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genetic analysis of amino acid content in wheat grain.complete diallel crosses with five parents of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were conducted to analyse inheritance of 17 amino acid contents by using the genetic model including seed, cytoplasmic, maternal and environment interaction effects on quantitative traits of seeds in cereal crops. the results showed that inheritance of 17 amino acid contents, except tyrosine, was controlled by several genetic systems including seed, cytoplasmic, and maternal effects, and by significant gene x envir ...201425189240
tripartite interactions of barley yellow dwarf virus, sitobion avenae and wheat varieties.the tripartite interactions in a pathosystem involving wheat (triticum aestivum l.), the barley yellow dwarf virus (bydv), and the bydv vector aphid sitobion avenae were studied under field conditions to determine the impact of these interactions on aphid populations, virus pathology and grain yield. wheat varietal resistance to bydv and aphids varied among the three wheat varieties studied over two consecutive years. the results demonstrated that (1) aphid peak number (apn) in the aphid + bydv ...201425184214
[mapping a new secalin locus on the rye irs arm].a gene designated sec-n encoding secalin was mapped in the introgressive winter common wheat line hostianum 273/97 (h273) with the wheat-rye substitution (1b)1r from the octoploid triticale ad825. f2 seeds from crossing the line h273 with the line hostianum 242/97-2 carrying the wheat-rye 1bl/1rs translocation were analysed. the studied component on the sds-electrophoregram of total proteins was revealed to be a monomeric secalin which is encoded by the gene at the new locus sec-n located distal ...201525184199
discovery of novel leaf rust responsive micrornas in wheat and prediction of their target genes.micrornas are endogenous small noncoding rnas which play critical roles in gene regulation. few wheat (triticum aestivum l.) mirna sequences are available in mirbase repertoire and knowledge of their biological functions related to biotic stress is limited. we identified 52 mirnas, belonging to 19 families, from next-generation transcriptome sequence data based on homology search. one wheat specific novel mirna was identified but could not be ascribed or assigned to any known mirna family. diffe ...201425180085
ozone pollution effects on gas exchange, growth and biomass yield of salinity-treated winter wheat cultivars.a sand-culture experiment was conducted in four open-top-chambers to assess the effects of o3 on salinity-treated winter wheat. two winter wheat cultivars, salt-tolerant dekang961 and salt-sensitive lumai15, were grown under saline (100 mm nacl) and/or o3 (80±5 nmol mol(-1)) conditions for 35 days. significant (p<0.05) o3-induced decreases were noted for both cultivars in terms of gas exchange, relative water content, growth and biomass yield in the no-salinity treatment. significant (p<0.01) co ...201425173858
fluoranthene, a polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon, inhibits light as well as dark reactions of photosynthesis in wheat (triticum aestivum).the toxic effect of fluoranthene (flt) on seed germination, growth of seedling and photosynthesis processes of wheat (triticum aestivum) was investigated. wheat seeds were exposed to 5 µm and 25 µm flt concentrations for 25 days and it was observed that flt had inhibiting effect on rate of seed germination. the germination rate of wheat seeds decreased by 11% at 25 µm flt concentration. root/shoot growth and biomass production declined significantly even at low concentrations of flt. chlorophyll ...201425173746
a new phenolic component from triticum aestivum sprouts and its effects on lps-stimulated production of nitric oxide and tnf-α in raw 264.7 cells.an unusual new phenolic component, triticumoside (1), and eight known compounds, isoorientin (2), isoscoparin (3), (2r)-2-o-β-d-glucopyranosyloxy-4,7-dimethoxy-2h-1,4-benzoxazin-3(4h)-one (4), adenosine (5), β-sitosterol (6), daucosterol (7), 6′-o-linolenoyl daucosterol (8), α-tocopherol (9), were isolated fromtriticum aestivum sprouts. the hybrid structure of 1, which is a hybrid between a flavone and a polyoxygenated benzene, is rarely found in natural sources. in addition, the effects of thes ...201425165783
new wheat-rye 5ds-4rs·4rl and 4rs-5ds·5dl translocation lines with powdery mildew resistance.powdery mildew is one of the serious diseases of wheat (triticum aestivum l., 2 n = 6 × = 42, genomes aabbdd). rye (secale cereale l., 2 n = 2 × = 14, genome rr) offers a rich reservoir of powdery mildew resistant genes for wheat breeding program. however, extensive use of these resistant genes may render them susceptible to new pathogen races because of co-evolution of host and pathogen. therefore, the continuous exploration of new powdery mildew resistant genes is important to wheat breeding p ...201425163586
development of t. aestivum l.-h. californicum alien chromosome lines and assignment of homoeologous groups of hordeum californicum chromosomes.hordeum californicum (2n = 2x = 14, hh) is resistant to several wheat diseases and tolerant to lower nitrogen. in this study, a molecular karyotype of h. californicum chromosomes in the triticum aestivum l. cv. chinese spring (cs)-h. californicum amphidiploid (2n = 6x = 56, aabbddhh) was established. by genomic in situ hybridization (gish) and multicolor fluorescent in situ hybridization (fish) using repetitive dna clones (pta71, pta794 and psc119.2) as probes, the h. californicum chromosomes co ...201425160976
the na(+) transporter, tahkt1;5-d, limits shoot na(+) accumulation in bread wheat.bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) has a major salt tolerance locus, kna1, responsible for the maintenance of a high cytosolic k(+) /na(+) ratio in the leaves of salt stressed plants. the kna1 locus encompasses a large dna fragment, the distal 14% of chromosome 4dl. limited recombination has been observed at this locus making it difficult to map genetically and identify the causal gene. here, we decipher the function of tahkt1;5-d, a candidate gene underlying the kna1 locus. transport studies us ...201425158883
comparative proteome analysis of a- and b-type starch granule-associated proteins in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and aegilops crassa.starch is the main component in the wheat endosperm and exists in two forms including a- and b-type granules. a bread wheat line cb037a and an aegilops line aegilops crassa were studied for the underlying starch biosynthesis mechanism in relation to granule types. the wheat line contains both types of starch granules while the aegilops line only has the a-type. differential starch granule development patterns of these two species were observed at the morphological level. a total of 190 different ...201525154053
lipids as markers of induced resistance in wheat: a biochemical and molecular approach.our work aimed at a global investigation of the lipid metabolism during the induction of resistance in wheat (triticum aestivum) against powdery mildew (blumeria graminis f.sp. tritici). more specifically, the effect of salicylic acid, known as playing a key role in the activation of defence reactions against pathogens in plants, has been investigated. after salicylic acid infiltration, accumulation of phosphatidic acid was observed that could be due to the phospholipase c pathway since an up-re ...201325151821
a novel protein elicitor (sscut) from sclerotinia sclerotiorum induces multiple defense responses in plants.in this study, we report the cloning of the sscut gene encoding cutinase from sclerotinia sclerotiorum. we isolated a 609-bp cdna encoding a polypeptide of 202 amino acids with a molecular weight of 20.4 kda. heterologous expression of sscut in escherichia coli (his-sscut) caused the formation of lesions in tobacco that closely resembled hypersensitive response lesions. mutational analysis identified the c-terminal-half peptide and the same amino acids indispensable for both enzyme and elicitor ...201425149470
