Publications

parallel selection of multiple anti-infectome nanobodies without access to purified antigens.	a strategy was developed to isolate nanobodies, camelid-derived single-domain antibody fragments, against the parasite infectome without a priori knowledge of the antigens nor having access to the purified antigens. from a dromedary, infected with t. evansi, we cloned a pool of nanobodies and selected after phage display 16 different nanobodies specific for a single antigen, i.e. variant surface glycoprotein of t. evansi. moreover 14 nanobodies were isolated by panning on different total parasit ...	2008	17996887
identification of digestive hydrolases in the larval midgut of the camel nasal bot fly cephalopina titillator clark (diptera: oestridae).	activities of digestive hydrolases associated with midgut of the third instar larva of cephalopina titillator were investigated. based on the hydrolysis of synthetic substrates and optimum ph, it was found that c. titillator midgut contains trypsin-like (optimum ph, 9), chymotrypsin esterase-like (optimum ph, 8), carboxypeptidase a and b (optimum ph at 8.5 &7 respectively), alkaline- and acid-phosphatase (optimum ph at 9 & 5 respectively) and membrane bound leucine aminopeptidase (optimum ph, 8) ...	2007	17985587
commiphora molmol in human welfare (review article).	the origins of myrrh and frankincense are traced to the arabian peninsula. according to herodotus (5th century bc): "arabia is the only country which produces frankincense, myrrh, cassia and cinnamon ... the trees bearing the frankincense are guarded by winged serpents of small size and various colors." diodorus siculus writes, in the second half of the first century bc, that "all of arabia exudes a most delicate fragrance; even the seamen passing by arabia can smell the strong fragrance that gi ...	2007	17985580
seasonal variations in the chemical composition of camel milk in jordan.	the principal chemical components of milk from the arabian camel (camelus dromedarius) were monitored in jordan over one year. the analyses included total solids, fat, protein, vitamins, minerals and organic acids. large seasonal variations in total solids and fat were apparent, with maxima in mid-winter of 139 and 39.0 g/l, respectively, and minima in august of 102 and 25.0 g/l. these differences may be sufficient to alter the sensory properties of the milk, and the fat: casein ratio may need s ...	2008	17971263
stabilization of an immunoglobulin fold domain by an engineered disulfide bond at the buried hydrophobic region.	we report for the first time the stabilization of an immunoglobulin fold domain by an engineered disulfide bond. in the llama single-domain antibody, which has human chorionic gonadotropin as its specific antigen, ala49 and ile70 are buried in the structure. a mutant with an artificial disulfide bond at this position showed a 10 degrees c higher midpoint temperature of thermal unfolding than that without the extra disulfide bond. the modified domains exhibited an antigen binding affinity compara ...	2007	17932041
[helminth infections of camels].	camels, which are indispensable under asia and africa's bad climatic and geographic conditions, are bred in turkey for tourist purposes including wrestling. even though they have been used for thousands of years, comprehensive studies addressing the parasitic diseases of these animals have been performed only during recent years. in this review, helminth infections seen in the camel and their treatment have been discussed.	2007	17918065
mycobacterium pinnipedii: transmission from south american sea lion (otaria byronia) to bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus bactrianus) and malayan tapirs (tapirus indicus).	tuberculosis infections caused by mycobacterium (m.) pinnipedii in a south american sea lion, bactrian camel, and malayan tapirs kept in two zoological gardens spanning a time period of 5 years are reported. the zoos were linked by the transfer of one tapir. conventional bacteriological and molecular methods were applied to detect the pathogen. spoligotyping and miru/vntr-typing performed to assess the genetic similarity revealed identical molecular characteristics of the isolates from all anima ...	2008	17913401
susceptibility to nicotine dependence: the development and assessment of nicotine dependence in youth 2 study.	the purpose of this work was to identify characteristics that predict progression from the first inhalation of a cigarette to dependence. we studied a cohort of 1246 public school 6th-graders in 6 massachusetts communities (mean age at baseline: 12.2 years).	2007	17908753
the pharmacokinetics, metabolism and urinary detection time of tramadol in camels.	the pharmacokinetics of tramadol in camels (camelus dromedarius) were studied following a single intravenous (iv) and a single intramuscular (im) dose of 2.33 mg kg(-1) bodyweight. the drug's metabolism and urinary detection time were also investigated. following both iv and im administration, tramadol was extracted from plasma using an automated solid phase extraction method and the concentration measured by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (gc/ms). the plasma drug concentrations after iv a ...	2008	17904881
measuring the energy expenditure and water flux in free-ranging alpacas (lama pacos) in the peruvian andes using the doubly labelled water technique.	energy expenditure and water flux were measured in free-ranging alpacas lama pacos, a south american camelid, on natural pastures of the peruvian andes (altitude: 4,400 m above sea level). water influx rate (wir) was estimated in 16 males (age 2 years, weight 48.5+/-8.6 kg) labelled with 2h. in addition, the field metabolic rate (fmr) was measured in four of these animals labelled with both an oxygen (18o) and a hydrogen (2h) isotope. the wir averaged 3.62 l h2o/day and the mean total body water ...	2007	17891750
exploring the capacity of minimalist protein interfaces: interface energetics and affinity maturation to picomolar kd of a single-domain antibody with a flat paratope.	a major architectural class in engineered binding proteins ("antibody mimics") involves the presentation of recognition loops off a single-domain scaffold. this class of binding proteins, both natural and synthetic, has a strong tendency to bind a preformed cleft using a convex binding interface (paratope). to explore their capacity to produce high-affinity interfaces with diverse shape and topography, we examined the interface energetics and explored the affinity limit achievable with a flat pa ...	2007	17888451
