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identification of the aggregation pheromone of the melon thrips, thrips palmi.the objective of this study was to identify the aggregation pheromone of the melon thrips thrips palmi, a major pest of vegetable and ornamental plants around the world. the species causes damage both through feeding activities and as a vector of tospoviruses, and is a threat to world trade and european horticulture. improved methods of detecting and controlling this species are needed and the identification of an aggregation pheromone will contribute to this requirement. bioassays with a y-tube ...201425101871
cross-resistance and baseline susceptibility of spirotetramat in frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae).western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), is an economically important pest all over the world. new products against thrips are necessary, as there are few effective compounds exhibiting cross-resistance among them. lethal effects, cross-resistance, and baseline susceptibility to spirotetramat were evaluated in this study. a new bioassay method for testing thrips against spirotetramat was developed. spirotetramat showed a significant mortality effect on larvae after 7 d of ex ...201425026688
effect of watermelon silver mottle virus on the life history and feeding preference of thrips palmi.thrips-borne tospoviruses cause numerous plant diseases that produce severe economic losses worldwide. in the disease system, thrips not only damage plants through feeding but also transmit causative agents of epidemics. in addition, thrips are infected with tospoviruses in the course of virus transmission. most studies on the effect of tospoviruses on vector thrips have focused on the tomato spotted wilt virus-frankliniella occidentalis system. thus, we focused on another thrips-borne tospoviru ...201425010157
spinosad resistance of melon thrips, thrips palmi, is conferred by g275e mutation in α6 subunit of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor and cytochrome p450 detoxification.to examine the resistance mechanisms of thrips palmi against spinosad, we cloned partial nucleotide sequences of the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor α6 subunit (tpα6) gene from susceptible (ok) and resistant (ts1 and ts5) strains and compared the deduced amino acid sequences among the three strains. the ok, ts1, and ts5 strains respectively showed lc50 values of 3.4mg/l, 2838.5mg/l, and 6655.5mg/l. the deduced amino acid sequence of tpα6 gene showed 96% identity with that of frankliniella occid ...201424974117
innate responses to putative ancestral hosts: is the attraction of western flower thrips to pine pollen a result of relict olfactory receptors?pollinophagy is widely documented in the order thysanoptera, with representative individuals from six of the nine divergent families known to feed on pollen. various pollens of the genus pinus increase the development time, fecundity, longevity, and settling preference of western flower thrips (wft), frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae). certain species of flower thrips discriminate among pollen types, but no studies have elucidated the olfactory cues that play a role ...201424879603
the α6 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit of frankliniella occidentalis is not involved in resistance to spinosad.insects evolve resistance which constrains the sustainable use of insecticides. spinosyns, a class of environmentally-friendly macrolide insecticides, is not an exception. the mode of inheritance and the mechanisms of resistance to spinosad (the most common spinosyn insecticide) in frankliniella occidentalis (western flower thrips, wft) were investigated in this study. resistance (170,000-fold) was autosomal and completely recessive. recent studies showed that deletion of the nicotinic acetylcho ...201424861935
effects of kinship or familiarity? small thrips larvae experience lower predation risk only in groups of mixed-size siblings.in many species of insects, larvae are distributed in an aggregated fashion. as they may differ in size and size matters to predation risk, small larvae may be less likely to fall prey to predators when near large and therefore better-defended larvae. we hypothesize that the small larvae may profit even more when these large larvae are siblings. we tested this hypothesis on kinship-dependent survival in groups of larvae of the western flower thrips (frankliniella occidentalis) exposed to a preda ...201424833813
analysis of the salivary gland transcriptome of frankliniella occidentalis.saliva is known to play a crucial role in insect feeding behavior and virus transmission. currently, little is known about the salivary glands and saliva of thrips, despite the fact that frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (the western flower thrips) is a serious pest due to its destructive feeding, wide host range, and transmission of tospoviruses. as a first step towards characterizing thrips salivary gland functions, we sequenced the transcriptome of the primary salivary glands of f. occide ...201424736614
an alternative suite of universal primers for genotyping in multiplex pcr.the universal primer three-primer approach can dramatically reduce the cost when genotyping the microsatellites. one former research reported four universal primers that can be used in singleplex and multiplex genotyping. in this study, we proposed an alternative suite of universal primers with four dyes for genotyping 8-12 loci in one single run. this multiplex method was tested on tetranychus truncatus. published microsatellite loci of t. kanzawai, frankliniella occidentalis and nilaparvata lu ...201424658225
the nss protein of tomato spotted wilt virus is required for persistent infection and transmission by frankliniella occidentalis.tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) is the type member of tospoviruses (genus tospovirus), plant-infecting viruses that cause severe damage to ornamental and vegetable crops. tospoviruses are transmitted by thrips in the circulative propagative mode. we generated a collection of nss-defective tswv isolates and showed that tswv coding for truncated nss protein could not be transmitted by frankliniella occidentalis. quantitative reverse transcription (rt)-pcr and immunostaining of individual insects ...201424623427
winter weeds as inoculum sources of tomato spotted wilt virus and as reservoirs for its vector, frankliniella fusca (thysanoptera: thripidae) in farmscapes of georgia.thrips-transmitted tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) has a broad host range including crops and weeds. in georgia, tswv is known to consistently affect peanut, tomato, pepper, and tobacco production. these crops are grown from march through november. in the crop-free period, weeds are presumed to serve as a green bridge for thrips and tswv. previous studies have identified several winter weeds as tswv and thrips hosts. however, their ability to influence tswv transmission in crops is still not co ...201424612539
behavioural responses of frankliniella occidentalis pergande larvae to methyl jasmonate and cis-jasmone.the larval stages of frankliniella occidentalis pergande (thysanoptera: thripidae) cause more direct feeding damage to plants than the adults. we, therefore, investigated the behaviour-modifying effects on second instar larvae of two jasmonic acid derivatives. the artificial application of methyl jasmonate and cis-jasmone, both at 1 % concentration, deterred the larvae from settling in a dual choice bean leaf disc assay. we observed a dose-dependent feeding deterrence of both jasmonates and calc ...201424563647