predictions of heading date in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) using qtl-based parameters of an ecophysiological model.prediction of wheat phenology facilitates the selection of cultivars with specific adaptations to a particular environment. however, while qtl analysis for heading date can identify major genes controlling phenology, the results are limited to the environments and genotypes tested. moreover, while ecophysiological models allow accurate predictions in new environments, they may require substantial phenotypic data to parameterize each genotype. also, the model parameters are rarely related to all ...201425148833
identification and characterization of more than 4 million intervarietal snps across the group 7 chromosomes of bread wheat.despite being a major international crop, our understanding of the wheat genome is relatively poor due to its large size and complexity. to gain a greater understanding of wheat genome diversity, we have identified single nucleotide polymorphisms between 16 australian bread wheat varieties. whole-genome shotgun illumina paired read sequence data were mapped to the draft assemblies of chromosomes 7a, 7b and 7d to identify more than 4 million intervarietal snps. snp density varied between the thre ...201525147022
comparative phosphoproteome analysis of the developing grains in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) under well-watered and water-deficit conditions.wheat (triticum aestivum), one of the most important cereal crops, is often threatened by drought. in this study, water deficit significantly reduced the height of plants and yield of grains. to explore further the effect of drought stress on the development and yield of grains, we first performed a large scale phosphoproteome analysis of developing grains in wheat. a total of 590 unique phosphopeptides, representing 471 phosphoproteins, were identified under well-watered conditions. motif-x ana ...201425145454
metabolite profiling of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) phloem exudate.biofortification of staple crops with essential micronutrients relies on the efficient, long distance transport of nutrients to the developing seed. the main route of this transport in common wheat (triticum aestivum) is via the phloem, but due to the reactive nature of some essential micronutrients (specifically fe and zn), they need to form ligands with metabolites for transport within the phloem. current methods available in collecting phloem exudate allows for small volumes (μl or nl) to be ...201425143779
molecular mapping of genes yr64 and yr65 for stripe rust resistance in hexaploid derivatives of durum wheat accessions pi 331260 and pi 480016.this manuscript reports two new genes ( yr64 and yr65 ) for effective resistance to stripe rust and usefulness of their flanking ssr markers for marker-assisted selection. stripe rust, caused by puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (pst), is one of the most important diseases of wheat worldwide and resistance is the best control strategy. durum wheat accessions pi 331260 and pi 480016 were resistant to all tested pst races. to transfer the resistance genes to common wheat and map them to wheat ch ...201425142874
utilization of deletion bins to anchor and order sequences along the wheat 7b chromosome.a total of 3,671 sequence contigs and scaffolds were mapped to deletion bins on wheat chromosome 7b providing a foundation for developing high-resolution integrated physical map for this chromosome. bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) has a large, complex and highly repetitive genome which is challenging to assemble into high quality pseudo-chromosomes. as part of the international effort to sequence the hexaploid bread wheat genome by the international wheat genome sequencing consortium (iwgsc) ...201425134516
phylogeny in defining model plants for lignocellulosic ethanol production: a comparative study of brachypodium distachyon, wheat, maize, and miscanthus x giganteus leaf and stem biomass.the production of ethanol from pretreated plant biomass during fermentation is a strategy to mitigate climate change by substituting fossil fuels. however, biomass conversion is mainly limited by the recalcitrant nature of the plant cell wall. to overcome recalcitrance, the optimization of the plant cell wall for subsequent processing is a promising approach. based on their phylogenetic proximity to existing and emerging energy crops, model plants have been proposed to study bioenergy-related ce ...201425133818
diverse expression pattern of wheat transcription factors against abiotic stresses in wheat species.abiotic stress including drought and salinity affects quality and yield of wheat varieties used for the production of both bread and pasta flour. bzip, mbf1, wrky, myb and nac transcription factor (tf) genes are the largest transcriptional regulators which are involved in growth, development, physiological processes, and biotic/abiotic stress responses in plants. identification of expression profiling of these tfs plays a crucial role to understand the response of different wheat species against ...201425130909
genetic variability in anthocyanin composition and nutritional properties of blue, purple, and red bread (triticum aestivum l.) and durum (triticum turgidum l. ssp. turgidum convar. durum) wheats.renewed interest in breeding for high anthocyanins in wheat (triticum ssp.) is due to their antioxidant potential. a collection of different pigmented wheats was used to investigate the stability of anthocyanins over three crop years. the data show higher anthocyanins in blue-aleurone bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.), followed by purple- and red-pericarp durum wheat (triticum turgidum l. ssp. turgidum convar. durum), using cyanidin 3-o-glucoside as standard. hplc of the anthocyanin components ...201425130676
assessment of candidate reference genes for the expression studies with brassinosteroids in lolium perenne and triticum aestivum.quantitative pcr studies need proper reference genes with expression stability exclusively validated under certain experimental conditions. the expression stability of several genes commonly used as references was tested under 24-epibrassinolide (ebr) and temperature treatment. different statistical approaches (qbase(plus), bestkeeper, normfinder) were used to prepare rankings of expression stability in two species of an economic importance: common wheat (triticum aestivum) and perennial ryegras ...201425128786
qtug.sau-3b is a major quantitative trait locus for wheat hexaploidization.meiotic nonreduction resulting in unreduced gametes is thought to be the predominant mechanism underlying allopolyploid formation in plants. until now, however, its genetic base was largely unknown. the allohexaploid crop common wheat (triticum aestivum l.), which originated from hybrids of t. turgidum l. with aegilops tauschii cosson, provides a model to address this issue. our observations of meiosis in pollen mother cells from t. turgidum×ae. tauschii hybrids indicated that first division res ...201425128436
charge-based characterisation of high-molecular-weight glutenin subunits from common wheat by capillary isoelectric focusing.in this study, the capillary isoelectric focusing (cief) method for the separation and charge characterisation of the heterogeneity of high molecular-weight-glutenin subunits (hmw-gs) in common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) using linear polyacrylamide (lpa) and polyvinyl alcohol (pva) coated capillaries was developed. particularly good repeatability and well-resolved charge isoform profiles were obtained by introducing a mixture of carrier ampholytes (ph 3-10 and ph 5-8), a high concentration of ...201425127558
