anopheles gambiae sua1b cell line. we show here that expression of defensin a (def1) and gam1 was reduc ... | 2006 | 17201765 |
| the effect of repellents ocimum forskolei and deet on the response of anopheles stephensi to host odours. | the behavioural response of anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae) to incubated host odours (from human and goat) and to human odour in combination with a repellent plant, ocimum forskolei (labiatae), or deet (n, n, diethyl-toluamide) (20%) was tested in a dual-port olfactometer. an. stephensi was significantly attracted to both host odours compared with air alone, but showed no preference when given a choice between both host odours simultaneously. in choice tests, the addition of deet ... | 2006 | 17199748 |
| fz2 and cdc42 mediate melanization and actin polymerization but are dispensable for plasmodium killing in the mosquito midgut. | the midgut epithelium of the mosquito malaria vector anopheles is a hostile environment for plasmodium, with most parasites succumbing to host defenses. this study addresses morphological and ultrastructural features associated with plasmodium berghei ookinete invasion in anopheles gambiae midguts to define the sites and possible mechanisms of parasite killing. we show by transmission electron microscopy and immunofluorescence that the majority of ookinetes are killed in the extracellular space. ... | 2006 | 17196037 |
| a plant-derived morphinan as a novel lead compound active against malaria liver stages. | the global spread of multidrug-resistant malaria parasites has led to an urgent need for new chemotherapeutic agents. drug discovery is primarily directed to the asexual blood stages, and few drugs that are effective against the obligatory liver stages, from which the pathogenic blood infection is initiated, have become available since primaquine was deployed in the 1950s. | 2006 | 17194195 |
| long-lasting and transmission-blocking activity of antibodies to plasmodium falciparum elicited in mice by protein conjugates of pfs25. | malaria is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, estimated to cause >1 million childhood deaths annually. plasmodium falciparum causes the most severe form of the disease. there is as yet no licensed vaccine for this disease, despite over a half century of research. in this study, we investigated a transmission-blocking vaccine candidate, the ookinete surface protein pfs25. antibodies against pfs25, drawn in during a bite, can block parasite development in the mosquito midgut, preventing t ... | 2007 | 17190797 |
| novel acetylcholinesterase target site for malaria mosquito control. | current anticholinesterase pesticides were developed during world war ii and are toxic to mammals because they target a catalytic serine residue of acetylcholinesterases (aches) in insects and in mammals. a sequence analysis of aches from 73 species and a three-dimensional model of a malaria-carrying mosquito (anopheles gambiae) ache (agache) reported here show that c286 and r339 of agache are conserved at the opening of the active site of aches in 17 invertebrate and four insect species, respec ... | 2006 | 17183688 |
| inhibition of plasmodium falciparum oocyst production by membrane-permeant cysteine protease inhibitor e64d. | during asexual intraerythrocytic growth, plasmodium falciparum utilizes hemoglobin obtained from the host red blood cell (rbc) as a nutrient source. papain-like cysteine proteases, falcipains 2 and 3, have been reported to be involved in hemoglobin digestion and are targets of current antimalarial drug development efforts. however, their expression during gametocytogenesis, which is required for malaria parasite transmission, has not been studied. many of the available antimalarials do not inhib ... | 2007 | 17178799 |
| imp pcr primers detect single nucleotide polymorphisms for anopheles gambiae species identification, mopti and savanna rdna types, and resistance to dieldrin in anopheles arabiensis. | polymerase chain reactions to distinguish single-nucleotide polymorphisms are commonly used for mosquito identification and identifying insecticide resistance alleles. however, the existing methods used for primer design often result in analyses that are not robust or require additional steps. | 2006 | 17177993 |
| spatial epidemiology of plasmodium vivax, afghanistan. | plasmodium vivax is endemic to many areas of afghanistan. geographic analysis helped highlight areas of malaria risk and clarified ecologic risk factors for transmission. remote sensing enabled development of a risk map, thereby providing a valuable tool to help guide malaria control strategies. | 2006 | 17176583 |