natriuretic peptides in cetaceans: identification, molecular characterization and changes in plasma concentration after landing.	dolphins are aquatic animals free from gravity, and this may have imposed significant changes in their cardiovascular status and its hormonal regulation compared with terrestrial animals. this study molecularly characterized two major cardiovascular hormones, atrial and b-type natriuretic peptides (anp and bnp) and measured their changes in dolphin plasma concentrations in relation to the cardiovascular status of the animal. we initially identified anp and bnp in three species of dolphins (lagen ...	2007	17867859
western analyses of pregnancy-associated glycoprotein family (pag) in placental extracts of various mammals.	the present study was conducted in order to analyze the immunoreactivity of placental extracts of several animal species and humans against the following three groups of pag antisera: anti-bopag-i (r#497), -bopag-ii (r#435), and -capag (r#706). placental proteins were obtained after extraction at neutral ph, followed by ammonium sulfate (a.s.) precipitation, dialysis, and lyophilization. the immunoreactivity of different placental extracts was revealed by the use of monodimensional sds-page, fol ...	2007	17850858
an extinct camel from utah.		1928	17837825
fatty acid composition of milk phospholipids. iii. camel, ass, and pig milks.	phospholipids were isolated from camel, ass, and pig milks, and their fatty acid compositions were determined by gasliquid chromatography. the specific distributions of fatty acids in phosphatidyl choline (pc) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine (pe) were determined. the results are compared with previous results for bovine, sheep, indian buffalo, and human milks. the milk phospholipids which were studied can be grouped, on the basis of their fatty acid compositions, into those from ruminant herbivore ...	1968	17805897
the distribution of phospholipids in some mammalian milks.	phospholipids were isolated from cow, sheep, indian buffalo, camel, ass, pig, and human milks. the distribution of phospholipids was determined by quantitative two-dimensional thin-layer chromatography. the distribution of phospholipids was found to be remarkably constant in the milks of all the species studied, and it is concluded that the phospholipids probably fulfil similar or identical functions in these milks.	1968	17805851
camel, horse and bison associated with human burials and artifacts near fresno, california.		1943	17798332
preceramic animal utilization in the central peruvian andes.	the analysis of animal bones recovered from preceramic period deposits at uchcumachay cave and other sites in the puna of junín has documented the development of an economy involving primary camelid utilization beginning around 5,500 b.c. and culminating with the appearance of domestic forms between 2,500 and 1,750 b.c. a model that can be used to explain this process in both the puna of junín and the central andes has been presented.	1976	17783654
pharmacokinetic parameters of ceftriaxone after single intravenous and intramuscular administration in camels (camelus dromedarius).	the purpose of this study was to investigate the plasma disposition kinetics of ceftriaxone in female camels (n=5) following a single intravenous (i.v.) bolus or intramuscular (i.m.) injections at a dosage of 10mg kg(-1) body weight in all animals. a crossover design was carried out in two phases separated by 15 days. jugular blood samples were collected serially for 48h and the plasma was analysed by high-performance liquid chromatography (hplc). following single i.v. injections the plasma conc ...	2008	17765938
geodesy by camel.		1964	17754657
a "fossil" camel recently living in utah.		1928	17730499
[edmond sergent's discoveries on the vectorial transmission of agents of human and animal infectious diseases].	edmond sergent has been head of the institut pasteur in algeria from 1910 to 1963. during these years, he carried out an impressive scientific production and studied a lot of agents responsible for human, animal and plant diseases. in the field of vectorial transmission of infectious diseases, he made two essential discoveries: the transmission of cosmopolitan relapsing fever by human body louse in 1908, a year before charles nicolle discovered the transmission of the classical exanthematic typh ...	2007	17727042
eastern equine encephalitis in 9 south american camelids.	eastern equine encephalitis (eee) virus is a mosquito-borne togavirus (alphavirus) that causes severe (often fatal) encephalitis in many mammalian species, but it has not been reported previously in south american camelids. hypothesis: south american camelids can become naturally infected with eee virus and show encephalitic signs similar to those observed in other affected species.	2007	17708408
properties, production, and applications of camelid single-domain antibody fragments.	camelids produce functional antibodies devoid of light chains of which the single n-terminal domain is fully capable of antigen binding. these single-domain antibody fragments (vhhs or nanobodies) have several advantages for biotechnological applications. they are well expressed in microorganisms and have a high stability and solubility. furthermore, they are well suited for construction of larger molecules and selection systems such as phage, yeast, or ribosome display. this minireview offers a ...	2007	17704915
distribution of neuroendocrine cells in the small and large intestines of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	the distribution and relative frequency of neuroendocrine cells in the small and large intestines of one-humped camel were studied using antisera against 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-ht), cholecystokinin (cck-8), somatostatin (som), peptide tyrosine tyrosine (pyy), gastric inhibitory polypeptide (gip), neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nnos), gastrin releasing peptide (grp), substance p (sp), and neurokinin a (nka). among these cell types, cck-8 immunoreactive (ir) cells were uniformly distributed in th ...	2007	17688943