ecohydrology of agroecosystems: quantitative approaches towards sustainable irrigation.irrigation represents one of the main strategies to enhance and stabilize agricultural productivity, by mitigating the effects of rainfall vagaries. in the face of the projected growth in population and in biofuel demands, as well as shifts in climate and dietary habits, a more sustainable management of water resources in agroecosystems is needed. the field of ecohydrology, traditionally focusing on natural ecosystems, has the potential to offer the necessary quantitative tools to assess and com ...201525124766
expression analysis of a stress-related phosphoinositide-specific phospholipase c gene in wheat (triticum aestivum l.).plant phosphoinositide-specific phospholipases c (pi-plcs) function in several essential plant processes associated with either development or environmental stress. in this report, we examined the expression patterns of taplc1 under drought and high salinity stress at the transcriptional and post-transcriptional levels. taplc1 mrna was expressed in all wheat organs examined. u73122 and edelfosine, the plc inhibitor, impaired seedling growth and enhanced seedling sensitivity to drought and high s ...201425121594
soil carbon and nitrogen fractions and crop yields affected by residue placement and crop types.soil labile c and n fractions can change rapidly in response to management practices compared to non-labile fractions. high variability in soil properties in the field, however, results in nonresponse to management practices on these parameters. we evaluated the effects of residue placement (surface application [or simulated no-tillage] and incorporation into the soil [or simulated conventional tillage]) and crop types (spring wheat [triticum aestivum l.], pea [pisum sativum l.], and fallow) on ...201425119381
a proteinaceous fraction of wheat bran may interfere in the attachment of enterotoxigenic e. coli k88 (f4+) to porcine epithelial cells.wheat bran (wb) from triticum aestivum has many beneficial effects on human health. to the best of our knowledge, very little has been published about its ability to prevent pathogenic bacterial adhesion in the intestine. here, a wb extract was fractionated using different strategies, and the obtained fractions were tested in different in vitro methodologies to evaluate their interference in the attachment of enterotoxigenic escherichia coli (etec) k88 to intestinal porcine epithelial cells (ipe ...201425119298
characterisation and mapping of gene lr73 conferring seedling resistance to puccinia triticina in common wheat.a gene conferring seedling resistance to puccinia triticina was mapped to chromosome 2bs in the wheat morocco. the gene was shown to be distinct and was therefore designated lr73. the wheat genotype morocco, widely susceptible to isolates of puccinia triticina, was resistant to an australian isolate of this pathogen collected in 2004. genetic studies established that the resistance in morocco was also present the australian wheat genotypes avocet, halberd, harrier, tincurrin and a selection of c ...201425116148
hypoglycaemic role of wheatgrass and its effect on carbohydrate metabolic enzymes in type ii diabetic rats.diabetes mellitus (dm) is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality in the world. insulin resistance and insulin insufficiency is the major factor for the prognosis of type ii diabetes. consistent high glucose level leads to multiple secondary complications in diabetic patients. hence, hypoglycaemic drugs are of significance for reducing the risk of secondary complications in type ii diabetes. various hypoglycaemic drugs are already available in the market, but they are associated with several ...201625116122
oxirapentyns a, b and e from the marine-derived strain of isaria felina kmm 4639 as stimulators of initial stages of development of agricultural plants.oxirapentyn a (1), oxirapentyn b (2), and oxirapentyn e (3) were examined for their ability to stimulate growth of seedling roots of barley (hordeum vulgare l.), buckwheat (fagopyrum esculentum moench), corn (zea mays l.), soy {glycine max (l.) merr.}, and wheat (triticum aestivum l.). it was shown that the stimulatory effects depend on the chemical structure of the oxirapentyns and on the plant species. compounds 1, and 2 are efficient for growth of seedling roots of barley, and wheat, whereas ...201425115093
lr70, a new gene for leaf rust resistance mapped in common wheat accession ku3198.ku3198 is a common wheat accession that carries one novel leaf rust resistance (lr) gene, lr70 , and another lr gene which is either novel, lr52 or an allele of lr52. leaf rust, caused by puccinia triticina eriks. (pt), is a broadly distributed and economically important disease of wheat. deploying cultivars carrying effective leaf rust resistance (lr) genes is a desirable method of disease control. ku3198 is a common wheat (triticum aestivum l.) accession from the kyoto collection that was high ...201425112203
mapping resistance to the bird cherry-oat aphid and the greenbug in wheat using sequence-based genotyping.identification of novel resistance qtl against wheat aphids. first qtl-resistance report for r. padi in wheat and chromosome 2dl for s. graminum . these sources have potential use in wheat breeding. the aphids rhopalosiphum padi and schizaphis graminum are important pests of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.). characterization of the genetic bases of resistance sources is crucial to facilitate the development of resistant wheat cultivars to these insects. we examined 140 recombinant inbred line ...201425112202
arsenic contamination of the soil-wheat system irrigated with high arsenic groundwater in the hetao basin, inner mongolia, china.as one of the most important crop in the world, wheat (triticum aestivum l.) was irrigated with low as water and high as water. however, little is known about as cycling in the soil-wheat-water system. two wheat fields (site g and site y), irrigated with high dissolved as (178 μg l(-1)) groundwater and low dissolved as (8.2 μg l(-1)) surface water, respectively, were systematically sampled in the hetao basin, including irrigation water, soils and plants. the annual as (including dissolved as and ...201425108250
a wheat lipid transfer protein 3 could enhance the basal thermotolerance and oxidative stress resistance of arabidopsis.wheat (triticum aestivum l.) is one of the major grain crops, and heat stress adversely affects wheat production in many regions of the world. previously, we found a heat-responsive gene named lipid transfer protein 3 (taltp3) in wheat. taltp3 was deduced to be regulated by cold, aba, meja, auxin and oxidative stress according to cis-acting motifs in its promoter sequences. in this study, we show that taltp3 is responsive to prolonged water deficit, salt or aba treatment in wheat seedlings. also ...201425106859
durum and bread wheat differ in their ability to retain potassium in leaf mesophyll: implications for salinity stress tolerance.understanding the intrinsic mechanisms involved in the differential salinity tolerance between bread wheat and durum wheat is essential for breeding salt-tolerant varieties to cope with the global salinity issue threatening future food supply. in the past, higher salinity tolerance in bread wheat compared with durum wheat has been attributed to its better ability to exclude na(+) from uptake. here we show that another mechanism, namely more superior k(+) retention ability in the leaf mesophyll, ...201425104542
in silico analysis of dreb transcription factor genes and proteins in grasses.plants are exposed to various environmental stresses, including drought, salinity, low temperature, etc. dehydration responsive element binding (dreb) genes, the members of ap2/erf transcription factor family, regulate the biological processes against cold and dehydration stresses. in this study, we analyzed a total of 19 dreb transcription factor genes and proteins from 14 grass species by using bioinformatic approaches, including their physiochemical properties, conserved motif structures, hom ...201425104001