| re-ingestion of plasmodium berghei sporozoites after delivery into the host by mosquitoes. | malaria-infected mosquitoes feeding on a mammalian host inject sporozoites into the skin to induce a malaria infection. the numbers of sporozoites ultimately able to reach the liver may be important determinants of the characteristics of the ensuing blood infection. because feeding mosquitoes not only inject sporozoites into the host but concomitantly ingest blood to obtain their bloodmeal, some sporozoites are re-ingested by the feeding mosquito. we studied transmission of fluorescent plasmodiu ... | 2006 | 17172393 |
| characterization of a pathogen related to vavraia culicis detected in a laboratory colony of anopheles stephensi. | 2006 | 17169070 | |
| biting deterrent activity of a deet analog, two depa analogs, and ss220 applied topically to human volunteers compared with deet against three species of blood-feeding flies. | an earlier in vitro screening of n,n-diethyl-3-methylbenzamide (deet) and n,n-diethylphenylacetamide (depa) analogs showed that two depa analogs, n,n-diethyl(3-bromophenyl) acetamide and n,n-diethyl[(alpha,alpha,alpha-trifluoro-m-tolyl)]acetamide, and one deet analog, n,n,diethyl[3-(trifluoromethyl)]benzamide, had biting-deterrent activities that were superior to deet against aedes aegypti (l.) and anopheles stephensi liston. in the current study, the three analogs and (1s,2's)-methylpiperidinyl ... | 2006 | 17162960 |
| development of lymphatic filarial parasite wuchereria bancrofti (spirurida: onchocercidae) in mosquito species (diptera: culicidae) fed artificially on microfilaremic blood. | the efficiency of laboratory colonies of mosquitoes such as anopheles stephensi liston, aedes aegypti (l.) liverpool strain, ae. aegypti wild type, aedes albopictus (skuse), culex tritaeniorhynchus giles, culex sitiens wiedemann, and armigeres subalbatus coquillett in supporting the development of wuchereria bancrofti (cobbold) (spirurida: onchocercidae) microfilariae to infective larvae was investigated. the mosquitoes were fed on heparinized microfilaremic human blood by using a membrane-feedi ... | 2006 | 17162957 |
| identification, sequence analysis, and comparative study on gste2 insecticide resistance gene in three main world malaria vectors: anopheles stephensi, anopheles culicifacies, and anopheles fluviatilis. | glutathione s-transferases (gsts) are soluble dimeric proteins that are involved in the metabolism, detoxification, and excretion of a large number of endogenous and exogenous compounds such as insecticides from the cell. in the current study, field specimens of anopheles stephensi liston, anopheles fluviatilis james, and anopheles culicifacies giles collected from sistan and baluchistan province in iran and subjected to world health organization susceptibility test. only an. stephensi was resis ... | 2006 | 17162949 |
| the insulin signaling cascade from nematodes to mammals: insights into innate immunity of anopheles mosquitoes to malaria parasite infection. | as revealed over the past 20 years, the insulin signaling cascade plays a central role in regulating immune and oxidative stress responses that affect the life spans of mammals and two model invertebrates, the nematode caenorhabitis elegans and the fruit fly drosophila melanogaster. in mosquitoes, insulin signaling regulates key steps in egg maturation and immunity and likely affects aging, although the latter has yet to be examined in detail. reproduction, immunity and aging critically influenc ... | 2007 | 17161866 |
| nitric oxide metabolites induced in anopheles stephensi control malaria parasite infection. | malaria parasite infection in anopheline mosquitoes is limited by inflammatory levels of nitric oxide metabolites. to assess the mechanisms of parasite stasis or toxicity, we investigated the biochemistry of these metabolites within the blood-filled mosquito midgut. our data indicate that nitrates, but not nitrites, are elevated in the plasmodium-infected midgut. although levels of s-nitrosothiols do not change with infection, blood proteins are s-nitrosylated after ingestion by the mosquito. in ... | 2007 | 17157200 |
| malaria parasite growth is stimulated by mosquito probing. | the ability of malaria parasites to respond positively to the presence of feeding mosquito vectors would clearly be advantageous to transmission. in this study, anopheles stephensi mosquitoes probed mice infected with the rodent malaria parasite, plasmodium chabaudi. growth of asexual stages was accelerated and gametocytes appeared 1-2 days earlier than in controls. this first study, to our knowledge, of the effects of mosquitoes on 'in-host' growth and development of plasmodium has profound imp ... | 2005 | 17148162 |