postharvest control of western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) and california red scale (hemiptera: diaspididae) with ethyl formate and its impact on citrus fruit quality.the postharvest control of arthropod pests is a challenge that the california citrus industry must overcome when exporting fruit overseas. currently, methyl bromide fumigation is used to control postharvest pests on exported citrus, but it may soon be unavailable because of use restrictions and cost of this health-hazard ozone-depleting chemical. ethyl formate is a natural plant volatile and possible alternative to methyl bromide in postharvest insect control. the objectives of this study were 1 ...201324498732
nitric oxide as a potent fumigant for postharvest pest control.there is a great demand for safe and effective alternative fumigants to replace methyl bromide and other toxic fumigants for postharvest pest control. nitric oxide, a common signal molecule in biological systems, was found to be effective and safe to control insects under ultralow oxygen conditions. four insect species including western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera thripidae); aphid, nasonovia ribisnigri (mosley) (homoptera: aphididae); confused flour beetle ...201324498723
combined effects of temperature and avermectins on life history and stress response of the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis.temperature and pesticide are two important factors that affect survival, reproduction and other physiological processes of insects. to determine interactions of elevated temperature and avermectins treatment on the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, newly emerged adults were exposed to combinations of three temperatures (21, 26 and 33 °c) and two avermectins concentrations (0, 45 ppm), and survival rate, reproduction, longevity, antioxidant enzymes activities and heat shock prot ...201424485314
an entomopathogenic strain of beauveria bassiana against frankliniella occidentalis with no detrimental effect on the predatory mite neoseiulus barkeri: evidence from laboratory bioassay and scanning electron microscopic observation.among 28 isolates of beauveria bassiana tested for virulence against f. occidentalis in laboratory bioassays, we found strain sz-26 as the most potent, causing 96% mortality in adults at 1×10(7) ml(-1)conidia after 4 days. the effect of the strain sz-26 on survival, longevity and fecundity of the predatory mite neoseiulus (amblyseius) barkeri hughes were studied under laboratory conditions. the bioassay results showed that the corrected mortalities were less than 4 and 8% at 10 days following in ...201424454744
disruption of vector transmission by a plant-expressed viral glycoprotein.vector-borne viruses are a threat to human, animal, and plant health worldwide, requiring the development of novel strategies for their control. tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) is one of the 10 most economically significant plant viruses and, together with other tospoviruses, is a threat to global food security. tswv is transmitted by thrips, including the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis. previously, we demonstrated that the tswv glycoprotein gn binds to thrips vector midguts. ...201424405031
alkaloid metabolism in thrips-papaveraceae interaction: recognition and mutual response.frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), the western flower thrips (wft), is a polyphagous and highly adaptable insect of the order thysanoptera. it has a broad host range but is rarely found on papaveraceae, which might be due to deterrent effects of alkaloids present in most species of this family. in order to test the adaptive potential of wft, we investigated its interaction with two papaveraceae offered as sole feeding source. we found that wft are able to live and feed on leaves of eschschol ...201424331426
can mass trapping reduce thrips damage and is it economically viable? management of the western flower thrips in strawberry.the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae) is a cosmopolitan, polyphagous insect pest that causes bronzing to fruit of strawberry (fragaria x ananassa). the main aim of this study was to test whether mass trapping could reduce damage and to predict whether this approach would be economically viable. in semi-protected strawberry crops, mass trapping of f. occidentalis using blue sticky roller traps reduced adult thrips numbers per flower by 61% and f ...201324282554
foraging on individual leaves by an intracellular feeding insect is not associated with leaf biomechanical properties or leaf orientation.nearly all herbivorous arthropods make foraging-decisions on individual leaves, yet systematic investigations of the adaptive significance and ecological factors structuring these decisions are rare with most attention given to chewing herbivores. this study investigated why an intracellular feeding herbivore, western flower thrips (wft) frankliniella occidentalis pergande, generally avoids feeding on the adaxial leaf surface of cotton cotyledons. wft showed a significant aversion to adaxial-fee ...201324260510
identification and bioactivity of alarm pheromone in the western flower thrips,frankliniella occidentalis.analysis by gas chromatography (gc) and gc-mass spectroscopy disclosed that droplets of anal fluid produced by second-instar western flower thrips,frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), contain a two-component alarm pheromone, comprised of decyl acetate and dodecyl acetate, in a molar ratio of approximately 1.5∶1. both nymphs and adults responded to the pheromone by walking away from the source. the synthetic pheromone was active at a concentration of 1.0 ng, and the pr ...199324249010
the role of primary and secondary metabolites in chrysanthemum resistance tofrankliniella occidentalis.the presence of deleterious secondary metabolites to western flower thrips (wft) (frankliniella occidentalis pergande) in several chrysanthemum (dendranthema grandiflora tzvelev) cultivars was tested. wft performance on leaf sap mixed with artificial diet was compared to wft performance on a control of artificial diet mixed with water. leaf sap of six of 10 chrysanthemum cultivars tested had a significant negative effect on wft performance and therefore contained deleterious secondary metabolite ...199624227211
the green lacewing, chrysoperla carnea: preference between lettuce aphids, nasonovia ribisnigri, and western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis.this study investigated the prey preference of 3(rd) instar green lacewing, chrysoperla carnea stephens (neuroptera: chrysopidae), between western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), and lettuce aphids, nasonovia ribisnigri (mosley) (hemiptera: aphididae) in laboratory experiments at 25 ± 1° c and 70 ± 5% rh with five prey ratios (10 aphids:80 thrips, 25 aphids:65 thrips, 45 aphids:45 thrips, 65 aphids:25 thrips, and 80 aphids:10 thrips). third instar ...201324205864
interaction of phytophagous insects with salmonella enterica on plants and enhanced persistence of the pathogen with macrosteles quadrilineatus infestation or frankliniella occidentalis feeding.recently, most foodborne illness outbreaks of salmonellosis have been caused by consumption of contaminated fresh produce. yet, the mechanisms that allow the human pathogen salmonella enterica to contaminate and grow in plant environments remain poorly described. we examined the effect of feeding by phytophagous insects on survival of s. enterica on lettuce. larger s. enterica populations were found on leaves infested with macrosteles quadrilineatus. in contrast, pathogen populations among plant ...201324205384