mitochondrial energy-dissipating systems (alternative oxidase, uncoupling proteins, and external nadh dehydrogenase) are involved in development of frost-resistance of winter wheat seedlings.gene expression, protein synthesis, and activities of alternative oxidase (aox), uncoupling proteins (ucp), adenine nucleotide translocator (ant), and non-coupled nad(p)h dehydrogenases (ndex, ndpex, and ndin) were studied in shoots of etiolated winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) seedlings after exposure to hardening low positive (2°c for 7 days) and freezing (-2°c for 2 days) temperatures. the cold hardening efficiently increased frost-resistance of the seedlings and decreased the generation o ...201425100008
characterization of ferredoxin-dependent glutamine-oxoglutarate amidotransferase (fd-gogat) genes and their relationship with grain protein content qtl in wheat.in higher plants, inorganic nitrogen is assimilated via the glutamate synthase cycle or gs-gogat pathway. gogat enzyme occurs in two distinct forms that use nadh (nadh-gogat) or fd (fd-gogat) as electron carriers. the goal of the present study was to characterize wheat fd-gogat genes and to assess the linkage with grain protein content (gpc), an important quantitative trait controlled by multiple genes.201425099972
dynamic development of starch granules and the regulation of starch biosynthesis in brachypodium distachyon: comparison with common wheat and aegilops peregrina.thorough understanding of seed starch biosynthesis and accumulation mechanisms is of great importance for agriculture and crop improvement strategies. we conducted the first comprehensive study of the dynamic development of starch granules and the regulation of starch biosynthesis in brachypodium distachyon and compared the findings with those reported for common wheat (chinese spring, cs) and aegilops peregrina.201425095703
phosphate depletion modulates auxin transport in triticum aestivum leading to altered root branching.understanding the mechanisms by which nutritional signals impact upon root system architecture is a key facet in the drive for greater nutrient application efficiency in agricultural systems. cereal plants reduce their rate of lateral root emergence under inorganic phosphate (pi) shortage; this study uses molecular and pharmacological techniques to dissect this pi response in triticum aestivum. plants were grown in coarse sand washed in high- or low-pi nutrient solution before being assessed for ...201425086590
identifying variation in resistance to the take-all fungus, gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici, between different ancestral and modern wheat species.ancestral wheat relatives are important sources of genetic diversity for the introduction of novel traits for the improvement of modern bread wheat. in this study the aim was to assess the susceptibility of 34 accessions of the diploid wheat triticum monococcum (a genome) to gaeumannomyces graminis var. tritici (ggt), the causal agent of take-all disease. the second aim was to explore the susceptibility of tetraploid wheat (t. durum) and the b genome progenitor species aegilops speltoides to ggt ...201425084989
comparative functional analysis of two wheat na(+)/h (+) antiporter sos1 promoters in arabidopsis thaliana under various stress conditions.the bread wheat tasos1 has been previously shown to be induced by salt stress treatment. to further investigate the regulation of the tasos1 gene, the two genomic fragments pr sos1-ab and pr sos1-d have been isolated and sequenced. pr sos1-ab and pr sos1-d are the promoter regions of sos1 alleles, which are localised on genomes a and/or b, and on genome d, respectively. sequence analysis of these two promoters revealed the presence of cis-regulatory elements which could be required for abiotic s ...201525081835
dna methylation pattern of photoperiod-b1 is associated with photoperiod insensitivity in wheat (triticum aestivum).as one of the three key components of the 'green revolution', photoperiod insensitivity is vital for improved adaptation of wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivars to a wider geographical range. photoperiod-b1a (ppd-b1a) is one of the major genes that confers photoperiod insensitivity in 'green revolution' varieties, and has made a significant contribution to wheat yield improvement. in this study, we investigated the mechanisms underlying the photoperiod insensitivity of ppd-b1a alleles from an epi ...201425078249
characterization of powdery mildew resistance and linkage studies involving the pm3 locus on chromosome 1a of common wheat (triticum aestivum l.).genetic characterization of a new powdery mildew resistance gene in a common wheat line atri3004/79 was conducted by employing a set of blumeria graminis tritici isolates collected from europe. monosomic analysis revealed that a major resistance gene is located on chromosome 1a. allelism tests of the f2 and f3 populations with other previously known genes on 1a showed that the resistance gene in atri3004/79 is closely linked to the pm3d resistance gene in the german cultivar syros, whereas it se ...201525078057
allele frequencies in the vrn-a1, vrn-b1 and vrn-d1 vernalization response and ppd-b1 and ppd-d1 photoperiod sensitivity genes, and their effects on heading in a diverse set of wheat cultivars (triticum aestivum l.).heading of cereals is determined by complex genetic and environmental factors in which genes responsible for vernalization and photoperiod sensitivity play a decisive role. our aim was to use diagnostic molecular markers to determine the main allele types in vrn-a1, vrn-b1, vrn-d1, ppd-b1 and ppd-d1 in a worldwide wheat collection of 683 genotypes and to investigate the effect of these alleles on heading in the field. the dominant vrn-a1, vrn-b1 and vrn-d1 alleles were present at a low frequency ...025076837
evolution of physiological responses to salt stress in hexaploid wheat.hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum l., genome bbaadd) is generally more salt tolerant than its tetraploid wheat progenitor (triticum turgidum l.). however, little is known about the physiological basis of this trait or about the relative contributions of allohexaploidization and subsequent evolutionary genetic changes on the trait development. here, we compared the salt tolerance of a synthetic allohexaploid wheat (neo-6x) with its tetraploid (t. turgidum; bbaa) and diploid (aegilops tausc ...201425074914
a modelling approach to evaluate the long-term effect of soil texture on spring wheat productivity under a rain-fed condition.soil surface texture is an important environmental factor that influences crop productivity because of its direct effect on soil water and complex interactions with other environmental factors. using 30-year data, an agricultural system model (dssat-ceres-wheat) was calibrated and validated. after validation, the modelled yield and water use (wu) of spring wheat (triticum aestivum l.) from two soil textures (silt loam and clay) under rain-fed condition were analyzed. regression analysis showed t ...201425074796
association analysis of stem rust resistance in u.s. winter wheat.stem rust has become a renewed threat to global wheat production after the emergence and spread of race ttksk (also known as ug99) and related races from africa. to elucidate u.s. winter wheat resistance genes to stem rust, association mapping was conducted using a panel of 137 lines from cooperative u.s. winter wheat nurseries from 2008 and simple sequence repeat (ssr) and sequence tagged site (sts) markers across the wheat genome. seedling infection types were evaluated in a greenhouse experim ...201425072699