| high levels of human chitotriosidase hinder the formation of peritrophic membrane in anopheline vectors. | in the anopheles midgut, plasmodium falciparum produces a specific chitinase able to penetrate the blood meal surrounding the chitin-containing peritrophic membrane (pm). high levels of an analogous chitinase, chitotriosidase (chit), may be found in human blood, being the markers of macrophage activation. to verify the hypothesis that chit present in malaria patient blood could help parasite to overcome pm, we carried out a bioassay by feeding anopheles stephensi females on an artificial apparat ... | 2007 | 17136386 |
| survival of immature anopheles arabiensis (diptera: culicidae) in aquatic habitats in mwea rice irrigation scheme, central kenya. | the survivorship and distribution of anopheles arabiensis larvae and pupae was examined in a rice agro-ecosystem in mwea irrigation scheme, central kenya, from august 2005 to april 2006, prior to implementation of larval control programme. | 2006 | 17125501 |
| simultaneous host and parasite expression profiling identifies tissue-specific transcriptional programs associated with susceptibility or resistance to experimental cerebral malaria. | the development and outcome of cerebral malaria (cm) reflects a complex interplay between parasite-expressed virulence factors and host response to infection. the murine cm model, plasmodium berghei anka (pba), which simulates many of the features of human cm, provides an excellent system to study this host/parasite interface. we designed "combination" microarrays that concurrently detect genome-wide transcripts of both pba and mouse, and examined parasite and host transcriptional programs durin ... | 2006 | 17118208 |
| effects of a neem extract on blood feeding, oviposition and oocyte ultrastructure in anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae). | secondary metabolites of the neem tree (azadirachta indica a. juss., meliaceae) exhibit a wide range of biological activities in insects. however, few studies have addressed the effects of neem extracts or compounds in arthropods of medical importance. in this study, a laboratory strain of anopheles stephensi was used to assess the effects of a commercial formulation (neem azal) (na)), containing azadirachtin a at 34%, on blood feeding, oviposition and oocyte ultrastructure. oral administration ... | 2006 | 17097701 |
| age-dependent induction of immunity and subsequent survival costs in males and females of a temperate damselfly. | to understand variation in resistance to parasites within host populations, researchers have examined conditions under which immunity is induced and/or is costly. both host sex and age have been found to influence immune expression and subsequently are likely factors influencing the costs of resistance. the purpose of this study was to examine immune expression and associated survival costs for two age groups (newly emerged and sexually mature individuals) of the damselfly, enallagma boreale sel ... | 2006 | 17090312 |
| plasmodium yoelii: the effect of second blood meal and anti-sporozoite antibodies on development and gene expression in the mosquito vector, anopheles stephensi. | the sporogonic development of the malaria parasite takes place in the mosquito and a wide range of factors modulates it. among those, the contents of the blood meal can influence the parasite development directly or indirectly through the mosquito response to the infection. we have studied the effect of a second blood meal in previously infected mosquitoes and the effect of anti-sporozoite immune serum on parasite development and mosquito response to the infection. the prevalence and intensity o ... | 2007 | 17083935 |
| the tryptophan oxidation pathway in mosquitoes with emphasis on xanthurenic acid biosynthesis. | oxidation of tryptophan to kynurenine and 3-hydroxykynurenine (3-hk) is the major catabolic pathway in mosquitoes. however, 3-hk is oxidized easily under physiological conditions, resulting in the production of reactive radical species. to overcome this problem, mosquitoes have developed an efficient mechanism to prevent 3-hk from accumulating by converting this chemically reactive compound to the chemically stable xanthurenic acid. interestingly, 3-hk is a precursor for the production of compou ... | 2006 | 17070835 |
| efficacy of agnique mmf monomolecular surface film against anopheles stephensi breeding in urban habitats in india. | efficacy of agnique mmf, a monomolecular film formulation, was tested against immatures of anopheles stephensi, an urban malaria vector in india, in simulated and natural habitats. simulated field trials carried out in cement tanks showed 100% inhibition of adult emergence for up to 1 wk at 0.4 ml/m2 and up to 3 wk at 1 ml/m2. a small-scale field trial in tanks and wells at 1 and 2 ml/m2 produced more than 75% reduction of late instars and 100% reduction of pupae on day 1. the reduction in pupae ... | 2006 | 17067041 |