cross-species chromosome painting among camel, cattle, pig and human: further insights into the putative cetartiodactyla ancestral karyotype.	the great karyotypic differences between camel, cattle and pig, three important domestic animals, have been a challenge for comparative cytogenetic studies based on conventional cytogenetic approaches. to construct a genome-wide comparative chromosome map among these artiodactyls, we made a set of chromosome painting probes from the dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) by flow sorting and degenerate oligonucleotide primed-pcr. the painting probes were first used to characterize the karyotypes o ...	2007	17671843
suspected panosteitis in a camel.	a 6-month-old male bactrian camel was examined because of a 3-week history of lameness of the left hind limb.	2007	17669048
molecular cloning and characterization of buffalo alpha(s1)-casein gene.	buffaloes in indian subcontinent play an important role as the producer of milk and milk products. the alpha(s1)-casein constitutes 38% of the total milk proteins. the present study was carried out to characterize the gene in murrah breed of riverine buffalo. buffalo alpha(s1)-casein cdna was synthesized by rt-pcr, then cloned using pdrive-cloning vector and sequenced. the sequencing revealed that the size of alpha(s1)-casein cdna was of 645 bp with gc content of 45.58%. the alpha(s1)-casein gen ...	2007	17654008
how the camel lost its hump: the impact of object typicality on event-related potential signals in object decision.	using an object decision task, event-related potentials (erps), and minimum norm current source estimates, we investigated early spatiotemporal aspects of cortical activation elicited by line drawings that were manipulated on two dimensions: authenticity and typicality. authentic objects were those that match real-world experience, whereas nonauthentic objects were "doctored" by deletion or addition of features (e.g., a camel with its hump removed, a hammer with two handles). the main manipulati ...	2007	17651007
studies with bovine parainfluenza - 3 virus in u.a.r. (egypt).	a bovine strain of myxovirus parainfluenza-3 (mp3) virus, designated s virus, was isolated from lung tissue collected from cattle with respiratory illness in 1963. the virus agglutinates mammalian and avian erythrocytes, and is sensitive to ether, sodium desoxycholate and trypsin. it grows in primary calf kidney, buffalo kidney, dog kidney, camel kidney and ms cell cultures. the s virus forms well-defined plaques in buffalo and calf kidney cells on the 5th or 6th day after inoculation. examinati ...	1967	17649582
echinococcus granulosus from mexican pigs is the same strain as that in polish pigs.	samples of echinococcus granulosus from seven pigs from mexico were compared with isolates of the parasite from pigs in poland and representative strains and species of echinococcus. isolates from pigs in mexico were found to be genetically identical to e. granulosus from polish pigs and distinct from other major genotypes by sequencing part of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase i (coi) mtdna locus, restriction fragment length polymorphism (rflp) of the polymerase chain reaction (pcr) amplif ...	2007	17640396
a complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (camelus bactrianus ferus): an evolutionary history of camelidae.	the family camelidae that evolved in north america during the eocene survived with two distinct tribes, camelini and lamini. to investigate the evolutionary relationship between them and to further understand the evolutionary history of this family, we determined the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the wild two-humped camel (camelus bactrianus ferus), the only wild survivor of the old world camel.	2007	17640355
tooth root abscesses in llamas and alpacas: 123 cases (1994-2005).	to determine features, outcome, and complications of surgical treatment of camelid tooth root abscesses.	2007	17630900
pseudocowpox virus: the etiological agent of contagious ecthyma (auzdyk) in camels (camelus dromedarius) in the arabian peninsula.	we have determined the nucleotide sequence of dna extracted from pustules, saliva, and blood of camels presenting with contagious ecthyma, in bahrain and also from a sample (sacamel) of infected tissue from a camel that had presented with contagious ecthyma in 1998 in saudi arabia (1). sequence homologies and phylogenetic analysis showed that this extracted dna was more closely related to pseudocowpox virus (pcpv) than orf virus (orfv), which infects sheep, goats, and other animal species. the p ...	2007	17627446
pathological fracture of the ulna due to osteosarcoma in an arabian camel (camelus dromedarius).		2007	17617544
camel lactoferrin markedly inhibits hepatitis c virus genotype 4 infection of human peripheral blood leukocytes.	hepatitis c virus (hcv) is a serious worldwide health risk and, to date, no effective treatments to prevent progression to chronic infection have been discovered. to combat the disease, egyptian patients often use traditional medicines, for instance, camel milk, which contains lactoferrin. currently, lactoferrin is one of the primary biopharmaceutical drug candidates against hcv infection. camel lactoferrin (clf) purification and biochemical and immunological characterization have shown its simi ...	2007	17613672
pharmacokinetics of ceftiofur after single intravenous and intramuscular administration in camels (camelus dromedarius).		2007	17610412
semen cryopreservation in bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) using shotor diluent: effects of cooling rates and glycerol concentrations.	experiments were conducted with a final goal of providing a suitable protocol for cryopreservation of bactrian camel semen. in experiment i, the effect of average cooling rate (slow cooling: 0.14 versus fast cooling: 0.55 degrees c/min) on the viability of chilled semen was evaluated. in experiment ii, the effect of different concentrations of glycerol (4, 6 and 8%) on the post-thaw viability of frozen sperm was investigated. in experiment iii, the efficiency of shotor diluent was compared with ...	2007	17588650
prevalence of linguatula serrata nymphs in one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) in najaf-abad, iran.	the prevalence of linguatula serrata nymphs in livers and mesenteric lymph nodes (mlns) of 400 camels of different sex and age groups was investigated. the lymph nodes and livers were examined macroscopically. a digestion method was also applied for investigation of liver samples. the mlns in 84 camels out of 400 (21.0%) and the livers of 18 camels out of 400 (4.5%) were infected by l. serrata nymphs. the infection rate increased with age (p<0.01). no significant difference was observed between ...	2008	17582449