artificial and factitious foods support the development and reproduction of the predatory mite amblyseius swirskii.the generalist predatory mite amblyseius swirskii athias-henriot (acari: phytoseiidae) was reared on ephestia kuehniella zeller eggs (lepidoptera: pyralidae), decapsulated dry cysts of the brine shrimp artemia franciscana kellogg (anostraca: artemiidae), and on meridic artificial diets (composed of honey, sucrose, tryptone, yeast extract, and egg yolk) supplemented with pupal hemolymph of the chinese oak silkworm antheraea pernyi (guérin-méneville) (lepidoptera: saturniidae) (ad1), with e. kuehn ...201424154947
host plant effects on the behaviour and performance of amblyseius swirskii (acari: phytoseiidae).biological control in ornamental crops is challenging due to the wide diversity of crops and cultivars. in this study, we tested the hypothesis that trichome density on different host plants influences the behavior and performance of the predatory mite amblyseius swirskii athias-henriot (acari: phytoseiidae). behavioural observations of this predator in the presence or absence of prey (western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae) were done on leaf squares ...201424037505
generalist red velvet mite predator (balaustium sp.) performs better on a mixed diet.generalist predators have the potential advantage to control more than one pest and to be more persistent than specialist predators because they can survive on different foods. moreover, their population growth rate may be elevated when offered a mixture of prey species. we studied a generalist predatory mite balaustium sp. that shows promise for biological control of thrips and whiteflies in protected rose cultures in colombia. although starting its life in the soil, this predator makes excursi ...201423990039
potential of the predatory mite phytoseius finitimus (acari: phytoseiidae) to feed and reproduce on greenhouse pests.phytoseiid mites of the genus phytoseius are natural enemies of tetranychid and eriophyid herbivorous mites mostly found on hairy plants where they feed on prey, as well as on pollen. nevertheless, the nutritional ecology and the role of these predators in biological pest control are only rarely addressed. in the present study, we evaluated the potential of phytoseius finitimus to feed and reproduce on three major greenhouse pests, the two-spotted spider mite, the greenhouse whitefly and the wes ...201323771476
chrysanthemum expressing a linalool synthase gene 'smells good', but 'tastes bad' to western flower thrips.herbivore-induced plant volatiles are often involved in direct and indirect plant defence against herbivores. linalool is a common floral scent and found to be released from leaves by many plants after herbivore attack. in this study, a linalool/nerolidol synthase, fanes1, was overexpressed in the plastids of chrysanthemum plants (chrysanthemum morifolium). the volatiles of fanes1 chrysanthemum leaves were strongly dominated by linalool, but they also emitted small amount of the c11-homoterpene, ...201323745691
how predictable are the behavioral responses of insects to herbivore induced changes in plants? responses of two congeneric thrips to induced cotton plants.changes in plants following insect attack are referred to as induced responses. these responses are widely viewed as a form of defence against further insect attack. in the current study we explore whether it is possible to make generalizations about induced plant responses given the unpredictability and variability observed in insect-plant interactions. experiments were conducted to test for consistency in the responses of two congeneric thrips, frankliniella schultzei trybom and frankliniella ...201323691075
effect of new and old pesticides on orius armatus (gross) - an australian predator of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande).orius armatus (gross) is an important predator of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae) in australian glasshouse grown sweet pepper. the failure of o. armatus to establish in some glasshouses has been attributed to the use of newer, more non-selective pesticides, some of which are regarded to be compatible with integrated pest management. the residual toxicity (via direct and indirect contact) of several older and newer chemistry pesticides were e ...201423616278
an eco-metabolomic study of host plant resistance to western flower thrips in cultivated, biofortified and wild carrots.domestication of plants and selection for agronomic traits may reduce plant secondary defence metabolites relative to their ancestors. carrot (daucus carota l.) is an economically important vegetable. recently, carrot was developed as a functional food with additional health-promoting functions. biofortified carrots contain increased concentrations of chlorogenic acid as an antioxidant. chlorogenic acid is involved in host plant resistance to western flower thrips (frankliniella occidentalis), o ...201323583013
a male-predominant cuticular hydrocarbon, 7-methyltricosane, is used as a contact pheromone in the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis.in a laboratory bioassay, adult female frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae) spent more time near filter paper disks that had been exposed to adult males than near unexposed disks; this effect was not observed on disks exposed to adult females. the response could only partly be explained by the known male-produced aggregation pheromone, neryl (s)-2-methylbutanoate, suggesting the presence of an unknown male-produced compound. in gas chromatography/mass spectrometry anal ...201323519504
[resistance risk and resistance stability of frankliniella occidentalis to imidacloprid, emamectin benzoate, and phoxim].in order to effectively control the damage of frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), phaseolus vuglaris was dipped with imidacloprid, phoxim, and emamectin benzoate, respectively to select the resistance populations of f. occidentalis from its susceptible population, and the resistance inheritance and resistance risk were analyzed with the resistance reality heredity. after 32, 32, and 24 generations' selection, the f. occidentalis populations obtained 13.8-fold, 29.4-fold and 39.0-fold resistan ...201223479887
development of a real-time fluorescent quantitative pcr assay for detection of impatiens necrotic spot virus.impatiens necrotic spot virus (insv) is an important plant virus that can cause severe disease in various ornamental and agricultural crops. several species of thrips transmit insv, of which the western flower thrip (frankliniella occidentalis) is the most important. in this study, primers and taqman probes based on insv non-structural protein gene sequences were designed, and a technique was developed for detecting insv using fluorescent quantitative rt-pcr. the reproducibility, specificity and ...201323466630
molecular cloning and characterization of an hsp90/70 organizing protein gene from frankliniella occidentalis (insecta: thysanoptera, thripidae).the heat shock 90/70 organizing protein (hop), also known as sti-1 (stress-induced protein-1), is a co-chaperone that usually mediates the interaction of hsp90 and hsp70 and has been extensively characterized in mammals and plants. however, its role in insects remains unknown. in the present study, we isolated and characterized a hop homologue gene from frankliniella occidentalis (fohop). the fohop contains a 1659bp orf encoding a protein of 552 amino acids with a caculated molecular mass of app ...201323458874
application of cytochrome oxidase i sequences for phylogenetic analysis and identification of thrips species occurring on vegetable crops.thrips are direct pests as well as vectors of important viruses infecting crop plants. one of the major constraints in studying the relationship between thrips vectors and tospoviruses is the difficulty of identifying the vector species because of high intraspecific variation among thrips populations. molecular approaches have been used to identify species differences. in this study, partial cytochrome oxidase i (coi) sequences were used to understand the phylogenetic relationship among thrips p ...201323448058