| plasmodium yoelii yoelii 17xnl constitutively expressing gfp throughout the life cycle. | plasmodium yoelii is a rodent parasite commonly used as a model to study malaria infection. it is the preferred model parasite for liver-stage immunological studies and is also widely used to study hepatocyte, erythrocyte and mosquito infection. we have generated a p. yoelii yoelii 17xnl line that is stably transfected with the green fluorescent protein (gfp) gene. this parasite line constitutively expresses high levels of gfp during the complete parasite life cycle including liver, blood and mo ... | 2007 | 17049517 |
| developmental biology of sporozoite-host interactions in plasmodium falciparum malaria: implications for vaccine design. | the plasmodium falciparum sporozoite infects different types of cells in a mosquito's salivary glands and human epithelial and kuppfer cells and hepatocytes. these become differentiated later on, transforming themselves into the invasive red blood cell form, the merozoite. the ability of sporozoites to interact with different types of cells requires a wide variety of mechanisms allowing them to survive in both hosts: mobility, receptor-ligand interactions with different cellular receptors, and t ... | 2006 | 17041140 |
| experimental infection of the neotropical malaria vector anopheles darlingi by human patient-derived plasmodium vivax in the peruvian amazon. | malaria transmission from humans to mosquitoes is modulated by human host immune factors. understanding mechanisms by which the human host response may impair parasite infectivity for mosquitoes has direct implications for the development of transmission-blocking vaccines. we hypothesized that despite a low transmission intensity of malaria in the peruvian amazon region of iquitos, transmission-blocking immunity against plasmodium vivax might be common, given an unexpectedly high proportion of a ... | 2006 | 17038681 |
| epidemiology of malaria and predictions of retransmission in babylon governorate, iraq. | after the 1997-98 malaria epidemic in babylon governorate, iraq, malaria transmission in this area was successfully interrupted. a parasitological survey in 2002 identified no malaria cases but an entomological survey found both anopheles stephensi and a. pulcherrimus in high densities. the highest density was recorded in september and the lowest in december and january. despite the high density of anopheles, no parasite sporozoites or oocysts were found in dissected mosquitoes. nevertheless, ma ... | 2006 | 17037694 |
| comparative study on the efficacy of lambdacyhalothrin and bifenthrin on torn nets against the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi as assessed by tunnel test method. | 2006 | 17024863 | |
| importance of waste stabilization ponds and wastewater irrigation in the generation of vector mosquitoes in pakistan. | the objective of the current study was to investigate the role of waste stabilization ponds (wsp) and wastewater-irrigated sites for the production of mosquitoes of medical importance. mosquito larvae were collected fortnightly from july 2001 to june 2002 in faisalabad, pakistan. in total, 3,132 water samples from wsp and irrigated areas yielded 606,053 culex larvae of five species. in addition, 107,113 anophelines, representing eight species were collected. anopheles subpictus (grassi) and cule ... | 2006 | 17017239 |
| a standard cytogenetic photomap for the mosquito anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae): application for physical mapping. | to facilitate physical genome mapping, we have developed a new cytogenetic photomap for anopheles stephensi (liston) (diptera: culicidae), an important malaria vector in asia. the high-resolution images of the ovarian polytene chromosomes have been straightened and divided by numbered divisions and lettered subdivisions. the exact chromosomal locations of eight dna probes have been determined by fluorescent in situ hybridization. using the dna sequences, we have established correspondence betwee ... | 2006 | 17017220 |
| the use of eucalyptus tereticornis sm. (myrtaceae) oil (leaf extract) as a natural larvicidal agent against the malaria vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera: culicidae). | secondary metabolites obtained from the indigenous plants with proven mosquito control potential can be used as an alternative to synthetic insecticides under the integrated vector control. the essential oil extract from the forest redgum, eucalyptus tereticornis sm. (myrtaceae) was tested against mature and immature mosquito vector anopheles stephensi liston (diptera) under laboratory condition. the extract showed strong larvicidal, pupicidal and adulticidal activity. the leaf oil extracts show ... | 2007 | 16997545 |