improved anti-igg and hsa affinity ligands: clinical application of vhh antibody technology.	large scale, highly specific purification of valuable proteins from blood and removal of undesirable components promise to have wide therapeutic applications. moreover, depletion of bulk proteins from blood is a prerequisite for clinical proteomics. here we describe the development of specific, high affinity camelid antibody fragments (vhh) derived from immune libraries for purification and depletion of the bulk protein hsa and igg from human serum and plasma for therapeutic and research purpose ...	2007	17570391
alpaca (lama pacos) as a convenient source of recombinant camelid heavy chain antibodies (vhhs).	recombinant single domain antibody fragments (vhhs) that derive from the unusual camelid heavy chain only igg class (hcabs) have many favourable properties compared with single-chain antibodies prepared from conventional igg. as a result, vhhs have become widely used as binding reagents and are beginning to show potential as therapeutic agents. to date, the source of vhh genetic material has been camels and llamas despite their large size and limited availability. here we demonstrate that the sm ...	2007	17568607
culture-positive sepsis in neonatal camelids: 21 cases.	there is limited literature on neonatal bacterial sepsis in new world (nw) camelids.	2007	17552461
increasing physician engagement. using norms of physician culture to improve relationships with medical staff.	comments on the 2004 survey identified that physicians thought it was too early to judge whether the new structure itself was successful. this year, the survey will be repeated to measure the effectiveness of the new structure and to help administrators set goals to further improve physician engagement levels. meanwhile, mercy & unity is using the tenets of the physician compact, elements of physician culture, and elements of administrative culture to inform new process-improvement activities. m ...	2007	17539561
distribution of the internal pudendal artery in male and female llama (lama glama).	the aim of this research has been to describe the internal pudendal artery distribution in male and female llama and to compare it with that of other domestic animals including the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius). the arterial system was perfused with a solution of 14% coloured plaster and preserved in a solution of a 10% formalin, 3% carbolic acid and 3% glycerine. the systematic dissection was made using traditional working techniques and standard instruments. the internal pudendal arte ...	2007	17534039
quality and developmental ability of dromedary (camelus dromedarius) embryos obtained by ivm/ivf, in vivo matured/ivf or in vivo matured/fertilized oocytes.	the effect of source of cumulus-oocytes-complexes (cocs), maturation and fertilization conditions on developmental competence of dromedary embryos was examined. thirty-six adult females were superovulated with equine chorionic gonadotropin (ecg) injection (3500 iu, im) and divided in three groups of 12 females each. group 1 provided 138 coc's collected from follicles >or= 5 mm 10 days after stimulation prior hcg treatment and matured in vitro for 30 h. group 2 provided 120 in vivo matured oocyte ...	2007	17506804
current knowledge and future challenges in camelid reproduction.	reproductive biology research on camelids offers some interesting peculiarities and challenges to scientists and animal production specialists. the objective of this paper is to review camelid reproduction, advances in reproductive physiology and reproductive biotechnologies in camelids and discuss some areas for further research. in the female, the focus has been on understanding follicular dynamics. this has allowed development of synchronization and superovulation strategies to support embryo ...	2007	17491155
dna solution(r) in cigarette filters reduces polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (pah) levels in mainstream tobacco smoke.	tobacco consumption represents a major health hazard to humans and, despite anti-smoking campaigns, the number of smokers remains high; thus the reduction of toxic compounds from tobacco smoke may reduce the health hazards of smoking. in the last 25 years cigarette manufacturers have introduced a variety of filter designs to reduce toxic and carcinogenic substances in tobacco smoke (normal filters, nf). however, large quantities of harmful constituents are inefficiently retained by commonly used ...	2007	17459554
genetic diversity and differentiation of dromedarian camel of india.	estimation of genetic variability and relationship among different livestock breeds is important for management of genetic resources for their sustainable utilization and conservation. this is more important when the livestock species, like camel, have shown a sharp decline in head count during the last decade. in the present study we estimated genetic variability and relationship among four camel breeds of india using 23 microsatellite loci. a total of 252 alleles were observed across all the f ...	2007	17453647
antioxidant levels in tissues of young and adult camels (camelus dromedarius).	in this study, we measured the concentration of some antioxidant substances in erythrocytes hemolysate, liver, kidney and brain in young and adult camels. it has been found that the activity of the antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase (gsh-px), catalase (cat), superoxide dismutase (sod) and the concentration of glutathione, ascorbic acid and alpha-tocopherol are high in both young and adult camels. gsh-px and cat activities were higher in adult camels than in the young whereas no significa ...	2006	17451163
uterine prolapse in a camel.		1993	17424261
[geography and host distribution of crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever in the tarim basin].	to determine the infective status and natural distribution of xinjiang hemorrhagic fever (xhf; crimean-congo hemorrhagic fever, cchf) in ticks, rodents and livestock in the tarim basin.	2006	17415983
parasites of the camel in burkina faso.		2006	17405624