efficacy of pesticide mixtures against the western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) under laboratory and greenhouse conditions.western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande is a commonly encountered and economically important insect pest of greenhouses. greenhouse producers typically apply pesticides as mixtures to mitigate western flower thrips populations; however, there is limited information available on the compatibility and efficacy of commonly used pesticide mixtures. this study assessed nine binary and three tertiary pesticide mixtures used in greenhouses which included pesticides containing abamect ...201323448038
de novo transcriptome sequencing in frankliniella occidentalis to identify genes involved in plant virus transmission and insecticide resistance.the western flower thrips (wft), frankliniella occidentalis, a world-wide invasive insect, causes agricultural damage by directly feeding and by indirectly vectoring tospoviruses, such as tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv). we characterized the transcriptome of wft and analyzed global gene expression of wft response to tswv infection using illumina sequencing platform. we compiled 59,932 unigenes, and identified 36,339 unigenes by similarity analysis against public databases, most of which were an ...201323434629
[resistance mechanisms and cross-resistance of phoxim-resistant frankliniella occidentalis pergande population].to understand the resistance risks of frankliniella occidentalis pergande against phoxim, this paper studied the resistance mechanisms of phoxim-resistant f. occidentalis population against phoxim and the cross-resistance of the population against other insecticides. the phoxim-resistant population had medium level cross-resistance to chlorpyrifos, lambda-cyhalothrin, and methomyl, low level cross-resistance to chlorfenapyr, imidacloprid, emamectin-benzoate, and spinosad, but no cross-resistance ...201223173470
variation in genetics and performance of dutch western flower thrips populations.invasion of pests may result in local adaptation and the development of biotypes specialized in different hosts. in this study, we investigated western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), an invasive pest in europe. thrips from different commercial glasshouse crops within the dutch westland and a lab culture kept on chrysanthemum were compared. genetic barcoding was applied for the identification of potential western flower thrips cryptic species in the netherlands revealing th ...201223156182
genome size and ploidy of thysanoptera.flow cytometry was used to study the genome sizes and ploidy levels for four thrips species: franklinothrips orizabensis johansen (thysanoptera: aeolothripidae), frankliniella occidentalis pergande, frankliniella fusca hinds, and thrips tabaci lindeman (thysanoptera: thripidae). f. orizabensis males and females had 1c genome sizes of 426 mb and 422 mb, respectively. male and female f. fusca had 1c genome sizes of 392 mb and 409 mb, whereas f. occidentalis males and females had smaller 1c genomes ...201323121082
frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) integrated pest management programs for fruiting vegetables in florida.the spread of the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), resulted in the worldwide destabilization of established integrated pest management programs for many crops. efforts to control the pest and the thrips-vectored tospoviruses with calendar applications of broad-spectrum insecticides have been unsuccessful. the result has been a classic '3-r' situation: resistance to numerous insecticides; resurgence of the western flower thrips populations as ...201223109226
a nicotinic acetylcholine receptor transmembrane point mutation (g275e) associated with resistance to spinosad in frankliniella occidentalis.high levels of resistance to spinosad, a macrocyclic lactone insecticide, have been reported previously in western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis, an economically important insect pest of vegetables, fruit and ornamental crops. we have cloned the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nachr) α6 subunit from f. occidentalis (foα6) and compared the nucleotide sequence of foα6 from susceptible and spinosad-resistant insect populations (mlfom and r1s respectively). a single nucleotide change h ...201323016960
acquired immunity of transgenic torenia plants overexpressing agmatine coumaroyltransferase to pathogens and herbivore pests.we investigated the ability of transgenic torenia (scrophulariaceae) plants to resist fungi and arthropod herbivores. torenia hybrida cv. summerwave blue was manipulated to produce arabidopsis agmatine coumaroyltransferase (atact). this catalyses the last step in the biosynthesis of hydroxycinnamic acid amides (hcaas) which function in defence. transgenic plants accumulated substantial hcaas, predominantly p-coumaroylagmatine, and the hcaas were isomerized from the trans-form to the cis-form in ...201223008754
repellency of essential oils to frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae) as affected by type of oil and polymer release.eight essential oils [0.125-1.0% (vol:vol) in acetone] were separately deposited on leaf disks to evaluate their potential to repel western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), adult females. two of the best-performing essential oils were incorporated into polymer matrices of methyl cellulose or alginate [0.5 or 1% (wt:vol)] to verify the potential of the polymer to extend repellency of oils over time (24-120 h). results showed that at a concentration o ...201222928303
juvenile prey induce antipredator behaviour in adult predators.it is generally assumed that the choice of oviposition sites in arthropods is affected by the presence of food for the offspring on the one hand and by predation risk on the other hand. but where should females oviposit when the food itself poses a predation risk for their offspring? here, we address this question by studying the oviposition behaviour of the predatory mite amblyseius swirskii in reaction to the presence of its counterattacking prey, the western flower thrips frankliniella occide ...201322923143
thiamethoxam acts as a target-site synergist of spinosad in resistant strains of frankliniella occidentalis.previous studies have suggested that the resistance mechanism towards spinosad in frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) is an altered target site. like the neonicotinoids, the spinosyns act on nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nachrs) in insects, but at a distinct site. the changes in nachrs related to spinosad resistance in thrips might involve interaction with neonicotinoids. in this study, the efficacy of spinosad and neonicotinoids, alone and in combination, was evaluated in susceptible and ...201322847768
novel cytochrome p450 genes, cyp6eb1 and cyp6ec1, are over-expressed in acrinathrin-resistant frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae).control of frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) is a serious problem for agriculture all over the world because of the limited range of insecticides that are available. insecticide resistance in f. occidentalis has been reported for all major insecticide groups. our previous studies showed that cytochrome p450-mediated detoxification is a major mechanism responsible for insecticide resistance in this pest. degenerate polymerase chain reaction was used to identify p450 genes that might be involv ...201222812142