| transporters involved in resistance to antimalarial drugs. | the ability to treat and control plasmodium falciparum infection through chemotherapy has been compromised by the advent and spread of resistance to antimalarial drugs. research in this area has identified the p. falciparum chloroquine resistance transporter (pfcrt) and the multidrug resistance-1 (pfmdr1) transporter as key determinants of decreased in vitro susceptibility to several principal antimalarial drugs. transfection-based in vitro studies are consistent with clinical findings of an ass ... | 2006 | 16996622 |
| pattern of mitochondrial dna variation between and within anopheles stephensi (diptera: culicidae) biological forms suggests extensive gene flow. | anopheles stephensi liston is the most prevalent anopheline species and plays an important role in malaria transmission in indian subcontinent and middle east including southern parts of iran. it exists as three biological forms; "type", "intermediate", and variety mysorensis. the type form is reported to be an efficient vector of urban malaria, whereas mysorensis and intermediate are considered to be rural species and poor vectors. moreover, differences in cuticular hydrocarbon and chromosomal ... | 2006 | 16989757 |
| a dna prime-modified vaccinia virus ankara boost vaccine encoding thrombospondin-related adhesion protein but not circumsporozoite protein partially protects healthy malaria-naive adults against plasmodium falciparum sporozoite challenge. | the safety, immunogenicity, and efficacy of dna and modified vaccinia virus ankara (mva) prime-boost regimes were assessed by using either thrombospondin-related adhesion protein (trap) with a multiple-epitope string me (me-trap) or the circumsporozoite protein (cs) of plasmodium falciparum. sixteen healthy subjects who never had malaria (malaria-naive subjects) received two priming vaccinations with dna, followed by one boosting immunization with mva, with either me-trap or cs as the antigen. i ... | 2006 | 16988273 |
| common and divergent immune response signaling pathways discovered in peripheral blood mononuclear cell gene expression patterns in presymptomatic and clinically apparent malaria. | using genome-wide expression profiles from persons either experimentally challenged with malaria-infected mosquitoes or naturally infected with plasmodium falciparum malaria, we present details of the transcriptional changes that occur with infection and that either are commonly shared between subjects with presymptomatic and clinically apparent malaria or distinguish these two groups. toll-like receptor signaling through nf-kappab pathways was significantly upregulated in both groups, as were d ... | 2006 | 16988231 |
| self-harm caused by an insect's innate immunity. | it has been a long-held assumption that the innate immune system of insects causes self-harm when used to combat an immune insult. we show empirically that this assumption is correct. invertebrate innate immunity relies heavily on effector systems which, on activation, produce cytotoxins that kill pathogens. reliance on these robust, fast-acting, generic killing mechanisms ensures a potent and rapid response to pathogen invasion, but has the potential disadvantage of causing self-damage. we show ... | 0 | 16959651 |
| identification and characterization of a new putative c-type lysozyme from malaria vector anopheles stephensi. | lysozyme (e.c. 3.2.1.17) activity is reported from the malaria vector anopheles stephensi. the activity was detected in the salivary gland and midgut using bacteriolytic radial diffusion assay. spectrophotometric analysis indicated that higher level of lysozyme activity was maintained in both midgut and salivary gland tissues. the activity reached the highest level in 4-8 days old mosquitoes. genomic pcr amplification revealed the presence of at least two putative lysozyme genes in the mosquito ... | 2006 | 16955746 |
| high degree of conservancy among secreted salivary gland proteins from two geographically distant phlebotomus duboscqi sandflies populations (mali and kenya). | salivary proteins from sandflies are potential targets for exploitation as vaccines to control leishmania infection; in this work we tested the hypothesis that salivary proteins from geographically distant phlebotomus duboscqi sandfly populations are highly divergent due to the pressure exerted by the host immune response. salivary gland cdna libraries were prepared from wild-caught p. duboscqi from mali and recently colonised flies of the same species from kenya. | 2006 | 16952314 |
| functional characterization of the promoter of the vitellogenin gene, asvg1, of the malaria vector, anopheles stephensi. | some genetic strategies for controlling transmission of mosquito-borne diseases call for the introgression of antipathogen effector genes into vector populations. endogenous mosquito promoter and other cis-acting dna sequences are needed to direct the expression of the effector molecules to maximize their efficacy. vitellogenin (vg)-encoding gene control sequences are candidates for driving tissue-, stage- and sex-specific expression of exogenous genes. one of the anopheles stephensi vg genes, a ... | 2006 | 16935218 |