wheat and barley dehydrins under cold, drought, and salinity - what can lea-ii proteins tell us about plant stress response?dehydrins as a group of late embryogenesis abundant ii proteins represent important dehydration-inducible proteins whose accumulation is induced by developmental processes (embryo maturation) as well as by several abiotic stress factors (low temperatures, drought, salinity). in the review, an overview of studies aimed at investigation of dehydrin accumulation patterns at transcript and protein levels as well as their possible functions in common wheat (triticum aestivum), durum wheat (t. durum), ...201425071816
investigation of diversity in aegilops biuncialis and aegilops umbellulata by a-page.aegilops species, wild relatives of wheat, are one of the important genetic resources in wheat breeding. in this study 13 populations of aegilops biuncialis along with 2 populations of progenitor species aegilops umbellulata were analysed in six replications using of acid polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. the results showed that tn-01-293 population had a high gluten and grind quality because of high percentage of γ-45.31 and γ-43.5 (high gluten quality index) in the observed band. also, ahar ...201425066882
phosphoproteome analysis reveals new drought response and defense mechanisms of seedling leaves in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).drought is a major form of abiotic stress that significantly affects plant growth and development. in this study, we performed the first phosphoproteome analysis of seedling leaves from two bread wheat cultivars (hanxuan 10 and ningchun 47) subjected to drought stress. as a result, a total of 191 and 251 unique phosphopeptides, representing 173 and 227 phosphoproteins in two cultivars, respectively, were identified as being significant changes in phosphorylation level (scpl) under drought stress ...201425065648
differential gene expression and metabolomic analyses of brachypodium distachyon infected by deoxynivalenol producing and non-producing strains of fusarium graminearum.fusarium head blight (fhb) caused primarily by fusarium graminearum (fg) is one of the major diseases of small-grain cereals including bread wheat. this disease both reduces yields and causes quality losses due to the production of deoxynivalenol (don), the major type b trichothecene mycotoxin. don has been described as a virulence factor enabling efficient colonization of spikes by the fungus in wheat, but its precise role during the infection process is still elusive. brachypodium distachyon ( ...201425063396
unconditional and conditional qtl analysis of kernel weight related traits in wheat (triticum aestivum l.) in multiple genetic backgrounds.wheat thousand kernel weight (tkw) is a complex trait, and is largely controlled by several kernel traits, including kernel length (kl) and kernel width (kw). in order to reveal the genetic relationship between tkw and these kernel traits (kw and kl) as accurate as possible, we applied both unconditional and conditional mapping analyses to three distinct genetic populations, one dh population and two ril populations. this report describes the identifications of 36 unconditional and conditional a ...201425060952
tef-7a, a transcript elongation factor gene, influences yield-related traits in bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.).in this study, tatef-7a, a member of the transcript elongation factor gene family, and its flanking sequences were isolated. tatef-7a was located on chromosome 7a and was flanked by markers xwmc83 and xp3156.3. subcellular localization revealed that tatef-7a protein was localized in the nucleus. this gene was expressed in all organs, but the highest expression occurred in young spikes and developing seeds. overexpression of tatef-7a in arabidopsis thaliana produced pleiotropic effects on vegetativ ...201425056774
effects of maturity stages on the nutritive composition and silage quality of whole crop wheat.the changes in yields and nutritive composition of whole crop wheat (triticum aestivum l.) during maturation and effects of maturity stage and lactic acid bacteria (lab) inoculants on the fermentation quality and aerobic stability were investigated under laboratory conditions. whole crop wheat harvested at three maturation stages: flowering stage, milk stage and dough stage. two strains of lab (lactobacillus plantarum: lab1, lactobacillus parafarraqinis: lab2) were inoculated for wheat ensiling ...201225049492
assessment of the zn-co mixtures rhizotoxicity under ca deficiency: using two conventional mixture models based on the cell membrane surface potential.toxicity assessment of zn-co mixtures involves multiple ions interactions. the negative potential (ψ0) at the cell membrane surface (cms) concentrated cationic toxicants (denoted {m(2+)}0) and influenced the rhizotoxicity of co(2+) or zn(2+). the single and joint rhizotoxicity of co(2+) and zn(2+) to wheat (triticum aestivum l.) were examined, coupled with different ca(2+) levels. joint effects of zn(2+), co(2+) and ca(2+) were estimated by the linearly extended concentration addition (ca) and r ...201425048911
a wheat aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidase gene, taaco1, negatively regulates salinity stress in arabidopsis thaliana.taaco1 could catalyze acc into ethylene in vitro. constitutive expression of taaco1 in arabidopsis conferred salt sensitivity, and taaco1 regulates salt stress mainly via the dreb1/cbf signal transduction pathway. ethylene signaling plays essential roles in mediating plant responses to biotic and abiotic stresses, besides regulating plant growth and development. the roles of ethylene biosynthesis in abiotic stress, however, remain elusive. in this study, an aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylate oxidas ...201425048023
gluten quality of bread wheat is associated with activity of rabd gtpases.in the developing endosperm of bread wheat (triticum aestivum), seed storage proteins are produced on the rough endoplasmic reticulum (er) and transported to protein bodies, specialized vacuoles for the storage of protein. the functionally important gluten proteins of wheat are transported by two distinct routes to the protein bodies where they are stored: vesicles that bud directly off the er and transport through the golgi. however, little is known about the processing of glutenin and gliadin ...201525047236
simultaneous editing of three homoeoalleles in hexaploid bread wheat confers heritable resistance to powdery mildew.sequence-specific nucleases have been applied to engineer targeted modifications in polyploid genomes, but simultaneous modification of multiple homoeoalleles has not been reported. here we use transcription activator-like effector nuclease (talen) and clustered, regularly interspaced, short palindromic repeats (crispr)-cas9 (refs. 4,5) technologies in hexaploid bread wheat to introduce targeted mutations in the three homoeoalleles that encode mildew-resistance locus (mlo) proteins. genetic redu ...201425038773
development of gluten-free bread using tartary buckwheat and chia flour rich in flavonoids and omega-3 fatty acids as ingredients.in this study, chia seed flour, which is rich in omega-3 alpha-linolenic acid, and common and tartary buckwheat flour, which has a high antioxidant activity, were integrated into different types of bread with the aim of improving their nutritional value and healthy features. our results indicate that bread made with chia and tartary buckwheat flour was more acceptable in many nutritional aspects compared to the control (common wheat bread); it contained a higher amount of protein (20%), insolubl ...201425038671