the complete mitochondrial genome sequence of the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae) contains triplicate putative control regions.to investigate the features of the control region (cr) and the gene rearrangement in the mitochondrial (mt) genome of thysanoptera insects, we sequenced the whole mt genome of the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae). the mt genome is a circular molecule with 14,889 nucleotides and an a+t content of 76.6%, and it has triplicate putative crs. we propose that tandem duplication and deletion account for the evolution of the cr and the gene translocations. intra ...201222750320
proteomic analysis of frankliniella occidentalis and differentially expressed proteins in response to tomato spotted wilt virus infection.tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) is transmitted by frankliniella occidentalis in a persistent propagative manner. despite the extensive replication of tswv in midgut and salivary glands, there is little to no pathogenic effect on f. occidentalis. we hypothesize that the first-instar larva (l1) of f. occidentalis mounts a response to tswv that protects it from pathogenic effects caused by virus infection and replication in various insect tissues. a partial thrips transcriptome was generated using ...201222696645
tospoviruses in the mediterranean area.tospoviruses are among the most serious threats to vegetable crops in the mediterranean basin. tospovirus introduction, spread, and the diseases these viruses cause have been traced by epidemiological case studies. recent research has centered on the close relationship between tospoviruses and their arthropod vectors (species of the thripidae family). here, we review several specific features of tospovirus-thrips associations in the mediterranean. since the introduction of frankliniella occident ...201222682175
virus diseases in lettuce in the mediterranean basin.lettuce is frequently attacked by several viruses causing disease epidemics and considerable yield losses along the mediterranean basin. aphids are key pests and the major vectors of plant viruses in lettuce fields. lettuce mosaic virus (lmv) is probably the most important because it is seed-transmitted in addition to be transmissible by many aphid species that alight on the crop. tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) is another virus that causes severe damage since the introduction of its major vect ...201222682170
viruses of pepper crops in the mediterranean basin: a remarkable stasis.compared to other vegetable crops, the major viral constraints affecting pepper crops in the mediterranean basin have been remarkably stable for the past 20 years. among these viruses, the most prevalent ones are the seed-transmitted tobamoviruses; the aphid-transmitted potato virus y and tobacco etch virus of the genus potyvirus, and cucumber mosaic virus member of the genus cucumovirus; and thrips-transmitted tospoviruses. the last major viral emergence concerns the tospovirus tomato spotted w ...201222682167
western flower thrips resistance to insecticides: detection, mechanisms and management strategies.insecticide resistance continues to be one of the most important issues facing agricultural production. the challenges in insecticide resistance and its management are exemplified by the situation with the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae). this highly invasive pest has a great propensity for developing insecticide resistance because of its biological attributes, and cases of resistance to most classes of insecticides used for its management ha ...201222566175
invasion genetics of the western flower thrips in china: evidence for genetic bottleneck, hybridization and bridgehead effect.the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), is an invasive species and the most economically important pest within the insect order thysanoptera. f. occidentalis, which is endemic to north america, was initially detected in kunming in southwestern china in 2000 and since then it has rapidly invaded several other localities in china where it has greatly damaged greenhouse vegetables and ornamental crops. controlling this invasive pest in china requires an understanding of it ...201222509325
development and characterization of 18 novel est-ssrs from the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande).the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), is an invasive species and the most economically important pest within the insect order thysanoptera. for a better understanding of the genetic makeup and migration patterns of f. occidentalis throughout the world, we characterized 18 novel polymorphic est-derived microsatellites. the mutational mechanism of these est-ssrs was also investigated to facilitate the selection of appropriate combinations of markers for population genet ...201222489130
pyrethrins protect pyrethrum leaves against attack by western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis.pyrethrins are active ingredients extracted from pyrethrum flowers (tanacetum cinerariifolium), and are the most widely used botanical insecticide. however, several thrips species are commonly found on pyrethrum flowers in the field, and are the dominant insects found inside the flowers. up to 80% of western flower thrips (wft, frankliniella occidentalis) adults died within 3 days of initiating feeding on leaves of pyrethrum, leading us to evaluate the role of pyrethrins in the defense of pyreth ...201222456949
selection of promising fungal biological control agent of the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (pergande).larval stages of frankliniella occidentalis are known to be refractory to fungal infection compared with the adult stage. the objective of this study was to identify promising fungal isolate(s) for the control of larval stages of f. occidentalis.201222429122
Antagonistic plant defense system regulated by phytohormones assists interactions among vector insect, thrips, and a tospovirus.The western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis) is a polyphagous herbivore that causes serious damage to many agricultural plants. In addition to causing feeding damage, it is also a vector insect that transmits tospoviruses such as Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV). We previously reported that thrips feeding on plants induces a jasmonate (JA)-regulated plant defense, which negatively affects both the performance and preference (i.e., host plant attractiveness) of the thrips. The antagonis ...201122180600
generating thermotolerant colonies by pairing beauveria bassiana isolates.low thermotolerance in entomopathogenic fungi is the main impediment to their industrialization. this research, for the first time, describes the generation of a thermotolerant colony by pairing and subculturing (cycling) two beauveria bassiana isolates without sexual reproduction. a mixture of b. bassiana erl1578 and erl1576 was inoculated on quarter-strength sabouraud dextrose agar with yeast extract (¼sday). the paired culture (erl1578 + 1576) was cycled three times to increase the frequency ...201122092818
oxygen enhances phosphine toxicity for postharvest pest control.phosphine fumigations under superatmospheric oxygen levels (oxygenated phosphine fumigations) were significantly more effective than the fumigations under the normal 20.9% atmospheric oxygen level against western flower thrips [frankliniella occidentalis (pergande)] adults and larvae, leafminer liriomyza langei frick pupae, grape mealybug [pseudococcus maritimus (ehrhorn)] eggs, and indianmeal moth [plodia interpunctella (hübner)] eggs and pupae. in 5-h fumigations with 1,000 ppm phosphine at 5 ...201122066172