| infection by and protective immune responses against plasmodium berghei anka are not affected in macrophage scavenger receptors a deficient mice. | scavenger receptors (srs) recognize endogenous molecules modified by pathological processes as well as components of diverse microorganisms. mice deficient for both sr-ai and ii are more susceptible to infections by a variety of bacterial and viral pathogens. | 2006 | 16914051 |
| robust salivary gland-specific transgene expression in anopheles stephensi mosquito. | malaria sporozoites invade the mosquito salivary glands and wait in the salivary duct until the next blood feeding. the mechanisms of the process and molecules involved in the salivary gland invasion remain largely unknown. to establish a robust salivary gland-specific transgene expression in anopheles stephensi, we obtained a salivary gland-specific promoter for a gene encoding anopheline antiplatelet protein (aapp). the aapp promoter is a female salivary gland-specific and blood meal-inducible ... | 2006 | 16907827 |
| new prospects for research on manipulation of insect vectors by pathogens. | 0 | 16895446 | |
| analysis of ests from lutzomyia longipalpis sand flies and their contribution toward understanding the insect-parasite relationship. | an expressed sequence tag library has been generated from a sand fly vector of visceral leishmaniasis, lutzomyia longipalpis. a normalized cdna library was constructed from whole adults and 16,608 clones were sequenced from both ends and assembled into 10,203 contigs and singlets. of these 58% showed significant similarity to known genes from other organisms, <4% were identical to described sand fly genes, and 42% had no match to any database sequence. our analyses revealed putative proteins inv ... | 2006 | 16887324 |
| population dynamics of sporogony for plasmodium vivax parasites from western thailand developing within three species of colonized anopheles mosquitoes. | the population dynamics of plasmodium sporogony within mosquitoes consists of an early phase where parasite abundance decreases during the transition from gametocyte to oocyst, an intermediate phase where parasite abundance remains static as oocysts, and a later phase where parasite abundance increases during the release of progeny sporozoites from oocysts. sporogonic development is complete when sporozoites invade the mosquito salivary glands. the dynamics and efficiency of this developmental s ... | 2006 | 16887043 |
| cloning and expression of two crystal protein genes, cry30ba1 and cry44aa1, obtained from a highly mosquitocidal strain, bacillus thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus ina288. | two novel crystal protein genes, cry30ba and cry44aa, were cloned from bacillus thuringiensis subsp. entomocidus ina288 and expressed in an acrystalliferous strain. cry44aa crystals were highly toxic to second-instar culex pipiens pallens (50% mortality concentration [lc50] = 6 ng/ml) and aedes aegypti (lc50 = 12 ng/ml); however, cry30ba crystals were not toxic. | 2006 | 16885329 |
| a reliable morphological method to assess the age of male anopheles gambiae. | release of genetically-modified (gm) or sterile male mosquitoes for malaria control is hampered by inability to assess the age and mating history of free-living male anopheles. | 2006 | 16872516 |
| analysis of bacteria-challenged wild silkmoth, antheraea mylitta (lepidoptera) transcriptome reveals potential immune genes. | in the recent years a strong resemblance has been observed between the insect immune system and the mammalian innate immune mechanisms suggesting their common origin. among the insects, only the dipterans (drosophila and various mosquito species) have been widely investigated for their immune responses towards diverse pathogens. in the present study we constructed and analysed the immune transcriptome of the lepidopteran antheraea mylitta, an economically important indian tasar silkmoth with a v ... | 2006 | 16857061 |
| effective method for extraction of larvicidal component from leaves of azadirachta indica and artemisia annua linn. | leaves of artemisia annua linn. and azadirachta indica were extracted in petroleum ether and hexane respectively by different methods of extraction i.e. cold extraction, reflux extraction and soxhlet extraction. the crude extract obtained was tested against third instar larvae of anopheles stephensi. on comparison of larval mortality of crude extract obtained by these three methods, both soxhlet and reflux extraction method showed 100% mortality at 200 ppm after 48 hr in case of a. annua. howeve ... | 2006 | 16850885 |