prevalence of neoplasia in llamas and alpacas (oregon state university, 2001-2006).	prevalence and type of neoplastic disease were determined in 551 camelid submissions (368 alpacas [lama pacos], 180 llamas [lama glama], and 3 cases in which species was not identified) over a 5-year period. forty neoplasms were identified in 38 animals (6.9%). prevalence of neoplasia in llamas was higher (11%) than in alpacas (4.9%). mean age of camelids with neoplasia was 9.42 +/- 4.9 years. mean age of alpacas with neoplasia (5.48 +/- 3.7 years) was significantly less than of llamas with neop ...	2007	17402619
evolution of an interloop disulfide bond in high-affinity antibody mimics based on fibronectin type iii domain and selected by yeast surface display: molecular convergence with single-domain camelid and shark antibodies.	the 10th human fibronectin type iii domain ((10)fn3) is one of several protein scaffolds used to design and select families of proteins that bind with high affinity and specificity to macromolecular targets. to date, the highest affinity (10)fn3 variants have been selected by mrna display of libraries generated by randomizing all three complementarity-determining region -like loops of the (10)fn3 scaffold. the sub-nanomolar affinities of such antibody mimics have been attributed to the extremely ...	2007	17382960
cloning and characterization of alpha(s2)-casein gene of riverine buffalo.	the present study was carried out to characterize the alpha(s2)-casein gene in riverine buffalo. total rna was extracted from the mammary tissue of buffalo and alpha(s2)-casein cdna were synthesized by rt-pcr, then cloned using pdrive-cloning vector and sequenced. the sequencing revealed that the size of alpha(s2)-casein was 669 bp with gc content of 41.11%. the gene encoded for 222 amino acid precursors and that it possessed 15 amino acids signal peptide. the similarity of buffalo alpha(s2)-cas ...	2006	17381047
fine structure of the retinal pigment epithelium, bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris in the camel.	the morphology of the retinal pigment epithelium (rpe) and closely associated bruch's membrane and choriocapillaris was investigated by light and transmission electron microscopy in the camel (camelus dromedarius). the study showed that rpe is composed of a single layer of hexanocuboidal cells that were joined laterally by a series of apically located tight junctions. in addition, adjacent from internal side of cell membrane at the level of tight junctions, an undefined structure which resembled ...	2007	17371384
hydatidosis in camels (camelus dromedarius) slaughtered at sirt abattoir, libya.	fifty out of 1380 (3.62 %) local bred camels (camelus dromedarius) harboured hydatid cysts of echinococcus granulosus. prevalence in males was 3.07 %, in females was 4.42 % and overall prevalence rate was 3.62%. infection was higher in age group 1 <3 years than others. the most commonly infected organs were lungs 46% followed by liver 24%, both liver and lungs constituted 30% of infection. hydatid cysts of lungs had a higher fertility rate (85.77%) than those of liver (14.23%). the mean number o ...	2006	17366866
development and clinical evaluation of a pcr assay targeting the metalloprotease gene (mpra) of b. pseudomallei.	a pcr assay targeting the metalloprotease gene (mpra) of burkholderia pseudomallei was developed for the specific detection of this organism in pure cultures and clinical samples. all other closely related organisms including b. mallei the causative agent of glanders, and b. thailandensis tested negative. burkholderia pseudomallei dna was successfully amplified from paraffin-embedded lung tissue of a camel with a generalized b. pseudomallei infection. the developed pcr assay can be used as a sim ...	2007	17359446
[international congress on george joseph camel (1661-1706). brno, 8-10 june 2006].		2006	17357252
lancefield group b and c streptococci in east african camels (camelus dromedarius).	seventeen lancefield group c streptococci (13 streptococcus equi zooepidemicus and four streptococcus dysgalactiae equisimilis) and 185 lancefield group b streptococci (streptococcus agalactiae) were isolated from camels (camelus dromedarius) in kenya and somalia; 59 of the isolates were from healthy nasopharynx, vaginal and rectal mucosa and from non-abscessed lymph nodes, and the other 143 isolates were from clinical infections of the respiratory tract, tick bite lesions, abscessed lymph nodes ...	2007	17351174
effect of camel milk on residual beta-cell function in recent onset type 1 diabetes.		2007	17320238
tuberculosis outbreak in a dromedary racing herd and rapid serological detection of infected camels.	a recent outbreak of tuberculosis (tb) in a dromedary racing herd of 58 animals involved 3 infected animals. disease was confirmed at necropsy by finding gross lesions from which mycobacterium bovis (antelope type) was isolated. sera collected from the camels in this herd were used to evaluate two new serological methods, multiantigen print immunoassay (mapia) and rapid test (rt) developed using the lateral-flow technology, in comparison with the intradermal tuberculin tests. antibodies were fou ...	2007	17317042
use of hyposensitization injections to control seasonal pruritus in a bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus).	a 9-yr-old, female bactrian camel (camelus bactrianus) developed severe pruritus in june 1993. during the next 8 yr, the camel exhibited annual episodes of pruritus and epiphora, generally beginning in june and subsiding in october of each year. these signs could usually be controlled with topical agents and fly repellents, although pruritus flare-ups were effectively controlled with intermittent injections of diphenhydramine and corticosteroids. there were no signs during the colder months. the ...	2005	17315462
multicentric t-cell lymphoma in a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).	a 7-yr-old female dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius) was evaluated for inappetence, weight loss, polyuria, and polydipsia. the animal did not respond to antibiotic and supportive therapy, became recumbent, and died. gross examination revealed nodules in the liver, mesenteric and perirenal lymph nodes, and both kidneys, with segmental thickening of the small intestine. histopathologic examination revealed multifocal lymphoma with moderate mitotic activity. immunohistochemical staining of neopl ...	2005	17312737