biolistic transformation of wheat using the hmw-gs 1dx5 gene without selectable markers.genetic manipulation using linear dna was applied to the common wheat variety xindong no. 26 via particle bombardment with the aim to improve bread-making quality of flour. initially, 2 biolistic parameters, helium pressure and target distance, were optimized using plasmid pahc25. we transformed wheat immature embryo scutella with the linear 1dx5 gene without selectable markers. the highest transient β-glucuronidase expression was obtained when scuttles were bombarded at 1100 psi with a 9-cm tar ...201425036180
a chromosome-based draft sequence of the hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum) genome.an ordered draft sequence of the 17-gigabase hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum) genome has been produced by sequencing isolated chromosome arms. we have annotated 124,201 gene loci distributed nearly evenly across the homeologous chromosomes and subgenomes. comparative gene analysis of wheat subgenomes and extant diploid and tetraploid wheat relatives showed that high sequence similarity and structural conservation are retained, with limited gene loss, after polyploidization. however, acr ...201425035500
ancient hybridizations among the ancestral genomes of bread wheat.the allohexaploid bread wheat genome consists of three closely related subgenomes (a, b, and d), but a clear understanding of their phylogenetic history has been lacking. we used genome assemblies of bread wheat and five diploid relatives to analyze genome-wide samples of gene trees, as well as to estimate evolutionary relatedness and divergence times. we show that the a and b genomes diverged from a common ancestor ~7 million years ago and that these genomes gave rise to the d genome through ho ...201425035499
genome interplay in the grain transcriptome of hexaploid bread wheat.allohexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) provides approximately 20% of calories consumed by humans. lack of genome sequence for the three homeologous and highly similar bread wheat genomes (a, b, and d) has impeded expression analysis of the grain transcriptome. we used previously unknown genome information to analyze the cell type-specific expression of homeologous genes in the developing wheat grain and identified distinct co-expression clusters reflecting the spatiotemporal progressio ...201425035498
structural and functional partitioning of bread wheat chromosome 3b.we produced a reference sequence of the 1-gigabase chromosome 3b of hexaploid bread wheat. by sequencing 8452 bacterial artificial chromosomes in pools, we assembled a sequence of 774 megabases carrying 5326 protein-coding genes, 1938 pseudogenes, and 85% of transposable elements. the distribution of structural and functional features along the chromosome revealed partitioning correlated with meiotic recombination. comparative analyses indicated high wheat-specific inter- and intrachromosomal ge ...201425035497
identification and independent validation of a stable yield and thousand grain weight qtl on chromosome 6a of hexaploid wheat (triticum aestivum l.).grain yield in wheat is a polygenic trait that is influenced by environmental and genetic interactions at all stages of the plant's growth. yield is usually broken down into three components; number of spikes per area, grain number per spike, and grain weight (tgw). in polyploid wheat, studies have identified quantitative trait loci (qtl) which affect tgw, yet few have been validated and fine-mapped using independent germplasm, thereby having limited impact in breeding.201425034643
mycoflora and deoxynivalenol in whole wheat grains (triticum aestivum l.) from southern brazil.the fungal species fusarium graminearum is related to deoxynivalenol (don) formation. the aim of this study was to evaluate mycoflora and don occurrence in 53 whole wheat grain samples collected in southern brazil during the 2012 crop. wheat grains showed adequate values of water activity ranging from 0.48 to 0.72, within the required limits of moisture content, ranging from 9.1% to 13.9%. in addition, low counts of fungal colonies, ranging from 10 to 8.2 × 10(2), were found. for fusarium genera ...201425029408
constructing an alternative wheat karyotype using barley genomic dna.the established karyotype was generated by genomic in situ hybridization (gish) using total barley genomic dna as labelled probe on mitotic metaphase bread wheat chromosomes. gish produced specific banding signals on 16 of the 21 chromosome pairs. the following chromosomes showed distinctive banding patterns: 2a, 3a, 4a, 5a, 6a, 7a, 1d, 2d, 7d and all of the b chromosomes. the remaining chromosomes showed either faint bands or no hybridization signals at all. the in situ hybridization patterns c ...201525027628
screening of bangladeshi winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars for sensitivity to ozone.the sensitivity to ozone of ten bangladeshi wheat cultivars was tested by exposing plants to eight ozone exposure regimes (50, 60, 80, 100, 120, 135, 150, and 200 ppb for 14, 11, 8, 6, 5, 4, 3, and 1 days, respectively, for 8 h/day) in controlled environment chambers. visible leaf injury, dry weight, chlorophyll, carotenoid content, leaf greenness (spad value), quantum yield of photosynthesis, and stomatal resistance were measured to evaluate response. shoot biomass, total chlorophyll, leaf gree ...201425023654
isolation, promoter analysis and expression profile of dreb2 in response to drought stress in wheat ancestors.drought is one of the most important abiotic stresses, constraining crop production seriously. the dehydration responsive element binding proteins (drebs) are important plant-specific transcription factors that respond to various abiotic stresses and consequently induce abiotic stress-related genes that impart stress endurance in plants. wild species are naturally exposed to various abiotic stresses and potentially harbor suitable alleles through natural selection. in this study we isolated and ...201425017054
a morpho-physiological approach differentiates bread wheat cultivars of contrasting tolerance under cyclic water stress.leaf micromorphological traits and some physiological parameters with potential relevance to drought tolerance mechanisms were investigated in four selected winter wheat varieties. plants were subjected to two cycles of drought treatment at anthesis. yield components confirmed contrasting drought-sensitive and -tolerant behavior of the genotypes. drought tolerance was associated with small flag leaf surfaces and less frequent occurrence of stomata. substantial variation of leaf cuticular thickne ...201425014261
an efficient and reproducible protocol for the production of salt tolerant transgenic wheat plants expressing the arabidopsis atnhx1 gene.we present an efficient method for the production of transgenic salt tolerant hexaploid wheat plants expressing the arabidopsis atnhx1 gene. wheat mature zygotic embryos were isolated from two hexaploid bread wheat (triticum aestivum) cultivars (namely: gemmeiza 9 and gemmeiza 10) and were transformed with the a. tumefaciens lba4404 harboring the pbi-121 vector containing the atnhx1 gene. transgenic wheat lines that express the gus intron was obtained and used as control. the results confirmed t ...201725007249
development and validation of an hplc-method for determination of free and bound phenolic acids in cereals after solid-phase extraction.whole cereal grains are a good source of phenolic acids associated with reduced risk of chronic diseases. this paper reports the development and validation of a high-performance liquid chromatography-diode array detection (hplc-dad) method for the determination of phenolic acids in cereals in either free or bound form. extraction of free phenolic acids and clean-up was performed by an optimised solid-phase extraction (spe) protocol on oasis hlb cartridges using aqueous methanol as eluant. the me ...025005991