the relationship between structurally different pyrrolizidine alkaloids and western flower thrips resistance in f(2) hybrids of jacobaea vulgaris and jacobaea aquatica.segregating plant hybrids often have more ecological and molecular variability compared to parental species, and are therefore useful for studying relationships between different traits, and the adaptive significance of trait variation. hybrid systems have been used to study the relationship between the expression of plant defense compounds and herbivore susceptibility. we conducted a western flower thrips (wft) bioassay using a hybrid family and investigated the relationship between wft resista ...201121969251
accuracy, precision, and economic efficiency for three methods of thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) population density assessment.western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), is a major horticultural pest and an important vector of plant viruses in many parts of the world. methods for assessing thrips population density for pest management decision support are often inaccurate or imprecise due to thrips' positive thigmotaxis, small size, and naturally aggregated populations. two established methods, flower tapping and an alcohol wash, were compared with a novel method, plant desic ...201121882699
an overview of nmr-based metabolomics to identify secondary plant compounds involved in host plant resistance.secondary metabolites provide a potential source for the generation of host plant resistance and development of biopesticides. this is especially important in view of the rapid and vast spread of agricultural and horticultural pests worldwide. multiple pests control tactics in the framework of an integrated pest management (ipm) programme are necessary. one important strategy of ipm is the use of chemical host plant resistance. up to now the study of chemical host plant resistance has, for techn ...201121765818
esterase inhibition by synergists in the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis.western flower thrips (wft), frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), is among the most important crop pests in the south-eastern region of spain. its increasing resistance to insecticides constitutes a serious problem, and understanding the mechanisms involved is therefore of great interest. use of synergists to inhibit the enzymes involved in insecticide detoxification is widely used to determine their responsibility for insecticide resistance. however, they do not always act as intended or expe ...201121656898
detection, discrimination and absolute quantitation of tomato spotted wilt virus isolates using real time rt-pcr with taqman(®)mgb probes.a quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rt-qpcr) procedure using a general primer set and three taqman(®)mgb probes was developed for general and genotype-specific detection and quantitation of the genomic m segment of tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv). standard curves using rna transcripts homologous to the three probes allowed reproducible quantitative assays with a wide dynamic range (10(3)-10(10) tswv m segment rna copies/ng of total rna) and high sensitivity ...201121635923
epidemiology of spotted wilt disease of peanut caused by tomato spotted wilt virus in the southeastern u.s.spotted wilt disease of peanut (arachis hypogaea) (swp), caused by tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) (genus tospovirus, family bunyaviridae), was first observed in alabama, florida, and georgia in the late 1980s and rapidly became a major limiting factor for peanut production in the region. tobacco thrips (frankliniella fusca) and western flower thrips (frankliniella occidentalis) both occur on peanut throughout the southeastern u.s., but f. fusca is the predominant species that reproduces on pea ...201121620508
phytophagous arthropods and a pathogen sharing a host plant: evidence for indirect plant-mediated interactions.in ecological systems, indirect interactions between plant pathogens and phytophagous arthropods can arise when infestation by a first attacker alters the common host plant so that although a second attacker could be spatially or temporally separated from the first one, the former could be affected. the induction of plant defense reactions leading to the production of secondary metabolites is thought to have an important role since it involves antagonistic and/or synergistic cross-talks that may ...201121611161
infection with a plant virus modifies vector feeding behavior.vector infection by some animal-infecting parasites results in altered feeding that enhances transmission. modification of vector behavior is of broad adaptive significance, as parasite fitness relies on passage to a new host, and vector feeding is nearly always essential for transmission. although several plant viruses infect their insect vectors, we have shown that vector infection by a plant virus alters feeding behavior. here we show that infection with tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv), type ...201121606372
field trial measuring the compatibility of methoxyfenozide and flonicamid with orius laevigatus fieber (hemiptera: anthocoridae) and amblyseius swirskii (athias-henriot) (acari: phytoseiidae) in a commercial pepper greenhouse.frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae) and bemisia tabaci (gennadius) (hemiptera: aleyrodidae) are among the most serious pests of sweet peppers in greenhouses. chemical control is difficult because of their high reproductive rates and insecticide resistance, and seasonal inoculative releases of orius laevigatus (fieber) and amblyseius swirskii (athias-henriot) are commonly used to reduce their populations. as chemical treatments are often needed in the crop against othe ...201121495158
compatibility of spinosad with predaceous mites (acari) used to control frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae).spinosad is a biopesticide widely used for control of frankliniella occidentalis (pergande). it is reported to be non-toxic to several predatory mite species used for the biological control of thrips. predatory mites typhlodromips montdorensis (schicha), neoseiulus cucumeris (oudemans) and hypoaspis miles (berlese) have been used for control of f. occidentalis. this study investigated the impact of direct and residual toxicity of spinosad on f. occidentalis and predatory mites. the repellency of ...201121452165
effect of methomyl and oxamyl soil applications on early control of nematodes and insects.methomyl is a widely used carbamate insecticide that has traditionally been applied as a foliar spray. more recently, methomyl has been labeled as a soil application via drip chemigation. not much is known about the insecticidal and nematicidal potential of soil-applied methomyl. methomyl soil applications were evaluated for their potential to control soil nematodes and foliar insect pests in a series of lab and greenhouse tests.201121438120
a natural m rna reassortant arising from two species of plant- and insect-infecting bunyaviruses and comparison of its sequence and biological properties to parental species.reassortment allows multicomponent viruses to exchange genome segments, a process well-documented in the vertebrate- and arthropod-infecting members of the family bunyaviridae but not between distinct species of the plant- and insect-infecting members of the genus tospovirus. genome sequence comparisons of a virus causing severe tospovirus-like symptoms in florida tomato with groundnut ringspot virus (grsv) and tomato chlorotic spot virus (tcsv) demonstrated that reassortment has occurred, with ...201121382631
leaf chemistry and foliage avoidance by the thrips frankliniella occidentalis and heliothrips haemorrhoidalis in glasshouse collections.observational studies on foliage avoidance by the polyphagous thrips species frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) and heliothrips haemorrhoidalis (bouché) (thysanoptera: thripidae) identified six non-host species (allagopappus dichotomus (asteraceae), gardenia posoquerioides (rubiaceae), plectranthus aff. barbatus, plectranthus strigosus, plectranthus zuluensis (lamiaceae), and sclerochiton harveyanus (acanthaceae) among plants growing within a major glasshouse botanical collection. the effects ...201121331569