synovial fluid analysis and bacterial findings in arthritic joints of juvenile male camel (camelus dromedarius) calves.	eighteen synovial fluid samples from 11 male dromedarian calves, 9-12 month old, were analysed cytologically and bacteriologically. calves were lame and all joints were grossly swollen. the mean +/- sd of total nucleated cell count was 7970 +/- 5000 cells/microl (range 2800-20,000 cells/microl). polymorphonuclear (pmn) leucocytes were the predominant cell type. the mean +/- sd of absolute and percentages of each cell type were as follows: pmn leucocytes 5518 +/- 3600 cells/microl and 68 +/- 19%, ...	2007	17305968
mammary and pulmonary carcinoma in a dromedary camel (camelus dromedarius).		2007	17300460
the socio-economic impact of important camel diseases as perceived by a pastoralist community in kenya.	this paper presents the results of a study conducted in a pastoral community in kenya using participatory appraisal approaches. the objective of the study was to assess the socio-economic impact of camel trypanosomosis (surra) according to the perceptions of the pastoralists. four livestock grazing units were conveniently selected and in each of them, three groups of key informants comprising five to eight persons were selected for the participatory exercises. five camel diseases were listed in ...	2006	17283727
purification and characterization of cytosolic glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase from the dromedary camel.	glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gapdh) (ec 1.2.1.12), a key enzyme of carbon metabolism, was purified and characterized to homogeneity from skeletal muscle of camelus dromedarius. the protein was purified approximately 26.8 folds by conventional ammonium sulphate fractionation followed by blue sepharose cl-6b chromatography, and its physical and kinetic properties were investigated. the native protein is a homotetramer with an apparent molecular weight of approximately 146 kda. isoelec ...	2007	17277890
development of the mesonephros in camel (camelus dromedarius).	the study of the development of the mesonephros in the camel (camelus dromedarius) was carried out on 16 embryos ranging from 0.9 to 8.6 cm crown vertebral rump length (cvrl). at 0.9 cm cvrl, the mesonephros is represented by a narrow strip along the roof of the thoracolumbar part of the vertebral column. at 1.4 cm cvrl, some of the mesonephric tubules are canalized but others are still solid. the mesonephric corpuscles are well developed at 1.9 cm cvrl and occupy almost the entire abdominal cav ...	2007	17266670
early embryonic development of the camel lumbar spinal cord segment.	the lumbar spinal cord segment of the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius) embryos at 2.4- to 28-cm crown vertebral rump length (cvrl) was examined. major changes are occurring in the organization of the lumbar spinal cord segment at this early developmental period. at first, the spinal cord is flattened from side to side but with increase in gestational age it becomes flattened dorsoventrally. the size and shape of the lumen changes in indifferent stage of development. these changes may be in ...	2007	17266667
light and electron microscopic studies of the trachea in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	histology of trachea of camel (camelus dromedarius) was studied using light, scanning (sem) and transmission electron microscopy (tem). tissue samples taken from the trachea (proximal, middle and distal part) were routinely prepared for histology (lm, em) and stained with haematoxylin and eosin, van giesson (vg), alcian blue, periodic acid schiff (pas), masson's trichrome (mt), verhof, pas-vg and pas-mt. the trachea of camel consists of 66-75 incomplete cartilaginous rings of hyaline. the lamina ...	2007	17266660
protein-protein recognition and interaction hot spots in an antigen-antibody complex: free energy decomposition identifies "efficient amino acids".	the molecular mechanics poisson-boltzmann surface area (mm/pbsa) method was applied to the study of the protein-protein complex between a camelid single chain variable domain (cab-lys3) and hen egg white lysozyme (hel), and between cab-lys3 and turkey egg white lysozyme (tel). the electrostatic energy was estimated by solving the linear poisson-boltzmann equation. a free energy decomposition scheme was developed to determine binding energy hot spots of each complex. the calculations identified a ...	2007	17256770
morphology of dromedary camel oocytes and their ability to spontaneous and chemical parthenogenetic activation.	the present work was conducted to examine (1) the morphology of dromedary cumulus-oocytes complexes (cocs), (2) to study the incidence of spontaneous development of oocytes in vivo and (3) to assess the ability of in vitro matured dromedary oocytes to chemical parthenogenetic activation compared with in vitro fertilized (ivf) oocytes. cocs were recovered from dromedary ovaries classified according to their morphology into six categories. oocyte diameter was measured using eye piece micrometer. f ...	2007	17214780
eimeria macusaniensis infection in 15 llamas and 34 alpacas.	15 llamas and 34 alpacas between 3 weeks and 18 years old with fecal oocysts or intestinal coccidial stages morphologically consistent with eimeria macusaniensis were examined. nineteen of the camelids were admitted dead, and 30 were admitted alive. camelids admitted alive accounted for 5.5% of all camelid admissions during this period.	2007	17199499
characterization of lactic acid bacteria isolated from the one humped camel milk produced in morocco.	one hundred and twenty (120) strains of lactic acid bacteria (lab) were enumerated and isolated from raw dromedary milk in morocco using various cultured media. strains isolated were characterized by phenotypic, physiological and biochemical properties. results showed that high counts of lab were found. presumptive lactobacilli counts ranged from 2.5x10(2) to 6x10(7)cfu/ml, presumptive lactococci levels varied from 5x10(2) to 6x10(7)cfu/ml, presumptive streptococci counts varied from 4.2x10(2) t ...	2009	17187971
pharmacokinetics of eprinomectin in plasma and milk in lactating camels (camelus dromedarius).		2007	17187240
lactoferrin and immunoglobulin contents in camel's milk (camelus bactrianus, camelus dromedarius, and hybrids) from kazakhstan.	lactoferrin (lf) and igg were estimated in camel's milk from kazakhstan, where 2 species of camels (camelus bactrianus, camelus dromedarius) and their hybrids cohabit. the concentrations of lf and igg were determined according to 3 variation factors: region (n = 4), season (n = 4), and species (n = 5; sample 4 was mixed milk and sample 5 was of unknown origin). the mean values in raw camel's milk were 0.229 +/- 0.135 mg/ml for lf concentration and 0.718 +/- 0.330 mg/ml for igg concentration. the ...	2007	17183073