transgenic tobacco plants overexpressing a grass ppexp1 gene exhibit enhanced tolerance to heat stress.heat stress is a detrimental abiotic stress limiting the growth of many plant species and is associated with various cellular and physiological damages. expansins are a family of proteins which are known to play roles in regulating cell wall elongation and expansion, as well as other growth and developmental processes. the in vitro roles of expansins regulating plant heat tolerance are not well understood. the objectives of this study were to isolate and clone an expansin gene in a perennial gra ...201425003197
green manure addition to soil increases grain zinc concentration in bread wheat.zinc (zn) deficiency is a major problem for many people living on wheat-based diets. here, we explored whether addition of green manure of red clover and sunflower to a calcareous soil or inoculating a non-indigenous arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal (amf) strain may increase grain zn concentration in bread wheat. for this purpose we performed a multifactorial pot experiment, in which the effects of two green manures (red clover, sunflower), znso4 application, soil γ-irradiation (elimination of natu ...201424999738
identification of autophagy-related genes atg4 and atg8 from wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and profiling of their expression patterns responding to biotic and abiotic stresses.the genes coding for wheat atg4 and atg8 were cloned and their roles in autophagy were verified. implications of atg4/atg8 in wheat responses to stresses were suggested by expression profiling. autophagy-related proteins atg4 and atg8 are crucial for autophagy biogenesis. atg4 processes atg8 precursor to expose its c-terminal glycine for phosphatidyl ethanolamine (pe) lipidation. atg8, in the form of atg8-pe adduct, functions in the organization dynamics of autophagic membranes. here, we report ...201424996626
using virtual 3-d plant architecture to assess fungal pathogen splash dispersal in heterogeneous canopies: a case study with cultivar mixtures and a non-specialized disease causal agent.recent developments in plant disease management have led to a growing interest in alternative strategies, such as increasing host diversity and decreasing the use of pesticides. use of cultivar mixtures is one option, allowing the spread of plant epidemics to be slowed down. as dispersal of fungal foliar pathogens over short distances by rain-splash droplets is a major contibutor to the spread of disease, this study focused on modelling the physical mechanisms involved in dispersal of a non-spec ...201424989786
evolution of the bbaa component of bread wheat during its history at the allohexaploid level.subgenome integrity in bread wheat (triticum aestivum; bbaadd) makes possible the extraction of its bbaa component to restitute a novel plant type. the availability of such a ploidy-reversed wheat (extracted tetraploid wheat [etw]) provides a unique opportunity to address whether and to what extent the bbaa component of bread wheat has been modified in phenotype, karyotype, and gene expression during its evolutionary history at the allohexaploid level. we report here that etw was anomalous in mu ...201424989045
variations for fusarium head blight resistance associated with genomic diversity in different sources of the resistant wheat cultivar 'sumai 3'.fusarium head blight (fhb), caused by fusarium graminearum, is a serious disease of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) associated with contamination by the mycotoxin deoxynivalenol (don). the fhb-resistant wheat cultivar 'sumai 3' has been used extensively around the world. the existence of variation in fhb resistance among 'sumai 3' accessions has been discussed. in this study, genetic variation among 'sumai 3' accessions collected from six countries were identified using ssr markers; our results dem ...201424987294
chagas disease: a homology model for the three-dimensional structure of the trypanosoma cruzi ribosomal p0 antigenic protein.ribosomal p proteins form a "stalk" complex in the large subunit of the ribosomes. in trypanosoma cruzi, the etiological agent of chagas disease, the complex is formed by five p protein members: tcp0, tcp1α, tcp1β, tcp2α and tcp2β. the tcp0 protein has 34 kda, and tcp1 and tcp2 proteins have 10 kda. the structure of t. cruzi p0 and the stalk complex tcp0-tcp1α-tcp1β-tcp2α-tcp2β have not been solved to date. in this work, we constructed a three-dimensional molecular model for tcp0 using homology ...201424986473
establishing the a. e. watkins landrace cultivar collection as a resource for systematic gene discovery in bread wheat.a high level of genetic diversity was found in the a. e. watkins bread wheat landrace collection. genotypic information was used to determine the population structure and to develop germplasm resources. in the 1930s a. e. watkins acquired landrace cultivars of bread wheat (triticum aestivum l.) from official channels of the board of trade in london, many of which originated from local markets in 32 countries. the geographic distribution of the 826 landrace cultivars of the current collection, he ...201424985064
cloning and characterization of low-molecular-weight glutenin subunit alleles from chinese wheat landraces (triticum aestivum l.).low-molecular-weight glutenin subunits (lmw-gs) are of great importance in processing quality and participate in the formation of polymers in wheat. in this study, eight new lmw-gs alleles were isolated from chinese wheat landraces (triticum aestivum l.) and designated as glu-a3-1a, glu-a3-1b, glu-b3-1a, glu-b3-1b, glu-b3-1c, glu-d3-1a, glu-d3-1b, and glu-d3-1c, which were located at the glu-a3, glu-b3, and glu-d3 loci, respectively. based on the proteins encoded, the number of deduced amino aci ...201424982945
identification and differential induction of abcg transporter genes in wheat cultivars challenged by a deoxynivalenol-producing fusarium graminearum strain.fusarium head blight (fhb), predominantly caused by fusarium graminearum, is a devastating disease that poses a serious threat to wheat (triticum aestivum l.) production worldwide. a suppression subtractive hybridization cdna library was constructed from f. graminearum infected spikes of a resistant belgian winter wheat, centenaire, exhibiting type ii resistance to fhb in order to identify differentially expressed members of full-size abcg family. members of the abcg family are pleiotropic drug ...201424973883
phytotoxic and genotoxic effects of silver nanoparticles exposure on germinating wheat seedlings.we investigated the effects of 1 and 10 mg l(-1) agnps on germinating triticum aestivum l. seedlings. the exposure to 10 mg l(-1) agnps adversely affected the seedling growth and induced morphological modifications in root tip cells. tem analysis suggests that the observed effects were due primarily to the release of ag ions from agnps. to gain an increased understanding of the molecular response to agnp exposure, we analyzed the genomic and proteomic changes induced by agnps in wheat seedlings. ...201424973586
apoplastic antioxidant enzyme responses to chronic free-air ozone exposure in two different ozone-sensitive wheat cultivars.the effects of elevated ozone concentrations [o3] on two different ozone-sensitive wheat (triticum aestivum l.) cultivars [yangmai16 (y16) and yannong19 (y19)] were investigated to determine the different apoplastic antioxidant mechanisms under o3-face (free-air controlled enrichment) condition. the results indicated that elevated [o3] (1.5 × ambient [o3]) induced increases in the production of superoxide anion (o2(-)), hydroxyl radical (ho), hydrogen peroxide (h2o2) and lipid peroxidation, and ...201424973575
a high-density genetic map with array-based markers facilitates structural and quantitative trait locus analyses of the common wheat genome.the large genome and allohexaploidy of common wheat have complicated construction of a high-density genetic map. although improvements in the throughput of next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies have made it possible to obtain a large amount of genotyping data for an entire mapping population by direct sequencing, including hexaploid wheat, a significant number of missing data points are often apparent due to the low coverage of sequencing. in the present study, a microarray-based polymor ...201424972598