life-stage variation in insecticide resistance of the western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae).the life-stage variations in insecticide resistance of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), to selective insecticides (acrinathrin, formetanate, and methiocarb) were studied using resistant laboratory strains. in each strain, the second-instar larva was less susceptible to the insecticides tested than the adults. the lower the resistance level of the adults, the higher the difference between larva and adult susceptibility: 32-fold to methiocarb, ...201021309240
evolution and structure of tomato spotted wilt virus populations: evidence of extensive reassortment and insights into emergence processes.tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv; genus tospovirus, family bunyaviridae) genetic diversity was evaluated by sequencing parts of the three rna genome segments of 224 isolates, mostly from pepper and tomato crops in southern europe. eighty-three per cent of the isolates showed consistent clustering into three clades, corresponding to their geographical origin, spain, france or the usa, for the three rna segments. in contrast, the remaining 17% of isolates did not belong to the same clade for the th ...201021169211
developmental profile and hormonal regulation of the transcription factors broad and krüppel homolog 1 in hemimetabolous thrips.in holometabolous insects, krüppel homolog 1 (kr-h1) and broad (br) are key players in the juvenile hormone (jh) regulation of metamorphosis: kr-h1 is an early jh-response gene, while br is a transcription factor that directs pupal development. thrips (thysanoptera) are classified as hemimetabolous insects that develop directly from nymph to adult, but they have quiescent and non-feeding stages called propupa and pupa. we analyzed the developmental profiles of br and kr-h1 in the western flower ...201121111817
clarifying the identity of amblyseius swirskii and amblyseius rykei (acari: phytoseiidae): are they two distinct species or two populations of one species?the generalist predator amblyseius swirskii is an efficient natural enemy of small insects and phytophagous mites, particularly thrips and spider mites. this phytoseiid species was considered for a long time as a subtropical species and amblyseius rykei as a sub-saharan african species. a recent revision of phytoseiid species of the subtribe amblyseiina from sub-saharan africa zannou et al. (zootaxa 1550:1-47, 2007) determined that the two species are identical and synonymized them. to confirm o ...201121072570
prey preference of the predatory mite, amblyseius swirskii between first instar western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis and nymphs of the twospotted spider mite tetranychus urticae.the prey preference of polyphagous predators plays an important role in suppressing different species of pest insects. in this study the prey preference of the predatory mite, amblyseius swirskii (athias-henriot) (acari: phytoseiidae) was examined between nymphs of the twospotted spider mite, tetranychus urticae koch (acari: tetranychidae) and first instar larvae of the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), as well as between active and chrysalis ...201021070175
variation in preference and performance of frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae) on three strawberry cultivars.western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), is a major pest of strawberry, causing substantial yield loss through direct feeding on the flowers and fruit. insecticides are the main method used for its control; however, f. occidentalis has developed resistance to insecticides from all major chemical classes. chemical control is not a long-term strategy and integrated pest management is required. this study determined whether f. occidentalis damage could ...201021061975
flufenerim, a novel insecticide acting on diverse insect pests: biological mode of action and biochemical aspects.a new chemical compound was tested for its insecticidal activity against several major insect pests. the compound, called "flufenerim", has a core pyrimidine structure and an unknown mode of action and showed potent activity against the sweet potato whitefly bemisia tabaci (gennadius), the green peach aphid myzus persicae (sulzer), and the african cotton leafworm spodoptera littoralis (boisduval); however, it did not show any activity against two thrips species: western flower thrips frankliniel ...201020958045
incorporation of intraguild predation into a pest management decision-making tool: the case of thrips and two pollen-feeding predators in strawberry.action thresholds are traditionally based on the density of pests and the economic damage they cause to crops. pest damage assessments are usually made in a "sterile" environment, devoid of extenuating factors such as predators, parasitoids, and alternative food sources. recently, the effects of a predator or parasitoid species have been considered. however, interactions between natural enemy species (intraguild predation and interference), which are common in agricultural fields, have not been ...201020857715
selenium hyperaccumulation offers protection from cell disruptor herbivores.hyperaccumulation, the rare capacity of certain plant species to accumulate toxic trace elements to levels several orders of magnitude higher than other species growing on the same site, is thought to be an elemental defense mechanism against herbivores and pathogens. previous research has shown that selenium (se) hyperaccumulation protects plants from a variety of herbivores and pathogens. selenium hyperaccumulating plants sequester se in discrete locations in the leaf periphery, making them po ...201020799959
the risk of exotic and native plants as hosts for four pest thrips (thysanoptera: thripinae).interactions among insect pests, crops and weeds are well recognised. in fact, the elimination of weed hosts outside of the crop is a common practice to control many insect-vectored viruses. however, little is known about interactions among insect pests, crops and native vegetation, and whether native plants may be used to revegetate areas where weed hosts have been eliminated as part of horticultural management regimes. we used the northern adelaide plains horticultural region (south australia, ...201020569517
nuclear-mitochondrial barcoding exposes the global pest western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) as two sympatric cryptic species in its native california.over the past three decades, western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), has become a major worldwide pest of many agricultural and horticultural crops. in response, much time, money, and effort have been put into pure and applied research focusing on the biology and control of this pest. western flower thrips is native to western north america and widespread in california. high levels of variation in basic biology, pest status, and resistance to insec ...201020568635
analysis of expressed sequence tags for frankliniella occidentalis, the western flower thrips.thrips are members of the insect order thysanoptera and frankliniella occidentalis (the western flower thrips) is the most economically important pest within this order. f. occidentalis is both a direct pest of crops and an efficient vector of plant viruses, including tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv). despite the world-wide importance of thrips in agriculture, there is little knowledge of the f. occidentalis genome or gene functions at this time. a normalized cdna library was constructed from fi ...201020522119