genetic relationship of torque teno virus (ttv) between humans and camels in united arab emirates (uae).	torque teno virus (ttv) species-cross infection has been documented. however, the genetic relationship between human and animal ttv remains uncertain. in this study, genotypic characterization of ttv in different camel specimens from the united arab emirates (uae) was undertaken for comparison with human uae ttv. a total of 56 specimens: 34 sera, 14 raw, and 8 pasteurized milk samples were tested for ttv. the results showed that the rate of infection was, 38.2% (13/34), 35.7% (5/14), and 100% (8 ...	2007	17177296
study on the antioxidant status of rats experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi.	the antioxidant status of rats experimentally infected with trypanosoma evansi isolated from a camel was studied using established parasitological, haematological and biochemical methods. the results indicated that infections in all rats resulted in a fulminating parasitaemia. changes in blood parameters in t. evansi-infected rats indicated leukocytosis and a macrocytic hypochromic anaemia. a degree of anisocytosis was also observed. the activities of plasma glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase and ...	2007	17169491
serum hormonal, electrolytes and trace element profiles in the rutting and non-rutting one-humped male camel (camelus dromedarius).	the camel is known to be a seasonal breeder and, in the male camel, the breeding activity maximizes during the rutting period (winter and spring seasons). during the non-rutting period (summer and autumn), however, the breeding activity almost ceases completely. serum steroid hormonal, electrolytes and trace element profiles were studied in 16 adult male camels aged 5-9 years, slaughtered during the rutting (n=8) and non-rutting periods (n=8). moreover, testicular and epididymal tissue contents ...	2007	17161564
distribution patterns of the glucose transporters glut4 and glut1 in skeletal muscles of rats (rattus norvegicus), pigs (sus scrofa), cows (bos taurus), adult goats, goat kids (capra hircus), and camels (camelus dromedarius).	earlier studies demonstrated that forestomach herbivores are less insulin sensitive than monogastric omnivores. the present study was carried out to determine if different distribution patterns of the glucose transporters glut1 and glut4 may contribute to these different insulin sensitivities. western blotting was used to measure glut1 and glut4 protein contents in oxidative (masseter, diaphragm) and glycolytic (longissimus lumborum, semitendinosus) skeletal muscle membranes of monogastric omniv ...	2007	17158080
a molecular phylogeny of the genus echinococcus inferred from complete mitochondrial genomes.	taxonomic revision by molecular phylogeny is needed to categorize members of the genus echinococcus (cestoda: taeniidae). we have reconstructed the phylogenetic relationships of e. oligarthrus, e. vogeli, e. multilocularis, e. shiquicus, e. equinus, e. ortleppi, e. granulosus sensu stricto and 3 genotypes of e. granulosus sensu lato (g6, g7 and g8) from their complete mitochondrial genomes. maximum likelihood and partitioned bayesian analyses using concatenated data sets of nucleotide and amino ...	2007	17156584
antibody constructs in cancer therapy: protein engineering strategies to improve exposure in solid tumors.	whereas over 85% of human cancers are solid tumors, of the 8 monoclonal antibodies (mabs) currently approved for cancer therapy, 25% are directed at solid tumor surface antigens (ags). this shortfall may be due to barriers to achieving adequate exposure in solid tumors. advancements in tumor biology, protein engineering, and theoretical modeling of macromolecular transport are currently enabling identification of critical physical properties for antitumor abs. it is now possible to structurally ...	2007	17154393
a con a- purified hydatid glycoprotein fraction effectively diagnoses human hydatidosis.	diagnosis and quantification of echinococcus granulosus infection in man and animal hosts are centralized to feasible control. this study included 93 serum samples, 25 sure positive hydatid cases confirmed surgically, 7 suspected cases diagnosed by indirect haemagglutination iha and 41 cases other parasitic infections (15 s. mansoni, 8 fasciola, 7 ascaris, 5 h. nana & 6 ancylostoma) diagnosed by microscopic examination and were negative by elisa and/or iha for anti-hydatid antibody. twenty negat ...	2006	17153705
rapid evolution of cytochrome c oxidase subunit ii in camelids (tylopoda, camelidae).	within cetartiodactyl species, both new and old world camelids are uniquely adapted to the extremely hot and dry climates of african-asian territories and to the high altitude cold and hypoxic environment of the whole andean area. in order to investigate the potential association between these particular adaptations and mitochondrial aerobic energy production, we examined the camelid genes of cytochrome c oxidase subunits i, ii, and iii and the replacement of amino acids inferred. we found that ...	2006	17151935
effect of high-calorie diet on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in the one-humped camel (camelus dromedarius).	the one-humped camel is a typical desert animal. it has the capability of withstanding the harsh climatic changes and the scarcity of food and water, in addition to the high-ambient temperature. the prevalence of diabetes mellitus in two different groups of the one-humped camel, group (a) control (n = 102) camels and group (b) high-calorie diet-fed camels (n = 103), in al-ain region (uae) was studied using biochemical and radioimmunoassay techniques. in this article, 7% of the control camels hav ...	2006	17151318
prevalence of sarcocystis in slaughtered one-humped camels (camelus dromedarius) in iran.		2006	17137132
clinical, hematological, and biochemical findings in an outbreak of abortion and neonatal mortality associated with trypanosoma evansi infection in dromedary camels.	this article presents the clinical and laboratorial findings in an outbreak of abortions and high neonatal mortality attributable to trypanosoma evansi infection in camels. a total of 16 females were diagnosed, 2 of which showed moderate signs of chronic form, particularly hyporexia and intolerance to exercise. the main laboratorial findings were regenerative anemia (hemolytic anemia), lymphocytic and monocytic leukocytosis, hyperproteinemia, hyperglobulinemia, hypoglycemia, serum urea increased ...	2006	17135533