genomic prediction for rust resistance in diverse wheat landraces.we have demonstrated that genomic selection in diverse wheat landraces for resistance to leaf, stem and strip rust is possible, as genomic breeding values were moderately accurate. markers with large effects in the bayesian analysis confirmed many known genes, while also discovering many previously uncharacterised genome regions associated with rust scores. genomic selection, where selection decisions are based on genomic estimated breeding values (gebvs) derived from genome-wide dna markers, co ...201424965887
toxicity of naturally-contaminated manganese soil to selected crops.the impact of manganese excess using naturally contaminated soil (mn-soil, pseudototal mn 6494 vs 675 μg g(-1) dw in control soil) in the shoots of four crops was studied. mn content decreased in the order brassica napus > hordeum vulgare > zea mays > triticum aestivum. growth was strongly depressed just in brassica (containing 13696 μg mn g(-1) dw). some essential metals (zn, fe) increased in mn-cultured brassica and zea, while macronutrients (k, ca, mg) decreased in almost all species. toxic m ...201424965550
virus-induced gene silencing suggests (1,3;1,4)-β-glucanase is a susceptibility factor in the compatible russian wheat aphid-wheat interaction.the russian wheat aphid (rwa), diuraphis noxia (kurdjumov), is a significant insect pest of wheat (triticum aestivum l.) and has a major economic impact worldwide, especially on winter wheat in the western united states. the continuing emergence of new rwa biotypes virulent to existing resistance genes reinforces the need for more durable resistance. studies have indicated that resistance in previously susceptible plants can be produced by knock-down of susceptibility genes or other genes involv ...201424964057
comparison of the effects of symmetric and asymmetric temperature elevation and co2 enrichment on yield and evapotranspiration of winter wheat (triticum aestivum l.).under the changing climate, asymmetric warming pattern would be more likely during day and night time, instead of symmetric one. concurrently, the growth responses and water use of plants may be different compared with those estimated based on symmetric warming. in this work, it was compared with the effects of symmetric (ets) and asymmetric (eta) elevation of temperature alone, and in interaction with elevated carbon dioxide concentration (ec), on the grain yield (gy) and evapotranspiration in ...201424963392
wheat tanpsn snare homologues are involved in vesicle-mediated resistance to stripe rust (puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici).subcellular localisation of snares (soluble n-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptors) and their ability to form snare complexes are critical for determining the specificity of vesicle fusion. npsn11, a novel plant snare (npsn) gene, has been reported to be involved in the delivery of cell wall precursors to the newly formed cell plate during cytokinesis. however, functions of npsn genes in plant-pathogen interactions are largely unknown. in this study, we cloned and charact ...201424963004
history and current status of wheat mirnas using next-generation sequencing and their roles in development and stress.as small molecules that aid in posttranscriptional silencing, microrna (mirna) discovery and characterization have vastly benefited from the recent development and widespread application of next-generation sequencing (ngs) technologies. several mirnas were identified through sequencing of constructed small rna libraries, whereas others were predicted by in silico methods using the recently accumulating sequence data. ngs was a major breakthrough in efforts to sequence and dissect the genomes of ...201524962995
wheat cultivars selected for high fv /fm under heat stress maintain high photosynthesis, total chlorophyll, stomatal conductance, transpiration and dry matter.the chlorophyll fluorescence parameter fv /fm reflects the maximum quantum efficiency of photosystem ii (psii) photochemistry and has been widely used for early stress detection in plants. previously, we have used a three-tiered approach of phenotyping by fv /fm to identify naturally existing genetic variation for tolerance to severe heat stress (3 days at 40°c in controlled conditions) in wheat (triticum aestivum l.). here we investigated the performance of the previously selected cultivars (hi ...201524962705
manganese influx and its utilization efficiency in wheat.manganese deficiency in wheat has become an important nutritional disorder particularly in alkaline calcareous soils where rice-wheat rotation is followed. this experiment was aimed to study the mechanism of mn efficiency during various developmental stages in six wheat cultivars grown at two mn levels viz. 0 and 50 mg mn kg(-1) soil (mnapplied as mnso4 x h20) in pots. the mn vegetative efficiency calculated on the basis of shoot dry weight at anthesis indicated hd 2967 and pbw 550 (bread wheat) ...201424956896
function of wheat ta-unp gene in enhancing salt tolerance in transgenic arabidopsis and rice.based on microarray analysis results of the salt tolerant wheat mutant, we identified and cloned an unknown salt-induced gene ta-unp (triticum aestivum unknown protein). quantitative pcr results revealed that ta-unp expression was induced not only by salt but also by polyethylene glycol, abscisic acid, and other environmental stress factors. under salt stress, transgenic arabidopsis plants that overexpressed ta-unp showed superior physiological properties (content of proline, soluble sugar, mda, ...201424953696
the powdery mildew resistance gene pm8 derived from rye is suppressed by its wheat ortholog pm3.the powdery mildew resistance gene pm8 derived from rye is located on a 1bl.1rs chromosome translocation in wheat. however, some wheat lines with this translocation do not show resistance to isolates of the wheat powdery mildew pathogen avirulent to pm8 due to an unknown genetically dominant suppression mechanism. here we show that lines with suppressed pm8 activity contain an intact and expressed pm8 gene. therefore, the absence of pm8 function in certain 1bl.1rs-containing wheat lines is not t ...201424942074
suppression among alleles encoding nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat resistance proteins interferes with resistance in f1 hybrid and allele-pyramided wheat plants.the development of high-yielding varieties with broad-spectrum durable disease resistance is the ultimate goal of crop breeding. in plants, immune receptors of the nucleotide-binding-leucine-rich repeat (nb-lrr) class mediate race-specific resistance against pathogen attack. when employed in agriculture this type of resistance is often rapidly overcome by newly adapted pathogen races. the stacking of different resistance genes or alleles in f1 hybrids or in pyramided lines is a promising strateg ...201424942051
solid-substrate fermentation of wheat grains by mycelia of indigenous species of the genus ganoderma (higher basidiomycetes) to enhance the antioxidant activities.species of the genus ganoderma are a cosmopolitan wood decaying white rot fungi, which has been used by the asians for therapeutic purposes for centuries. in the present study, solid-substrate fermentation (ssf) of wheat grains (triticum aestivum l.) was carried out with indigenous ganoderma australe (kum60813) and g. neo-japonicum (kum61076) selected based on ethnomycological knowledge. g. lucidum (vita gl) (a commercial strain) was also included in the study. antioxidant activities of the crud ...201424941167
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