comparison of life history parameters of two frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae) strains in new zealand.two strains of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande), are reputedly found in new zealand. one strain was recorded in 1934, and it is most common in flowers of lupinus arboreus outdoors (lupin strain); the other strain was first recorded in new zealand in 1992 and is found mostly indoors on greenhouse crops (greenhouse strain). laboratory studies were conducted to compare the life history parameters of these two strains. thrips from each strain were fed sucrose solution and ...201020388257
onion thrips, thrips tabaci, have gut bacteria that are closely related to the symbionts of the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis.it has been shown that many insects have enterobacteriaceae bacteria in their gut system. the western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis pergande [thysanoptera: thripidae], has a symbiotic relation with erwinia species gut bacteria. to determine if other thripidae species have similar bacterial symbionts, the onion thrips, thrips tabaci, was studied because, like f. occidentalis, it is phytophagous. contrary to f. occidentalis, t. tabaci is endemic in europe and biotypes have been describ ...200820298113
ecology and behavior of pezothrips kellyanus (thysanoptera: thripidae) on citrus.the most common thrips species found in cyprus citrus orchards between 2003 and 2008 were pezothrips kellyanus (bagnall) (thysanoptera: thripidae), frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae), and thrips tabaci (lindeman) (thysanoptera: thripidae). only pezothrips kellyanus, kelly's citrus thrips (kct) causes feeding damage on citrus fruits in cyprus. kct adults prefer to concentrate mostly in the northern and eastern sides of both lemon and grapefruit canopies. the attractiv ...201020214367
a distinct tospovirus causing necrotic streak on alstroemeria sp. in colombia.a tospovirus causing necrotic streaks on leaves was isolated from alstroemeria sp. in colombia. infected samples reacted positively with tomato spotted wilt virus (tswv) antiserum during preliminary serological tests. further analysis revealed a close serological relationship to tomato chlorotic spot virus (tcsv) and groundnut ringspot virus (grsv). a major part of the s-rna segment, encompassing the nucleocapsid (n) protein gene, the 5' untranslated region and a part of the intergenic region 3' ...201020151164
habitat-specific population structure in native western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (insecta, thysanoptera).invasions by pest organisms are among the main challenges for sustainable crop protection. they pose a serious threat to crop production by introducing a highly unpredictable element to existing crop protection strategies. the western flower thrips frankliniella occidentalis (insecta, thysanoptera) managed to invade ornamental greenhouses worldwide within < 25 years. to shed light on possible genetic and/or ecological factors that may have been responsible for this invasion success, we studied t ...201020149024
taqman real-time quantitative pcr for identification of western flower thrip (frankliniella occidentalis) for plant quarantine.western flower thrip (frankliniella occidentalis) is a major global pest of agricultural products. it directly damages crops through feeding, oviposition activity or transmission of several plant viruses. we describe a taqman real-time quantitative pcr detection system, which can rapidly identify f. occidentalis from thrips larvae to complement the traditional morphological identification. the data showed that our detection system targeted on the ribosomal rna gene regions of f. occidentalis has ...201020129946
metabolomic analysis of host plant resistance to thrips in wild and cultivated tomatoes.western flower thrips (frankliniella occidentalis) are among the most serious crop pests worldwide. control of thrips mainly depends on pesticides, excessive use of which leads to human health risks and environmental contamination. as an alternative, we study host plant resistance to thrips.201019866459
effect of commercially available plant-derived essential oil products on arthropod pests.plant-derived essential oil products, in general, are considered minimum-risk pesticides and are exempt from environmental protection agency registration under section 25(b) of the federal insecticide fungicide and rodenticide act. however, many of the plant-derived essential products available to consumers (homeowners) have not been judiciously evaluated for both efficacy and plant safety. in fact, numerous plant-derived essential oil products labeled for control of arthropod pests have not bee ...200919736770
arabidopsis-thrips system for analysis of plant response to insect feeding.insect feeding retards plant growth and decreases crop productivity. plants respond to insect feeding at the molecular, cellular and physiological levels. the roles of the plant hormones jasmonic acid (ja), ethylene (et) and salicylic acid (sa) in plant responses to insect feeding have been studied. however, these studies are focused on the plant responses to feeding by well-studied caterpillar type insects or aphid pests. in contrast, we have focused on a minute insect pest, the western flower ...200819704479
distribution and ecology of frankliniella occidentalis (thysanoptera: thripidae) bacterial symbionts.bacterial populations in frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae) collected in diverse california environments consisted of two bacterial symbionts: bfo-1 and bfo-2 (b = bacteria, fo = frankliniella occidentalis, numbers reflect different types). dual infections of bfo-1 and bfo-2 were found in 50% of the thrips, 18% had neither bacterium, and 24 and 8% were infected solely with bfo-1 and bfo-2, respectively. no other bacteria consistently infected f. occidentalis. dual in ...200919689885
jasmonate-dependent plant defense restricts thrips performance and preference.the western flower thrips (frankliniella occidentalis [pergande]) is one of the most important insect herbivores of cultivated plants. however, no pesticide provides complete control of this species, and insecticide resistance has emerged around the world. we previously reported the important role of jasmonate (ja) in the plant's immediate response to thrips feeding by using an arabidopsis leaf disc system. in this study, as the first step toward practical use of ja in thrips control, we analyze ...200919635132
flower-inhabiting frankliniella thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae), pesticides, and fusarium hardlock in cotton.cotton hardlock caused by fusarium verticillioides (sacc. nirenberg) can reduce cotton, gossypium hirsutum l., yields > 70% in the southeastern united states. the spores infect flowers on the day of pollination, resulting in hardlock, which is the failure of the fiber to fluff as the boll opens at maturity. frankliniella spp. thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) inhabiting the flowers are hypothesized to increase hardlock by spreading the conidia or by creating entranceways for the germinating fusar ...200919610399
potential new insecticides for the control of western flower thrips (thysanoptera: thripidae) on sweet pepper, tomato, and lettuce.new pesticides are required to maintain effective resistance management strategies for control of western flower thrips, frankliniella occidentalis (pergande) (thysanoptera: thripidae). we tested the efficacy of acetamiprid, and thiamethoxam, two neonicotinoids that represent a newer class of insecticides for the control of thrips. we also tested chlorfenapyr, a pyrrol compound, and a lower than registered rate of the biopesticide spinosad. laboratory bioassays were used to predict the relative ...200919449645
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