prevalence of trypanosoma evansi infection in equines and camels in the punjab region, pakistan.	a cross-sectional study has been carried out in order to determine the prevalence of trypanosoma evansi infection in susceptible hosts in the punjab region (pakistan). a total of 170 equines and 150 dromedary camels were examined. five (3.3%) and 6 (4%) camels were positive at parasitological and serological examination, respectively. none of the equines tested positive at any method. these results seem to indicate that t. evansi infection has a relatively low prevalence in the punjab region. ho ...	2006	17135532
contribution to the study of camel milk fat globule membrane.	the camel milk fat globule membrane has been characterized according to several approaches. compared with the cow milk fat globule membrane, various specificities have been revealed. its physicochemical composition showed a poor content in proteins, and a higher content in neutral lipids and in phospholipids. the mechanical properties measured at low (4 degrees c, 20 degrees c) and high temperatures (40 degrees c, 45 degrees c and 50 degrees c) using a film balance are different when the camel m ...	2006	17135029
detection of genetic polymorphism among and within echinococcus granulosus strains by heteroduplex analysis of a microsatellite from the u1 snrna genes.	polymerase chain reaction of a pentanucleotide microsatellite in the u1 snrna gene complex generated a multiple band pattern due to the priming of paralogous sequences. denaturation and slow renaturation of polymerase chain reaction products allow the formation of heteroduplex dna that can be detected by its differential mobility in polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. heteroduplex analysis was used to determine if the u1 snrna microsatellite could be a useful genetic marker in echinococcus granu ...	2006	17117370
the organ of jacobson in the horse, ox, camel and pig.		1925	17104084
the fine structure of the epithelial lining of the epididymis of the camel (camelus dromedarius) with special reference to regional differences.		1989	17103615
disaccharidase activities in camel small intestine: biochemical investigations of maltase-glucoamylase activity.	disaccharidases (maltase, cellobiase, lactase, and sucrase), alpha-amylase, and glucoamylase in the camel small intestine were investigated to integrate the enzymatic digestion profile in camel. high activities were detected for maltase and glucoamylase, followed by moderate levels of sucrase and alpha-amylase. very low activity levels were detected for lactase and cellobiase. camel intestinal maltase-glucoamylase (mg) was purified by deae-sepharose and sephacryl s-200 columns. the molecular wei ...	2007	17098455
zero prevalence of diabetes in camel milk consuming raica community of north-west rajasthan, india.	preliminary trials reflected the low prevalence of diabetes in raica community consuming camel milk habitually. our objective was to describe the prevalence and clinical factors associated with impaired fasting glucose (ifg), impaired glucose tolerance (igt) and diabetes (dm) among adults (>or=20 years) in large population group.	2007	17098321
[an oligonucleotide microarray for detection and discrimination of orthopoxviruses based on oligonucleotide sequences of two viral genes].	an oligonucleotide microarray for detection and identification of orthopoxviruses was developed. genus specific and orthopoxvirus species-specific regions of the genes encoding chemokine binding and alpha/beta-interferon binding proteins were used as a target. the developed microarray allows the variola, monkeypox, cowpox, vaccinia, camel-pox and ectromelia (mousepox) viruses to be distinguished with a high degree of reliability.	2006	17094655
adenosine deaminase from camel tick hyalomma dromedarii: purification and characterization.	adenosine deaminase is involved in purine metabolism and is a key enzyme for the control of the cellular levels of adenosine. adenosine deaminase activity showed significant changes during embryogenesis of the camel tick hyalomma dromedarii. from the elution profile of chromatography on deae-sepharose, three forms of enzyme (adai, adaii and adaiii) were separated. adaii was purified to homogeneity after chromatography on sephacryl s-200. the molecular mass of adenosine deaminase adaii was 42 kda ...	2006	17089216
sequence analysis of utr and coding region of kappa-casein gene of indian riverine buffalo (bubalus bubalis).	in this study, complete nucleotide as well as derived amino acid sequence characterization of water buffalo (bubalus bubalis) kappa-casein gene has been presented. kappa-casein cdna clones were identified and isolated from a buffalo lactating mammary gland cdna library. sequence analysis of kappa-casein cdna revealed 850 nucleotides with an open reading frame (orf) of 573 nucleotides, encoding mature peptide of 169 amino acids. the 5' untranslated region (utr) comprised 71 nucleotides, while 3' ...	2006	17076250
production and characterization of anti-(mucin muc1) single-domain antibody in tobacco (nicotiana tabacum cultivar xanthi).	members of the camelidae (camels, dromedaries, llamas, alpacas, guanacos and vicunas) are known to produce igs (immunoglobulins) devoid of light chains and ch1s (constant heavy-chain domains). the antigen-specific binding fragments of these heavy-chain antibodies therefore comprise one single domain (the so-called 'vhh') and are of great importance in biotechnological applications. to evaluate the expression and biological activity of sdabs (single-domain antibodies) in plants, which, on account ...	2007	17073735
cytogenetic characterization of alpaca (lama pacos, fam. camelidae) prometaphase chromosomes.	the present study provides specific cytogenetic information on prometaphase chromosomes of the alpaca (lama pacos, fam. camelidae, 2n = 74) that forms a basis for future work on karyotype standardization and gene mapping of the species, as well as for comparative studies and future genetic improvement programs within the family camelidae. based on the centromeric index (ci) measurements, alpaca chromosomes have been classified into four groups: group a, subtelocentrics, from pair 1 to 10; group ...	2006	17065795